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Notes sobre el workshop 'Law and culture in the juridical field of the prison: theoretical and empirical perspectives on the social uses of Law in prison', celebrat en l'Institut Internacional de Sociologia Jurídica de Oñati en els dies 18-19 de Maig de 2023., Notes about the workshop 'Law and culture in the juridical field of the prison: theoretical and empirical perspectives on the social uses of Law in prison', held at the International Institute for the Sociology of Law, Oñati, on May 18th-19th, 2023.&nbsp, Notas sobre el workshop 'Law and culture in the juridical field of the prison: theoretical and empirical perspectives on the social uses of Law in prison', celebrado en el Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica de Oñate en los días 18-19 de Mayo de 2023

A plea for more research into the causes of and solutions for the challenges of the Dutch complaint procedure in prisons in the light of procedural justice theory.The aim of this article is to urge the need for (further) research into the experiences of prisoners with the Dutch complaint procedure in prisons. Legally and theoretically speaking, the Dutch complaint procedure is almost “picture-perfect”: it has been set as an example by the ECtHR and has repeatedly received a high approval rating by the CPT. Therefore, it could serve - and is already serving - as an example for other member states of the Council of Europe. However, the Dutch Life in Custody Study shows that prisoners are not satisfied with the way their complaint is dealt with and the procedure is overflowing with complaints. For the Dutch complaint procedure to keep serving as an example for other countries, and at the same time to be able to overcome the challenges it faces today, the causes of and solutions for these challenges should be investigated. We argue that (inter alia) the notion of procedural justice could provide excellent opportunities for further research in this field.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2021-03-19T14:11:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_newton_nobel_sobreira_vita.pdf: 617761 bytes, checksum: 428332c7326ced99d5d514289208e157 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-19T14:11:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Ok_newton_nobel_sobreira_vita.pdf: 617761 bytes, checksum: 428332c7326ced99d5d514289208e157 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-12-28 In Brazil, the deprivation of liberty, unfortunately, has only fulfilled its retributive role, which would ideally restore the violated order by applying a penalty proportional to the crime committed. In this tangle of declared and unfulfilled functions, or fulfilled when not declared, the ideals of re-socialization and reintegration of the convict have occupied the last seat in the design of (new) criminal policies. Thus, there is an urgent need for profound transformations, changes in logic and paradigms, fundamental reforms and not just cosmetic ones. Moment when restorative justice arises, due to the harsh criticisms formulated against the retributive system. Launched as a viable alternative to conflict resolution as opposed to the traditional model of punishment, the cases of restorative justice, analyzed in this dissertation, expose their application in Brazil within the prison system as a proposal for peace and inclusion. In the first chapter the narrative of the Brazilian prison chaos is composed. In the second chapter, some criminal policies are presented that aim to improve the prison situation. Therefore, the third chapter addresses the theme of Restorative Justice, outlining meanings about its emergence, concept, principles and foundations. Closing, the fourth chapter, rehearses the identification of potentialities and risks of the application of Restorative Justice in Brazilian prison, in order to resolve conflicts, improving the situation of those involved. No Brasil, a pena privativa de liberdade, infelizmente, tem cumprido tão somente seu papel retributivo, que seria, de forma idealizada, restituir a ordem violada através da aplicação de uma pena proporcional ao delito cometido. Nesse emaranhado de funções declaradas e não realizadas, ou cumpridas quando não declaradas, os ideais de ressocialização e reintegração do apenado têm ocupado o último assento no desenhar de (novas) políticas criminais. Assim, urge a necessidade de transformações profundas, mudanças de lógicas e paradigmas, reformas de fundo e não apenas cosméticas. Momento em que, surge a justiça restaurativa, em razão das duras críticas formuladas ao sistema retributivo. Posta como uma alternativa viável à resolução de conflito em contraposição com o modelo tradicional de punição, os casos de justiça restaurativa, analisados na presente dissertação, expõem a sua aplicação no Brasil dentro do sistema carcerário como proposta de paz e inclusão. No primeiro capítulo a narrativa do caos carcerário brasileiro é composta. No segundo capítulo, são apresentadas algumas políticas criminais que visam melhorar a situação carcerária. Por conseguinte, o terceiro capítulo, aborda a temática da Justiça Restaurativa, delineando acepções sobre o seu surgimento, conceito, princípios e fundamentos. Encerrando, o quarto capítulo, ensaia a identificação de potencialidades e riscos da aplicação da Justiça Restaurativa no cárcere brasileiro, no intuito de dirimir conflitos, melhorando a situação dos envolvidos.

Aunque nuestro ordenamiento garantiza a todas las personas la protección judicial frente a los actos de la administración del Estado, no existe un cuerpo legal que contemple un recurso sencillo, rápido y efectivo que tenga por objeto el impugnar judicialmente una resolución dictada por la autoridad penitenciaria. Esto ha llevado a que, en la práctica, las acciones constitucionales de amparo y protección se hayan convertido en el único instrumento de tutela de los derechos e intereses de los condenados privados de libertad, de manera forzosa, ya que las actuaciones de la administración penitenciaria contra las cuales se recurre, no siempre se encuadran dentro de los supuestos amparados constitucionalmente, lo que incide en las posibilidades de éxito de la acción. Although our legal system guarantees all person’s judicial protection against the acts of the State administration, there is no legal body that provides for a simple, quick and effective remedy whose purpose is to judicially challenge a resolution issued by the prison authority. This has led to the fact that, in practice, constitutional actions for habeas corpus and protection have become the only instrument for the protection of the rights and interests of convicted persons deprived of liberty, in a forced manner, since the actions of the prison administration Against which it is appealed, they do not always fall within the constitutionally protected cases, which affects the chances of success of the action. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 2. TUTELA JUDICIAL EFECTIVA. 2.1 Acción constitucional de amparo. 2.2. Acción constitucional de protección. 3. CONCLUSIONES. 4. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.

Aunque nuestro ordenamiento garantiza a todas las personas la protección judicial frente a los actos de la administración del Estado, no existe un cuerpo legal que contemple un recurso sencillo, rápido y efectivo que tenga por objeto el impugnar judicialmente una resolución dictada por la autoridad penitenciaria. Esto ha llevado a que, en la práctica, las acciones constitucionales de amparo y protección se hayan convertido en el único instrumento de tutela de los derechos e intereses de los condenados privados de libertad, de manera forzosa, ya que las actuaciones de la administración penitenciaria contra las cuales se recurre, no siempre se encuadran dentro de los supuestos amparados constitucionalmente, lo que incide en las posibilidades de éxito de la acción., Although our legal system guarantees all person’s judicial protection against the acts of the State administration, there is no legal body that provides for a simple, quick and effective remedy whose purpose is to judicially challenge a resolution issued by the prison authority. This has led to the fact that, in practice, constitutional actions for habeas corpus and protection have become the only instrument for the protection of the rights and interests of convicted persons deprived of liberty, in a forced manner, since the actions of the prison administration Against which it is appealed, they do not always fall within the constitutionally protected cases, which affects the chances of success of the action., 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 2. TUTELA JUDICIAL EFECTIVA. 2.1 Acción constitucional de amparo. 2.2. Acción constitucional de protección. 3. CONCLUSIONES. 4. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Derecho. Curso académico 2019-2020, [ES] En virtud del artículo 25.2 de la Constitución Española las actuales penas privativas de libertad se encuentran dirigidas a reeducar y resocializar al delincuente. Este mandato dirigido tanto al legislador, como al juez y la Administración Penitenciaria ha sido objeto de diversas discusiones doctrinales entorno a su contenido y naturaleza. Por este motivo, el presente trabajo se propone llevar a cabo un estudio detallado acerca del verdadero significado del concepto de la resocialización, y como se mate- rializa sobre aquellos individuos que se encuentran privados de su libertad mediante las diferentes herramientas que propone el derecho penitenciario. Así como un análi- sis jurisprudencial entorno a la aplicación del contenido del art.25.2 de la CE durante las distintas fase de la pena. Y con ello, aclarar si realmente se trata de un Derecho Fundamental perteneciente a la población presa, o si por el contrario, debe ser tratada como una mera orientación. Por ultimo, se pone de relieve los aspectos fundamenta- les del tratamiento resocializador que se aplica sobre el recluso, en materias como el derecho a la educación, al trabajo, y las relaciones que mantiene el interno con el mundo exterior., [EN] Under article 25.2 of the Spanish Constitution, the current custodial sentences are aimed at re-educating and re-socializing the offender. This mandate addressed to the legislator, the judge and the Prison Administration has been the subject of various doctrinal discussions regarding its content and nature. For this reason, the present work sets out to carry out a detailed study on the true meaning of the concept of resocialization, and how it is materialized on those indivi- duals who are deprived of their liberty through the different tools that prison law proposes. As well as a jurisprudential analysis regarding the application of the con- tent of the article 25.2 of the EC during the different phases of the sentence. And with this, clarify if it really is a Fundamental Right belonging to prison population, or if, on the contrary, it should be treated as a mere orientation. Lastly, the fundamental aspects of the resocialization treatment applied to the prisoner are highlighted, in matters such as the right to education, to work, and the relations that the inmate maintains with the outside world.

Following numerous reports denouncing the detention conditions indignity in the early 2000’s andvarious convictions of France by the European Court of Human Rights in this matter, prison law hasgradually evolved. The consequent change in the applicable standards to the convicted person, whois deprived of liberty then raises questions about his status and the legal category to which theybelong. For a long time, the detained person was subject to the public penitentiary service becauseof the large number of prescriptions issued by the administration to which they are subject.However, the prison law dated 24th November 2009 and the criminal law dated 15th August 2014on sentences individualization, which strengthens criminal sanctions effectiveness, seem to haveredefined the status of the detained person. These laws assert that they have the right to enjoydignified conditions of detention, but above all they make reintegration one of the main missions ofliberty deprivation and of the penitentiary public service. The detained person has thus become theholder of a right to the normal functioning of the penitentiary public service and can claim arehabilitation benefit from the penitentiary administration. They then see their status change tobecome closer to that of the public service user although the applicable law often remains specificbecause of the inherent constraints of the liberty deprivation penalty; Suite aux nombreux rapports dénonçant l’indignité des conditions de détention au début des années 2000 et aux différentes condamnations de la France par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en la matière, le droit pénitentiaire a progressivement évolué. La modification conséquente des normes applicables à la personne condamnée privée de liberté qui en découle pousse alors à s’interroger sur son statut et la catégorie juridique à laquelle elle appartient. Longtemps, la personne détenue a été qualifiée d’assujettie au service public pénitentiaire en raison du nombre conséquent de prescriptions émanant de l’administration auxquelles elle est soumise. Mais, la loi pénitentiaire du 24 novembre 2009 et la loi pénale du 15 août 2014 relative à l’individualisation des peines et renforçant l’efficacité des sanctions pénales semblent avoir redéfini le statut de la personne détenue.Elles affirment qu’elle détient le droit à bénéficier de conditions de détention dignes mais surtout elles font de la réinsertion l’une des missions principales de la peine privative de liberté et du service public pénitentiaire. La personne détenue est donc devenue titulaire d’un droit au fonctionnement normal du service public pénitentiaire et peut prétendre à une prestation de réinsertion de la part de l’administration pénitentiaire. Elle voit alors son statut évoluer pour s’approcher de celui de l’usager du service public bien que le droit qui lui est applicable demeure souvent spécifique en raison des contraintes inhérentes à la peine privative de liberté

Following numerous reports denouncing the detention conditions indignity in the early 2000’s andvarious convictions of France by the European Court of Human Rights in this matter, prison law hasgradually evolved. The consequent change in the applicable standards to the convicted person, whois deprived of liberty then raises questions about his status and the legal category to which theybelong. For a long time, the detained person was subject to the public penitentiary service becauseof the large number of prescriptions issued by the administration to which they are subject.However, the prison law dated 24th November 2009 and the criminal law dated 15th August 2014on sentences individualization, which strengthens criminal sanctions effectiveness, seem to haveredefined the status of the detained person. These laws assert that they have the right to enjoydignified conditions of detention, but above all they make reintegration one of the main missions ofliberty deprivation and of the penitentiary public service. The detained person has thus become theholder of a right to the normal functioning of the penitentiary public service and can claim arehabilitation benefit from the penitentiary administration. They then see their status change tobecome closer to that of the public service user although the applicable law often remains specificbecause of the inherent constraints of the liberty deprivation penalty; Suite aux nombreux rapports dénonçant l’indignité des conditions de détention au début des années 2000 et aux différentes condamnations de la France par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en la matière, le droit pénitentiaire a progressivement évolué. La modification conséquente des normes applicables à la personne condamnée privée de liberté qui en découle pousse alors à s’interroger sur son statut et la catégorie juridique à laquelle elle appartient. Longtemps, la personne détenue a été qualifiée d’assujettie au service public pénitentiaire en raison du nombre conséquent de prescriptions émanant de l’administration auxquelles elle est soumise. Mais, la loi pénitentiaire du 24 novembre 2009 et la loi pénale du 15 août 2014 relative à l’individualisation des peines et renforçant l’efficacité des sanctions pénales semblent avoir redéfini le statut de la personne détenue.Elles affirment qu’elle détient le droit à bénéficier de conditions de détention dignes mais surtout elles font de la réinsertion l’une des missions principales de la peine privative de liberté et du service public pénitentiaire. La personne détenue est donc devenue titulaire d’un droit au fonctionnement normal du service public pénitentiaire et peut prétendre à une prestation de réinsertion de la part de l’administration pénitentiaire. Elle voit alors son statut évoluer pour s’approcher de celui de l’usager du service public bien que le droit qui lui est applicable demeure souvent spécifique en raison des contraintes inhérentes à la peine privative de liberté

The Statute of autonomy for Catalonia has given to the Autonomous Community the executive power in penitentiary affairs. This fact, unique in Spain and with few equivalent counterparts in other countries, has raised from the legal point of view the need to draw a divide between this power and the State’s exclusive power on criminal, procedural and penitentiary law. Moreover, this uniqueness encourages analysis to test to what extent this autonomous power can explain the real differences between the Catalan prison system and the Spanish prisons administered by the State. The smaller prison population in Catalonia is an indicator of such a difference. By way of conclusion, the study reveals that such a difference cannot be primarily attributed to a singularity in the exercise of the power in prison affairs, and that the penitentiary official data available do not establish that decisions taken by the various actors in the criminal justice system are a sign of any less punitive attitudes in Catalonia. .

El objetivo de este artículo reside en efectuar un análisis del primer grado penitenciario. La aparición de este trabajo se justifica, entre otros motivos, por la efeméride que supone el 40 aniversario de la Ley Orgánica General Penitenciaria (LOGP) que se produce en 2019. Así pues, en este marco, se intenta mapear las razones que impulsaron la creación del primer grado penitenciario y los argumentos que justificaron su procedencia. Todo ello, con la finalidad de analizar desde una perspectiva político-criminal de vocación crítica el desarrollo y evolución de esta institución en el marco jurídico-penitenciario español. This paper is aimed at analysing the closed penitentiary regime in Spain. It has been partially fostered by the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the passage of the first democratic prison act (LOGP for their initials in Spanish). From this starting point, this article delves into the reasons driving the creation of the closed prison regime, as well as the arguments that have legitimised it, impeding its abrogation, over this four-decade period.

El objeto de este escrito es trazar una mirada panorámica de la formación de un saber penitenciario argentino desde sus orígenes hasta mediados del siglo XX. La década de 1850 se impone como primer hito divisor ya que, con la sanción de la Constitución Nacional y la inauguración de la Cátedra de Derecho Penal de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, se dio inicio al proceso de normalización legal de un saber penal liberal. A partir de entonces, comenzaron a articularse los discursos que fundamentarían teóricamente los ensayos reformistas de las décadas de 1860 y 1870. Se concluye el análisis en 1946 dado que, luego de la llegada del peronismo al poder, se impulsó desde la Dirección General de Institutos Penales una serie de transformaciones sustanciales que produjeron una inflexión en los discursos y en las prácticas penitenciarias. The purpose of this paper is to provide a panoramic view of the formation of an Argentinian penitentiary knowledge from its origins until the middle of the 20th century. The 1850s are taken as a first divisory point since, with the sanction of the National Constitution and the inauguration of the Chair of Criminal Law at the University of Buenos Aires, began a process of legal normalization of a liberal criminal knowledge. The analysis concludes in 1946, given that, after the arrival of Peronism in power, the “Dirección General de Institutos Penales” promoted a series of substantial transformations that produced an inflection in penitentiary speeches and practices. Fil: González Alvo, Luis Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas ; Argentina

The criminal procedure consists of a number of stages comprising: Initial investigation, intermediate, trial, and criminal enforcement. The problem focuses in that last of these stages, as it has been traditionally neglected. Thus, the trial stage is reached, in some cases with an appeal phase, but after that, everything is disregarded. The truth is that the criminal enforcement stage is probably one of the most delicate in the entire process, as it goes from the theoretical level of the application of Criminal Law to a practical level, to its reality along with the involvement of Penitentiary Law. The invisibility of this stage has caused, in many cases, unpunished violation of human rights. El proceso penal está compuesto por una serie de etapas. Una inicial o de investigación, otra intermedia, una de juicio y finalmente una de ejecución penal. El problema se concentra en que esta última etapa es tradicionalmente olvidada. Se llega hasta la etapa de juicio, en algunos casos con una fase recursiva, pero luego de ello se olvida todo; y lo cierto es que es posible que la etapa de ejecución de la pena sea una de las más delicadas de todo el proceso, en el tanto se pasa del plano teórico de la aplicación del Derecho Penal, al plano práctico, a la realidad del mismo en conjunto con la puesta en escena del Derecho Penitenciario. La invisibilización de esta etapa ha provocado en muchos casos la violación impune de derechos humanos. Ya que no es la

The article consists of two parts. The first systematises definitions of penitentiary law and presents relations between penitentiary law and other branches of law and fields of science. The voices in discussion on penitentiary law sometimes differ, even in such basic issues as the scope of the very term. This sometimes gives rise to difficulties in qualifying particular provisions to a particular branch of law and causes doubts which rules to apply to particular institutions. Relations between penitentiary law and executive penal law, procedural law, penitentiary science and penal and penitentiary policies are discussed. The second part of the article discusses selected problems of current penal policy related most of all to the use of imprisonment sentence. Between penitentiary law and penitentiary policy or, more broadly speaking, penal policy there are obvious relations. On one hand, this policy is shaped on the basis of the letter of law, on the other hand, based on collected experience, it forces changes in law which fails to respond to actual challenges. Sometimes penitentiary policy, and even mere penitentiary practice, influences provisions of penal law, including penitentiary law, directly. It also happens that law and penitentiary policy (or penal one) fail to meet as far as their goals and assumptions are concerned. It seems it is so in the case of imprisonment, which often looks different in penitentiary law provisions and in statistics resulting from employment of penal and penitentiary policy. The basic paradox consists in that, in spite of observed decrease in crime levels , penitentiary system becomes more and more inefficient. Poland has one of the highest prisonisation indices in Europe and constantly growing number of persons sentenced by the courts and waiting for imprisonment sentence to be executed .The waiting line for imprisonment is approaching the number of the imprisoned. This may be due to a several reasons. Firstly, since the beginning of 1990s there has been a steady increase in the shortest imprisonment sentences (of up to 6 months) which were often administered to those guilty of driving a vehicle under alcohol influence. Secondly, Polish prisons are places where a significant number of imprisonments due to probation violations are served – which shows the weakness in execution of alternatives to incarceration. Another problem is cancellation of suspended sentences. The criminal code provided for two ways a suspended sentence can be cancelled, facultative and obligatory. The latter raised serious doubts and was questioned by the Constitutional Tribunal in its decree of 17.07.2013 r., file no. SK 9/10 (as published in the Journal of Laws as item 905).

Siempre se habla de la pena como medio para evitar el delito y así mismo, se pretende con ella resolver problemas sociales. Se considera que privando al infractor de su libertad en establecimientos de reclusión, se pueden solucionar estos problemas y además resocializar al delincuente a través del tratamiento penitenciario. Por tal razón, se consideró apropiado revisar la metodología que actualmente aplica en el Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario dirigida a la implementación del “sistema progresivo” como forma de llevar a cabo el tratamiento penitenciario en la población condenada, el cual está consagrado en el Código Penitenciario y Carcelario, Ley 65 de 1993. En estas páginas, se pretende a través del conocimiento directo que se ha tenido del sistema de tratamiento colombiano actual, de sus propia legislación, e igualmente de la indagación, el análisis y valoración de normas internacionales, relacionadas con la materia, como también, de escritos y estudios que han realizado personas idóneas en el tema, hacer un registro del alto número de normas penales que se han proferido con las cuales se han tipificado continuamente diferentes conductas punitivas. De otra parte, se quiere analizar la exigua evolución que ha tenido la legislación penitenciaria, a través de la organización jurídica del País y como la normatividad penitenciaria se detuvo en el tiempo casi por más de 20 años, quedándose postergada bajo cimientos de antiguas legislaciones foráneas, las cuales ya no se aplican en sus lugares de origen, trayendo como resultado que el objeto del tratamiento penitenciario previsto en la ley la “reinserción social”, no siempre se obtenga, lo cual es una de las causas de la “reincidencia”. Por tal motivo se cree que es conveniente reformar las disposiciones penitenciarias que consagran el “sistema progresivo” como procedimiento idóneo tendiente a lograr la reinserción del penado a la sociedad. There is always talk of punishment as a means to avoid crime, and also punishment is intended to be used to solve social problems. It is considered that by depriving offenders of their freedom in prisons, these problems can be solved and also that they can be re-socialized through penitentiary treatment. For this reason, it was considered appropriate to review the methodology currently applied in the National Penitentiary and Prison Institute aimed at implementing the "progressive system" as a way to carry out prison treatment in the incarcerated population, which is spelled out in the Penitentiary and Prison Code, Law 65 of 1993. In these pages, it is intended that through direct knowledge of the current Colombian treatment system and of its own aforementioned legislation, as well as through investigation, analysis and evaluation of international standards related to the subject, and academic texts and studies that have been carried out by qualified persons on the subject, to record the high number of criminal laws that have been issued and have been used to typify different punitive conducts. On the other hand, we want to analyze the slight evolution of prison legislation, through the legal organization of the country and how prison regulations were stopped in time for more than 20 years, being deferred under the foundations of old foreign legislation, which are no longer applied in their places of origin, resulting in the fact that the object of penitentiary treatment provided in the law of "social reintegration" is not always obtained, which is one of the causes of "recidivism". For this reason it is believed that it is advisable to reform the penitentiary provisions consecrated in the "progressive system" as a suitable procedure aimed at achieving the reinsertion of the prisoner into society

The actuality of the research is justified by the lack of serious scientific, social and politically engaged interest in the subject of books and reading among prisoners, which could reflect on the whole society, with negative consequences.This topic has been neglected even at state level in the former socialist camp.A comprehensive picture of the reading in the penitentiary establishments in the world is absent. There is no empirical study on the reading in the places of imprisonment in Bulgaria after the end of the totalitarian period (after 1989). A research interest of the library keepers and of the experts from the public libraries to the problems of the reading in the prison libraries is absent. The aim of the study is to answer the question what is the level of the readers activity in the prisons in Bulgaria and what are the perceived material needs of the prison libraries to meet the reading right of the prisoners.The subject of the study is the access to books and libraries in Bulgarian prisons and the accompanying risk of information discrimination of the prisoner – the feeling of intellectual isolation from the books, the world is reading. Subject of a direct interest is the right of happiness through reading and the opportunities for the welfare of the imprisoned reader. For the first time, a recap of the status of the prison libraries and the readers activity among prisoners in Bulgaria after the democratic changes of 1990 to 2015 is presented. Keywords: penitentiary law; prisoners' rights; right to read; prison reading; access to books in prison; prison library; psychology of readers; sociology of reading

El proceso penal está compuesto por una serie de etapas. Una inicial o de investigación, otra intermedia, una de juicio y finalmente una de ejecución penal. El problema se concentra en que esta última etapa es tradicionalmente olvidada. Se llega hasta la etapa de juicio, en algunos casos con una fase recursiva, pero luego de ello se olvida todo; y lo cierto es que es posible que la etapa de ejecución de la pena sea una de las más delicadas de todo el proceso, en el tanto se pasa del plano teórico de la aplicación del Derecho Penal, al plano práctico, a la realidad del mismo en conjunto con la puesta en escena del Derecho Penitenciario. La invisibilización de esta etapa ha provocado en muchos casos la violación impune de derechos humanos. The criminal procedure consists of a number of stages comprising: Initial investigation, intermediate, trial, and criminal enforcement. The problem focuses in that last of these stages, as it has been traditionally neglected. Thus, the trial stage is reached, in some cases with an appeal phase, but after that, everything is disregarded. The truth is that the criminal enforcement stage is probably one of the most delicate in the entire process, as it goes from the theoretical level of the application of Criminal Law to a practical level, to its reality along with the involvement of Penitentiary Law. The invisibility of this stage has caused, in many cases, unpunished violation of human rights. Univerisdad de Costa Rica/[722-B6-A52]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas (IIJ) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Derecho

The situation of drug dependency generates answers in the penal and penitentiary system, in the same way as they take place in other social areas. The treatment of delinquents with drug addiction, and the analysis of the juridical consequences that we are related, or divert, of such a condition, are contemplated in the present study from the perspective of the impact that they credit with the individualization of a punishment, and from the perspective of the specific needs that appear in the moment and during the execution of a punishment. In one hand, we can observe that in the penal system, the drug addiction situation can produce effects as for the guilt of the subject, and consequences about the punishment execution. In the other hand, inside the penitentiary system, the social and sanitary treatment of the drug addict delinquent has been looking for the efficiency throughout last years. At the same time as it has been doing without some prejudices at the moment of approaching the question. To obtain these results, it has been necessary one of the most modern penitentiary legislations and respectful with the rights of the convicts, a determined and effective action of the Penitentiary Administration, and some interesting and controversial judicial resolutions. La situación de drogodependencia genera respuestas en el sistema penal y penitenciario, de la misma manera que se producen en otros ámbitos sociales. El tratamiento de los delincuentes toxicómanos, y el análisis de las consecuencias jurídicas que encontramos relacionadas, o derivadas, de tal condición, se contemplan en el presente estudio desde la perspectiva del impacto que suponen en la individualización de la pena, y de las necesidades específicas que se plantean en el momento y durante el cumplimiento de la misma. Por una parte podemos observar que en el ordenamiento penal esta situación de drogodependencia puede producir efectos en cuanto a la culpabilidad del sujeto, y consecuencias en relación con la ejecución de la pena. De otra, dentro del sistema penitenciario, el tratamiento socio-sanitario del delincuente toxicómano ha ido buscando la efectividad a lo largo de los últimos años, al tiempo que se ha ido prescindiendo de algunos prejuicios a la hora de abordar la cuestión. Para conseguirlo han sido necesarias una de las legislaciones penitenciarias más modernas y respetuosa con los derechos del penado, una actuación decidida y eficaz de la Administración penitenciaria, y algunas interesantes y controvertidas resoluciones judiciales.

La situación de drogodependencia genera respuestas en el sistema penal y penitenciario, de la misma manera que se producen en otros ámbitos sociales. El tratamiento de los delincuentes toxicómanos, y el análisis de las consecuencias jurídicas que encontramos relacionadas, o derivadas, de tal condición, se contemplan en el presente estudio desde la perspectiva del impacto que suponen en la individualización de la pena, y de las necesidades específicas que se plantean en el momento y durante el cumplimiento de la misma. Por una parte podemos observar que en el ordenamiento penal esta situación de drogodependencia puede producir efectos en cuanto a la culpabilidad del sujeto, y consecuencias en relación con la ejecución de la pena. De otra, dentro del sistema penitenciario, el tratamiento socio-sanitario del delincuente toxicómano ha ido buscando la efectividad a lo largo de los últimos años, al tiempo que se ha ido prescindiendo de algunos prejuicios a la hora de abordar la cuestión. Para conseguirlo han sido necesarias una de las legislaciones penitenciarias más modernas y respetuosa con los derechos del penado, una actuación decidida y eficaz de la Administración penitenciaria, y algunas interesantes y controvertidas resoluciones judiciales. The situation of drug dependency generates answers in the penal and penitentiary system, in the same way as they take place in other social areas. The treatment of delinquents with drug addiction, and the analysis of the juridical consequences that we are related, or divert, of such a condition, are contemplated in the present study from the perspective of the impact that they credit with the individualization of a punishment, and from the perspective of the specific needs that appear in the moment and during the execution of a punishment. In one hand, we can observe that in the penal system, the drug addiction situation can produce effects as for the guilt of the subject, and consequences about the punishment execution. In the other hand, inside the penitentiary system, the social and sanitary treatment of the drug addict delinquent has been looking for the efficiency throughout last years. At the same time as it has been doing without some prejudices at the moment of approaching the question. To obtain these results, it has been necessary one of the most modern penitentiary legislations and respectful with the rights of the convicts, a determined and effective action of the Penitentiary Administration, and some interesting and controversial judicial resolutions.

La aplicación práctica de los programas de tratamiento en los centros penitenciarios del Estado español se aleja sustancialmente de la regulación legal. El argumento usado por los defensores del tratamiento penitenciario sobre su relativa eficacia frente a la reincidencia, puede ser muy cuestionado si nos acercamos a la realidad del sistema penitenciario español, al no aparecer los programas de tratamiento con las condiciones que la doctrina entiende como necesarias para conseguir sus objetivos. Por otro lado, estos programas de tratamiento llegan solo a una minoría de la población penitenciaria. Se analizan en el artículo las cifras de los principales programas de tratamiento y su evolución a lo largo de los últimos años., The practical application of treatment programs in prisons in Spain varies substantially from the legal regulation. The argument used by advocates of prison treatment on its relative efficacy against reoffending is questionable. When the Spanish prison system is studied, we find treatment programs that do not fulfil the conditions that the doctrine recognises as mandatory to achieve their goals. Moreover, these treatment programs reach only a minority of the prison population. Figures of the main treatment programs and its evolution over recent years are discussed in this article., Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, Versión del editor

El estudio analiza, desde el enfoque de género, los principales aspectos socio-jurídicos relativos a las mujeres y madres reclusas en Colombia (e infancia), a partir de los marcos internacionales de derechos humanos y de derecho penitenciario. La metodología utilizada es descriptiva e interpretativa, a través del análisis documental de las leyes penitenciarias -y específicamente la reciente ley colombiana 1709 de 2014-, así como de los informes especializados sobre las necesidades relevantes de las mujeres reclusas. Los resultados exponen los avances que la Ley 1709 presenta, analizando su insuficiencia para mejorar la igualdad en el ámbito penitenciario colombiano en relación con la salud, la educación, el ámbito socio-laboral, y en especial materno-filial y familiar de las mujeres. Para finalizar, se aborda el modelo penitenciario español como referente internacional avanzado en materia de género, a partir del plan penitenciario de igualdad y algunas formas alternativas de cumplimiento para mujeres (las unidades dependientes de madres o las unidades externas). Conclusiones: la nueva ley avanza en su tratamiento hacia las mujeres, pero no asume una política integral de género que dé respuestas especializadas desde enfoques diferenciales y alternativos, especialmente para las madres y sus infantes. En este sentido, el modelo español podría ser referencia, con sus necesarias contextualizaciones específicas, para el reto colombiano. From a gender-based approach, this study analyzes the main socio-juridical aspects concerning imprisoned women and mothers (and infants) in Colombia, from the different international frameworks of human rights and penitentiary law. The methodology used is of a descriptive and interpretative nature through a documentary analysis of penitentiary laws-and, specifically, the recent Colombian Act ("Ley") 1709 of 2014-as well as from specialized reports concerning the relevant needs of imprisoned women. The results obtained expose the progresses that this new law is showing, as well as its insufficiency in improving equality in the Colombian environment with relation to health, education, the social-labor area and, particularly, the sphere of women's mother-child and family relationships. Finally, the Spanish penitentiary model is addressed as an advanced leading international referent of gender matters based on the equality plan of the prison service and some other alternative ways of compliance (mother dependent or external units). Conclusions: The new act is progressing in its treatment towards women, but it actually does not undertake an integral gender policy capable of providing specialized answers from differential and alternative approaches, particularly for mothers and their children. In this sense, the Spanish model might be a good reference with the necessary contextualization specifically required to meet the Colombian challenge. O estudo analisa, desde a abordagem de gênero, os aspectos sócio-jurídicos principais relativos às mulheres e às mães reclusas na Colômbia (e a infância), a partir dos quadros internacionais dos direitos humanos e do direito penitenciário. A metodologia usada é descritiva e interpretativa, através da análise documental das leis penitenciárias -e especificamente a recente lei colombiana 1709 de 2014-, assim como dos relatórios especializados sobre as necessidades relevantes das mulheres reclusas. Os resultados apresentam os avanços que a Lei 1709 indica, analisando sua eu insuficiência para melhorar a igualdade no âmbito penitenciário colombiano com relação à saúde, a educação, âmbito sócio-laboral, e especialmente materno- filial e familiar das mulheres. Para terminar, aborda-se o modelo penitenciário espanhol como referente internacional avançado em matéria de gênero, a partir do plano penitenciário de igualdade e de algumas formas alternativas do cumprimento para mulheres (as unidades dependentes das mães ou as unidades externas). Conclusões: a nova lei avança em seu tratamento para as mulheres, mas não supõe uma política integral de gênero que forneça as respostas especializadas desde as abordagens diferenciais e alternativas, especialmente para as mães e seus infantes. Neste sentido, o modelo espanhol poderia ser referência, com suas contextualizações específicas necessárias para o desafio colombiano.

[RESUMEN] Los permisos ordinarios de salida persiguen la preparación del interno para la vida en libertad, constituyendo una herramienta esencial del tratamiento penitenciario, al poner en contacto a la persona presa con la libertad de la que carece. En este trabajo se parte de un paso por su historia, para continuar con el análisis de su naturaleza, finalidad y regulación vigente, para luego abordar una posición crítica al respecto. Su concesión está condicionada al cumplimiento de unos requisitos no sólo objetivos sino también subjetivos que están relacionados con la “conveniencia” de concederlos, lo que es valorado por el Equipo Técnico y la Junta de Tratamiento a partir de una Tablas e Informes en los que se tienen en cuenta variables que resultan, algunas, imprecisas, inadecuadas, injustas e incluso discriminatorias [ABSTRACT]Regular furloughs pursue internal preparation for life in freedom, constituting an essential tool of prison treatment, by contacting the person prey to the freedom that lacks. This work begins with a step for its history, to continue the analysis of its nature, purpose and current regulations, and then address a critical position. Its concession is conditional on fulfillment of not only objective but also subjective conditions that are related to the “convenience” licensed, what is valued by the Task Force and the Treatment Board from a tables and reports in which they take into account some variables that are some inaccurate, inappropriate, unfair and even discriminatory

El art. 25.3 de la Constitución Española prohíbe a la Administración imponer sanciones que “directa o subsidiariamente impliquen privación de libertad”. Desde el primer momento se planteó la constitucionalidad de las sanciones de aislamiento impuestas por un órgano administrativo. El Tribunal Constitucional ha entendido que dicha potestad sancionadora no lesiona aquel mandato, sin embargo, los argumentos que emplea cohonestan escasamente con los principios que inspiran nuestro Derecho penitenciario. Así, se plantean los límites y contenidos de la libertad ambulatoria en el ámbito penitenciario. Konstituzio Espainoleko 25.3 artikuluak, Ardularitzari askatasuna zuzen edo zeharbidez murrizten dituzten zigorrak ezartzea galerazten dio. Lehen momentuan, Herri Ardularitzako organu batek ezarritako bakartze neurrien konstituzionalitatea planteatu zen. Auzitegi Konstituzionalak esan duenez, zigortze ahalmen hark ez du agindu hura makesten, hala eta guztiz ere, erabiltzen dituen argumentuak, gure Baitegi Zuzenbidea argitzen duten jarraipideekin ez dira gehiegi zurikatzen. Horrela, Baitegi inguruan, askatasun bidekariaren muga eta edukiak, planteatzen dira. L’article 25.3 de la Constitution Espagnole interdit l’Administration d’imposer de sanctions que “directement ou subsidiairement impliquent privation de liberté”. Dès le début, la constitutionalité des sanctions d’isolement imposées par un organe administratif a été mise en question. Le Tribunal Constitutionnel a compris que cette capacité de sanction ne blesse pas ce mandat, même si les arguments qu’il y utilise n’emboîtent pas tout à fait dans les principes dégagés de notre Droit pénitentier. C’est ainsi que les limites et contenus de la liberté ambulante sont envisagés dans l’encadrement pénitentiaire. The art. 25.3 of the Spanish Constitution forbides to the Administration to impose sanctions that “imply directly or subsidiarily the privation of freedom”. From the first moment it was debated about the constitutionality of the isolation sanctions, imposed by an administrative organ. The Constitutional Tribunal has understood that this punisher power doesn’t injure this order but the employed reasonings fit scarcely into the principles that inspire our criminal law. This way, the limits and contents of the ambulatory freedom in the penitentiary environment are questioned.

[ES] La pena privativa de libertad sigue siendo la más frecuentemente utilizada en nuestros días. Tras explicar el sistema penitenciario español, se abordan sus problemas específicos, como el procedimiento de queja, el control político, la asistencia médica y sanitaria, el trabajo penitenciario, las medidas disciplinarias y de seguridad, entre otros. Asimismo, se analiza la situación de categorías especiales de presos, entre los que se alude a los internos en máxima seguridad, los de larga duración, las mujeres presas, los jóvenes, los drogodependientes, los presos extranjeros y grupos étnicos y religiosos. [EU] Gaur egun askatasunaren aurkako zigorra da gehien erabiltzen dena. Espainiako espetxe sistema azaldu ondoren, arazo konkretuak azaltzen dira, horien artean kexu prozedura, kontrol politikoa, medikuntza asistentzia, espetxe lana, seguritate eta zigor neurriak. Horretaz gain arlo berezietan dauden presoen egoera aztertzen da, horien artean, seguritate goreneko presoak, zigor luzeak dituztenak, emakumeak, gazteak, drogazaleak, atzerritarrak, talde etnikoak eta erlijiosoak. [FR] La peine privative de la liberté est aujourd’hui la plus fréquemment utilisée. Après avoir expliqué le système des prisons en Espagne, on aborde ses problèmes spécifiques, comme la procédure de plainte, le contrôle politique, les soins médicaux et sanitaires, le travail pénitentiaire, les mesures disciplinaires et de sécurité, entre autres. De même, on analyse la situation de quelques catégories spéciales des détenus, parmi lesquels on fait allusion aux internes en sécurité máximale, ceux de longue durée, les femmes en prison, les jeunes, les droguedépendants, les étrangers en prison et les groupes ethniques et religieux. [EN] The privative of liberty penalty stills being the more common punishment nowadays. After explaining the spanish penitentiary system, its specific problems are analyzed: the complaint procedure, the political control, the sanitary and medical attendance, the penitentiary work, the disciplinary and security measures. Likewise, the situation of special groups of prisoners are analyzed: maximum security, long duration, women, young people, drug addicts, foreigners, ethnic and religious groups.

[ES] Los actuales planteamientos de la dogmática jurídica y de las ciencias de la conducta llevan a un cambio en los modelos de trabajo de algunos de los profesionales del ámbito penitenciario. De esta forma se hace hincapié en el concepto resocializador más que en el concepto clínico del tratamiento penitenciario. En el nuevo modelo organizativo aparecen órganos cuya composición y funciones son novedosas, exigiendo la participación de profesionales que antes no tomaban parte en tales cometidos. [EU] Dogmatika juridikoaren eta jarreraren zientzien egungo planteamenduen arabera aldatu egin dira espetxeen alorreko profesional batzuen lanerako ereduak. Horrela, bada, espetxeko tratamenduari dagokionean birgizarteratzea azpimarratzen da eta ez horrenbeste kontzeptu klinikoa. Antolakuntzaren eredu berrian hala osaketa nola betebeharretan berriak diren organoak azaltzen dira, organo horiek artean betebehar horietan aritzen ez ziren profesionalen eskuhartzea eskatzen dutelarik. [FR] Les actuels énoncés de la dogmatique juridique et des sciences de la conduite portent à un changement des modèles de travail de certains des proffessionels du cadre pénitentiaire. De cette façon le concept resocialisateur prend l’avantage au concept clinique de trataiment penitentiaire. Dans le nouveau modèle organisateur on trouve d’organismes de composition et fonctions nouvelles qui exigent la participation des professionels qui n’avait pas jusqu’à present ces tâches. [EN] The present points of view of juridical dogmatic and of the behaviour sciences lead to a change in the working mathods of some professionals in penitentiary field. In this way, it is emphasized the resocialization concept more than the clinical one of the penitentiary treatment. In the new organizer model some new organs and functions appear, demanding the participation of professionals who have not take part before in such tasks.

[ES] Desarrollo de los principios generales de la Ley y del Reglamento penitenciario vigentes, crítica de los mismos y propuestas para su posible reforma. [EU] Gartzelako indardun lege eta arauaren oinarri orokorren garapena, hauei kritika eta bere berrikuntza gertagarrirako proposamenak. [FR] Devéloppement des principes généraux de la Loi et du Réglement pénitentiaire en vigueur, critique de ces principes et propositions pour son éventuelle réforme. [EN] Development of the general principies of the penitentiary Law and Rules in force, to them critiques and proposals to their possible reform.