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The study of the phenomenon of post-Roman for tification is emerging with interest for the territory of the ancient Roman province of Gallaecia. In recent years, these advances have been made in the location and study of sites inserted in the transition from the Roman state to the Early Middle Ages. The combination of non-invasive techniques with archaeological excavation allows more information about these fortified enclosures. In this text a review of the methodological process of study of the place of Castro Valente (Padrón, Galicia). El estudio del fenómeno de la forti _cación posromana está surgiendo con interés para el territorio de la antigua provincia romana de Gallaecia. En los últimos años se han realizado importantes progresos en la localización y estudio de estos yacimientos encuadraos en la transición del estado romano a la Alta Edad Media. La combinación de técnicas no invasivas con la excavación arqueológica permite ampliar la información relativa a estos recintos for tificados. En el presente texto se presenta una revisión del proceso metodológico de estudio del yacimiento de Castro Valente (Padrón, Galicia).

Body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis is one of the most often used measures for assessing severity, but this method has shortcomings. To validate a new way to estimate BSA. Prospective, multicenter study in 56 patients with psoriasis. Each patient was evaluated by 2 dermatologists in 2 visits to the same hospital. Each dermatologist used 2 methods for estimating BSA: the traditional visual estimation in which the area of the palm equals 1% of the total body surface and an optical pencil (OP) method in which the affected area is drawn on a touch screen. Software in the application then calculates the BSA. Overall concordance between the 2 methods was acceptable according to an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87. However, the limits of agreement were unacceptably large and there was systematic bias: traditional estimates were consistently greater than OP calculations. Concordance between the methods was better (ICC>0.8) on the trunk and lower extremities. Intraobserver reliability was excellent with both methods (ICCs, 0.97 and 0.98 for the traditional and OP estimates, respectively). Interobserver reliability was also high (ICCs, 0.91 and 0.94 for the traditional and OP methods), although the mean BSA differed significantly between observers. The ICCs were much lower for BSA estimates on the head. This study to validate the OP method for estimating the affected BSA in patients with psoriasis shows good agreement between the OP and traditional approaches. The OP calculations also showed less variance and better interobserver reliability.

Background Body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis is one of the most often used measures for assessing severity, but this method has shortcomings. Objective To validate a new way to estimate BSA. Material and method Prospective, multicenter study in 56 patients with psoriasis. Each patient was evaluated by 2 dermatologists in 2 visits to the same hospital. Each dermatologist used 2 methods for estimating BSA: the traditional visual estimation in which the area of the palm equals 1% of the total body surface and an optical pencil (OP) method in which the affected area is drawn on a touch screen. Software in the application then calculates the BSA. Results Overall concordance between the 2 methods was acceptable according to an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87. However, the limits of agreement were unacceptably large and there was systematic bias: traditional estimates were consistently greater than OP calculations. Concordance between the methods was better (ICC > 0.8) on the trunk and lower extremities. Intraobserver reliability was excellent with both methods (ICCs, 0.97 and 0.98 for the traditional and OP estimates, respectively). Interobserver reliability was also high (ICCs, 0.91 and 0.94 for the traditional and OP methods), although the mean BSA differed significantly between observers. The ICCs were much lower for BSA estimates on the head. Conclusions This study to validate the OP method for estimating the affected BSA in patients with psoriasis shows good agreement between the OP and traditional approaches. The OP calculations also showed less variance and better interobserver reliability.

Ni$_{0.8}$Fe$_{0.2}$ (Py) and Py alloyed with Cu exhibit intriguing ultrafast demagnetization behavior, where the Ni magnetic moment shows a delayed response relative to the Fe, an effect which is strongly enhanced by Cu alloying. We have studied a broad range of Cu concentrations to elucidate the effects of Cu alloying in Py. The orbital/spin magnetic moment ratios are largely unaffected by Cu alloying, signifying that Cu-induced changes in the ultrafast demagnetization are not related to spin-orbit interactions. We show that magnon diffusion can explain the delayed Ni response, which we attribute to an enhanced magnon generation rate in the Fe sublattice relative to the Ni sublattice. Furthermore, Py exhibits prominent RKKY-like exchange interactions, which are strongly enhanced between Fe atoms and diminished between Ni atoms by Cu alloying. An increased Fe magnon scattering rate is expected to occur concurrently with this increased Fe-Fe exchange interaction, supporting the results obtained from the magnon diffusion model.

By using a multiscale approach based on first-principles density functional theory combined with atomistic spin dynamics, we investigate the electronic structure and magnetization dynamics of an inverse Heusler and a Heusler compound and their alloys, i. e. Mn$_{2-x}Z_x$CoAl and Mn$_{2-x}Z_x$VAl, where $Z$ = Mo, W, Os and Ru, respectively. A signature of the ferrimagnetic ordering of Mn$_{2}$CoAl and Mn$_{2}$VAl Heusler alloys is reflected in the calculated Heisenberg exchange constants. They decay very rapidly with the interatomic distance and have short range, which is a consequence of the existence of the finite gap in the minority spin band. The calculated Gilbert damping parameter of both Mn$_2$CoAl and Mn$_2$VAl is high compared to other half-metals, but interestingly in the particular case of the inverse Mn$_{2}$CoAl alloys and due to the spin-gapless semiconducting property, the damping parameters decrease with the doping concentration in clear contradiction to the general trend. Atomistic spin dynamics simulations predict ultrafast magnetisation switching in Mn$_{2}$CoAl and Mn$_{2}$VAl under the influence of an external magnetic field, starting from a threshold field of $2\text{T}$. Our overall finding extends with Heusler and inverse Heusler alloys, the class of materials that exhibits laser induced magnetic switching.

We present a comprehensive study of the magnetic properties of Sr$_{3-x}$Y$_{x}$(Fe$_{1.25}$Ni$_{0.75}$)O$_{7-\delta}$ ($0 \leq x \leq 0.75$). Experimentally, the magnetic properties are investigated using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). This is complemented by the theoretical study based on density functional theory as well as the Heisenberg exchange parameters. Experimental results show an increase in the N\'eel temperature ($T_N$) with the increase of Y concentrations and O occupancy. The NPD data reveals all samples are antiferromagnetically ordered at low temperatures, which has been confirmed by our theoretical simulations for the selected samples. Our first-principles calculations suggest that the 3D magnetic order is stabilized due to finite inter-layer exchange couplings. The latter give rise to a finite inter-layer spin correlations which disappear above the $T_N$.

We present a comprehensive study of the magnetic properties of Sr$_{3-x}$Y$_{x}$(Fe$_{1.25}$Ni$_{0.75}$)O$_{7-��}$ ($0 \leq x \leq 0.75$). Experimentally, the magnetic properties are investigated using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry and neutron powder diffraction (NPD). This is complemented by the theoretical study based on density functional theory as well as the Heisenberg exchange parameters. Experimental results show an increase in the N��el temperature ($T_N$) with the increase of Y concentrations and O occupancy. The NPD data reveals all samples are antiferromagnetically ordered at low temperatures, which has been confirmed by our theoretical simulations for the selected samples. Our first-principles calculations suggest that the 3D magnetic order is stabilized due to finite inter-layer exchange couplings. The latter give rise to a finite inter-layer spin correlations which disappear above the $T_N$.

En el presente artículo se presenta una clasificación del sector alimentario valenciano mediante la técnica estadística del análisis cluster. Esta técnica permite conformar conglomerados con similares características que permitirán diseñar políticas adecuadas a las mismas. Dentro de los factores considerados para la conformación de los clusters destacan la colaboración con la universidad, el tamaño empresarial (en número de empleados y en facturación), la existencia de un departamento de I+D que no realice controles de calidad y dos factores internos relacionados a la competitividad: el dominio de nuevas tecnologías y el desarrollo de nuevos productos. Se han conformado tres conglomerados conformados por tres tipos de empresas que denominamos líderes, innovadoras potencialmente colaboradoras con la universidad y tradicionales, que presentan características significativamente diferentes / The present paper addresses a proposal for a taxonomy of the local Valencia food industry by means of cluster analysis. This technique allows conforming conglomerates with similar characteristics which will facilitate its analysis and the design and application of public support policies contingent with the firms needs belonging to each cluster. In relation to factors and variables for the clusters conformation the following were emphasized: collaboration with university, firm size, existence of a dedicated R&D department as well as two factors associated with the firm competitiveness: skills at new product development and technology absorption capacity. Three distinctive conglomerates were found: “leaders” firms, “innovators” with potential for university collaboration and “traditional” conservative firms.

Introducción: Los profesionales sanitarios reconocen lo difícil que resulta identificar el tratamiento más adecuado dado el volumen creciente de publicaciones que demuestran un éxito clínico para controlar la caries. La guía de práctica clínica es una herramienta útil para ayudar al profesional que busca pautas claras sobre qué recomendaciones promover y qué actividades clínicas desarrollar en un formato de consulta esquemático. Métodos: La Sociedad Española de Epidemiología y Salud Pública Oral (SESPO) ha reunido expertos de España y Portugal para desarrollar una guía de práctica clínica para ayudar a la promoción de la salud oral y la prevención de la caries de acuerdo a la mayor evidencia científica disponible en forma de ensayos clínicos. Resultados: Se identifica la investigación más importante, se valora su aplicabilidad y se facilita la aplicación de los conocimientos más actuales de forma sencilla e individualizada estableciendo dos niveles de riesgo (alto/bajo) y dos categorías etarias (menor de 6/mayor de 6). Conclusiones: Esta guía realiza recomendaciones para la prevención y tratamiento no invasivo de la caries en función del riesgo de desarrollar nuevas lesiones. Su estructura está diseñada para reflejar la filosofía actual de monitorización de la enfermedad de caries durante toda la vida. Palabras clave: Caries, prevención, guía clínica, evaluación de riesgo.

Antifungal susceptibility tests are influenced by a number of technical variables, including inoculum size, temperature, medium formulation and duration of incubation. In this study, we have compared the in vitro susceptibility of 20 strains de Trichophyton rubrum against clotrimazole and terbinafine, and studied the influence of incubation time on MICs of both drugs. The assay was performed by agar dilution, the medium used was Saboraud glucose agar without an antibiotic. The MIC was evaluated at 15, 30 and 45 days' incubation. The MICs ranges of terbinafine were 0.002 to 0.0975 microg/ml, 0.0975 to 0.39 microg/ml and 0.195 to 0.39 microg/ml at 15, 30 and 45 days' incubation, respectively. The MICs ranges of clotrimazole at 15, 30 and 45 days' incubation were 3.125 to 50 microg/ml. T. rubrum was markedly more susceptible to terbinafine than to clotrimazole (p0.001). In addition, we observed that an increase of incubation time causing an increase in the MIC value of terbinafine (p0.001), but MIC values for clotrimazole remained constant with time (p=0.464). In conclusion, the MIC is dependent on reading time and the antifungal compound.

The static response properties and the structural stability of silver clusters in the size range $1\le n \le 23$ have been studied using a linear combination of atomic Gaussian-type orbitals within the density functional theory in the finite field approach. The Kohn-Sham equations have been solved in conjuction with a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functional. A proof that the finite basis set GGA calculation holds the Hellmann-Feynman theorem is also included in the Appendix. The calculated polarizabilities of silver clusters are compared with the experimental measurements and the jellium model in the spillout approximation. Despite the fact that the calculated polarizabilities are in good agreement with both of them, we have found that the polarizability appears to be strongly correlated to the cluster shape and the highest occupied-lowest unoccupied molecular-orbital gap., 11 pages, 5 figures. Accepted in Physical Review A

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous (rarely extracutaneous) fungal disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Cutaneous sporotrichosis has two well-defined forms: lymphocutaneous and stable. In lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, lesions arise along lymphatic vessels, generally in limbs. The stable form is rarer and consists of a single, generally facial, lesion. We report the case of a 70-year-old male farmer with a single lesion on the right nostril that had been removed repeatedly. After 5 years, new, linearly distributed lesions appeared. Fungal cultures of biopsy tissues revealed S. schenckii. The evolution and response to treatment with itraconazole, potassium iodide, terbinafine, and surgery is discussed.

We report a case of favus affecting the temporal region of the scalp in a 22-month-old boy. Mycological study of hairs and crusts identified Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum (T. quinckeanum), the causative agent of mouse favus. Treatment with oral griseofulvin led to healing.

The taxonomy of the dermatophyte Trichophyton megninii has been the subject of much discussion since it was first isolated by Sabouraud in 1893. Initially he named it Trichophyton à culture rose and later T. rosaceum. It has been confused with the Microsporum (Epidermophyton) gallinae described by Megnin. Nowadays most mycologists consider T. rosaceum to be a synonym of the T. megninii, although some French authors still use Sabouraud's denomination. It is an exclusively anthropophilic dermatophyte with a broad geographic distribution, but in general a low incidence in most countries, except in Portugal, Corsica and Sardinia where it causes infections of both hairy and glabrous skin zones and nails in humans. T. megninii is an uncommon cause of ringworm in Spain and is mainly restricted to Galicia, and even there the incidence is low; it has been isolated only five times in our clinical practice with two more cases described previously in the literature, and predominantly affects females. Case reports show that it produces slowly evolving lesions with little local symptomatology on the scalp and is recalcitrant to conventional antifungal treatment. Its identification in culture should be based on the macroscopical appearance of the colony and by its absolute requirement for 1-histidine.

The agar diffusion method Neo-Sensitabs for sensitivity testing, was evaluated with 33 reference strains by fourteen laboratories. Tablets with 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and tioconazole were used on Shadomy modified medium. These tests classify each strain as susceptible, intermediate or resistant to all tested antifungals by measuring the inhibition zone diameters. Intra and interlaboratory reproducibility was studied. Neo-Sensitabs sensitivity for fungi was easy to perform and reliable method with a reproducibility of 97.1% and superior to other commercialized methods, being specially interesting for antifungal susceptibility in vitro testing of triazole derivatives fluconazole and itraconazole.

BACKGROUND: Superficial fungal infections are common. It is important to confirm the clinical diagnosis by mycological laboratory methods before initiating systemic antifungal treatment, especially as antifungal sensitivity and in vitro susceptibility may differ between different genera and species. For many years, the gold standard for diagnosis of superficial fungal infections has been direct fungal detection in the clinical specimen (microscopy) supplemented by culturing. Lately, newer molecular based methods for fungal identification have been developed.OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to focus on the current usage of mycological diagnostics for superficial fungal infections by dermatologists. It was designed to investigate whether it was necessary to differentiate between initial diagnostic tests and those used at treatment follow-up in specific superficial fungal infections.METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed among members of the EADV mycology Task Force and other dermatologists with a special interest in mycology and nail disease.RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 62 dermatologists of whom 38 (61%) completed the whole survey, 7 (11%) partially completed and 17 (27%) did not respond. Nearly, all respondents (82-100%) said that ideally they would use the result of direct microscopy (or histology) combined with a genus/species directed treatment of onychomycosis, dermatophytosis, Candida- and Malassezia-related infections. The majority of the dermatologists used a combination of clinical assessment and direct microscopy for treatment assessment and the viability of the fungus was considered more important at this visit than when initiating the treatment. Molecular based methods were not available for all responders.CONCLUSION: The available diagnostic methods are heterogeneous and their usage differs between different practices as well as between countries. The survey confirmed that dermatologists find it important to make a mycological diagnosis, particularly prior to starting oral antifungal treatment in order to confirm the diagnose and target the therapy according to genus and species.

1. Contexto general y retos en cuanto al empleo de los "seniors" 2. La dinámica de la reforma de las pensiones de 2003 3. Las repercusiones sobre el derecho del trabajo y el dialogo social 4. Voluntad política y diagnostico económico-social. Los planes de acción del gobierno 5. Conclusiones

1. Contexto general y retos en cuanto al empleo de los "seniors" 2. La dinámica de la reforma de las pensiones de 2003 3. Las repercusiones sobre el derecho del trabajo y el dialogo social 4. Voluntad política y diagnostico económico-social. Los planes de acción del gobierno 5. Conclusiones