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2. A longitudinal study of grade retention: Academic and behavioral outcomes of retained students through adolescence

Author

Shane R. Jimerson and Phillip Ferguson

Subjects
Longitudinal study, Aggression, education, Primary education, Grade retention, Academic achievement, Social promotion, Education, Developmental psychology, Transactional leadership, Intervention (counseling), Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, medicine.symptom, Psychology
Abstract

Most research examining the efficacy of early grade retention has been limited to outcomes during elementary school. A notable gap in the retention literature is the dearth of studies examining outcomes during late adolescence. The results of this prospective longitudinal study include comparisons among four unique samples: (1) early grade retainees; (2) students retained in a transition classroom; (3) students recommended for transitional placement but promoted; and (4) regularly promoted students, through the eleventh grade. Results of this study failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of grade retention on academic achievement. Moreover, analyses of behavior suggest that retained students display more aggression during adolescence. Furthermore, the group of students recommended for transitional placement, but promoted, were comparable to the control group on all achievement and behavior measures during high school. The results of this study may be further understood considering a transactional model of development, emphasizing the importance early experiences on subsequent development. The results of longitudinal studies of grade retention warrant further consideration in developing educational policies and implementing effective prevention and early intervention strategies.

Published
2007
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3. Exploring the Association Between Grade Retention and Dropout: A Longitudinal Study Examining Socio-Emotional, Behavioral, and Achievement Characteristics of Retained Students

Author

Gabrielle E. Anderson, Angela D. Whipple, Phillip Ferguson, Michael J. Dalton, and Shane R. Jimerson

Subjects
Longitudinal study, Social skills, Aggression, education, medicine, Educational psychology, Academic achievement, Grade retention, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Dropout (neural networks), Developmental psychology, Graduation
Abstract

Previously published research has not moved beyond studying the general association between retention and high school dropout. This longitudinal study seeks to evaluate within-group differences, exploring the characteristics of those students who are retained and subsequently drop out as compared to those students who are retained and do not drop out. A transactional-ecological view of development is presented to assist in situating the findings within a framework of long-term outcomes across development. The results of this study suggest that there are early socio-emotional and behavioral characteristics that distinguish which retained students are most likely to drop out of high school. In addition, maternal level of education and academic achievement in the secondary grades were also associated with high school graduation status. These findings provide information that extend beyond the association between grade retention and later dropout. In particular, this investigation suggests that it is especially important to attend to the socio-emotional and behavioral adjustment of children throughout their schooling to facilitate both their immediate and long-term academic success.

Published
2002
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4. Sorting out successful failures: Exploratory analyses of factors associated with academic and behavioral outcomes of retained students

Author

Shane R. Jimerson, Phillip Ferguson, and Michael J. Dalton

Subjects
School readiness, Longitudinal study, El Niño, education, Social change, Socialization, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Social environment, Academic achievement, Psychology, Socioeconomic status, Education, Developmental psychology
Abstract

This prospective longitudinal study followed a sample of 106 kindergarten students through 11th grade examining the effects of family characteristics, school readiness, socialization, and student demographics on academic achievement and behavioral adjustment outcomes. These educational outcomes were contrasted among four groups consisting of: 1) early grade retainees; 2) transitionally placed retained students; 3) students recommended for transitional placement, but promoted; and 4) regularly promoted students. While previous studies examining the efficacy of early grade retention focus exclusively on between-group comparisons, this study examines the family and individual characteristics of successful and unsuccessful retained students by including both between-group and within-group effects on academic and behavioral outcomes. The results of this study demonstrate that retained students' initial school readiness, socioeconomic status, mother's level of education, parental value of education, kindergarten personal-social functioning, and chronological age are distinctly associated with subsequent academic or behavioral outcomes. Variables associated with relative educational success following early failure are delineated and research implications are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published
2001
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6. ORNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program FY 2008 Annual Report

Author

Joanna McFarlane, Valmor de Almeida, Johney Green, Stuart Daw, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Sam Lewis, Scott Sluder, Bill Steele, Robert Wagner, Rolf Reitz, Gary Bell, Rick Battiste, Ralph Dinwiddie, Sam Sham, Panos Datskos, Nickolay Lavrik, Barton Smith, Viviane Schwartz, Costas Tsouris, Claus Daniel, Leon Tolbert, Madhu Chinthavali, Burak Ozpineci, Fran Li, John Kueck, Michael Starke, Hui Zhang, Yan Xu, David DePaoli, Alicia Compere, William Griffith, Chaitanya Narula, Arpad Vass, Luis Sanchez, Joel McDuffee, Jess Gehin, Randy Hobbs, Larry Ott, Lance Snead, Donald Spellman, Dennis Heatherly, Ronald Ellis, Kenneth Thoms, Sheng Dai, Huimin Luo, Gary Baker, Todd Toops, C. Britton, G. Alley, M. Ericson, R. Warmack, S. Retterer, Glenn Young, Bernadetta Srijanto, Chad Duty, Ron Ott, Philip Boudreaux, Adrian Sabau, Gerald Jellison, Curt Maxey, Keith Leonard, Biswajit Das, Volker Urban, Kunlun Hong, Phillip Britt, Jimmy Mays, Alexander Boeker, Miroslaw Gruszkiewicz, Ariel Chialvo, David Cole, Michael Simonson, Douglas Goeringer, Gary Van Berkel, Vilmos Kertesz, William Whitten, Robert Shaw, G. Stocks, Amit Goyal, Jianxin Zhong, Yanfei Gao, Albina Borisevich, Niels Jonge, Andrew Lupini, Stephen Pennycook, Gabriel Veith, Ho Lee, Matthew Chisholm, David Singh, Sergei Kalinin, Gilbert Brown, Ilia Ivanov, Stephen Jesse, David Hoelzer, James Bentley, Chong Fu, Michael Miller, Xingqiu Chen, Xun-Li Wang, Benjamin Hay, Jeremy Jackson, David Geohegan, Gernot Rother, Petro Maksymovych, Vincent Meunier, J. Wendelken, Zhenyu Zhang, Gyula Eres, M. Paranthaman, Baohua Gu, Wenguang Zhu, A. Buchanan III, Michelle Kidder, Reza Dabestani, Edward Hagaman, Minghu Pan, John Ankner, Mark Dadmun, S. Kilbey II, John Simpson, Nancy Dudney, Karren More, Ed Hagaman, Bob Shaw, De-en Jiang, Andrew Payzant, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Charles Collier, Seung-Yong Jung, Scott Retterer, Zhiyu Hu, Mark Buckner, Michael Moore, Michael Vann, Nageswara Rao, Lawrence MacIntryre, Miljko Bobrek, Benjamin Huey, Donald Bouldin, A. Qualls, B. Sumpter, S. Labinov, John Neal, Lynn Boatner, Slobodan Rajic, Mallikarjun Shankar, Yu Jiao, Ryan Kerekes, Rick Lusk, Thomas Potok, Timothy Rhyne, Vladimir Protopopescu, William Heller, Yiming Mo, Dean Myles, Greg Smith, Eugene Mamontov, Peter Cummings, Kenneth Herwig, Louis Santodonato, J. Ankner, J. Mays, J. Messman, D. Myles, B. Lokitz, Liyuan Liang, Wei Wang, Alex Johs, Hugh O’Neill, Edward Snell, Chris Tulk, Antonio Dos Santos, Jamie Molaison, Bryan Chakoumakos, Juske Horita, Dave Cole, Robert Welton, F. Baity, Richard Goulding, Andrew Christianson, Sheila Baker, Mark Lumsden, Stephen Nagler, Brian Sales, Thomas Schulthess, Thomas McManamy, Roy Crawford, Phillip Ferguson, James Janney, Mark Rennich, Leighton Coates, Flora Meilleur, Randy Fishman, Lee Robertson, Jian Shen, Wei-Ren Chen, Gregory Smith, William Goddard, Yi Liu, Yun Liu, Lionel Porcar, Pratul Agarwal, Edward Michaud III, Carmen Foster, Martin Keller, Zamin Yang, Amudhan Venkateswaran, Mircea Podar, Christopher Schadt, Steven Brown, Shihui Yang, Timothy Tschaplinski, Dale Pelletier, Gregory Hurst, Yunfeng Yang, Udaya Kalluri, Timothy McKnight, Jennifer Morrell-Falvey, Patricia Lankford, Sara Jawdy, A. Borole, Anthony Palumbo, Nance Ericson, Jeremy Smith, Elissa Chesler, Virginia Dale, Latha Baskaran, Budhendra Bhaduri, Robin Graham, Richard Middleton, Patrick Mulholland, Esther Parish, Alexandre Sorokine, Amy Wolfe, Thomas Wilbanks, Auroop Ganguly, Anthony King, David Erickson, Keith Kline, Sherry Wright, Hector Castro-Gonzalez, Marie De Graaff, Charles Garten III, Aimee Classen, Paul Hanson, Stan Wullschleger, Richard Norby, Kenneth Childs, Warren Thomas, Brynn Voy, Ram Datar, Olaf Storaasli, Edoardo Apra, Jerzy Bernholc, Robert Harrison, William Shelton, Bobby Sumpter, Sudharshan Vazhkudai, John Cobb, Xiaosong Ma, Stephen Scott, Hong Ong, Christian Engelmann, Geoffroy Vallee, Ricky Kendall, Ron Brightwell, Barney Maccabe, T. Schulthess, M. Eisenbach, D. Nicholson, X. Tao, C. Zhou, J. Levesque, Andrey Gorin, Nabeela Ahmad, Andrew Bordner, Jessie Gu, Guruprasad Kora, Chongle Pan, Byung-Hoon Park, Nagiza Samatova, Xiuping Tao, Edward Uberbacher, Kalyan Perumalla, Sudip Seal, Jeffrey Vetter, Srikanth Yoginath, Srdjan Simunovic, Phani Nukala, Kevin Clarno, Ian Gauld, Theodore Besmann, Charles Weber, Warren Grice, Ryan Bennink, Philip Evans, Travis Humble, David Bernholdt, Richard Barrett, Wael Elwasif, Aniruddha Shet, John Drake, J. White III, R. Archibald, J. Drake, K. Evans, D. Kothe, P. Worley, Jim Kohl, Doug Lepro, Dude Neergaard, Thomas Maier, Gonzalo Alvarez, Jeremy Meredith, Michael Summers, Mark Bannister, Robert Hettich, Charles Vane, Charles Havener, Herbert Krause, Michael Fogle, Jr., David Schultz, Robert Continetti, Mats Larsson, Richard Thomas, Mitchel Doktycz, David Allison, Thomas Thundat, Christopher Rey, Abhijeet Borole, Ali Passian, Yisong Wang, Yie Liu, Henry Lin, Boyd Evans, Siyang Zheng, Jason Fowlkes, Philip Rack, James Lee, Barbara Evans, Peter Reilly, Elias Greenbaum, Sylvia McLain, David Baker, Chengdu Liang, Jane Howe, Jun Xu, Radu Custelcean, Steve Overbury, Seth Cohen, Richard Ward, Kara Kruse, James Nutaro, Barbara Beckerman, Oscar Grandas, Xiaohui Cui, B. Radhakrishnan, X.-G. Zhang, An-Ping Li, N. Kulkarni, Shannon Mahurin, Meng-Dawn Cheng, David Gossage, Bruce Wilson, T. Yin, L. Gunter, Ken Littrell, Hassina Bilheux, D. Bjornstad, A. Wolfe, Jeff Warren, Timothy Bigelow, John Caughman, John McKeever, Philip Ryan, Matthew Scudiere, Gary Alley, Nagraj Kulkarni, Hsin Wang, Harry Meyer, Bala Radhakrishnan, Don Nicholson, Peter Todd, Kenneth Tobin, Vincent Paquit, Jeffery Price, John Jansen, Lonnie Love, Peter Lloyd, Christopher Mann, Philip Bingham, John Biggerstaff, Michael Zemel, Brian D’Urso, Randy Lind, Justin Baba, Seung Lee, S. Rajic, P. Datskos, Fernando Reboredo, Chengjun Sun, Xiaoguang Zhang, David Mandrus, C. Narula, M. Moses-DeBusk, A. Buchanan, C. Hsueh, P. Becher, C. Liu, John Wang, Narendra Dahotre, Seokho Kim, Peter Blau, Steve Pawel, Hans Christen, Joachim Schneibel, Michael Brady, Terry Tiegs, John Vitek, J. Horton, Ken Liu, Dan Naus, I. Wright, Lance. Snead, Thak Byun, Roger Miller, B. Bischoff, K. Adcock, Evan Ohriner, Donald Erdmann III, Katyayani Seal, James Haynes, Bruce Pint, Pengcheng Dai, Zheng Gai, Lifeng Yin, Y. Melnichenko, G. Wignall, D. Cole, A. Radlinski, M. Mastalerz, C. Alexander, R. Smithwick, L. Lewis, L. Boatner, Juan Ferrada, Jack Collins, Les Dole, Charles Forsberg, M. Haire, Rodney Hunt, Ben Lewis, Ray Wymer, Jennifer Ladd-Lively, Michael Hu, Lei Shao, Hatice Akkurt, Keith Eckerman, Ida Lee, Sotira Yiacoumi, Daniel Hollenbach, D. Dean, M. Ramsey-Musolf, Michael Smith, Eric Lingerfelt, Kim Buckner, and Caroline Nesaraja

Subjects
Engineering, Aeronautics, business.industry, Annual report, business
Published
2009
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7. Longitudinal outcome differences among promoted and transitional at-risk kindergarten students

Author

Phillip Ferguson

Subjects
Referral, media_common.quotation_subject, education, Primary education, Special education, environment and public health, Education, Developmental psychology, Test (assessment), Social skills, Reading (process), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Psychology, Remedial education, Social psychology, Statistic, media_common
Abstract

This study investigates the outcomes from a transitional first-grade school readiness program (SRP). SRP-placed and nonplaced SRP-recommended students advanced directly into first-grade samples were equated on sex, chronological age at entrance to kindergarten, Gesell School Readiness Test scores, and a developmental delay statistic. The role of teacher-rated student social, problematic, behavioral, motivation, success, self-esteem, classroom participation, and engagement domains, as well as selected demographic background variables, were examined along with standardized achievement outcomes. Referral and placement rate profiles support educational services of special education, remedial reading, Chapter 1, social skills, and counseling services across the two samples. Parent surveys examined the role of parental level of education, attitudes, and other contextual factors. Controlled analyses note nonsignificant academic outcome differences between SRP-placed and controlled nonplaced samples. Students recommended for SRP placement yet not placed did not exhibit significant second-grade differences compared with the year-older SRP-placed students across achievement, related services, parental factors, or teacher rating outcomes.

Published
1991
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