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Postavljanjem nekoliko infrastrukturnih kralježnica okomito na 7 Kaštela dovodi do stvaranja funkcionalnog policentričnog grada na zaljevu. Odabrano područje na ulazu Kaštel Sućurca, sjeverno od Barbarinca, nedefiniranog karaktera i potetnog šireg konteksta pokazuje potencijal za nastanak jedne takve bitne osi. Linija koja omogućava i transformira se u sve ono što je nužno kako bi se taj prostor smjestio u red i postao novo središte., By placing several infrastructural spines vertically on 7 Kaštelas, it leads to the creation of a functional polycentric city on the bay. The selected area at the entrance of Kaštel Sućurac, north of Barbarinc, with an undefined character and a dynamic wider context, shows the potential for the creation of such an essential axis. A line that enables and transforms into everything that is necessary to put that space in order and to become a new center.

Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert, provides an excellent opportunity to understand residents’ preferences for desert-adapted xeric landscaping. While much is known about the relationships between sociodemographics and broad environmental values on xeric landscaping choices, the influence of other variables remains unexplored, especially interactions with and attachments to the desert. We therefore examined the influences of recreational visits to local desert mountain parks and symbolic meanings associated with the native desert on household xeric landscaping preferences. Within a larger study, select questions captured socio-demographics, visitation to desert parks and open spaces, place identity, and xeric landscape preferences. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, we confirmed that homeownership and a shorter residency predicted preference for xeric landscapes. Hispanics were less likely to prefer xeric landscaping. Interestingly, the novel factor of identity with the desert significantly and positively predicted xeric landscaping preference while visitation to desert parks and open spaces did not. Findings provide several important management implications. First, Phoenix has an opportunity to foster connections with the surrounding environment through its extensive desert mountain parks. Increasing connections between residents and the parks may help shift personal preferences to xeric yard types. Park managers might also work to further stress how household decisions can affect the desert environment. Second, park visitation alone may not suffice to create connections with the desert environment. Instead, park managers should focus on creating opportunities for visitors to recognize the unique, living aspects of the parks and build personal relationships with the ecosystem. Interpretation encouraging emotional connections to the desert environment may aid in fostering an identity with the desert. In addition, messaging and signage campaigns that link people to the parks may prove a novel way of combatting lawn water usage within desert cities. Given their opportunities to foster place identity, urban parks may be important influencers in promoting native plant landscaping. In conclusion, connecting people to their surrounding environments can influence preferences for similar landscape types at the household level.

Ecotourism's destination management has been focused on the place identity built by public authorities and centered on place promotion, marketing, and branding without a match between place identity and place image perceived by the place visitors and tourists and impact on their place satisfaction. This study uses the Melgaço council in the Portuguese Peneda-Gerês National Park to measure these relationships. We used two questionnaires for tourist operators and City Hall and external stakeholders (tourists and visitors). Results show that it is possible to measure place identity and place image with the same adapted items. Place quality and place branding have a positive impact on place satisfaction. Still, the effect of place promotion and marketing is negative, revealing that the gap between place identity and place image is negatively associated with perceived place satisfaction, moderated by psychological attraction, travelling experience, and visiting experience. There are presented several practical and theoretical implications.

In response to the sustainable development goal of agriculture put forward by the United Nations, countries have introduced a series of agricultural environmental protection policies. However, the effectiveness of these policies has been hindered by insufficient responses from farmers. This study begins with the fundamental logic of farmers’ production behavior and first introduces family and place identities into the theoretical analysis framework of farmers’ environment-friendly production behavior (EPB). Using primary survey data for farmers from the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu, a hierarchical regression and simple slope analysis models were developed to verify how family and place identities affect farmers’ EPB. The potential moderating effect of place identity on the relationship between family identity and farmers’ EPB is further investigated. The results show that improving family identity has a significantly negative effect on farmers’ EPB, while improving place identity can significantly promote farmers’ EPB. Compared with respondents who have a low place identity, the inhibitory effect of family identity on farmers’ EPB is significantly weakened for those who have a high place identity, which suggests that farmers with a high place identity are more likely to engage in EPBs in agricultural production. This study highlights the importance of considering the economic logic toward maximizing family economic interests and the social logic oriented toward collective interests in the decision-making process of agricultural environmental policies.

The ‘Zukunftsdiskurs’ (future discourse) "Understanding and using place identities - an opportunity for future-oriented regions" (short title “Zukunftsdiskurs Place Identities”) has taken up and continued the debate on the foundations, goals and characteristics of regional identities. In workshops, actors in spatial planning and development, as well as scientists, discussed the topics of regionalization, regional development, place identities and attachments to 'Heimat' (homeland). The aim was to identify innovative approaches for regional development by considering place identities and developing practical implementation guidelines. The 'Zukunftsdiskurs' thus addressed the following objectives, • to point out identity-generating characteristics and their further development as an important prerequisite for the profiling of regions, • to use the knowledge of these potentials for regional change processes and • to make the debates about identity, 'Heimat' and participation more objective. Regionalization as a process of cooperative regional formation is not a foregone conclusion. However, if regional identity is discussed and made manageable for planning practice, regional development can take targeted action to shape regions in a future-oriented manner. The identification with one's region, the willingness to participate in planning processes and the understanding of joint and progressive territorial development are essential effects that the 'Zukunftsdiskurs' supports., Der Zukunftsdiskurs „Raumbezogene Identitäten verstehen und nutzen – eine Chance für zukunftsorientierte Regionen“ (Kurztitel „Zukunftsdiskurs Raumbezogene Identitäten“) hat die Auseinandersetzung zu Grundlagen, Zielen und Ausprägungen regionaler Identitäten aufgegriffen und weitergeführt. In mehreren Foren diskutierten Akteure/-innen der räumlichen Planung und Entwicklung sowie Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler die Themen Regionalisierung, Regionalentwicklung, räumliche Identitäten und Heimatbezüge. Ziel war es, innovative Ansätze für die Berücksichtigung raumbezogener Identitäten bei der Entwicklung von Regionen zu erheben und praktische Umsetzungshinweise zu erarbeiten. Im Zukunftsdiskurs ging es also darum, • identitätsstiftende Merkmale und deren Weiterentwicklung als wichtige Voraussetzung für eine Profilierung von Regionen aufzuzeigen, • das Wissen um diese Potenziale für regionale Veränderungsprozesse zu nutzen und • die Debatten um Identität, Heimat und Teilhabe zu versachlichen. Regionalisierung als Prozess kooperativer Regionsbildung ist kein Selbstläufer. Erfasst und diskutiert man jedoch regionale Identität und macht sie für die Planungspraxis handhabbar, kann Regionalentwicklung hier gezielt ansetzen, um Regionen zukunftsorientiert zu gestalten. Die Identifikation mit der eigenen Region, die Bereitschaft, sich an Planungsprozessen zu beteiligen und das Verständnis von gemeinschaftlicher und progressiver Raumentwicklung sind wesentliche Effekte, die der Zukunftsdiskurs unterstützt.

This study explored the overall visual elements of arcade buildings and streetscapes from the perspective of tourists and then evaluated their influence on the identity and emotion of places. The scope of the research was to take the arcade building in the port area of Shantou Small Park in Guangdong, China, and apply the eye-tracking experiment method and semantic difference method. This entailed collecting the eye-tracking data of 16 people, implementing 334 questionnaires for evaluation, verifying the correlation between the visual elements and place identity emotions, and then screening out the visual elements that affect place identity through correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that plaque text morphological richness (p = 0.045 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.146), the color brightness of plaque text (p = 0.031 < 0.01, and the regression coefficient B = 0.171), window morphological richness (p = 0.038 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.106), window color brilliance (p = 0.047 < 0.01, and regression coefficient B = 0.094), and plant color brilliance (p = 0.029 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.154) are five visual element evaluation factors that have a significant correlation with the identity and emotion of places. Although the fineness of architectural decoration is negatively correlated with place identity, it is not obviously significant. The research results provide reference for the visual control design of arcade buildings.

Postavljanjem nekoliko infrastrukturnih kralježnica okomito na 7 Kaštela dovodi do stvaranja funkcionalnog policentričnog grada na zaljevu. Odabrano područje na ulazu Kaštel Sućurca, sjeverno od Barbarinca, nedefiniranog karaktera i potetnog šireg konteksta pokazuje potencijal za nastanak jedne takve bitne osi. Linija koja omogućava i transformira se u sve ono što je nužno kako bi se taj prostor smjestio u red i postao novo središte. By placing several infrastructural spines vertically on 7 Kaštelas, it leads to the creation of a functional polycentric city on the bay. The selected area at the entrance of Kaštel Sućurac, north of Barbarinc, with an undefined character and a dynamic wider context, shows the potential for the creation of such an essential axis. A line that enables and transforms into everything that is necessary to put that space in order and to become a new center.

Theater as a place, but also as a field of human and team activity involving the creation of performances performed in the presence of the viewer, has a centuries-old history. This study aims at examining the links between theatre architecture/space and public spaces, trying to answer to what extent these objects have become attractors in its space and how they affect the activity of cultural and social life. The subjects of the study are Warsaw theatres, both historical and contemporary, in the context of their impact on the surrounding public spaces. A specific methodology was elaborated to evaluate potential impacts. According to the spatial relations between the theatre and its surroundings, they are clustered in the following typologies: emanation, isolation, and interference theatre. The research methods applied for defining and solving the scientific problem are: (i) critical analysis, (ii) comparative analysis, (iii) observation without intervention, and (iv) intuitive method based on the author’s personal experience. The conclusions are based on empirical research, with particular emphasis on the research material obtained by field research. The results of the research allow one to draw conclusions regarding the influence of theatrical places on public spaces in the city structure. The mission of the theater is changed, activating events and building social bonds. Theater space and its surroundings are shaped in accordance with these new standards and social expectations to be transformed into a public space of a cultural nature. Thus, presently, urban theatrical space is a site for spectacle, with a social and cultural mission. Theater space and its surroundings should be shaped in accordance with changing standards and social expectations, and it should be a public space of a cultural nature.

Globalisation, commercialisation, commodification, and mass communication have led to a loss of uniqueness and a cultural uniformity in places, known as “placelessness”. This study proposes a novel business concept called “placeful business” that addresses this issue. A placeful business incorporates local heritage, showcases unique architecture and aesthetics, engages with the community, and promotes place sustainability and identity. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 stakeholders, and a salience-valence analysis was performed on 874 online reviews from Google Maps, TripAdvisor, Booking.com, Agoda, and Hostelworld. This analysis aimed to reveal the key factors contributing to positive experiences and gain insights into the representation and manifestation of placeful characteristics. Through a mixed-method case study of Once Again Hostel in Bangkok, this research identified several salient attributes of the hostel that reinforce the characteristics of a placeful business and have a positive impact on the community. The authors also observed the interconnected and mutually reinforcing nature of placeful and successful factors. However, it was noted that guests’ perception and understanding of placeful characteristics remained limited. While the placeful business model has not yet gained widespread recognition in the business and academic domains, it offers practical implications for small businesses seeking to differentiate themselves in the global market by infusing their operations with a distinct sense of place. Furthermore, place managers can play a crucial role in promoting and fostering placeful business practices as a means to counteract the growing homogenization of places. The adoption of the placeful business model enables the continuous reinforcement of place identity, which, in turn, contributes to the long-term enhancement of place sustainability.

This research note explored the less-understood relationships between customer delights and revisit intention. We draw on extant literature to develop and propose a new conceptual framework underpinned by cognitive appraisal theory, theory of planned behavior, and attachment theory. This conceptual note proposed relationships between customer engagement (CE), customer experience (CX), place identity, and value co-creation between customer delight and revisits intention. This note offers insights on the essential role of customer delight in tourism, supporting effective interactions with CE, CX, place identity, and value co-creation for destination strategy development. This is one of the earliest initiatives to reinvent the wheel of customer delight in tourism to encourage tourist behavior intentions. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Using qualitative research methods and taking Wulin in Jinjiang, Quanzhou City as an example, this study investigated the construction characteristics of Qiaoxiang's place meaning superposition from three aspects: entity dimension, social relations and local values, and revealed the superposition process of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang under the background of tourism development and the resulting place identity problems of different subjects including overseas Chinese. The study found that: (1) The superposition of place meaning under the dislocation of man and land is mainly completed through transmission mechanisms such as imagination and tourism system, which makes the overseas Chinese "absent in form" but "present everywhere in content" in Qiaoxiang, and promotes the transformation of Wulin into a place pattern mixed with tradition and modernity. (2) The superposition of place meaning has the attribute of relationship, and multivariate interactions are the remarkable features during its formation. The place meaning is essentially a manifestation of the man-land relationship. When the man-land relationship is no longer determined by the traditional geographic relationship or kinship, the weak bond relationship between man and land cannot be consolidated by the place meaning, which is manifested as the alienation of the relationship of "overseas Chinese-family members-hometown". (3) In terms of local values, the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has experienced a meaning superposition from the home scale to the national and ethnic scales, highlighting the selective representation of power on the place meaning in the context of tourism, and dynamically displaying the controversy on the orientation of spatial values of different subjects and the guidance of the national mainstream cultural values to the local. (4) In the context of tourism development, the superposition of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has triggered the instrumental and selective "shopping cart" identity of overseas Chinese and the differentiated identity of local residents, and the identity structure of different subjects is full of tension, differentiation and even conflict.

O setor das viagens e turismo afirma-se como motor de desenvolvimento em vários domínios. Para além do impacto económico, amplamente estudado, que a atividade tem a nível mundial, outros campos de estudo têm vindo a demonstrar o potencial que este setor pode ter para a promoção da compreensão cultural e fomento da proximidade entre povos. O desenvolvimento de políticas adequadas às necessidades da procura sem colocar em causa o bem-estar das comunidades recetoras é, hoje, fator diferenciador de destinos que pretendam promover a sustentabilidade da atividade. Neste contexto, compreender as motivações turísticas e a influência que os meios de comunicação de massa podem ter na decisão de viajar torna-se útil para desenvolver estratégias promocionais eficientes, direcionar a oferta existente e criar produtos que atendam às necessidades do mercado. Sendo Portugal um destino turístico em franco crescimento, uma diversificação da oferta e desenvolvimento de novos mercados emissores pode afirmar-se como uma aposta segura para o contínuo desenvolvimento da atividade. Dado que a Índia é o segundo maior mercado emissor de turistas, a nível mundial, e com quem Portugal partilha um património cultural comum, este destino merece a atenção do Turismo de Portugal, que se encontra a desenvolver esforços de promoção no mercado indiano. O desenvolvimento de políticas conjuntas entre os governos indiano e português parece estar a atrair notoriedade na indústria cinematográfica indiana, que visa um mercado de aproximadamente 1,324 mil milhões de pessoas, e que nos últimos anos tem vindo a aumentar, gradualmente, o número de produções filmadas em Portugal. Para além de criar ou reforçar as relações políticas entre países e desenvolver o turismo, o Cinema pode fomentar o desenvolvimento cultural e aproximar nações. Neste sentido, parece relevante explorar o fenómeno denominado turismo cinematográfico. A revisão da literatura demonstra que o Cinema é, simultaneamente, um agente modulador de comportamentos e um refletor cultural, podendo assumir-se como um veículo de aproximação cultural e ferramenta de marketing de destino. Na qualidade de agente modulador, entende-se que, quanto mais um destino turístico é apresentado na tela, maior é a probabilidade da decisão de viajar ocorrer. ‘Decisão de viajar' entra no presente estudo como variável dependente, com interesse primário para a pesquisa. Embora possa ser abordada sob diferentes perspetivas, a sua variância será, aqui, explicada pela variável independente 'Cinema'. No entanto, como o processo de decisão de viajar é influenciado por diferentes fatores, as variáveis que aparentam ter um impacto significativo na tomada de decisão de viajar e que podem ser alavancadas pelo Cinema foram integradas no estudo. Estas variáveis, que surgem quando o Cinema influencia a decisão de viajar ('imagem de destino', 'identidade de lugar' e 'atributos de destino'), foram consideradas como variáveis intervenientes. Dado que o cinema influencia a imagem e a identidade do lugar que os viajantes têm com o destino representado na tela, entendeu-se que a decisão de viajar para destinos turísticos é mediada pela imagem e atributos do destino e identidade do lugar. Por outro lado, a identidade do lugar influencia tanto a decisão de viajar para destinos turísticos quanto a imagem percecionada do destino. Neste sentido, existindo tal relação, a imagem do destino, mediada pelos atributos de destino e identidade do lugar também influencia a decisão de viajar para destinos turísticos. Sendo o Cineturismo um campo de pesquisa académica relativamente recente, o potencial do Cinema como ferramenta de marketing turístico já foi demonstrado. A revisão da literatura revela que a pesquisa efetuada até ao momento abre caminho para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o peso que cada atributo fílmico tem na motivação para viajar e na imagem de destino e o efeito que a identidade do lugar tem na formação da imagem de destino e o seu papel mediador com o Cinema. Relativamente ao estudo do contributo que as produções cinematográficas podem ter para a aproximação cultural entre Portugal e Índia, a produção científica é parca. Na expectativa de dar resposta às lacunas encontradas na literatura, a presente investigação pretende analisar o impacto do Cinema na imagem e atributos do destino, identidade de lugar e decisão de viajar com vista ao desenvolvimento do turismo e das relações culturais entre a Índia e Portugal. Como forma de alcançar o objetivo central, esta investigação procurou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre: (I) O impacto do Cinema, imagem e atributos do destino e identidade do lugar na decisão de viajar; (ii) A influência do Cinema na imagem e atributos de destino e identidade de lugar; (iii) Os hábitos cinematográficos e comportamento de viagem de turistas Portugueses e Indianos; (iv) A perceção do destino India e Portugal para turistas Portugueses e Indianos. Sendo uma temática complexa, realizou-se um estudo quantitativo, tendo sido dada preferência ao inquérito por questionário como instrumento de recolha de dados, o qual foi distribuído, em ambiente virtual, a uma amostra de 262 indivíduos de nacionalidade portuguesa e indiana. Foram aplicados testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar a normalidade da distribuição da amostra. De forma a garantir a validade das escalas utilizadas na mediação de resultados, foi feita uma análise fatorial exploratória. A consistência das escalas utilizadas para análise foi obtida através do cálculo do valor do Alpha de Cronbach, utilizando um grau de significância de 0,05. A análise dos dados foi feita com recurso a ferramentas descritivas e testes inferenciais (Ex.: Teste-T, Anova univariada, modelos de regressão linear e análise de mediação, entre outros). O estudo foi precedido por uma análise de variáveis sociodemográficas como género, idade, escolaridade e sua influência nas variáveis em estudo. Concluiu-se que o género não influencia os hábitos cinematográficos dos participantes, nem a perceção dos atributos de destino, identidade de lugar e imagem dos destinos turísticos. Em relação à idade, os resultados revelam que esta não tem qualquer influência sobre os atributos de destino. No entanto, verificam-se diferenças, estatisticamente significativas, entre gerações ao nível do cinema, identidade de lugar e imagem de destino. No que respeita à escolaridade, o impacto apenas se verifica na identidade do lugar, já que níveis de ensino superior estão associados a uma menor identidade com o lugar. Os resultados sugerem ainda que o consumo de cinema é altamente influenciado pela idade e grau de escolaridade. Uma educação avançada e gerações mais velhas tendem a apresentar um menor consumo de filmes. Apesar do esforço colocado nesta investigação, não foi possível confirmar integralmente o modelo teórico construído para a pesquisa, uma vez que a maioria das relações entre as variáveis não foi confirmada. O impacto do Cinema na decisão de viajar não foi estatisticamente validado pelos resultados obtidos. Tendo o mesmo sucedido com a imagem e atributos de destino e identidade de lugar. Esta resultados corroboram conclusões de estudos anteriores sobre Cineturismo que defendem que os destinos turísticos não são suficientemente atrativos por si só e que são necessários esforços de promoção adicional para que o Cinema gere interesse turístico e induza a decisão de viajar. Relativamente ao impacto do Cinema na imagem e atributos de destino e identidade de lugar concluiu-se que esta influência existe. Quanto maior for a exposição do destino turístico numa película cinematográfica, mais forte se torna a imagem percecionada sobre o mesmo. Concluiu-se também que atributos de destino e identidade de lugar são fortes componentes da imagem de destino e, quanto mais forte for a identidade do lugar, mais positiva é a imagem de destino. Acrescenta-se, ainda, que a identidade do lugar atua como mediador entre Cinema e imagem de destino, uma vez que, o Cinema cria no espetador a identidade com o lugar através dos atores, celebridades e personagens que aparecem no écran e com as quais a audiência se identifica. Contribuições teóricas significativas, que resultaram da presente investigação, são apresentadas nos modelos teóricos de decisão de viajar por influência fílmica e, imagem de destino cinematográfica. A compreensão do impacto do Cinema na decisão de viajar de turistas portugueses e indianos foi importante para avaliar o seu uso enquanto ferramenta de desenvolvimento das relações turística e cultural entre a Índia e Portugal. Da pesquisa concluiu-se que ambos os povos são grandes consumidores de cinema e afirmam deixar-se influenciar por este canal no que respeita à decisão de viajar. Os géneros fílmicos que mais cativam a audiência são as comédias, testemunhos reais, ação e documentários. Relativamente à imagem de destino, ambos os grupos apresentam opiniões favoráveis. Os atributos mais valorizados, tanto na Índia como em Portugal, são as atrações naturais e culturais, mas também o ambiente em geral e a segurança. Quanto à identidade com o lugar, os indianos, apesar de menos predispostos para deixar que esta variável influencie a sua decisão de viajar, demonstram ter uma maior afinidade com Portugal do que aquela que os portugueses parecem ter para com a Índia. Ao nível da identificação com o lugar, sobressai o sentimento de liberdade de expressão (que os Indianos valorizam em Portugal) e o sentimento de pertença (que os portugueses admitem encontrar na Índia). Apesar das limitações impostas por uma amostra que, não permite a generalização dos resultados, no que respeita à análise que visa a relação Portugal/Índia, os resultados obtidos estão em consonância com vários estudos identificados na revisão da literatura e constituem uma abordagem exploratória. Espera-se ter aberto caminho que incentive o estudo mais aprofundado do Cinema no desenvolvimento de relações culturais e económicas que aproximam as nações. Drawing on behavioral motivation theories and cultural affinity, this study aims to understand the influence of Cinema on destination image, place identity, destination attributes and travel decision, to foster tourism and cultural relations between India and Portugal. It addresses three research gaps concerning: (i) film tourism studies related to the weight each film attribute has in inducing people to travel; (ii) the effect place identity has on destination image formation and its relation to Cinema; (iii) cultural affinity between India and Portugal. Given the complexity of the thematic, the research was conducted using a quantitative approach. As a data collection instrument, preference was given to the questionnaire, distributed to Portuguese and Indian nationals, in a virtual environment. Results reveal that the decision to travel is a complex phenomenon, and one variable alone has no influence on the process. In its turn, place identity is a strong component of destination image and a mediator for Cinema. The film dimensions of personality and place (which highlight the destination attributes and place identity) are the factors that influence the largest number of viewers. It has also been concluded that, despite both nations have a strong place identity with each other and, being the feeling of belonging and freedom of expression the strongest motivations to travel, Portugal is not attracting Indian visitors motivated by Cinema. Significant theoretical contributions are highlighted in two models, which have resulted from this investigation: a film travel decision-making model and a film induced destination image model. Practical implications for destination managers and researchers are highlighted.

Social participation is an important tool in heritage conservation, but levels remain low in developing countries. To increase social-participation awareness of urban-heritage conservation, this study aimed to find an effective method to determine the factors that affect participation awareness, with a focus on the magnitude of each influence. Through literature analysis we developed hypotheses about the factors affecting participation awareness, and then developed a linear regression model. In order to test the reliability of the model, we selected Suzhou as the research object and obtained the following conclusions: (1) Suzhou’s social-participation awareness was positively correlated with place identity, urban memory, subjective cognition, objective knowledge, and place identity. (2) The factor that had the strongest impact on Suzhou’s place identity was public space, with residence time and community sentiment also influencing place identity. (3) The factors that influenced the urban memory of Suzhou were residence time, urban transformation, and urban events with the most influential factor being lifestyle transformation. (4) Urban-heritage conservation social-participation awareness was higher among Suzhou people living in the old city than in the new city.

Places of today face intense global competition for crucial resources. Attracting visitors and retaining residents is vital especially for post-industrial cities and rural places facing a loss of traditional industrial jobs, and urbanization and centralization of the population and economy. To attract resources and target groups like tourists and residents, place managers and authorities are increasingly turning to place branding. A recent stream of literature has adopted an identity-based view of place branding building on an understanding that like the formation of the place itself is an open-ended process, constantly renegotiated and socially constructed so is that of place branding. It depicts place branding as an identity construction process, an ongoing process of multilogue between different place stakeholders involved as active participants in the co-creation of the place brand experience, expression, and communication. In this light, effective place branding strategies must be based on a brand identity that reflects the perceptions of its stakeholders, communicated to and with key stakeholders. This highlights the need for place managers to understand place stakeholders’ perceptions to be able to mirror, articulate and reinforce them in the brand identity and place brand communication. There is however a lack of focus in extant research on the perspective of residents, a primary stakeholder group. Furthermore, questions remain regarding the drivers behind this process, especially regarding the role of person–place bonds in relation to place-related behavioral outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was: To investigate place-related identity concepts within an identity-based view of place branding. The current research sought to deepen the understanding of the identity-based view by 1) developing the understanding of how place-related identity aspects can be leveraged to influence the place-related behavioral intentions of key place stakeholders, focusing specifically on residents as a primary stakeholder group, and 2) to contribute to further conceptual and operational clarity regarding the elusive concept of place identity and related concepts underlying this process. Drawing on identity-based place branding literature in combination with identity, congruity, and attachment theory four research questions (RQs) were formulated: RQ1: How can the identity perspectives expressed in residents’ place image be characterized? RQ2: What is the relationship between place image, place attachment, self-congruity, and positive place word-of-mouth (WOM) across different stakeholder groups? RQ3: What is the relationship between place image, place attachment, self-congruity, and likelihood to stay in a place across cities of different sizes? RQ4: How can the concept of place identity be measured? To answer the research questions four studies were conducted, one qualitative, two quantitative and one conceptual, the results from each study presented in a research paper. In response to RQ1 the qualitative study highlights the different identity perspectives manifested by residents when describing their place perceptions. The place identity perspectives expressed in residents’ place image descriptions evidence both subject identity perspectives - through personal and social identity perspectives, and object identity perspectives – in terms of person, people/social (in-/out) group, and place object identity perspectives. These perspectives influence the content of place image descriptions both in terms of what residents describe – in terms of object identity, and how they describe it – depending on which identity lens is applied and from whose point of view. The results highlight the need for priming to activate a specific stakeholder identity when gathering place image perceptions and designing place branding campaigns. Quantitative findings in response to RQ2 applicable across two cities of different size indicate that affective place image influences positive WOM and that this relationship is mediated by place attachment for both residents and visitors. Interestingly, while the connection between affective place image and place attachment is stronger for residents, the connection between place attachment and positive WOM is significant also for visitors. Contrary to previous studies, the findings suggest that self-congruity with residents’ image may not offer sufficient symbolic value to inspire WOM behavior. Results however support that self-congruity plays a mediating role between affective place image and place attachment which is stronger for visitors than for residents. The findings highlight the need to successfully reflect the self-concept of key stakeholders in communication messages to strengthen emotional brand connections and consequently WOM behavior. When targeting residents, communication is best centered around aspects reflecting the place’s identity while, additionally, communication reflecting residents’ image may be targeted towards visitors to increase the probability of positive WOM. Findings concerning RQ3 show a positive relationship between place image and residents’ likelihood to stay, mediated by place attachment. The relationship between place image and place attachment is mediated by resident self-congruity. Implications include that perceived resident image fit may not offer any direct influence on residents’ likelihood to stay but is important to instill place attachment which impacts resident retention. Implications highlight the multifaceted nature of place self-congruity, the importance of careful consideration of constructs when operationalizing identification with a place, and that place attachment should not be used to measure residents’ likelihood to stay. Future research is encouraged to include images of both place and place consumers when studying residents’ place self-congruity. Implications highlight the capacity for place branding policies supporting inclusive community practices to unify and retain residents. Results from the conceptual study related to RQ4 show a range of elements and sub-dimensions relevant to measure the place identity/identification construct. Findings show how different labels have been applied to identify what appears to be conceptually equivalent constructs and vice-versa. A framework is presented of the cognitive, affective, and conative and evaluative elements of place identity/identification including their sub-dimensions. Results highlight the need to exert stringency when applying the terms in research and to carefully define and delineate concepts when gathering data and reporting results. Further theoretical and managerial contributions and suggestions for future research are discussed in the final chapter of the thesis. The four papers are presented as Appendices, three of which have been published and the fourth is being revised to be submitted for review in a scholarly journal.

A lost navigator must identify its current location and recover its facing direction to restore its bearings. We tested the idea that these two tasks--place recognition and heading retrieval--might be mediated by distinct cognitive systems in mice. Previous work has shown that numerous species, including young children and rodents, use the geometric shape of local space to regain their sense of direction after disorientation, often ignoring nongeometric cues even when they are informative. Notably, these experiments have almost always been performed in single-chamber environments in which there is no ambiguity about place identity. We examined the navigational behavior of mice in a two-chamber paradigm in which animals had to both recognize the chamber in which they were located (place recognition) and recover their facing direction within that chamber (heading retrieval). In two experiments, we found that mice used nongeometric features for place recognition, but simultaneously failed to use these same features for heading retrieval, instead relying exclusively on spatial geometry. These results suggest the existence of separate systems for place recognition and heading retrieval in mice that are differentially sensitive to geometric and nongeometric cues. We speculate that a similar cognitive architecture may underlie human navigational behavior.

Forskningsproblem - Hur kan kommunikationen av Luleås platsvarumärke utformas för att öka möjligheten att behålla flera studenter i kommunen efter avslutad examen för att öka kompetensförsörjningen? Metod - En litteratursammanställning genomfördes i syfte att undersöka tidigare skriven litteratur inom ämnet. Ett teoretiskt ramverk sammanställdes därefter och har fungerat som en grund för intervjuguiden men också för upplägget på empiri- och analyskapitlen. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med studenter från två olika utbildningskategorier vid Luleå tekniska universitet, civilekonomer och civilingenjörer. Resultat - Studenter från utbildningskategorierna civilekonom och civilingenjör har en relativt gemensam syn på Luleå som en plats att bo och jobba på. Majoriteten av respondenterna kan inte tänka sig bo kvar i Luleå efter avslutad examen. För att förmedla Luleås platsvarumärke till studenter föredrar majoriteten av båda utbildningskategorierna, civilekonom och civilingenjör, Instagram som den huvudsakliga kommunikationskanalen men även Facebook. Teoretiska implikationer - Denna studie har bidragit till kunskap om hur invånare ur ett intressentperspektiv kan användas för att öka förståelsen mellan kopplingen platsimage och avsedda målgrupper. Studien bidrar även med kunskap inom place branding och miljömässig hållbarhet. Praktiska implikationer - Studiens resultat är användbart vid utformningen och utvecklingen av kommunikationen för Luleås platsvarumärke i syfte att öka möjligheten att behålla fler studenter i kommunen efter avslutad examen för att öka kompetensförsörjningen. Mer specifikt ett utökat samarbete mellan Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå kommun och Luleå näringsliv med fokus att skapa en gemensam, ärlig och kreativ platskommunikation av Luleå som stad. Research problem - How can the communication of Luleå's place brand be designed to increase the possibility of retaining more students in the municipality after graduation in order to increase the supply of skills? Method - A literature review was carried out with the aim of examining previously written literature within the subject. A theoretical framework was then compiled and has served as a basis for the interview guide but also for the layout of the empirical and analysis chapters. The data collection was carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with students from two different educational categories at Luleå University of Technology, students in business and economics and civil engineers. Results - Students from the education categories business and economics and engineering have a relatively common view of Luleå as a place to live and work. The majority of respondents cannot imagine staying in Luleå after completing their degree. To convey Luleå's place brand to students, the majority of both education categories, business and economics and civil engineers prefer Instagram as the main communication channel but also Facebook. Theoretical implications - This study has contributed to knowledge about how residents from a stakeholder perspective can be used to increase understanding between the connection between place image and intended target groups. The study also contributes knowledge in place branding and environmental sustainability. Practical implications - The results of the study are useful in the design and development of the communication for Luleå's place brand in order to increase the possibility of retaining more students in the municipality after completing the degree in order to increase the supply of skills. More specifically, an expanded collaboration between Luleå University of Technology, Luleå municipality and Luleå business with a focus on creating a common, honest and creative place communication of Luleå as a city.

Seit dem ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert beschäftigen sich deutsche Großstädte mit ihrer Außenwahrnehmung und Selbstdarstellung. Damals wie heute dienten die werbenden Maßnahmen dem Ziel, sich von anderen Städten abzugrenzen und eine große Sichtbarkeit in einem zunehmend verschärften städtischen Wettbewerb einzunehmen. Die frühe Form der Stadtwerbung entfaltete sich zunächst allerorten innerhalb des Stadtbürgertums, das sich in sogenannten „Fremdenverkehrsvereinen“ zusammenschloss. In den 1920er Jahren nahmen die städtischen Verwaltungen die Stadtwerbung als eigenen Aufgabenbereich wahr, was zur Bildung von Fremdenverkehrsorganisationen im gesamten Reich führte. Im letzten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts erfuhr die städtische Imagepolitik und Stadtvermarktung schließlich eine Neubewertung und damit einen deutlichen Professionalisierungsschub. Die Stadt Hannover bildete bei der allgemeinen Entwicklung der Stadtwerbung keine Ausnahme. Auch hier wurde im Jahr 1883 zunächst aus bürgerlicher Initiative heraus ein Verein zur Förderung des Fremdenverkehrs gegründet. Zudem stach Hannover spätestens ab den 1970er Jahren aus den städtischen Werbekampagnen heraus, indem es neue Wege der Selbstdarstellung erprobte und als einzige Stadt im Bundesgebiet die städtische Imagepflege institutionalisierte. Trotz dieser beispiellosen Maßnahmen gelang es der Stadt Hannover indes nicht, ein starkes und positives Image herauszubilden. Bis heute wird die Stadt mit Negativklischees konfrontiert, die bis in das 19. Jahrhundert zurückreichen., Since the end of the nineteenth century, major German cities have been concerned with their self-portrayal and perception by others. Then, and now, advertising measures have aimed at setting one city apart from others and at generating visibility among increasingly fierce competition. The early form of city advertising was initially developed by the cities’ bourgeoisie, uniting in so-called Fremdenverkehrsvereinen (‘tourist associations’). In the 1920s, the cities’ administrations took on advertising as a separate area of their responsibility, paving the way for the formation of tourist organizations throughout the empire. In the last third of the twentieth century, city image policy and city marketing finally experienced a re-evaluation and thus a clear push towards professionalization. The city of Hanover was no exception to the general development of city advertising; an association for the promotion of tourism was founded in 1883 upon a citizen’s initiative. Additionally, by the 1970s, Hanover stood out among cities’ advertising campaigns, inventing new ways of presenting itself and being the only city in Germany to institutionalize image-making. Despite these unprecedented measures, however, Hanover failed to develop a strong and positive image. To this day, the city is confronted with negative clichés which go back to the nineteenth century.

This study is a degree project in Information Design with a focus on Spatial Design. The aim has been to gain an understanding of the residents' relationship to the city of Fuengirola through methods and theories. This with the goal of developing a public environment that leads to an increased sense of place while respecting and informing about a culture that is de-prioritized in favor of fast-growing tourism. The work inspects, from a perspective of Critical Regionalism and Sense of Place, the meaning of an authentic cultural experience and how it can be communicated through a spatial design. Methodical work has been carried out where interviews, photo studies, site analyses and an analysis of these have led to answers regarding which factors the residents of Fuengirola feel most attached to and which aspects have been lost over time. The results concluded that the attachment to place and the place identity that Fuengirola generates are based on interactions, traditions, and social gatherings, where the beach and tourism play a leading role. The sense of place is also strengthened through materials from a former room, as they still have a cultural importance today. The collected empirical evidence in combination with the theories has been the basis for a design proposal. The proposal involves a concept of different passages that reflects the activities and interactions that have characterized a room of the past and the factors that created an attachment to the place among the inhabitants. This degree project only visualizes part of a selected street to give an example of how these streets can potentially benefit an increased sense of place, place identity and connection to place in the city of Fuengirola. Denna studie är ett examensarbete inom Informationsdesign med inriktning Rumslig Gestaltning. Syftet har varit att genom metoder och teorier få en förståelse för invånarnas relation till staden Fuengirola. Detta med målet att utveckla en offentlig miljö som leder till en ökad platskänsla samtidigt som den respekterar och informerar om en kultur som bortprioriteras till förmån för en snabbväxande turism. Arbetet inspekterar, ur ett perspektiv av Kritisk Regionalism och Sense of Place, innebörden av en autentisk kulturell upplevelse och hur den kan kommuniceras genom en rumslig utformning. Ett metodiskt arbete har bedrivits där intervjuer, fotostudier, platsanalyser samt en analys av dessa har lett till svar inom vilka faktorer som Fuengirolas invånare känner mest anknytning för samt vilka aspekter som förlorats genom tiden. Resultaten kommer fram till att den platsanknytningen samt den platsidentitet som Fuengirola genererar har sin grund i interaktioner, traditioner och sociala sammankomster, där strand och turism bär en ledande roll. Platskänslan stärks även genom material från ett dåtida rum, då de har fortfarande en kulturell vikt idag. Den insamlade empirin i kombination med teorierna har legat som grund för ett gestaltningsförslag. Förslaget innebär ett koncept av olika stråk som reflekterar de aktiviteter och interaktioner som har präglat ett dåtida rum och de faktorer som skapat en platsanknytning hos invånarna. Detta examensarbete visualiserar endast del av en utvald gata för att ge ett exempel på hur dessa stråk kan eventuellt gynna en ökad platskänsla, platsidentitet och platsanknytning i staden Fuengirola. En del bilder har inför publicering suddats ut på grund av upphovsrättsliga skäl.

Enklawy biedy to przestrzenie społecznie napiętnowane, które mogą sprzyjać wykluczeniu lub wzmacniać jego wrażenie. Równocześnie to środowisko życia konkretnych ludzi, którzy je współdzielą i współtworzą; to przestrzenie domowe, bezpieczne, będące źródłem satysfakcji i identyfikacji. Okoliczności konstytuujące i wyróżniające te swoiste ekosystemy stanowiły inspirację do zrealizowania badań w latach 2014–2016 w enklawach ubóstwa zlokalizowanych w Polsce w dwóch dużych miastach oraz na terenach wiejskich, służących rozpoznaniu sposobu ich waloryzowania i mentalnego odwzorowywania przez zamieszkujących je ludzi. Bazując na wynikach badań własnych, w artykule omówiono trzy uzupełniające się wątki, obejmujące procesy identyfikacji przestrzeni, identyfikowania się z miejscem i tożsamości miejsca. Zwrócono uwagę na poznawczą i praktyczną wartość tego rodzaju ustaleń, które wychodzą poza uproszczone i generalizujące myślenie na temat enklaw biedy, ujawniają potencjały zróżnicowanych sąsiedztw i złożoność więzi ludzi z miejscem. Enclaves of poverty are spaces of social stigmatization that can foster exclusion as well as enhance the impression of it. At the same time, they are milieus in the lives of spe-cific human beings who co-inhabit and co-create these spaces; they are a home base – a place of safety, one that is the source of satisfaction and identification. The circumstances consti-tuting and distinguishing these specific ecosystems were the inspirations for research con-ducted in 2014–2016 in enclaves of poverty – located in two large cities and in rural areas in Poland – to identify the ways of valuing and mental mapping performed by people living there. Based on the results of the author’s research, the article discusses three complementa-ry issues covering the ways of identifying a space, identifying with a place and place identi-ty. It focuses on the cognitive and practical value of such findings, which go beyond simpli-fied and generalized thinking about enclaves of poverty, revealing the potentials of various neighbourhoods and the complexity of people’s connections with a place.

An examination of the layers of business place identities resulting from the creation of a road tourism route: an exploration of the Wild Atlantic Way Proposal and originality (500 characters) This paper is focussed on the Wild Atlantic Way (WAW) in Ireland and explores the concept of entrepreneurial place identity in terms of tourism routes. Place identity has been shown to be important for tourism entrepreneurs as it affects their self- efficacy (Haller, Assaker and Lee, 2013) and their strategies (Mottiar, 2016). This paper seeks to explore how tourism businesses have altered their identity as a result of the WAW. In particular have they incorporated the WAW proposition into their own marketing? Is there a hierarchy of place identities that these businesses display? Methodology (250 characters) The results presented here will be the first phase of this project and are based on netnographic research of tourism business websites and their social media channels. Using a structured framework, place identities are examined and compared via visual and textual analysis.

Place branding often builds upon gastro-cultural features. Yet, the convergence point between gastro-cultural place identity and the experience on offer could (and should) further benefit from contemporary studies in emerging fields, such as value co-creation and the identity-based approach to place branding. This study contributes towards this direction by examining the practices of relevant actors with main place branding authority. Drawing from their online information and presence, a thematic analysis of relevant brands in Greece and Turkey illustrates that operand and operant resource integration reflect the synergies developed between the gastronomic culture in, for, of the place. Further, actors’ intention to co-create the brand influences and is influenced by the brand. Theoretical and practical insights are derived from this study, which may direct future research and inform policymakers about sustainable, inclusive approaches.

Concerns have been raised that destination branding often overlooks the destination's internal stakeholders, and in some cases, has resulted in a brand identity that does not reflect the meanings and emotions that residents attach to places. Consequently, scholars have advocated for a more participatory approach to destination branding in which residents’ sense of place can be acknowledged, represented, and operationalized. This paper synthesizes these arguments and demonstrates that such an approach can be achieved by embracing residents’ place stories. Through storytelling, residents construe different facets of the place identity that is the foundation of destination brand identity. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the role, constituents, and effects of storytelling in destination branding, particularly exploring whose stories should be told and how these stories should be conveyed. In doing so, a participatory approach to destination branding is presented that employs residents’ place stories as a genuine form of participation in the destination branding process. Lastly, an agenda for future research is proposed, and practical implications for destination marketing practice are discussed.

Young people who live in or attend school in Vienna grow up in multicultural environments, as immigration has shaped the Austrian society over the last decades. In public debates, migrants and their descendants are repeatedly called on to “integrate”, while their feelings of belonging to Austria are questioned. Drawing from discussions on hybrid and multiple identities, this study explores the spatial dimension of identity constructions of students in Vienna aged between 14 and 19 years. Quantitative data from a comprehensive online survey and qualitative data from group discussions reveal that multiple spatial belongings on different scales are the rule and not the exception among young Viennese. Furthermore, on a national level, participants identify with Austria to a much larger extent than with any other country. Findings emphasise the need for a mixed-methods approach when researching questions of identity constructions. Fieldwork experiences furthermore show that young people are highly interested in discussing the topic, as they are confronted with these issues on a daily basis.

Color is one of the most dominant tools for designing compelling environments. It holds aesthetic value and has significance when assessing design elements. Color is the design element that charms us, emotionally and mentally, and is considered the most influential instrument in the hands of the designer as it is permanently stored in our memory. Colors are fundamental features of our visual sensitivity and environmental experience. In addition, it has the power to attract people to space and is used to encode the place by linking color to certain brands in complex globalized networks. To reflect, an increase in branding has been one of the most effective marketing phenomena nowadays, and has been included in most commercial business’ strategies. Branding places today has been modified deeply from the perspective of identity and image viewpoint. The overall design of a building and its spaces should reflect a clear purpose; moreover, it is beneficial to establish controlled and reliable rules and hidden agreements between the brand and client through color. This paper questions; How brand design creates a lasting appearance that bridges today with where the brand will grow over time? What is the color brand strategy to create place identity and space communication? How branding feeds into globalization, which has become significantly relevant, increased market entry, and efficiency of international travel? Since the relationship of color to space is one of the main objectives of active design to create a suitable agenda for specific functions, a thorough theoretical examination of the mental and physical impacts of color has been conducted, and an analytic study of the branding of companies specialized in providing mobile phone services in Egypt has been incorporated. The objective of this is to facilitate the bridging of emotional connections between clients, cities, and regions to accelerate brand growth and integrate color as a branding principle in Interior Design.

There are strong links between music and ‘sense of place’. This study investigates the connotations and features of the sense of place in songs against the background of social change between 1912 and 2019 in China. From 1912 through 1949, the sense of place was chiefly patriotic. From 1950 to 1979, the influence of socialism resulted in songs that concentrated on historical sites to form place identity. After 1980, the music market influenced the writing of songs about ‘place’. Since 2010, the sense of place has involved the activities of individuals and events within an area that shape the feel and impression of the place, and it is complex and plentiful. The results indicate that the relationships between people and the places they sing about become more abundant and detailed over time, along with a change from each place having a dominant style to a more diverse scenario. Before the opening-up and reform of China in 1979, the sense of place was often a shared collective memory, whereas today, the trend is towards personal songs. Additionally, sense of place is studied in regard to social processes as well as individual music pieces, and the driving force of each period is the response to basic social contradictions.

Research on segregation has expanded beyond its traditional focus on the residential demography of cities to explore how, why and with what consequences segregation manifests within activity spaces outside the home. As part of this shift, researchers have become increasingly interested in the time geography of residents’ everyday mobility practices. Building on this work, the present paper explores the role of place identity dynamics in shaping how Catholic and Protestant residents navigate everyday spaces over time in the historically divided city of Belfast. To do so, we employ a novel combination of walking interviews (n = 33), GPS tracking, GIS visualizations, and photo elicitation. By recovering residents’ lived experiences of moving through the sensuous, material, and symbolic landscapes of the city, we show how the interrelated dynamics of place belonging and alienation influence their mobility choices in ways that maintain sectarian divisions. We also show how the concept of place identity enriches the materialist notion of mobility ‘constraints’ that has characterized most time geographic work on segregation. In conclusion, we suggest that interventions to promote desegregation must transform not only relations between different communities, but also relations between community members and the activity spaces in which their everyday movements are embedded.

This study aims to develop a new scale for measuring key aspects of identity. Existing measures of identity do not include a wide range of entities that are considered together in relation to a person's sense of self. Our study’s chief aim is to (1) test the reliability and validity of the sense of self scale (2) map the normative patterns of how entities are considered in relation to people’s sense of self (3) explore how identity expansiveness varies as a function of demographic characteristics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, and political conservatism) (4) compare identity expansiveness with moral expansiveness. A person’s sense of self, their identity, is affected by the environments in which they live (Dixon & Durrheim, 2000), and the people (Ellemers et al., 1999; Tajfel & Turner, 1979; Tajfel, 1981), animals (Amiot et al., 2019; Dhont et al., 2019), and objects (Belk, 2016; Belk, 1988; Miller, 2010) that they interact with in them. Seeing some things rather than others as forming part of a person’s identity may be important for understanding how people relate to others in terms of moral concern and helping behaviours. Research on how social identity affects helping behaviours provides some support for this view (Levine et al., 2005; Levine & Crowther, 2008). A person’s moral circle describes the breadth of their moral concern for others. Those included in it are considered worthy targets of moral concern compared with those outside, who are not (Singer, 1981). The ‘moral expansiveness scale’ (MES) was developed to map the content and structure of people’s moral circles (Crimston et al., 2016). This measure captures breadth i.e., the range of targets e.g. people, animals and environments, and depth i.e. the varying degrees of concern people have for these targets. Reliably measuring a person’s identity in relation to not only other people but also animals, places, and objects may be an important contribution for understanding how people relate to their environments and what relationship this has to moral concern and helping behaviour. In a similar exercise to the moral expansiveness scale (MES; Crimston et al., 2016) we will map people’s sense of self in relation to a range of people, animals, objects and environments. Modifying the MES, we include additional entities and change the focus of the task to map aspects of a person’s identity. We will also replicate the original MES to compare results of our scale with the original work, and to demonstrate whether our scale has the required reliability and validity. This study’s chief aim is scale development. As such it includes both confirmatory i.e. concerning scale reliability and validity, and exploratory hypotheses. We will compare the results of the sense of self task with the moral expansiveness task to see if there are any correlations between what people include in their identity, and what they have moral concern for.

For the socially conscious teacher working in diverse classrooms, conversation can surface and productively engage the politics of difference. Poststructuralist discourse analysis and/or positionin...

Previous literature has focused on the antecedents of place attachment and the effects on place satisfaction and place loyalty. However, little is known about the relationship between emotional place branding and place attachment. This study analyses the process of creating an emotional city brand in order to promote emotional bonds and achieve resident and visitor place attachment. The northern Portuguese town of Viana do Castelo was chosen as case study to conduct a mixed-method approach. The authors conducted document analysis regarding the creation of the city brand and interviewed a city councillor to understand the way it was managed. A notable resident and a notable visitor with a strong bond with the city were also interviewed. Then the authors developed a focus group with heterogeneous profiles of residents and visitors in order to understand their perceptions of the city’s image. Finally, place attachment was measured through a survey, with a sample of 285 respondents. The results not only show good acceptance of the city brand by residents and visitors but also reveal expectations of a more engaging and active communication strategy to achieve affective commitment. Place attachment is strong, especially concerning emotional factors, suggesting that city branding strategies evoking emotional bonds may reinforce place attachment. Place identity is stronger than place dependence as regards residents and visitors.

The p resent research paper aims to investigate the relations between "power" and "places". It tried to find out the ethnic construct of place identity and its attachment to the sense of power. It analyses the questions as, How the ethnic identity of social groups constructs the meaning of "place" and transformed themselves into ethnic places? How do the "places" intervene in the identity of "selves"? This research undertakes Kurdish identity and their imbibed notion in order to contextualize the ‘ethnic place’ and questions of "selves". In this connection, it studies the ethnic places as the phenomenological product of ethnic and social experiences. It discusses ethnic places and their sense of power within the framework of place identity. The central theme of this paper is the Kurdish identity of Turkey to be placed in the spatial adjustment to which they belong. The image of Kurdistan as a place seems to empower them and ultimately causes their sense of security. The method of research is purely theoretical and descriptive on the bases of spatial-analytic approaches. However, in this research, phenomenological analysis of the concepts of place and experiences are argued with relation to power, place and ethnic identity. The phenomenological experiences of community behavior have been seen with respect to their cognitive relations to the living environment of the Kurdish group. Generally, this study is based on secondary sources and archival materials. A case study of Kurdish ethnic identity assertion is seen with respect to the theoretical applicability of place, power, and security concepts. It analyses Turkish Kurds and their identity assertion in the context of demand for the place, associated with the "power" as well as their cognitive environment and sense of belongingness. Ethnic place emerges in "relative isolation" as ethnic selves differing from other-selves. Hence, the demand for the place by the Kurdish group in Turkey is seen as a preservation of ethnic places to be empowered.

This article curates an interdisciplinary convergence of the “place” concept that envisions a postmodern literary city as a proximal zone of ephemeral human experiences with mutual interdependency rather than a modernist homogeneous galore of dystopian or utopian construct. Illustrating upon the alignment of simulation in the literary city of Allahabad (an Indian city that was recently renamed Prayagraj) in Indian English author Neelum Sara Gour’s Select Writings, this article will examine Gour’s spatial representation of Allahabad as a meaningful construction of its inhabitants subjective and collective experiences without ignoring its pertaining state in shaping human experiences. Such inseparability between place and human experience foregrounds the concept of place-identity as a “substructure of a person’s self-identity,” which resonates at the core of people’s existence or “being there,” that is dasein (Martin Heidegger, 1962) and theoretically positions an individual within “world of references,” briefly delineating upon nuanced emergence of humanist tradition in place research and its current epoch in contemporary concept of dasein toward postmodern literary geography, interrogating the triad of place-identity, people, and existence, blurring the epistemological debate between identity and existence to the complementary nature of both in terms with place.

The cultural heritage tourism site is hard to maintain identity since it is not representing the real identity in the site. Alongside, diminishing of the place significance that occurs at the cultural tourism site also contributed to the conflict of place identity. By considering the issue that faced at cultural heritage tourism site, the aims of this study are to understanding the potential of conflict place identity at cultural heritage tourism site towards the domestic tourist perspectives. Two objectives for this study: i) to identify the factor conflict of place identity that affect the significance of cultural heritage tourism site, ii) to evaluate the significance of place attachment towards the conflict of place identity at cultural heritage tourism site. This study is using quantitative techniques and the domestic tourists as main respondents at Petaling Street, Kuala Lumpur. The result of this study showed that the factors of conflict place identity at cultural heritage tourism sites could affect the tourist’s experiences and expectations about the tourism places. This study may inspire the stakeholders in handling the conflict of place identity and delivered better services to tourists for better services at cultural heritage tourism sites.

Purpose Immigration is considered a stressful process that causes many problems such as social isolation, prejudice, unemployment, minority status and intergenerational tensions. This study aims to determine the opinions of the leaders of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Germany about the experiences of individuals who immigrated from Turkey to Germany. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a qualitative method was used. This study was conducted between April and May 2014 with leaders of CSOs who were living in Germany. Informed consent forms were signed by all the participants. Purposeful sampling was used to select the leaders of CSOs to be included in the sample. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview format. The data reached saturation for the 30 leaders of CSOs. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and evaluated through thematic analysis. Findings Four main themes were identified: “Difficulties experienced”, “Recommendations to cope with/solve the difficulties experienced,” “Medical tourism” and “Use of health services.” Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations that should be taken into consideration during the interpretation of the results. A majority of the leaders of CSOs had bachelor’s degrees, and were middle-aged and older, which might affect the variety required in qualitative studies. Thus, it remains unclear whether the results could be generalized to all Turkish immigrants in Germany. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first qualitative study conducted with different Turkish CSO leaders living in Germany. This study outlines perspectives of CSO leaders’ migration-related challenges that Turkish immigrants struggle with to integrate into German societies. As a consequence, Turkish immigrants’ socio-cultural values, beliefs, difficulties they experienced, and legal rights should be taken into consideration in health care and tourism interactions. Possible found experiences could help to provide evidence on how to improve migrants’ situations.

Overtourism has become a major issue of concern in many popular venues, including several cities like Barcelona. In this study, in order to better comprehend reactions towards overtourism, we analyze the perceptions of residents who regularly shop at Barcelona's La Boqueria towards the growing crowds of tourists who visit the same venue (...)

The present study was conducted in a traditional mining area in Romania-the Rovinari Carboniferous Basin-from which in 1976 the communist authorities relocated about 800 people, two churches, and a cemetery to a new location in the village of Iași, Gorj County, in order to expand coal mining operations. Using the triangulation method, we gathered data from 139 questionnaires, 30 interviews, and ethnographic observations to highlight the ways in which the traumatic memories of the communist period are evoked today by the displaced population and perceived by the younger generation. Apart from some post-communist memories that cast the communist regime in a positive light, respondents largely condemned the regime, which, by threatening to take away their work, forced them to move to a new location. This relocation had profound implications in respondents' personal and family mentality represented first by the destruction of local cultural property or heritage and later by the appearance of trauma and respondents’ implicit attachment to the places they had lost. The history of those times is taught through the intergenerational transmission of memories at home as a place of family identity or at church as the centre of spirituality for the Romanian village. Bringing household items from the old destroyed location to the new location strengthened respondents’ postcommunist memory and helped to heal or alleviate their past trauma. However, beyond the differing political considerations expressed by those we interviewed and questioned, the complexity of post-communist memory, whichis tense and nuanced, remains relevant under deeper scrutiny.

Purpose Drawing on the discursive properties of placemaking theory, this paper discusses the development of film tourism in Crete from the release of the award-winning Zorba the Greek (dir. Michael Cacoyannis, ZG) to date. The approach is “genealogical,” seeking to explain how ZG-inspired tourism on Crete ended up being more than about the film itself owing to historical contingency.

Purpose This paper aims to explore how place identity can be expressed in residents’ place image descriptions, addressing differences and similarities in place identity expressions between residents’ descriptions of the image of their place and the image of the place as described to others. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with residents of a Swedish city. Place image descriptions were analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings Different types of identity perspectives manifest in the place image descriptions of residents. Respondents’ associations reflect place, person and social group identity perspectives, including their own perspective as residents, but also as visitors, or a combination of both. Priming is needed when gathering place image perceptions, to establish which underlying identity perspective is expressed. Research limitations/implications This study offers a Nordic perspective on the organic communication of place image. The scope and qualitative nature of this study is a limitation to its generalizability but also suggests a rich ground for future cross-cultural studies on the topic. Practical implications Results point to the importance of accurately formulating questions to catch stakeholders’ place image. Insights are offered into how stakeholders communicate Nordic place image perceptions when engaging in communication about a place and into the effects of identity on organic place brand communication. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is among the first to explore how key stakeholders’ lenses to interpret a place brand are activated in the communication of place image, and how this influences their descriptions of the place.

Although residents’ value co-creation is critical for culture conservation and sustainable development in the ethnic tourism community, few studies have investigated the residents’ value co-creatio...

This paper explores the lived space of entrepreneurial urbanism in Orestad, a 1990s mega-project still under development on the edge of Copenhagen. Drawing upon in-depth interviews, interactive map-making and critical discourse analysis, it shows that imaginaries of urban competition, place branding and cosmopolitanism have only superficially been internalized by residents as part of their lived space in Orestad, even revealing contradictory everyday practices and experiences. Rather than the cosmopolitan metropole and connected city space it was conceived to become, the district is experienced as a disconnected housing satellite without much street life, as a stepping stone to something better by reducing home to exchange value, and as an area with a community based in opposition. A sense of place identity and place attachment does exist for many Orestaders but it is born out of ‘do-it-yourself mentality’ and reaction to a sense of ephemerality. The lived space of entrepreneurial urbanism in Orestad can only partly be understood by what the district is, but much more by what it is not – i.e. by what it lacks from the perspective of its residents.

Purpose One major challenge for urban planners and policymakers is how to strengthen and establish connections between humans and the environment. Evidence suggests that the physical characteristics of the environment enhance both place identity and user satisfaction. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place quality and user satisfaction in two waterfronts in Penang, Malaysia. However, only few studies have examined the impact of place quality on user satisfaction in waterfronts as natural outdoor recreation spaces. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 300 users was analysed via structural equation modelling, and results show that place quality is a second-order construct with three main dimensions. Findings These results support the theoretical findings in the literature that associate high place quality and place identity with user satisfaction. These results also support the mediating role of place identity in the relationship between place quality and satisfaction and can help policymakers create inclusive and attractive waterfronts that catalyse place identity and user satisfaction. Originality/value Place quality is an essential need for urban life with significant and extensive effects on the lives of residents nowadays. Organising physical activities can help attract more users to waterfronts and consequently increase their level of satisfaction. Local authorities, non-governmental organisations and local communities should also help in monitoring and maintaining the waterfronts.

This investigation aims to study the perception of “foreign” tourists regarding the destination image of Luanda, thus evaluating the impact of place identity, optimal distinctiveness and authenticity on positive and negative emotions and how these emotions can influence satisfaction, affective attachment and the intention to revisit. For the analysis of statistical data, the Structural Equation Model was used. Results were based on a sample of 252 tourists. This research showed that place identity influences positive and negative emotions, while optimal distinctiveness and authenticity only impact the positive emotions of the tourist. It was further evidenced that positive and negative emotions have a positive influence on satisfaction, but only positive emotions have an impact on affective attachment and intention to revisit. This investigation shows how positive and negative emotions may link the tourists’ perceptions when visiting Luanda to the relationship they want to maintain with the city and to their willingness to return.

Background: This article uses the term “way of living” in its connection with “place identity” to analyze the impact of new urban residents (migrant peasants) on the urban space transformation. In the thematic study of the spatial development of the Ho Chi Minh City center, the configuration of the influence of the key actors (state and community) is analyzed. The architectural environment of the Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon) is considered in the context of the similarity of its development (consequences of development) to the transformation of the space of Ukrainian cities. Methods: Observations and theoretical discourse on the recent changes in the city’s spatial organization are used to create a detailed description of several quarters of the city center on which the study focuses. This description allows us to understand the nature of changes in the urban environment, which is expressed in the continuous (daily) deconstruction of the historical environment, and the main drivers of this process. Turning to the hypothesis of the influence of the new residents’ “way of life”, which is different from the one of the urban residents, the study was supplemented by the analysis of the spatial organization and neighborhood of the fishing village of Gành Dầu in the province of tỉnh Kiên Giang. Results: The study of the space-community interactions of this sustainable rural settlement determines the similarity of the “rural identity” of local residents with the “urban identity” (autochthonous urban population of Ho Chi Minh City) in terms of perception and use of the common space. Therefore, differences in lifestyle (urban/rural) are not the main source of influence on the gradual changes in urban morphology and the loss of authentic buildings. In the context of this study, the impact of “consumer identity” as a manifestation of a “fluid society” (characterized by instability and uncertainty) that is in the process of constant change is more noticeable. It is important to emphasize that the influence of the local community (with any type of identity) on the transformation of the urban space occurs only through the informal spatial practices, and is not the only or determining factor. Conclusions: Due to the similarity of the processes of the spatial development of the Vietnamese and Ukrainian cities, this study provides a significant comparative example for the analysis of the urban environment transformations. This study helps to introduce a new research program that addresses the gap between the architectural analysis of the interaction between the (substituted) community-space and research in other scientific fields.

The article argues that geographies are discursive constructs, designed to mobilize the crowd through the collective sense made by political leaders. Accordingly, this study seeks to examine the ways in which the leaders of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) have mobilized voters by means of re-instituting geography during election campaigns. It contributes to investigating the political mobilization of the AKP by appealing to attachment of geography. The findings demonstrate three main narratives: the construction of geographical perception, place satisfaction, and the imagination of place identity with the “chameleonic nature” of populism. In brief words, the article explores the ways in which the AKP leaders have leveraged geographic beliefs, stimulating the “we-ness,” in mobilizing.

This paper aims to analyse new architectural works that were created within the ruins of castles and fortifications. The contribution addresses the question whether it is possible to indicate common features in these types of objects, by studying what changed and how it changed in the complexes of historic ruins by introducing a new layer: a new form in their space. The analysis covers eight complexes of castle ruins located in Europe, all being important elements of local historical heritage, all preserved in their historical forms as permanent ruins. Such places are characterised by high imageability, which is conducive to maintaining interest, despite political or ideological changes. The need to introduce new functions, which is connected with this interest, raises questions related to preserving the identity and authenticity of the place, while at the same time building relationships with modern architecture. The research concerned examples from Europe, mostly post-competition works. Research and analysis have shown that all the objects are characterised by well thought-out urban solutions and carefully selected locations of new buildings within the existing historic ruins, thereby helping maintain the structural order between the existing and the new spatial forms. Interventions within the castle ruins were carried out using modern architectural language, using modern techniques and solutions, with great attention to detail. They are characterised by the abstraction of new forms and the creative reinterpretation of existing architectural elements and material solutions of the monuments. The consciously applied contrast of forms and materials means that the historical heritage is being rediscovered, enriched with new, currently necessary functions. In all the described works, the introduction of new spatial experiences within existing objects constituted a significant value. The examples analysed show that the experience and analysis of the broadly understood historical, urban and architectural context are conducive to the creation of valuable architectural works. The characteristics of these examples may contribute to a broader debate on the dialogue between historical heritage and contemporary architecture.

This article examines the relationship between golf activities and tourist perceptions and intentions using data from 592 golf tourists on Hainan Island, China. The results obtained from structural equation modeling show that the attractiveness of the destination can improve the identity of the location, and both factors significantly increase the travel intentions of golf tourists (i.e. revisit intentions and word-of-mouth recommendations). The results also show that place identity has significant mediating effects between destination attractiveness and travel intentions. In addition, the results reveal that the disposable income of golf tourists has significant moderating effects on the attractiveness of the destination, the identity of the destination, and the intention to revisit. This study has some important economic implications for golf destination management. Golf course managers can improve the attractiveness of the destination and strengthen the identity of the location to enhance the behavioral intentions of golf tourists.

On November 14, 2016 an earthquake struck the rural districts of Kaikōura and Hurunui on New Zealand's South Island. The region—characterized by small dispersed communities, a local economy based on tourism and agriculture, and limited transportation connections—was severely impacted. Following the quake, road and rail networks essential to maintaining steady flows of goods, visitors, and services were extensively damaged, leaving agrifood producers with significant logistical challenges, resulting in reduced productivity and problematic market access. Regional tourism destinations also suffered with changes to the number, characteristics, and travel patterns of visitors. As the region recovers, there is renewed interest in the development and promotion of agrifood tourism and trails as a pathway for enhancing rural resilience, and a growing awareness of the importance of local networks. Drawing on empirical evidence and insights from a range of affected stakeholders, including food producers, tourism operators, and local government, we explore the significance of emerging agrifood tourism initiatives for fostering diversity, enhancing connectivity, and building resilience in the context of rural recovery. We highlight the motivation to diversify distribution channels for agrifood producers, and strengthen the region's tourism place identity. Enhancing product offerings and establishing better links between different destinations within the region are seen as essential. While such trends are common in rural regions globally, we suggest that stakeholders' shared experience with the earthquake and its aftermath has opened up new opportunities for regeneration and reimagination, and has influenced current agrifood tourism trajectories. In particular, additional funding for tourism recovery marketing and product development after the earthquake, and an emphasis on greater connectivity between the residents and communities through strengthening rural networks and building social capital within and between regions, is enabling more resilient and sustainable futures.