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Leaves of Plantago major have been used for centuries to treat diseases relating to skin, digestive organs and blood circulation like wounds, inflammation and hypertension. P. major leaves contain biologically active substance and naturally compounds such as essential oils, minerals and amino acids beside polysaccharides, lipids, caffeic acid and its derivatives, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids. This work carried out an examination of Plantago major leaves in terms of phytochemical composition of methanol extract. The leaves contents in chosen nutrients, specifically amino acids and minerals, are moreover depicted. Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry analysis identified the presence of 31 phytochemical compounds and a total amount of 20 amino acids (essential and nonessential) justifying its use as drugs and biological active supplements and its mineral content showed the presence of 7 essential chemical elements in Plantago major leaves. Nonetheless, additional research into this plant is needed because it has the potential to be used to development of new drugs and biological active supplements.

Plantago tunetana Murbeck, Contrib. ä la Connaiss. de la Flore du Nord-Ouest de l’Afr. et plus spec. de la Tunisie III: 2, T. 10 Fig. 5 –8 (1899) Type (lectotype, designated here):— TUNISIA. Souk-el-Djema, in campis argillosis, 5 June 1896, Murbeck s.n. [LD1221559! (Fig. 1), isolectotype P00466350! (image of the isolectotype available at https://science.mnhn.fr/taxon/species/plantago/tunetana?lang=en_ US)]. Notes on typification:— Murbeck (1899: 2–3) did not cite any original specimen in the protologue of Plantago tunetana. A provenance was provided: “ Tunisie centrale: Collines calcaires, champs argileux, etc. entre Maktar et Souk-el-Djema, c. 1000 m.”. In addition, an illustration (“Tab. Nostra X figs. 5–8) was provided and it is part of the original material for the name. We traced two specimens at LD (barcode LD1221559) and P (barcode P00466350) which are also original material. Svante Samuel Murbeck (1859–1946) lived and worked in or around Lund during most of his life, including the time when P. tunetana was published. For this reason, we here designate the specimen in LD as the lectotype (Fig. 1). LD1221559 bears two plants that are well-preserved and morphologically complete, which match the Murbeck’s description and correspond to the current application of the name. Description:—Perennial, roots thick woody. Leaves ovate or lanceolate–oblong, obtuse or short blade (4.0– 7.6 cm × 0.6–2.0 cm) with sinews 7 raising transmitted by base petiole broad. These leaves are obtuse at the apex, or suddenly contracted into a very short deflecting blade often slightly wavy at the edges, mostly entire or remotely denticulate especially at the veins, which are covered with very fine, soft hairs, the younger silky white, the more mature green. Scapes (3.6–12.0 cm) arched or subrogate, densely pubescent. Spikes cylindrical elongated or oblong, shorter than the scapes (1.4–3.6 cm long). Bracts lanceolate (3.51–3.83 mm × 2.13–2.33 mm) and villous on the outside, pale green behind, and white or brownish towards the margins. Sepals equal, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate (5.23–6.09 mm × 1.93–2.28 mm), pointed, villous behind and at the apex, towards the margins with a whitish membrane, all free with an unkeeled back. Corolla tube glabrous, 5.0– 5.5 mm long. Corolla lobes very broad or reflexed, triangular or ovate-lanceolate (3.25–3.76 mm × 2.07–2.54 mm), gradually tapering in acuity, dark brown above, below with long, densely hairy silky hairs. Seeds smooth (3.25–3.54 mm × 1.32–1.42 mm), deeply grooved inner surface with sub-cymbiform. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to “Tunetia”, a Latin name for Tunisia. Taxonomic relationships:— Plantago tunetana belongs to P. subg. Albicans Rahn (1996: 185) sect. Albicantes Barnéoud (1844: 18) ser. Ciliatae Rahn (1996: 188). According to Murbeck (1899), this species shares remarkable similar affinities with P. albicans and P. cylindrica (Forsskal 1775: 31). These two species differ from P. tunetana by the presence of three to five raising veins on the abaxial face of blade leaves, less rapidly acuminate, linear or linearlanceolate. In addition, P. albicans differs considerably by its glabrous broadly oval corolla and by their seeds at most 2.5 mm long (Figures 1−6) (Table 2) (Murbeck 1899, Shipunov 2020). Phenology:—Flowering in late spring (April–)May–July, fruiting in July–August(–October). Distribution and ecology:— Rahn (1996) stated that Plantago tunetana was found in restricted areas in the mountains in north-west Africa. In Tunisia, P. tunetana was found only within roadsides in Gouraïa (about 100 plants), Kef (35°51’30.39” N; 8°41’04.72” E; 720 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 7). In Gouraïa, P. tunetana was observed growing on a silty clay soil, 10% of pebbles, nitrogen (33.83–34.87 ppm), phosphorus (36.67−38.71 pmm), potassium (99.47−102.19 ppm) content, organic matter (0.31−0.47%), soil pH (8.15−8.39); electrical conductivity (0.97−1.02 g /L), total limestone (42.77−44.43%), and active limestone (19.86−20.88%), being either totally exposed to the sun or partially exposed due to the presence of Olea europaea Linnaeus (1753: 8) subsp. europaea. We found only one population composed of a few adult individuals growing as isolated rosettes. The site was cultivated with O. europaea subsp. europaea. We recoded the presence of Avena fatua Linnaeus (1753: 80), Silybum marianum Linnaeus (1753: 823) Gaertner (1791: 378), Bromus scoparius Linnaeus (1755: 6). The climate of the area is typically high semi-arid with fresh winter (Verner et al. 2018). Conservation status:—According to the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2019), this species should be considered as Critically Endangered (CR B2a, b ii, iii, iv, v; C1a ii, b) in Tunisia. The habitat of Plantago tunetana is currently threatened by the expansion works of the road linking Dahmani to Djérissa (code P18), which passes through Gouraïa. Because this construction will require more space to widen the road, at least a part of the roadside will have to be removed, threatening the species with extinction. Therefore, the inclusion of P. tunetana in the “Taxon’s at risk of disappearance through serious rarefaction” of the Tunisian Flora (Le Floc’h et al. 2010) is crucial in our opinion. We recommend more collection efforts in the neighbouring area, in search for other possible populations of P. tunetana. This species should be the target of in-situ conservation efforts (microreserves, recovery of the habitats, use of targets to assess the success or failure of interventions in biodiversity conservation) and its seeds must be collected and cryopreserved ex-situ to increase their survival and natural regeneration. Notes on the associated species with Plantago tunetana in Tunisia :— Plantago tunetana occurs in degraded shrub community, dominated by some woody species. These communities consist of a tree layer dominated by Olea europaea subsp. europaea with a canopy cover of approximately 60%, whereas on herb layer several species which are common in opened, degraded, grazing Mediterranean areas take place, such as Avena fatua, Silybum marianum, and Bromus scoparius (Table 2). The full records of plants abundance/dominance are reported in Table 2. All the recorded species were native., Published as part of Ltaeif, Hela Belhaj, Sakhraoui, Anis, Hassemer, Gustavo, Castillo, Jesús M., Elimem, Mohamed & Rouz, Slim, 2023, Plantago tunetana (Plantaginaceae) in Tunisia: notes on its morphology, distribution, and ecology, pp. 195-205 in Phytotaxa 600 (3) on pages 196-200, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/8080834, {"references":["Murbeck, S. S. (1899) Contributions a la connaissance des plombaginees - graminees de la flore du nord-ouest de l'Afrique et plus specialement de la Tunisie. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift 35 (2, 3): 1 - 30, tabs. 10 - 12.","Rahn, K. (1996) A phylogenetic study of the Plantaginaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 145 - 198.","Barneoud, F. - M. (1844) m Memoire de Botanique - Recherches sur le developpement, la structure generale et la classification des Plantaginees et des Plumbaginees; Memoire de Geologie - De l'origine des lacs. Schneider et Langrand, Paris, 44 pp. + 2 tabs.","Shipunov, A. (2020) Plantagineae of the World. Identification keys. Available from http: // ashipunov. info / shipunov / plantago (accessed: 22 March 2023).","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp.","Verner, D., Treguer, D., Redwood, J., Chistensen, J. H., McDonnell, R. A., Elbert, C. & Konichi, Y. (2018) Climate variability, drought and drought management in Tunisia's agricultural sector. Project: MENA-Regional Drought Management System.","IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: http: // www. iucnredlist. org / documents / RedListGuidelines. pdf (accessed: 22 March 2023).","Le Floc'h, E., Boulos, L. & Vela, E. (2010) Catalogue synonymique commente de la flore de Tunisie, 2 nd edition. Ministere de l'Environnement et du Developpement Durable, Tunis, 500 pp."]}

The impartial of this research was to determine whole flavonoid content (TFC) based on flavonoid-aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and antioxidant action by spectrophotometric method and resolve of lung protective ability ofPlantagoplant. One of these plantPlantago. Results indicated thatPlantagopossesses great flavonoid contents which was (281± 0.210 µg/ml) in addition to incredible antioxidant potential in a concentration dependent manner (ranged from 0.150 to 0.538 for 0.02 and 0.64 mg/ml respectively for reductive ability and possessed lung protective ability by counteract damage induced by CCL4treated albino male mice.

Environmental degradation has been attributed to inefficient nitrogen utilization from pastoral dairy production systems. This degradation has especially been associated with the urine patch, which has been identified as a key component of nitrate leaching to waterways. However, a lack of information exists regarding the pattern of urination events and individual urination characteristics across the day, which would help inform strategic management decisions. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate and report the patterns and characteristics of fecal and urination events throughout the day for cows divergent for milk urea nitrogen breeding values (MUNBV) on either a plantain [Plantago lanceolata L. (PL)] or ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. (RG)] diet as ways to reduce environmental impact. Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein Friesian × Jersey cows divergent for MUNBV were housed in metabolism crates for 72 h, with all excretion events captured and analyzed. Cows selected as low for MUNBV consistently had a 65.2-kg lower urinary urea nitrogen (UUN) load (kg/ha) than high MUNBV cows for all hours of the day when consuming RG. The association between lower urinary urea loading rates and less N leaching implies a reduced environmental impact from low MUNBV cows consuming RG. When cows consumed PL, regardless of MUNBV, they had on average a 137.5-kg (UUN/ha) lower loading rate compared with high MUNBV cows on RG and a 72.2-kg (UUN/ha) lower loading rate compared with low MUNBV cows consuming RG across the day. Cows on PL also exhibited a different diel pattern of UUN load compared with cows consuming RG. Differences in the diel pattern of N excreted in feces were also detected based on MUNBV and by diet, with low MUNBV cows excreting on average 3.06 g more N in feces per event for the majority of the day compared with high MUNBV cows when consuming RG. Lower UUN loading rates and more N excreted in feces indicate a potentially lower environmental impact from low MUNBV cows when consuming RG compared with high MUNBV cows. The use of the PL diet also resulted in lower UUN loading rates and greater levels of N excreted in feces compared with RG, therefore also indicating its ability to reduce environmental impact compared with RG.

This study aimed to evaluate the immunological potential of Plantago lanceolata through determination of (total and absolute count of white blood cell, total count of red blood cell and total count of hemoglobin). The results indicated the ability of plant extract to modulate toxic effect of methotrexate on albino mice by enhancing immunity through all tested parameters All this effect due to the presence of chemical active constituents of plant especially (flavonoid and alkaloids).

The main aim of the present study was to characterize banana starch films reinforced with nanoparticles from plantain rachis. Nanoparticles were obtained by acid hydrolysis and sonication, exhibiting a mean hydraulic diameter of about 60 nm. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the nanoparticle thickness ranged between 9.8 and 22.3 nm. The thermal gravimetric analysis showed that nanoparticles are thermally stable for temperatures up to 340 °C. Films were made for different fractions of nanoparticles (0.0, 1.75, 2.5, and 4.0%) relative to total solids, and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. The influence of the addition of nanoparticles to starch films on the morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites films was explored. Cellulose nanoparticles reduced the WVP, and increased the tensile strength and flexibility of the starch films. FTIR analysis of films was used to show that nanoparticles improved the molecular organization of starch chains. It was proposed that nanoparticles acted as a crosslinked for starch chains via hydrogen bonding effects.

Industrial activity has left a legacy of pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals. The exposure of terrestrial environments to increased levels of ionising radiation and toxic elements is of concern, not only because of the immediate effects to biota but also because of the potential risk of mobilisation into higher levels of a food chain. Here, we present a study that extends our knowledge of how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to the mobilisation of non-essential elements in environments such as former mine sites, and provides a perspective that will be of interest for the management and remediation of such sites. Summary Accumulation and transfer of long-lived radionuclides and toxic metals in terrestrial environments is of major concern because of potential mobilisation into food chains. In this study, we aimed to compare the role of four different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) cultures on the transfer of non-essential elements into Plantago lanceolata from a naturally contaminated soil source. Soil from an abandoned uranium ( 238U) mine was collected as a natural source of 238U, thorium ( 232Th), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). P. lanceolata was inoculated with four AMF cultures (Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM181602, Acaulospora longula BEG8, Scutellospora calospora BEG245 and Funneliformis mosseae BEG12) to compare the uptake and transfer from root to shoot. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectroscopy and ICP-absorption emission spectroscopy analyses provided quantification of total elemental concentrations in soil and plant tissues. Two of the AMF cultures, A. longula and F. mosseae, had contrasting roles in toxic element partitioning in plant tissue of P. lanceolata. F. mosseae increased the accumulation of 238U, 232Th, Pb, As and Cu in shoots whereas A. longula induced increased partitioning of 232Th, Ca, Fe and Zn in roots. The inoculation treatments and the differential accumulation of these elements had no significant effect on plant biomass. The use of different AMF cultures in enhancing phytoremediation of contaminated environments requires a wider understanding of the contribution of different AMF cultures to non-essential element acquisition as well as to plant nutrition.

Restoration of species‐rich grasslands is a key issue of conservation. The transfer of seed‐containing local plant material is a proven technique to restore species‐rich grassland, since it potentially allows to establish genetically variable and locally adapted populations. In our study, we tested how the transfer of local plant material affected the species diversity and composition of restored grasslands and the genetic variation of the typical grassland plant species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata. For our study, we selected fifteen study sites in southeastern Germany. We analyzed species diversity and composition and used molecular markers to investigate genetic variation within and among populations of the study species from grasslands that served as source sites for restoration and grasslands, which were restored by transfer of green hay and threshed local plant material. The results revealed no significant differences in species diversity and composition between grasslands at source and restoration sites. Levels of genetic variation within populations of the study species Knautia arvensis and Plantago lanceolata were comparable at source and restoration sites and genetic variation among populations at source and their corresponding restoration sites were only marginal different. Our study suggests that the transfer of local plant material is a restoration approach highly suited to preserve the composition of species‐rich grasslands and the natural genetic pattern of typical grassland plant species., In our study, we analyzed the impact of restoration on the genetic variation of typical grassland plant species. Our results indicate that the transfer of local seed‐containing plant material is a technique highly suitable to create genetically variable and locally adapted plant populations.

Biomonitors are considered a cheap alternative of active air samplers, especially where spatial pattern of air quality is to be monitored, requiring numerous parallel measurements. Of higher plants, Plantago lanceolata L. has been proven a good monitor species with proper accumulation capacity. While biomonitoring studies are difficult to compare due to inherent errors such as the diverse plant material used in different studies, the No. 227 OECD GUIDELINE FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS: Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative Vigour Test provides a tool to test extract of aerosol samples under controlled laboratory conditions. In our study, this guideline was followed to experimentally treat Plantago with the aqueous extract of a diesel exhaust sample. Accumulation pattern of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was assessed and compared to samples collected in the field. Unlike most studies reported in the literature, both in the experimentally treated and field Plantago samples, high ratio of high molecular weight PAHs was experienced. Distribution pattern of accumulated PAHs showed strong correlation between the experimentally treated sample and most of the field plantain samples, underlying the usefulness of laboratory treatments for bioaccumulation studies.

Infections caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) have continued to be transmitted significantly in recent years. However, understanding the transmission mechanism, risk factors, and consequences of infection are still limited. Structure-based drug design for MPXV is at an early stage due to the availability of protein structures that have been determined experimentally. However, the structure of the A42R profilin-like protein of MPXV has been solved and submitted to the structure database. This study illustrated an in silico structure-based approach to identify the potential hit compound against A42R of MPXV. Here, 65

Purpose: In a complex soil environment, competitive and environmental factors will interact with individual traits to influence a plant’s root growth patterns and ability to compete for resources. Here, we examine how root growth of a focal plant, Plantago lanceolata L., responds to resource heterogeneity and to presence of two neighbor species, Centaurea jacea L.and Poa pratensis L. Methods: A full factorial experiment tested the effects of nutrient heterogeneity, neighbors, and their interaction on root responses of Plantago. Roots in shared quadrants of a pot were harvested and quantified by qPCR for plants grown alone or with a neighbor, in patchy or even soil. The effects of experimental treatments on Plantago root mass distribution were tested with two-way ANOVA. Results: When soil resources were evenly distributed, Plantago individuals increased root allocation to soil shared with a Centaurea neighbor but not a Poa neighbor. When soil resources were patchy, Plantago responded more strongly to Poa than to Centuarea, and placed more roots in the high-resource patch. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that plants can respond differently to neighbors depending on species and that integrating multiple cues results in non-additive effects on root behavior.

This article gives an overview of the widely distributed herb ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata). Currently, this plant is mostly grown in grasslands, rarely in arable land, and its secondary metabolites are used in medicine. Studies cited in the article indicate its very rapid growth and deep rooting in the soil, which results in high drought tolerance and uptake of valuable nutrients from deep soil layers. An intensive symbiosis with various mycorrhizal fungi is characteristic of plantain for a high capacity for nutrient and water appropriation. It is also characterized by different contents of iridoid glycosides like aucubin and catalpol in shoots and roots of different varieties. The use of P. lanceolata is discussed on permanent and non-permanent grasslands where agriculturally specific varieties have been developed for grazing animals showing positive health effects in them. Information is provided on the cultivation of ribwort plantain, including studies on sowing and fertilization, the yield and infestation of the plant with pathogens, and the occurrence of iridoid glycosides in the plant. In addition, information is included on pests that threaten the plant’s cultivation.

A central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal spe...

Plantagos are important economical and medicinal plants that possess several bioactive secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, iridoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids. Triterpenoids are the ubiquitous and dynamic secondary metabolites that are deployed by plants for chemical interactions and protection under biotic/abiotic stress. Plantago ovata, a cultivated species, is the source of psyllium, while Plantago major, a wild species, has significant therapeutic potential. Wild species are considered more tolerant to stressful conditions in comparison to their cultivated allies. In view of this, the present study aimed to decipher the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway operative in P. ovata and P. major using a comparative transcriptomics approach. Majority of terpenoid biosynthetic genes were observed as upregulated in P. major including rate limiting genes of MVA (HMGR) and MEP (DXR) pathways and genes (α-AS, BAS, SM, and CYP716) involved in ursolic acid biosynthesis, an important triterpenoid prevalent in Plantago species. The HPLC output further confirmed the higher concentration of ursolic acid in P. major as compared to P. ovata leaf samples, respectively. In addition to terpenoid biosynthesis, KEGG annotation revealed the involvement of differentially expressed unigenes in several metabolic pathways, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. MYB was found as the most abundant transcription factor family in Plantago transcriptome. We have been able to generate valuable information which can help in improving terpenoid production in Plantago. Additionally, the present study has laid a strong foundation for deciphering other important metabolic pathways in Plantago.

Urine from sheep fed with different plantain cultivars (Plantago lanceolata L.) was characterised to determine if metabolites in the urine contributed to soil biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) activity. Chromatographic analyses, combined with mass spectrometry, revealed there were more than 800 mass features that were unique to, or present in much greater concentration, in urine from sheep fed plantain than in urine of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-fed sheep. The plantain metabolites aucubin, verbascoside, and catalpol have been implicated in relation to BNI activity, but these compounds were not detected in the urine of sheep fed with plantain. However, based on the mass spectral fragmentation patterns, metabolic derivatives of these compounds were present. A series of incubation studies showed that short-term nitrification inhibition did occur when plantain urine was applied to soil. Inhibition depended on several factors, including length of plantain grazing period and plantain cultivar type. As the incubations progressed, the inhibitory effect declined, potentially because of degradation of the inhibitory compounds by soil microorganisms. Urine of sheep fed with the plantain cultivar ‘Agritonic’ had a particularly strong inhibitory effect, which persisted for more than 1 month at an incubation temperature of 20 °C. Furthermore, in a laboratory bioassay using a pure culture of ammonia-oxidising bacteria, the organic fraction of urine from sheep fed with ‘Agritonic’ plantain was shown to be a strong nitrification inhibitor. This work suggests that valuable environmental benefits can be obtained by including cultivars of plantain showing BNI activity in pastures.

Food consumption remains the commonest pathway through which humans ingest higher levels of mercury (Hg). Long-term exposure to Hg through Hg-contaminated food may result in acute or chronic Hg toxicity. Incessant discharge of Hg waste from ASGM facilities into nearby farms contaminates food crops. Ingestion of such food crops by residents may lead to detrimental human health effects. The human health risks upon exposure to total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in farmland soils and plantains from farms sited near ASGM facilities were studied in four communities around Obuasi, Ghana. The human health risk assessment was evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ), estimated average daily intake (e AvDI), hazard index (HI) and Hg elimination and retention kinetics. Tweapease, Nyamebekyere and Ahansonyewodea had HQ, e AvDI and HI for THg of plantains for both adults and children below the recommended USEPA limit of 1, 3 × 10-4 mg/kg/day and 1, respectively. Odumase had HQ, e AvDI and HI for THg of plantains for both adults and children, higher than the guideline values. This meant that only Odumase may cause non-carcinogenic human health effects upon repeated exposure. The HQ, e AvDI and HI values of MeHg for all the study areas were far below guideline values, hence may not pose any non-carcinogenic human health risks to residents even upon repeated exposure. Retention and elimination kinetics of Hg also showed that only plantains from Odumase may pose significant non-carcinogenic human health risks to residents because the final amount of inorganic mercury exceeded the extrapolated USEPA guideline value of 0.393 μg/kg/year.

Introduction In the present study, ternary deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction was developed for the efficient extraction of plantamajoside, acteoside, quercetin and kaempferol from Plantago asiatica L. Methodology Six kinds of choline chloride-based ternary deep eutectic solvents (TDESs) were prepared as potential extraction solutions. In order to obtain optimal extraction efficiency, a series of extraction conditions were investigated by single-factor test and orthogonal test. Results The extraction efficiency of choline chloride/lactic acid/ethylene glycol (ChCl-LA-EG) was much higher than that of other TDESs. ChCl-LA-EG-11 synthesised with choline chloride, lactic acid and ethylene glycol (1:4:2) was considered to have a higher extraction efficiency. The optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were as follows: water content in ChCl-LA-EG-11, 50%; extraction temperature, 70°C; ratio of solid/liquid, 20 mg/mL; ultrasonic power, 60 W; extraction time, 35 min; pH of the solution, 8. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction efficiencies of plantamajoside, acteoside, quercetin and kaempferol were 3.83 ± 0.41, 4.23 ± 0.45, 0.56 ± 0.15 and 0.19 ± 0.08 mg/g, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the total target components was 9.21 ± 0.63 mg/g, which was much higher than that of conventional solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol). The target components were isolated efficiently from the TDES solution by an AB-8 macroporous resin column with a recovery rate of 95.6%. Conclusion This study demonstrated that TDESs possessed excellent physical and chemical properties and had enormous potential for active component extraction of traditional Chinese medicinal materials.

When wetted, Plantago seeds become covered with a polysaccharide-rich gel called mucilage that has value as a food additive and bulking dietary fibre. Industrially, the dry husk layer that becomes mucilage, called psyllium, is milled off Plantago ovata seeds, the only commercial-relevant Plantago species, while the residual inner seed tissues are either used for low value animal feed or discarded. We suggest that this practice is potentially wasting a highly nutritious resource and here describe the use of histological, physicochemical, and chromatographic analyses to compare whole seed composition/characteristics of P. ovata with 11 relatives already adapted to harsh Australian conditions that may represent novel commercial crop options. We show that substantial interspecific differences in mucilage yield and macromolecular properties are mainly a consequence of differences in heteroxylan and pectin composition and probably represent wide differences in hydrocolloid functionality that can be exploited in industry. We also show that non-mucilage producing inner seed tissues contain a substantial mannan-rich endosperm, high in fermentable sugars, protein, and fats. Whole seed Plantago flour, particularly from some species obtained from harsh Australian environments, may provide improved economic and health benefits compared to purified P. ovata psyllium husk, by retaining the functionality of the seed mucilage and providing additional essential nutrients.

The aim of the work was to study the species composition, as well as some behavior, ecology, biology issues, species’ distribution of the genus Phytomyza and research of cultivated and wild host-plants in Nagorno-Karabakh. Infected plant leaves, larvae and pupae of the mining flies collected from different geographical zones of Nagorno-Karabakh were served as scientific material. Species composition was determined under laboratory conditions after imagoes hatching from mines with larvae and pupae. Three species were identified, they belong to the genus Phytomyza : Phytomyza horticola (Goureau, 1851), Ph. plantaginis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851) and Ph. lappae (Goureau, 1851). The polyphagous Ph. horticola species infect mainly the plant species of the families Brassicaceae, Asteraceae and Cucurbitaceae. The monophagous Ph. plantaginis and Ph. lappae species accordingly infect Plantago mayor and Arctium lappa plant species. The paper presents features of the genus, morphology and biology of imago, ecological characteristics of their larvae and pupae, mines, intensity and extensiveness of plant infection. The studies have shown that despite the similarity of some species of the genus in terms of external morphological characteristics, they differ in environments of pupal development, and more accurate identity of the species is determined by studying the reproductive organs. Among the studied species, the mines formed on the lower surface are always longer than the mines on the upper surface of the leaf blade. Methods of variance analysis showed that sexual dimorphism is most expressed among Ph. horticola . Taking into account the significant damage caused by the larvae of the Ph. horticola species to a group of vegetable crops, especially to the onion plant ( Allium cepa ), it can be included in the list of onion pests. The high damage to the leaves of weed plants by Ph. horticola larvae indicates the prospects of using this miner in the fight against weeds.

Plantago princeps var. princeps is an endangered native Hawaiian plant, and part of the recovery plan includes repopulation using plants grown in a nursery. However, disease pressure from downy mil...

Resistance to glyphosate in plantago (Plantago lanceolata L.), a serious weed in South Africa, was confirmed in 2003. More recently, a plantago biotype that is putatively resistant to both glyphosa...

For the first time inflorescences of a plant species from the genus Plantago (Pantaginaceae)—Plantago lanceolata L. (Ribwort Plantain), a known medicinal plant, were subjected to studies of phenolic compounds, which resulted in an isolation of two new compounds: a flavonoid—isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-4C1-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside) (1) and a phenylethanoid glycoside—2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-1C4-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)][E-caffeoyl-1→4]-β-D-4C1-glucopyranoside (14), along with fourteen known compounds—eight flavonoids (2–9) and six phenylethanoid glycosides (10–13, 15–16). The chemical structures were established by 1 D and 2 D NMR and HRESIMS spectral methods. The known phenylethanoids were the same as reported for leaves or aerial parts of P. lanceolata or other Plantago species. The flavonoids appeared to be only flavonols, mainly isorhamnetin 3-O- and 3,4’-O- glycosides, and thus completely different from flavones, mainly luteolin and apigenin glucuronides, previously reported in the leaves. The possible medicinal and chemotaxonomic relevance of the phenolics found in P. lanceolata inflorescences were taken into consideration.

European land-use indicators in North America typically include pollen from Poaceae (grasses), Ambrosia (ragweed), Rumex (dock), and/or Plantago (plantain). A potential complement to this list is Fabaceae (legumes), members of which were introduced by colonists to eastern North America. Historical records show that Trifolium (clover) was widespread from the earliest days of colonization, and several other Eurasian legumes were also introduced for livestock forage by 1840 ce. As an insect-pollinated family with taxa native to the region, Fabaceae is not usually emphasized in palynological reconstructions. However, Plantago is commonly used as an indicator despite being represented by native and insect-pollinated varieties. Likewise, it can be difficult to distinguish between native and introduced Poaceae, yet an increase in grass pollen is generally taken as a disturbance indicator. In order to assess the value of Fabaceae as an indicator of the settlement horizon, the R package neotoma was used to retrieve Fabaceae pollen data from the Neotoma Paleoecology Database to assess regional trends in abundance and for comparison to the usual suite of taxa. Results confirm the possible utility of Fabaceae as an anthropogenic marker in the study area. Two case studies with good chronological control illustrate how all five taxa can be found at the settlement horizon across the study area and over time: a 14C and 210Pb-dated pond in Connecticut anthropogenically impacted by 1700 ce, and a varved lake in Ontario impacted by 1840 ce.

BACKGROUND: Plantago major is a medicinal plant that has been used for centuries to treat various health conditions including wounds. PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness of the topical use of P major in healing skin wounds in animal models. METHODS: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic review was conducted. Seven (7) electronic databases (Virtual Health Library, Public/Publisher MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and CAB Direct) were searched for controlled studies published in English from January 2006 to March 2020. The Collaborative Approach to Meta Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies tools guided the evaluation of the studies and determined their quality. The Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS: Of the 176 publications identified, 4 met the inclusion criteria. Studies included 20 to 100 animals and varying concentrations of P major. There were no reports of losses during research. Wound healing was assessed between 17 and 21 days following wounding. The best response in terms of wound contraction rate occurred with 10%, 20%, and 50% concentrations when compared with control groups. One (1) study did not have an animal ethics committee review. All studies had a high risk of bias and a lack of methodological rigor. CONCLUSION: The results of this review did not find evidence about the in vivo effectiveness of P major for wound healing. More rigorous preclinical studies with adequate sample sizes are required to identify the best concentrations and formulations as well as increase understanding about the mechanisms of action of P major in wound healing.

Adoption of novel host plants by herbivorous insects can require new adaptations and may entail loss of adaptation to ancestral hosts. We examined relationships between an endangered subspecies of the butterfly Euphydryas editha (Taylor’s checkerspot) and three host plant species. Two of the hosts (Castilleja hispida, Castilleja levisecta) were used ancestrally while the other, Plantago lanceolata, is exotic and was adopted more recently. We measured oviposition preference, neonate preference, larval growth, and secondary chemical uptake on all three hosts. Adult females readily laid eggs on all hosts but favored Plantago and tended to avoid C. levisecta. Oviposition preference changed over time. Neonates had no preference among host species, but consistently chose bracts over leaves within both Castilleja species. Larvae developed successfully on all species and grew to similar size on all of them unless they ate only Castilleja leaves (rather than bracts) which limited their growth. Diet strongly influenced secondary chemical uptake by larvae. Larvae that ate Plantago or C. hispida leaves contained the highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides, and iridoid glycoside composition varied with host species and tissue type. Despite having largely switched to a novel exotic host and generally performing better on it, this population has retained breadth in preference and ability to use other hosts.

Ribwort (Plantago lanceolata) is a small glabrous to pubescent perennial plant that is native to Europe, America, North Africa and Asia. Nowadays, it is cultivated in many countries across the globe, including Cameroon due to its extensive use in livestock and medicine. Unfortunately in Cameroon, however, the plant has been highly infested by blight, reducing its yield and medicinal value. To reduce blight infestation of ribwort and improve plant yields, we aimed to compare the efficacy of sole cow urine and combine cow dung/cow urine to inhibit blight disease caused by Phyllosticta ophiopogonis on ribwort. At the Cistercian Monastery in Mbengwi, Momo Division, Cameroon, we used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 Blocks consisting of two treatments (cow dung mixed with cow urine (combine cow dung/urine) and sole cow urine) and one control. After spraying the different blocks of ribworts plants with combined cow dung/urine and sole cow urine at a dosage of 3% concentration, we found an incidence of blight disease of 32.8% and 35.0% on ribworts sprayed with combined cow dung/urine and sole cow urine, respectively, compared to 67.8% in the control. This implies that a mixture of cow dung/cow urine reduces the incidence of blight disease significantly. Furthermore, our pathogenicity test showed that Phyllosticta ophiopogonis (fungus) was responsible for the blight disease. Therefore, to increase ribwort growth, improve adaption and reduce Phyllosticta ophiopogonis fungal infestation in Cameroon, we recommend that the plant should be sprayed with a mixture of cow dung and cow urine at 3% concentration.

Herbarium collections have proven to be irreplaceable information base in recent studies directed towards revealing shifts in plants phenology and morphology caused by climate change. We examined eight parameters of morphological traits in the perennial herb species Plantago lanceolata L. collected in the wild between 1905 and 2019 and stored at the KW-herbarium (Kyiv, Ukraine) to find out if there were changes in plants’ organ sizes during the last 114 years. For this period, we also calculated 13 climatic parameters obtained from meteorological records from the State archive that gave us the opportunity to check if there are any relations between the climate change in Kyiv region and shifts in morphological parameters of plants. Our results have shown Plantago lanceolata leaf blades, petioles and spikes had become significantly longer with time, increasing 3.0 cm, 2.1 cm and 0.6 cm respectively. The Co-inertia analysis revealed that 34% of the morphological changes was attributed to climate change. The analysis also demonstrated that leaf length correlated more with raised temperatures when plants were in flower, while spike length depended on the temperatures during bud development. Received knowledge can be used to reveal rapid evolutionary processes of the Plantago species and predicting their further course for the construction of historical climate models based on the leaves traits.

This study focused on the effect of unripe (UPP) and ripe (RPP) plantain peels' extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) on sexual behavior, hormonal profiles [testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)], and enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), phosphodiesterase-5' (PDE-5), arginase, angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), ecto-5'neucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase (ADA)] in paroxetine (PAR)-induced penile dysfunction rats. From the result, arginase, PDE-5', ACE, ecto-5'-nucleotidase ADA, and AChE activities, sexual activities, hormonal profile, and NO level were reduced, while thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) level increased (p .05) relative to normal control rats. However, treatment with UPP and URP reduced the activities of these enzymes, decreased TBARS levels, and increased hormones, and penile NO levels in PAR-induced rats. Thus, the use of UPP and RPP could be channeled towards the improvement of sexual performance in erectile dysfunction (ED) disorder. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Plantain fruits are a tropical staple food crop commonly consumed at various stages of ripeness and cooking methods. However, its peels are regarded as a waste product with reported cases of environmental menace. Interestingly, plantain peel is being used as a major raw material for industrial applications in the agro-based industries and in folklore for the treatment of many human ailments due to its rich phytochemicals such as polyphenols, carotenoids, alkaloids, etc., which have been reported. A prelude study has also indicated its usefulness in ED management, but further pharmacological investigations are needed to proffer information on its effect in ED management and its anti-androgenic activity in male Wistar rats. The information from this study could be of pharmaceutical importance in designing natural remedies capable of improving penile rigidity, hormone profiles, and alteration of enzymes linked with ED.

Plantago palmata Hook.f. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMWF, LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ,AZ; up to 4 100 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: Near Castle Camp Site, Alt. 2071 m, 30 Jan. 2015, SAJIT 002992 (HIB). References: Fries & Fries (1924), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Bussmann & Beck (1995a), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1924) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. IV. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 8 (80): 661 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994426","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. & Beck, E. (1995 a) The forests of Mt. Kenya (Kenya), a phytosociological synopsis. Phytocoenologia 25 (4): 467 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / phyto / 25 / 1995 / 467","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Great plantain (Second-degree burn victims were included in our study. The investigation and control group, respectively, receivedAmong the 15 patients, 11 were male, and the mean age was 33.3 years. The average complete healing duration was 11.73We showed that

In the current study, some phenolic compounds, including acteoside, isoacteoside, echinacoside, and arenarioside purified and characterized from Plantago subulata. These compounds were tested for its antioxidant potential, including Fe3+ and Cu2+ reductive ability and Fe2+ chelating effects. The inhibitory effects of isolated phenolic compounds were tested towards human carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aldose reductase (AR) and alpha-glycosidase (alpha-gly). K-i values were found these compounds in range of 0.24 +/- 0.05-1.38 +/- 0.34 mu M against hCA I, 0.194 +/- 0.018-1.03 +/- 0.06 mu M against hCA II, 0.043 +/- 0.01-0.154 +/- 0.02 mu M against AChE, 3.92 +/- 1.08-11.93 +/- 4.45 mu M against BChE, 0.082 +/- 0.0008-1.68 +/- 0.42 mu M against AR, and 6.93 +/- 2.74-17.17 +/- 6.70 mu M against alpha-glycosidase. As a result, isolated compounds displayed inhibition effects against studied all metabolic enzymes. They are promising candidates for treating disorders like Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, leukemia, and epilepsy.

We presented a complete chloroplast genome of a new species candidate of Plantago depressa, Willd. named as Plantago wonjuenesis sp. nov, which is 164,946 bp long (GC ratio is 38.0%) and has four subregions: 82,985 bp of large single copy and 4,647 bp of small single-copy regions are separated by 38,657 bp of inverted repeat regions including 94 protein-coding genes (PCGs), eight rRNAs, and 38 tRNAs. Number of variations between P. wonjuenesis and P. depressa can be considered as interspecific variations. Bootstrapped phylogenetic trees constructed with conserved 78 PCGs of eleven Plantaginaceae chloroplast genomes present that P. wonjuensis is clustered with P. depressa, P. fengdouensis, and P. media.

When plants compete what influences that interaction? To answer this we measured belowground competition directly, as the simultaneous capture of soil ammonium and nitrate by co-existing herbaceous perennials, Dactylis glomerata and Plantago lanceolata, under the influence of: species identity; N uptake and biomass of focal and neighbour plants; location (benign lowland versus harsher upland site); N availability (low or high N fertilizer); N ion, ammonium or nitrate production (mineralisation) rate, and competition type (intra- or interspecific), as direct effects or pairwise interactions in linear models. We also measured biomass as an indirect proxy for competition. Only three factors influenced both competitive N uptake and biomass production: focal species identity, N ion, and the interaction between N ion and neighbour N uptake. Location had little effect on N uptake but a strong influence on biomass production. N uptake increased linearly with biomass only in isolated plants. Our results support the view that measuring resource capture or biomass production tells you different things about how competitors interact with one another and their environment, and that biomass is a longer-term integrative proxy for the outcomes of multiple separate interactions - such as competition for N - occurring between plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Buckhorn plantain populations purportedly resistant to 2,4-D were identified in Pennsylvania following long-term, continual applications of the active ingredient to turfgrass. The research objectives of this study were to 1) confirm 2,4-D resistance with dose-response experiments, 2) confirm field resistance of buckhorn plantain to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania, and 3) evaluate alternative herbicides for 2,4-D-resistant buckhorn plantain. Greenhouse dose-response experiments evaluated the sensitivity of buckhorn plantain biotypes that were resistant or susceptible to 2,4-D, and to halauxifen-methyl, two synthetic auxin herbicides from different chemical families. The resistant biotype was ≥11.3 times less sensitive to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype and required a 2,4-D dosage ≥4.2 times greater than the standard application rate to reach 50% necrosis. No cross-resistance was observed to halauxifen-methyl because both resistant and susceptible populations demonstrated similar herbicide sensitivity. Field experiments confirmed previous reports of ineffectiveness (≤30% reduction) with 2,4-D and other phenoxycarboxylic herbicides in potentially resistant buckhorn plantain biotypes. Treatments containing halauxifen-methyl resulted in a ≥70% reduction in resistant biotypes. This is the first known report of synthetic auxin herbicide resistance in any weed species in Pennsylvania and highlights emerging herbicide resistance challenges in turfgrass systems.Nomenclature: 2, 4-D; halauxifen-methyl; buckhorn plantain, Plantago lanceolata L. PLALA

Hairy root induction in Plantago lanceolata was optimized to take advantage of transformed root cultures. The highest frequency of transformation was achieved using leaf explant, A4 strain, pre-cul...

Medicinal and aromatic plants are garnering an increasing interest in industry, academia and health sciences. In passing from plant production to the bioactive product used by Human, many research studies are involved. The current research aimed to determine the chemical composition and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of the essential oil extracted from the black psyllium (Plantago afra L.). The aerial parts essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and flame ionization detection (GC-FID), whereas the microdilution technique was developed to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy. The main identified constituents were thymol (14.3%), 3-[4-(t-Butyl) phenyl] furan-2,5‑dione (12.7%), palmitic acid (8.9%) and eudesmane (4.7%). The antimicrobial activities were assessed against five standard bacterial strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Salmonella enterica (CIP 8039), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) along with the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 30031). The results demonstrated that the effective Plantago afra essential oil could be potentially utilised in controlling some phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Imidacloprid is known to induce soil pollution. Herein, we improved phytoremediation of soil contaminated with imidacoprid using Plantago major plus effective microorganisms (EM1) and peat-moss und...

International audience; A water-soluble polysaccharide (PSPC) was extracted from the seeds of Plantago ciliata Desf., a spontaneous Algerian Saharan plant by a hot aqueous extraction then purified by successive ethanolic precipitations. The final extraction yield for PSPC was close to 18.6% (w/v). PSPC was then investigated regarding its global composition, structural features and rheological properties. PSPC is a neutral arabinoxylan, composed of a β-(1,3)/β-(1,4)-D-xylan backbone with side chains of Xylp, and Araf residues attached in O-2 and O-3 positions. The macromolecular characteristics of PSPC in water was determined by SEC/MALLS, with a high molecular weight (Mw) of 700 kDa, a low polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.47 and an intrinsic viscosity [η] close to 157 mL/g. PSPC showed a pseudoplastic behavior in semi-dilute media and the critical overlay concentration (C*) was estimated around 0.32–0.37% (w/v). This current research has supplied original structural information on a new arabinoxylan which could be particularly useful as a novel source of soluble fiber belonging to psyllium.

Soil porosity is increased within the rhizosphere of three common wild plant species growing in compacted soil, with significant differences between species., Soil compaction represents a major impediment to plant growth, yet wild plants are often observed thriving in soil of high bulk density in non-agricultural settings. We analysed the root growth of three non-cultivated species often found growing in compacted soils in the natural environment. Plants of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare) were grown for 28 d in a sandy loam soil compacted to 1.8 g cm–3 with a penetration resistance of 1.55 MPa. X-Ray computed tomography was used to observe root architecture in situ and to visualise changes in rhizosphere porosity (at a resolution of 35 μm) at 14 d and 28 d after sowing. Porosity of the soil was analysed within four incremental zones up to 420 μm from the root surface. In all species, the porosity of the rhizosphere was greatest closest to the root and decreased with distance from the root surface. There were significant differences in rhizosphere porosity between the three species, with Cirsium plants exhibiting the greatest structural genesis across all rhizosphere zones. This creation of pore space indicates that plants can self-remediate compacted soil via localised structural reorganisation in the rhizosphere, which has potential functional implications for both plant and soil.

Phenolic compounds are found in the seeds, flowers, leaves, stems, branches, and fruits of plants. They have an important place in human nutrition as many fruits and vegetables have phenolic compounds. Recently, many phenolic compounds have been used as functional foods and research of new phenolic compounds that are candidate to become functional foods is ongoing. Probiotics which are beneficial microorganisms, are living microbes that benefit the host when taken in sufficient amounts and they have an important role in human gastrointestinal microbiota. The present study aims to investigate effects of Axillarin and Verbascoside, two phenolic compounds isolated from Tanacetum alyssifolium and Plantago euphratica, respectively, on two very common probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. For this, growth kinetics, auto-aggregation, and microbial adhesion to solvents, which are some critical properties of probiotics, were investigated. Axillarin and verbascoside showed significant improvement on growths of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG depending on the dose. Auto-aggregation properties were enhanced by these phenolic compounds, even though surface hydrophobicities were decreased. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the vital conditions of the probiotics could be modulated by Axillarin and/or Verbascoside, consequently their adhesion and colonization capabilities could be altered.

Context Filling the summer–autumn feed gap is a key priority for sheep producers in southern Australia’s high-rainfall zone. Aim Our research aimed to determine whether spring-sown winter-type canola (Brassica napus L.) could increase herbage mass and nutritive characteristics during summer and autumn relative to other forage options in southern Australia’s HRZ. Methods A field experiment was conducted at Hamilton, Victoria, Australia, in 2014 and 2016 testing seven forage treatments replicated four times in the complete block design. The treatments were: canola (two treatments of different cultivars), forage brassica (B. napus), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Key results Herbage mass and nutritive characteristics of the canola varieties did not differ (P > 0.05) from forage brassica. Herbage mass in March 2014 was 3.35–3.64 t dry matter (DM)/ha for brassicas; 1.05–1.37 t DM/ha for perennial ryegrass, plantain and chicory; and 2.94 t DM/ha for lucerne (P < 0.001, l.s.d. = 1.20). In March 2016, herbage mass was 1.86–2.05 t DM/ha for brassicas and 2.14–2.49 for the other forage treatments (P < 0.05; l.s.d. = 0.47). Brassicas had higher (P < 0.05) metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations and lower (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations on most sampling dates than chicory, plantain, lucerne and perennial ryegrass. The crude protein (CP) concentration of the brassica treatments was not different (P > 0.05) from that of the other forage treatments. Concentrations of ME, CP and NDF were very similar between years for the brassicas, with March ME, CP and NDF concentrations of 12.0–13.2 MJ/kg DM, 14.0–20.1% DM and 16.7–23.6% DM. Conclusion Canola provided increased or equivalent levels of herbage mass and nutritive characteristics compared with other forage options in south-western Victoria on most, but not all, sampling dates. However, the annual spring-sowing requirement is a challenge under variable spring-rainfall conditions and may limit productivity if there is poor establishment. Implications Spring-sown canola is a viable alternative forage for livestock producers and offers a potential second income stream in high-rainfall-zone livestock farming systems.

The anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM), used frequently especially in veterinary medicine, enters the environment mainly via excrements in pastures and could negatively affect non-target organisms including plants. The present study was designed to follow up on our previous investigations into IVM metabolism and its effects in the common meadow plant ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) during long-term exposure of both cell suspensions and whole plant regenerants. IVM uptake, distribution, and biotransformation pathways were studied using UHPLC-MS analysis. In addition, the IVM effect on antioxidant enzymes activities, proline concentration, the content of all polyphenols, and the level of the main bioactive secondary metabolites was also tested with the goal of learning more about IVM-induced stress in the plant organism. Our results showed that the ribwort plantain was able to uptake IVM and transform it via demethylation and hydroxylation. Seven and six metabolites respectively were detected in cell suspensions and in the roots of regenerants. However, only the parent drug IVM was detected in the leaves of the regenerants. IVM accumulated in the roots and leaves of plants might negatively affect ecosystems due to its toxicity to herbivorous invertebrates. As IVM exposition increased the activity of catalase, the concentration of proline and polyphenols, as well as decreased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and the concentration of the bioactive compounds acteoside and aucubin, long-term exposition of the ribwort plantain to IVM caused abiotic stress and might decrease the medicinal value of this herb.

Pollen morphology of 19 taxa of the genus Plantago was studied and documented in detail using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains are small to medium-sized (P = 18.7‒44.0 µm, E = ...

A survey of plant species of Msallata and Garaboulli was taken in between 2017-2018. A total number of 468 different plant taxa have been collected from the study area representing 68 families of which 57 families and 389 species are belonging to dicotyledons, 8 families and 76 species belonging to monocotyledons, and 3 families with one species each belonging to Gymnosperms. The results of this study shows that the dominance of the family Asteraceae with 78 species followed by the family Fabaceae with 59 species, the family Poaceae with 47 species, Brassicaceae with 27 species and Apiaceaew with 19 species. Other families such as Liliaceae, Caryophylaceae, Lamiaceae, Cistaceae, Boraginaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rubiaceae were represented by 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 10, 10 species respectively. The result have also shown that the gerera Plantago, and Silene are the most sizable genera with 10, 8 species respectively. Lifeform spectrum analysis have shown the predominance of therophytes with 231 species, followed by Hemicryptophytes with 62 species, while chorotype spectrum analysis have shown the dominance of Mediterranian species, followed by Mediterrean/Iranu-Turanean species.

Background Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most common complications of mucotoxic cancer therapy. Mucositis induces clinically significant pain, increases the risk of infections and affects the patients’ quality of life. Objective This study investigated the effects of an herbal preparation from Plantago ovata hydrocolloid in the prevention and treatment of OM, in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy with a regimen including adriamycin. Design, setting, participants, and interventions This research was a double-blind, randomized, controlled crossover trial. The herbal compound consisted of a mixture of 500 mg of P. ovate husk in 30 mL water plus three drops of vinegar per dose, which was used as a mouthwash. Phytochemical and physicochemical tests of the compound were also performed. Twenty-eight patients who developed mucositis during the chemotherapy screening cycle were randomized to the herbal compound (n = 14) and placebo (n = 14) groups. They received herbal compound or placebo three times per day during their next chemotherapy cycle (cycle 1 of treatment). Patients were crossed over during cycle 2 of treatment and received the alternative therapy. An oral care protocol was prescribed to all patients in cycles 1 and 2 of the treatment. Main outcome measures The patients were visited at baseline, the end of the first and second weeks of the screening cycle, and the end of the first and second weeks of each of two treatment cycles. The degree of mucositis was used as the main treatment outcome. Other indexes, such as the severity of pain, xerostomia grade and the quality of life were also measured. Results Compared with the placebo, the herbal compound significantly reduced the degree of mucositis, the severity of pain and the xerostomia grade; it also improved the patients’ quality of life (P Conclusion The oral care protocol and the herbal compound based on P. ovata are effective ways for preventing and treating OM in patients undergoing mucotoxic cancer therapy. Trial registration Iranian registry of clinical trials IRCT20180923041093N1.

In this study, we examined changes occurred in blood parameters, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) administered with ribwort plantain (RP) through feed. Fish (mean weight 36.56 ± 1.99 g) were fed a diet supplemented with an aqueous methanolic extract of RP at variable doses, 0 (control), 1 (RP1), 2 (RP2), and 3 g kg−1 (RP3) for 90 days. The final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were significantly increased in RP1, RP2, and RP3 treatment groups compared to that of the control. Among examined blood parameters, hemoglobin value in RP1 group (9.77 ± 0.10 g dl−1) only was significantly high on the 30th day of the study. When immune response parameters were evaluated, we observed that oxidative radical production and lysozyme activities were affected positively in experimental groups (P

Both plant species and CO₂ concentration can potentially affect rhizodeposition and consequently soil microbial activity and community composition. However, the effect differs based on plant developmental stage. We focused on the effect of three plant species (forbs, grasses, and N₂‐fixers) at an early stage of development on root C deposition and fate, soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and soil microbial community composition at ambient (aCO₂) and elevated (eCO₂) CO₂ levels. Plants were grown from seed, under continuous ¹³C‐labelling atmospheres (400 and 800 µmol mol⁻¹ CO₂), in grassland soil for three weeks. At the end of the growth period, soil respiration, dissolved organic C (DOC) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were quantified and isotopically partitioned into root‐ and soil‐derived components. Root‐derived DOC (0.53 ± 0.34 and 0.26 ± 0.29 µg mL soil solution⁻¹) and soil‐derived CO₂ (6.14 ± 0.55 and 5.04 ± 0.44 µg CO₂‐C h⁻¹) were on average two times and 22% higher at eCO₂ than at aCO₂, respectively. Plant species differed in exudate production at aCO₂ (0.11 ± 0.11, 0.10 ± 0.18, and 0.58 ± 0.58 µg mL soil solution⁻¹ for Plantago, Festuca, and Lotus, respectively) but not at eCO₂ (0.20 ± 0.28, 0.66 ± 0.32, and 0.75 ± 0.15 µg mL soil solution⁻¹ for Plantago, Festuca, and Lotus, respectively). However, no differences among plant species or CO₂ levels were apparent when DOC was expressed per gram of roots. Relative abundance of PLFAs did not differ between the two CO₂ levels. A higher abundance of actinobacteria and G‐positive bacteria occurred in unplanted (8.07 ± 0.48 and 24.36 ± 1.18 mol%) and Festuca‐affected (7.63 ± 0.31 and 23.62 ± 0.69 mol%) soil than in Plantago‐ (7.04 ± 0.36 and 23.41 ± 1.13 mol%) and Lotus‐affected (7.24 ± 0.17 and 23.13 ± 0.52 mol%) soil. In conclusion, the differences in root exudate production and soil respiration are mainly caused by differences in root biomass at an early stage of development. However, plant species evidently produce root exudates of varying quality affecting associated microbial community composition.