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International audience; This book analyses why the Ukrainian state established asylum laws and policies in the thirty years since 1991, even though the number of asylum seekers was very low. International and non-governmental organisations transferred international asylum norms to Ukraine. Various state and non-state actors participated in this process, translating, spreading, and resisting those norms. In many cases, legislative adoption was driven by domestic politicians’ pursuit of recognition by international organisations, such as the European Union and the Council of Europe, and by their desire to meet conditionality requirements. NGOs sought to influence administrative practices, alternating between confrontational and conciliatory, formal and informal approaches, and often relying on personal contacts. Actors used and shifted between scales in order to transfer norms or resist transfer. In the process, they produced, renegotiated, and confirmed those scales. For instance, NGOs resorting to the European Court of Human Rights to prevent refoulement placed the European scale above the national scale. This book offers a new multi-actor and multi-scalar analysis of policy transfer.

This book examines the complex political structures of Pakistan and India that determine both the Kashmir conflict and the geostrategic environment underpinning it. Providing comprehensive knowledge on both historical and contemporary dynamics of Indo-Pakistani policies and relations, this book combines a brief history of the Kashmir conflict with thorough politological analysis. Analyses range from strategic dynamics in the aftermath of bifurcation of Indian-administered Kashmir, to ideologically motivated and state-led narratives, security dilemmas, regional and geopolitical dynamics. The book ultimately aims to investigates which policies India and Pakistan develop vis-à-vis the territories of former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (PSJ&K) in a balanced and impartial manner. While placing the subject against the backdrop of Pakistan’s and India’s domestic and international policies, this book emphasises why Kashmir is so important to both countries and how it is manifested in their policies.

In 2000, the UN Security Council adopted the ground-breaking Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) placing women at the centre of the agenda, thanks to years of campaigning. The Resolution recognises the differential impact of armed conflict on women and men, draws attention to the 'inextricable links between gender equality and international peace and security' and stresses the 'important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peace-building'. But what exactly is the WPS agenda and what is its content? What are its implications for peace and for security? And what does it mean for international lawyers? Through the narratives of women's activism and of international law this book seeks to make the WPS agenda better known to international lawyers and to ask whether it is, or could become, an international legal regime that conforms and responds to the realities of women's lives.

International audience; To what extent do urban dwellers relate to their lived and imagined environment through aesthetic perceptions, and aspirations? This book approaches experiences of urban aesthetics not as an established framework, defined by imposed norms or legislations, but as the result of a continuous reflexive and proactive gaze, a complex and deep engagement of the mind, body and sensibilities. It uses empirical studies ranging from China, India to Western Europe.Three axes are privileged. The first considers urban everyday aesthetic experiences in the long-term as a historical production, from medieval Italy to a future imagined by science fiction. The second examines the impact of aestheticizing everyday material realities in neighbourhoods, and the tensions and conflicts these engender around urban commons. Finally, the third axis considers these relationships as aesthetic inequalities, exacerbated in a new age of urban development. The book combines local and transnational scales with an interdisciplinary approach, bringing together historians, sociologists, cultural geographers, anthropologists, architects and contemporary art curators. They illustrate the importance of combining different social science methods and functional perspectives to study such complex social and cultural realities as cities.This book will be of interest to students, scholars and practitioners of humanities and social sciences, cultural and urban studies, architecture and political geography.

This book examines the ‘European refugee crisis’, offering an in-depth comparative analysis of how public attitudes towards refugees and humanitarian dispositions are shaped by political news coverage. An international team of authors address the role of the media in contesting solidarity towards refugees from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. Focusing on the public sphere, the book follows the assumption that solidarity is a social value, political concept and legal principle that is discursively constructed in public contentions. The analysis refers systematically and comparatively to eight European countries, namely, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Treatment of data is also original in the way it deals with variations of public spheres by combining a news media claims-making analysis with a social media reception analysis. In particular, the book highlights the prominent role of the mass media in shaping national and transnational solidarity, while exploring the readiness of the mass media to extend thick conceptions of solidarity to non-members. It proposes a research design for the comparative analysis of online news reception and considers the innovative potential of this method in relation to established public opinion research. The book is of particular interest for scholars who are interested in the fields of European solidarity, migration and refugees, contentious politics, while providing an approach that talks to scholars of journalism and political communication studies, as well as digital journalism and online news reception. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

In this book, Simon Egbert and CSS’ Matthias Leese explore how predictive policing transforms police work. Police departments around the world have started to use data-driven applications to produce crime forecasts and intervene into the future through targeted prevention measures. The authors argue that predictive policing must not be analyzed as an isolated technological artifact, but as part of a larger sociotechnical system that is embedded in organizational structures and occupational cultures. Building on empirical findings from three years of field research in Germany and Switzerland, the book presents a number of practical recommendations for the prudent use of algorithmic analysis tools in police work that will speak to the protection of civil liberties and human rights as much as they will speak to the professional needs of police organizations., Simon Egbert und CSS Forscher Matthias Leese untersuchen, wie Predictive Policing die Polizeiarbeit verändert. Polizeidienststellen auf der ganzen Welt haben damit begonnen, datengesteuerte Anwendungen zu nutzen, um Kriminalitätsprognosen zu erstellen und präventive Massnahmen besser zu steuern. Die Autoren argumentieren, dass Predictive Policing nicht als isoliertes technologisches Artefakt analysiert werden darf, sondern als Teil eines grösseren soziotechnischen Systems, das in Organisationsstrukturen und Berufskulturen eingebettet ist. Aufbauend auf empirischen Erkenntnissen aus drei Jahren Feldforschung in Deutschland und der Schweiz präsentiert das Buch eine Reihe praktischer Empfehlungen für den umsichtigen Einsatz algorithmischer Analysewerkzeuge in der Polizeiarbeit, die sowohl dem Schutz von Bürger- und Menschenrechten als auch den professionellen Bedürfnissen von Polizeiorganisationen gerecht werden., Routledge Studies in Policing and Society, ISBN:978-0-367-64361-4, ISBN:978-0-367-34926-4

International audience; This edited collection provides a timely review of the current state of hate speech research in Asia and Europe, through the comparative examples of Korea, Japan and France.Extending the study of hate speech studies beyond the largely western emphasis on European and US contexts dominant in the field, this book’s comparative framework aims to examine hate speech as a global phenomenon spanning Asian and European contexts. An innovative range of nuanced empirical case studies explore hate speech by analyzing gendered hate speech and nationality, French cartoon humour, official counter radicalization narratives and the use of international law to inform domestic legislation in the Philippines and Japan. A fresh perspective on Asian and European hate speech, this book’s evaluation of current of hate speech research also identifies future directions for the development of theory and method.Filling a critical gap in the literature, Hate Speech in Asia and Europe will appeal to students and scholars of law, politics, religion, history, social policy and social science more broadly, as well as Asian Studies.

The Circular Economy in Europe presents an overview and a critical discussion on how circularity is conceived, imagined, and enacted in current EU policy-making. In 2013, the idea of a circular economy entered the stage of European policy-making in the efforts to reconcile environmental and economic policy objectives. In 2019 the European Commission declared in a press release that the Circular Economy Action Plan has been delivered. The level of circularity in the European economy, however, has remained the same. Bringing together perspectives from social sciences, environmental economics and policy analysis, The Circular Economy in Europe provides a critical analysis of policies and promises of the next panacea for growth and sustainability. The authors provide a theoretical and empirical basis to discuss how contemporary societies conceive their need to re-organise production and consumption and explores the messy assemblage of institutions, actors, waste streams, biophysical flows, policy objectives, scientific disciplines, values, expectations, promises and aspirations involved. This book is essential reading for all those interested in understanding how ideas about the circular economy emerged historically, how they gained traction and are used in policy processes, and what the practical challenges in implementing this policy are.

This book examines the uncertainties underlying various strategies for a low-carbon future. Most prominently, such strategies relate to transitions in the energy sector, on both the supply and the demand side. At the same time they interact with other sectors, such as industrial production, transport, and building, and ultimately require new behaviour patterns at household and individual levels. Currently, much research is available on the effectiveness of these strategies but, in order to successfully implement comprehensive transition pathways, it is crucial not only to understand the benefits but also the risks. Filling this gap, this volume provides an interdisciplinary, conceptual framework to assess risks and uncertainties associated with low-carbon policies and applies this consistently across 11 country cases from around the world, illustrating alternative transition pathways in various contexts. The cases are presented as narratives, drawing on stakeholder-driven research efforts. They showcase diverse empirical evidence reflecting the complex challenges to and potential negative consequences of such pathways. Together, they enable the reader to draw valuable lessons on the risks and uncertainties associated with choosing the envisaged transition pathways, as well as ways to manage the implementation of these pathways and ultimately enable sustainable and lasting social and environmental effects. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of environmental and energy policy, low-carbon transitions, renewable energy technologies, climate change action, and sustainability in general. Share this Title

This chapter explores the dynamics of estrangement and realignment in Turkey–Iran affairs and discusses the role of the U.S. in the complex interplay of cooperation and competition between Turkey and Iran throughout the 2000s. It traces the shifts in bilateral affairs from alignment in the early 2000s to estrangement between 2012 and 2016 and to realignment since mid-2016. The chapter argues that the growing estrangement in Turkish-Iranian affairs during the Arab Uprisings mostly pertained to their own countervailing positions as two rising regional powers at a time when the U.S. was rather relatively absent or reluctant to act in the Middle East. In the post-2016 era, Turkey and Iran started to realign, as both states’ contentious relations with the U.S. and uncertainties of American policy in the region drew them closer and granted them a ground to dissipate divergences. However, the recent realignment does not necessarily mean an end of Turkish-Iranian competition or the birth of a full-fledged strategic partnership. It may at best signal a return to soft balancing with many potential and actual areas for continuous rivalry in place.

In recent years, there has been an uptick in the practice of celebrities engaging in global development efforts at the political level. This chapter discusses the mass media appearances of two celebrities ��� Angelina Jolie and George Clooney ��� and what said appearances might suggest to media audiences about the state of distant sufferers and of global development in general. A critical discourse analysis of Jolie���s and Clooney���s television interviews between 2001 and 2017 reveals that their speech reinforces particular stereotypes that place the US, and by extension the Global North, as the unquestionable ���heroes��� of development work, and development beneficiaries as the less capable and less comprehensible civilisations forever in need of rescuing. The analysis serves as the basis for developing a framework for more ethical celebrity communication about development. The key principle of this proposed framework emphasizes treating both media audiences and distant sufferers as citizens capable of political thought and action, rather than simply regarding media audiences as emotional fans, or distant sufferers as eternally dependent upon the Global North.

Global supply chains (GSCs) have become a central feature of the modern economy. This chapter initially explores three bodies of literature that discuss elements of the employment relations (ER) consequences of GSCs: global value chain/global production network; the industrial relations approach to multinational corporations; and corporate social responsibility (CSR). All three perspectives place a significant stress on the governance structures adopted and their implications for ER systems without less of a stress on the significance for ER actors. This chapter then goes on to discuss how lessons from these approaches can be used to inform the changed nature of ER actors in supply chains.

Almost everyone has an employment relationship of sorts, from the employed, traditional employee to the (so-called) independent contractor engaged in the ‘gig economy’. The extent to which the study of work and employment remains central and relevant to the functioning of a modern economy is well established (Ackers and Wilkinson, 2003; BUIRA, 2008; Kaufman, 2004; Meardi, 2014; Wilkinson, Wood and Deeg, 2014). However, of equal importance is the scope and variability of the broader environmental and contextual changes to the nature of paid work and employment relations as a field of study. This volume seeks to produce an overview of these key trends to understand the nature and governance of work relations in the modern economy. We outline examples of both change and continuity within the area of employment relations.

The European Union (EU) is a political system in a state of quasi-permanent crisis, whose very existence is frequently questioned and in which the debate not only deals with the type of desired policies but also with how and at which territorial level decisions should be made. This chapter examines the diverging visions of Europe in the EU institutions and the tension between supranationalism and intergovernmentalism as well as Euroscepticism among EU actors. It discusses the results of the 2014 EP elections and the implications of the increased presence of Eurosceptics in Brussels for the EU. The chapter also shows that the increased number of Eurosceptics within EU institutions after the 2014 European Parliament (EP) elections has contrasted implications: EU institutions have proven to be resilient to the presence of dissenting voices but nevertheless it has implications at the supranational as well as at the national levels.

This book traces the role of the UGTT (the Tunisian General Labour Union) during Tunisia’s 2011 revolution and the transition period that ensued – Tunisia being the Arab country where trade unionism was the strongest and most influential in shaping the outcomes of the uprising. The UGTT; From its role as the cornerstone of the nationalist movement in the colonial era, has always had a key place in Tunisian politics: not so much a labour union but as an organisation that has always linked social struggles to political and national demands.Examining the role played by the UGTT in Tunisia's revolution and more generally in the restructuring of the Tunisian political arena during the three years following the popular uprising. This book asks searching questions such as; how did UGTT interact with the popular uprising that led to the departure of Ben Ali? What was the role played by the UGTT in the "political transition" leading to the adoption on January 26, 2014 of the first democratic constitution in the country’s history? How successful was the UGTT in neutralizing the risk of self- implosion caused by the different political and social crises? And what are the challenges that the UGTT faces in the new political landscape?This volume will be of key reading interest to scholars and researchers of social movements, labour movements, organizational studies, political transitions and Arab revolutions and also likely to be of interest to practitioners especially among activists, unionists and advocates within civil society.

According to author, the outstanding faults of the economic society in which we live are its failure to provide for full employment and its arbitrary and inequitable distribution of wealth and incomes. The General Theory represents the main body of the Keynesian revolution, and gives us the core elements of what Keynes himself calls his social philosophy. One of the most important features of the Keynesian revolution is the alternative explanation given to the relation between investment and saving. Neo-classical economists consider that saving drives investment. Keynes has been deeply marked by World War I and its economic consequences, as described in his famous pamphlet 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace'. The first is neo-classical in inspiration and serves as the basis for weak sustainability. It tries, at the micro-economic level, to give monetary value to natural elements so that they can be integrated into a cost-benefit analysis.

Public broadcasters, like the BBC and the Italian broadcaster RAI, are some of the most important media organisations in the world. Politicians are often tempted to interfere in the workings of these broadcasters and when this happens, the results are highly controversial, as both the Blair and Berlusconi governments have discovered. Public Broadcasting and Political Interference explains why some broadcasters are good at resisting politicians’ attempts at interference, and have won a reputation for independence - and why other broadcasters have failed to do the same. It takes a comparative approach of broadcasters in different countries, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and Sweden arguing political independence for public service broadcasters is important because of its contribution to democracy allowing voters alternative sources of information which allow them to choose between electoral alternatives. Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 2009

International audience; The study of the record books of medieval Pyrenean notaries sets out an unusual double picture. On one hand, looking at the medieval origins of the office of notary throws new light on the early history of notaries and written law in the West as a whole. In Gascony, as in Aragon, Navarre and probably Castile, the law of Fors and Fueros (local liberties) appears to be extremely ancient Roman law, which in the 13th century led to a body of "Pyrenean" notaries who were quite different from classic Mediterranean notaries. Moreover, in this region straddling the Pyrenees, the institution of the notary public was superimposed on other structures organised around escrivans or escribanos, and it arrived late. In addition, Pyrenean notaries, whose practices and activity were quite groundbreaking, are far from having been simple public scribes or practitioners of writing. Their tasks were many and varied. They were, first and foremost, jurists and men of law, often the sources who wrote out compendiums of the fors, and even manuals or codes analysing Roman law. They moreover took on an important role in public justice and its inquisitorial procedures, assumed administrative tasks --fiscal ones, for example-- and are revealed to be at the heart of political discourse, writings and the assemblies. The study ends by evoking the figures of some of these notaries public, who were mediators in complex, dynamic societies.

This book examines the uncertainties underlying various strategies for a low-carbon future. Most prominently, such strategies relate to transitions in the energy sector, on both the supply and the demand side. At the same time they interact with other sectors, such as industrial production, transport, and building, and ultimately require new behaviour patterns at household and individual levels. Currently, much research is available on the effectiveness of these strategies but, in order to successfully implement comprehensive transition pathways, it is crucial not only to understand the benefits but also the risks. Filling this gap, this volume provides an interdisciplinary, conceptual framework to assess risks and uncertainties associated with low-carbon policies and applies this consistently across 11 country cases from around the world, illustrating alternative transition pathways in various contexts. The cases are presented as narratives, drawing on stakeholder-driven research efforts. They showcase diverse empirical evidence reflecting the complex challenges to and potential negative consequences of such pathways. Together, they enable the reader to draw valuable lessons on the risks and uncertainties associated with choosing the envisaged transition pathways, as well as ways to manage the implementation of these pathways and ultimately enable sustainable and lasting social and environmental effects. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of environmental and energy policy, low-carbon transitions, renewable energy technologies, climate change action, and sustainability in general., Routledge, ISBN:978-0-429-45878-1

This chapter explores the dynamics of estrangement and realignment in Turkey–Iran affairs and discusses the role of the U.S. in the complex interplay of cooperation and competition between Turkey and Iran throughout the 2000s. It traces the shifts in bilateral affairs from alignment in the early 2000s to estrangement between 2012 and 2016 and to realignment since mid-2016. The chapter argues that the growing estrangement in Turkish-Iranian affairs during the Arab Uprisings mostly pertained to their own countervailing positions as two rising regional powers at a time when the U.S. was rather relatively absent or reluctant to act in the Middle East. In the post-2016 era, Turkey and Iran started to realign, as both states’ contentious relations with the U.S. and uncertainties of American policy in the region drew them closer and granted them a ground to dissipate divergences. However, the recent realignment does not necessarily mean an end of Turkish-Iranian competition or the birth of a full-fledged strategic partnership. It may at best signal a return to soft balancing with many potential and actual areas for continuous rivalry in place.

In January 2013, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government initiated a peace process in order to settle the Kurdish question through peaceful means. However, this sanguine atmosphere gradually disappeared, before finally collapsing after the general elections of 7 June 2015. This book addresses the question of why the peace building attempts that culminated between 2013 and 2015 failed. It deals with the historical background of the Kurdish question and contemporary complexities of the Turkish politics to explain how they eventually jeopardized the peace process. This is an important and relevant research question because the Kurdish question has been viewed as a variable shaping Turkey's domestic politics and its foreign relations. The Kurdish question's influence on Turkish foreign policy is not confined to its neighbors. Turkey's relations with the United States and the European Union was also shaped by the issues stemmed from the Kurdish question. As this was the first serious peace attempt in a conflict that lasted over three decades, examination of why it failed will inform any future attempts at peace and will help pinpoint the potential path that Turkey might face in both the domestic and international realm. This book will appeal to students and scholars with an interest in Turkey and the Kurdish issue, peacekeeping, security studies and Middle East Politics.

Comprising five thematic sections, this volume provides a critical, international and interdisciplinary exploration of employment relations. It examines the major subjects and emerging areas within the field, including essays on institutional theory, voice, new actors, precarious work and employment. Led by a well-respected team of editors, the contributors examine current knowledge and debates within each topic, offering cutting-edge analysis and reflection.