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Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bireylerin travmalarını ve travma sonrası belirtilerini belirleyen, DSM-5 ile uyumlu, geçerli ve güvenilir Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve bu ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklem grubu 18 yaş ve üzeri 1054 bireyden (843 kadın 211 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Veriler, demografik bilgi formu, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi - Sivil Versiyon, Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği, Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları Ölçeği ve Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği’nin (ÇBTÖ) geçerliliğine ve güvenilirliğini dair gerekli analizler uygulanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme basamakları titizlikle takip edilerek ölçüm aracının yapı geçerliliğini desteklemek amacıyla sırasıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ÇBTÖ’de yer alan ilk ölçek olan Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği’nde (ÇÇTÖ) 31 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan (duygusal ihmal/istismar, fiziksel istismar, fiziksel ihmal, cinsel istismar, ikincil travma ve diğer travmalar); ve ÇÇTÖ’de bulunan ikinci ölçek olan Travma Sonrası Belirtiler Ölçeği’nde (TSBÖ) 26 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan (kaçınma, yineleme, aşırı tepki, bilişsel bozulma, işlevsel bozulma ve çözülme belirtileri) oluşan toplamda 57 madde ve 12 alt boyutluk bir ölçüm aracı geliştirilmiştir. ÇÇTÖ için açıklanan toplam varyans %62,58 olarak bulunurken, cranbach alpha güvenilirlik katsayısı 0,87 olarak elde edilmiştir. TSBÖ için açıklanan toplam varyans %67,19 olarak saptanmış olup, cranbach alpha güvenilirlik katsayısı 0,94 olarak bulunmuştur. Alt boyutların güvenilirlik değerleri 0,50 – 0,91 arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Ölçekte gerekli metotlar ile her alt boyuttan ayrı ayrı kesme puanı belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: 57 madde ve 12 alt boyuttan oluşan 5’li likert şeklinde tasarlanan, yüksek düzeyde geçerliliğe ve güvenilirliğe sahip “Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği (ÇBTÖ)” literatüre kazandırılmıştır., Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable Multidimensional Trauma Scale compatible with DSM-5, which determines trauma and post-traumatic symptoms of individuals; also, to examine the psychometric properties of this scale.Method: The sample group consists of 1054 individuals (843 females and 211 males) aged 18 years and over. The data were collected by using demographic information form, Childhood Trauma Scale, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civil Version, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale, Coping Style Scale and Multidimensional Trauma Scale. Necessary analyzes regarding the validity and reliability of the scale were applied. Scale development steps were followed studiously and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied, respectively in order to support the construct validity.Results: As a result of the findings, the Childhood Traumas Scale, the first scale in the Multidimensional Trauma Scale consisting of 31 items and 6 sub-dimensions (emotional neglect/abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, secondary trauma and other traumas) and The Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scale, the second scale in the Multidimensional Trauma Scale consisting of 26 items and 6 sub-dimensions (avoidance, re-experience, hyperarousal, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, and dissociation symptoms) have been developed. While the total variance explained for the Childhood Traumas Scale was found as 62,58% and cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was identified as 0,87. The total variance explained for the Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scale was found as 67,19%, and cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found as 0,94. The reliability values of the sub-dimensions vary between 0,50 and 0,91. The cut-off score was determined separately for each sub-dimension.Conclusion: The Multidimensional Trauma Scale, consisting of 57 items and 12 sub-dimensions, was designed as a 5-point likert scale and has been presented to the literature.

Trauma and trauma-related symptoms often remain hidden in the lives of low-income midlife and older women. In primary care encounters, midlife and older women are infrequently asked about trauma histories, and symptoms of trauma are commonly misinterpreted. As stress and trauma raise risk morbidity and mortality, under-recognition of trauma is a health equity issue. This secondary qualitative analysis explores stress and trauma as factors that affect primary/preventive care engagement in low-income midlife and older women. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 22 low-income midlife and older women from December 2020-January 2021. A deductive-inductive content analysis approach was guided by the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. Three categories were identified: (1) stress and competing demands; (2) history and impact of trauma; (3) integrated trauma-related behavioral health focus. Co-designing and culturally adapting stress and trauma screening and interventions may optimize stress and trauma-focused primary care while promoting health equity with socially marginalized women.

Introduction Seven percent of the adult population in the UK, including one in six women, report unwanted sexual experiences before the age of 16. The impacts of psychological trauma following child sexual abuse (CSA) creates difficulties for many survivors in accessing dental care due to fears of reminders of abuse, the power imbalance with the dentist and triggered traumatic responses.Aims To analyse and report CSA survivor perspectives of dental care and offer suggestions for practice.Method Qualitative semi-structured interviews of 17 CSA survivors generated data as part of a broader study investigating trust and trustworthiness in survivor-professional relationships. The range of dental interactions and the needs survivors described when receiving dental treatment are presented. Transcripts were analysed using NVivo software and thematic analysis methodology.Results Three main themes were identified: the dental encounter ('it really panics me'); the opportunity to disclose; and choice and control.Conclusion This is the first UK study to present qualitative data from CSA survivors about their experiences of dental care. Survivors wish to access dental care but tailored support is needed to ameliorate reminders of abuse and traumatic stress triggers. Trauma-informed care may address difficulties with treatment if dental staff adopt flexible approaches and work collaboratively with survivors to facilitate relational safety. (Please note, in this paper, 'survivors' refers to those sexually abused as children).

Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti socialinio darbuotojo teikiamą pagalbą asmeniui, vaikystėje patyrusiam psichologinį smurtą. Socialiniai darbuotojai ne tik identifikuoja ir vertina smurto požymius, bet ir naudoja efektyvius metodus bei strategijas, įskaitant terapiją, krizinę intervenciją, įgalinimą ir švietimą, siekdami padėti asmenims įveikti traumą, atkurti saugumą ir skatinti atsigavimą. Įgalinimo metodas yra svarbus ir veiksmingas būdas padėti asmenims, vaikystėje patyrusiems ilgalaikį psichologinį smurtą. Jis remiasi stiprybėmis, tikslais ir įgūdžių plėtra, padedant atkurti pasitikėjimą savimi ir įveikti sunkumus., Research aim - to analyze the assistance provided by a social worker to an individual who has experienced psychological violence in childhood. Social workers not only identify and assess signs of abuse but also employ effective methods and strategies, such as therapy, crisis intervention, empowerment, and education, to help individuals overcome trauma, restore safety, and promote recovery. The empowerment approach is an important and effective way to support individuals who have experienced long-term psychological abuse in childhood. It is based on strengths, goals, and skill development to restore self-confidence and overcome difficulties.

Backed by both research and practice, the organizational psychology field has come to value emotional intelligence (EI) as being vital for leader and employee effectiveness. While this field values EI, it has paid little attention to the antecedents of emotional intelligence, leaving the EI domain without clarity on (1) why EI might vary across individuals, and (2) how to best develop EI. In this article, we rely on neuroscience and psychology research to make the case that past psychological trauma impacts later EI capabilities. Specifically, we present evidence that psychological trauma impairs the brain areas and functions that support EI. Establishing psychological trauma has valuable theoretical and practical implications that include providing an explanation of why EI might vary across individuals and providing a focus for improving EI: healing from past trauma. Further theoretical and practical implications for the field of organizational psychology are provided. Published version

Autistic women are at an increased risk of experiencing trauma and mental health issues compared with the general population. This is further compounded by significant barriers to diagnosis and to accessing appropriate support for this group. By employing a feminist approach, this study recognises the effects of socio-historical inequality on this group, including identity dysfunction and disempowerment, which further exacerbate the effects of trauma. This paper argues that restoring identity and supporting empowerment are paramount to Autistic women’s recovery from trauma. Previous research focusing specifically on Autistic women who have suffered trauma is scarce. This research seeks to contribute to filling the gap in the knowledge of how counsellors can best support this group. This research elevates the voices of Autistic women, by working with a board consisting of Autistic women, and through conducting semistructured interviews with six Autistic women ranging in age and in their prior experience of counselling. The researcher, with two Autistic board members, thematically coded responses, revealing that both social and psychological empowerment were key to Autistic women’s recovery from psychological trauma. Recommendations are provided as to how therapists can help facilitate empowerment for this population, including through the restoration of autonomy and decision-making capacity within the therapy process, taking a flexible and transparent approach, and by encouraging connection with the wider autism community within which individuals can thrive and grow.

The results of the developed methodology "Assessment of negative mental reactions and conditions in military personnel" are presented. The methodology consists of 16 statements, the results of which determine the presence of negative psychological symptoms in military personnel associated with participation in combat operations, and is a convenient tool for assessing the dynamics of the state in the conditions of short-term psychological rehabilitation programs. In contrast to the existing methods of diagnosing negative mental reactions and personality states that arose after participation in hostilities, the developed psychodiagnostic toolkit is able to take into account the physical and mental fatigue of the interviewees, the deterioration of their attention and other cognitive dysfunctions associated with experiencing a stressful experience; able to visually demonstrate changes in mental state that occurred during the psychological rehabilitation program. In addition to the information useful for the psychologist, during individual counseling, the visual form has a therapeutic effect for the serviceman himself, who is convinced of the effectiveness and usefulness of these measures; it is convenient for summarizing data and receiving feedback from the psychologist about the effectiveness of introducing new measures into psychological recovery programs; useful for obtaining information about the effectiveness of individual counseling work, providing the psychologist with a reflection on his professional activity. With the existing workload on psychologists, there is a need for supervision and their rotation in institutions that carry out psychological rehabilitation. The developed method was tested on a sample of more than 1,300 servicemen who took part in the psychological rehabilitation program., Подано результати застосування розробленої методики «Оцінювання негативних психічних реакцій і станів у військовослужбовців». Вона складається із 16 тверджень, за її результатами визначається наявність негативної психологічної симптоматики у військовослужбовців, пов’язаної з їхньою участю у бойових діях. Наведена методика є зручним інструментом для оцінювання динаміки стану в умовах проведення короткострокових програм психологічного відновлення.

Background Military personnel are at a heightened risk of being exposed to potentially traumatic incidents in the line of duty. Evidence would suggest that the risk of developing psychological trauma and/or PTSD after a traumatic event is predicted by the interaction of pre-trauma, peri-trauma and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Objective This research will explore military personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events while deployed. In particular, the research aims to gain an understanding of both protective and risk factors which influence personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events. Method One to one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 members of the Irish Defence Forces. We conducted a thematic analysis in line with the recommendations provided by Braun & Clarke 2006. Results There was a wide variety of potentially traumatic events experienced by participants, ranging from stressful naval migrant rescues to armed standoffs. Aside from more pointed events, chronic stress was reported to negatively affect personal resilience while factors such as positive mindset and a belief in the mission had a galvanizing effect. Both the family back home and the "military family" were reported to provide sources of comfort and support, while at times being a source of significant stress. The organisational context of the military, including training and formal psychological supports was viewed with mixed opinions by our participants. Conclusions The findings of this research illuminate the unique stress and strains faced by Irish military personnel at pre, peri and post deployment. The results highlight the need for effective predeployment resilience building programmes to equip personnel with the tools to deal with traumatic events. This foundational work provides the basis for further research into the military peacekeeper and humanitarian domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Taking a trauma informed care approach has demonstrated positive outcomes for services for people in the general population. Given the increased vulnerability to psychological trauma for adults with an intellectual disability, this study explores what residential staff know about trauma and trauma informed care.Thirty-two staffs representing three staff groups: direct care staff; managers; and specialist practitioners, were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, which were analysed following a structured framework.Each staff group held different perspectives in their knowledge of trauma and trauma informed care. Limitations were noted in staffs' knowledge of trauma, implementation of evidence-based supports, and access to specialist services for adults with an intellectual disability. All participants highlighted their training needs regarding trauma.Increased training on recognising and responding to trauma is needed among community staff supporting those with a trauma history if organisations are to move towards trauma informed care.

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem for veterans. Resilience, the tendency to bounce back from difficult circumstances, is negatively associated with posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs) among individuals with a history of trauma, and it may be important to understand responses to trauma reminders. Method Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined the association between trait resilience and state PTCs in veterans with PTSD (n = 47, Mage = 48.60, 91.8% male) at two points: following a written trauma narrative exposure (Time 1 [T1]), and following a subsequent positive distraction task (i.e., brief, positive video; Time 2 [T2]). Results After controlling for PTSD symptom severity and combat exposure, resilience was negatively associated with PTCs at T1 (ΔR2 = .19) and T2 (ΔR2 = .13). However, resilience was a poor predictor of change in PTCs from T1 to T2. We also examined the relationship between resilience and subtypes of PTCs: resilience was associated with negative views of the self (T1, ΔR2 = .24) but not negative views of the world or self-blame (T1, ΔR2s ≤ .07); these results were consistent at T2. Conclusions Thus, resilience may attenuate negative trauma-related cognitions after trauma recall; however, this study was not designed to test causal pathways. Future research could examine whether resilience-building exercises reduce negative PTCs after trauma reminders among veterans. Additional research is needed to generalize to other trauma-exposed populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Traumatic childbirth is an international public health problem because it is supposed that currently up to 45% of new mothers have reported such an experience. International rates of PTSD due to birth trauma range between 1.5 and 9 percent of all births. Birth trauma is defined as an event occurring during the labour and delivery process that involves actual or threatened serious injury or death of the mother or her infant. A traumatic event or situation creates psychological trauma when it overwhelms the individual’s ability to cope, and leaves that person fearing death, annihilation, mutilation, or psychosis. The individual may feel emotionally, cognitively, and physically overwhelmed. The aim of this article is to present a review of published data for childbirth trauma over various periods of time, as well as in different regions of the world. Studies were identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycInfo, ProQuest and PILOTS (Published International Literature of Traumatic Stress) over the last 20 years. More than 8000 articles were found. In this article we present and discuss some important findings.

Purpose. To determine the psychological trauma consequences and types of possible mental disorders in victims of а traffic accident (TA). Materials and methods. There has been made a review of current professional literature on providing the medical and psychological assistance in terms of the definition of mental disorder types in patients with psychological trauma due to TA. Results. We have determined the concept «psychic trauma», systematized the consequences of psychological trauma in victims of TA. In the context of individual and psychological characteristics of this category of people, there was determined the content in the concept of alcohol intoxication, namely, physiological (simple) and pathological intoxication as one of the main socio-epidemiological predictors of traffic accidents. Conclusion. Provision of medical and psychological assistance to the victims of TA requires the implementation of a number of specific measures, including the study of actions of a person, who suffered due to TA, with further diagnosis of his (her) psychological state, as well as initiation of the forensic psychological examination with an individual psychological study, first of all in the context of criminological features of ТА perpetrators as subjects of the crime of negligence, in the absence of medical and legal criteria for insanity, especially in drivers in a with alcoholic intoxication.

Background:Dissociation may be defined as a psychopathological process in which an individual’s psyche splits into two or more parts. The division of personality is a key element in trauma, especially if the patient is not able to cope with it. At least one part of personality may be relatively able to understand and function in the objective reality, whilst other part(s) of the psyche may be more or less disorganized, dysfunctional and less able to understand the truth.Methods:literature review; conceptualization of dissociation, dissociative disorders and partial psychosis from medical and philosophical perspective.Conclusion:The core of dissociation and dissociative disorders is usually psychological trauma, especially emotional trauma, although some individuals may experience dissociation without any obvious cause or trigger. Carefully designed trauma-focused psychotherapy and psychosocial support are considered and must be further studied as the cornerstone of multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of dissociative disorders. Dissociative identity disorder in its severe form may resemble characteristics of partial psychosis. Some patients suffering from partial psychosis have narcissistic personality traits, such as shamelessness, magical thinking, arrogance, envy, entitlement, exploitation and bad boundaries, and therefore, developing healthy self-love, which is based on healthy self-criticism, realistic thinking, humility, gratefulness, democratic behavior, altruism and good boundaries, might be helpful for these patients.

Desde o lançamento da terceira versão do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-III), a psiquiatria biológica vem sistematicamente aplicando seu raciocínio classificatório a fenômenos sociais de múltiplas naturezas. Nessa perspectiva, ganha relevância o discurso do trauma, pelo qual acontecimentos de magnitude devastadora passaram a receber interpretações neurocomportamentais e foram, finalmente, reconhecidos menos por seus impactos culturais e subjetivos que pelas alterações fisiológicas que propiciam. Apoiado em revisão narrativa, este artigo procurará explorar a transição da racionalidade traumática entre o século XIX, quando o trauma fora concebido em associação ao conceito cognitivo de memória, e o século XX, quando finalmente esse fenômeno foi anexado à pesquisa neurocientífica do estresse. A pluralidade de modelos conceituais e paradigmas determinísticos pode contribuir para que a pesquisa do trauma produza protocolos de enfrentamento multifatoriais mais adequados à experiência humana do sofrimento pós-traumático. Since the release of the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), biological psychiatry has been systematically applying its classification reasoning to social phenomena of many natures. From this perspective, the discourse of trauma gained relevance and events of devastating magnitude began to receive neurobehavioral interpretations until finally being recognized less for their cultural and subjective effects than for the physiological changes they cause. By a narrative review, this study aims to analyze the transition of traumatic rationality from the 19th century, when trauma was associated with the cognitive concept of memory, to the 20th century, when this phenomenon was finally attached to neuroscientific research on stress. The plurality of conceptual models and deterministic paradigms can contribute to the fact that trauma research produces multifactorial coping protocols more appropriate to the human experience of post-traumatic suffering. Desde la publicación de la tercera versión del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-III), la psiquiatría biológica ha aplicado sistemáticamente su razonamiento clasificatorio a fenómenos sociales de múltiple naturaleza. Desde esta perspectiva cobra relevancia el discurso del trauma, a través del cual eventos muy devastadores pasaron a tener interpretaciones neuroconductuales y finalmente fueron reconocidos menos por sus impactos culturales y subjetivos que por los cambios fisiológicos que provocan. A partir de una revisión narrativa, este artículo busca explorar la transición del razonamiento traumático entre el siglo XIX, cuando el trauma se concibe en asociación con el concepto cognitivo de memoria, y el siglo XX, cuando este fenómeno se vincula a la investigación neurocientífica sobre estrés. La diversidad de modelos conceptuales y paradigmas deterministas puede contribuir a que la investigación del trauma produzca protocolos de afrontamiento multifactoriales más adecuados a la experiencia humana del sufrimiento postraumático.

The problem of the psychological safety of education in the last decades of the life of Russia is becoming more and more practically and theoretically relevant: qualitative and quantitative transformations of situations and types of violations of the psychological safety of education require systematic, generalizing research and practical developments in the field of its preservation and restoration. Our research is an attempt at a systematic understanding of the problems of the psychological safety of education – a step towards the creation of an integrative theory of this phenomenon. The aim of the research is to analyze the problems of psychological safety of education. The research method is an integrative theoretical analysis of the problems of the psychological safety of education. The work contributes to the creation of a systemic model of the psychological safety of education. The problem of psychological safety of education includes the problems of personal, interpersonal, educational, professional and organizational safety, it is closely related to the issues of innovations and reforms in higher, secondary and primary education, including the problems of resistance to innovations and changes in the educational environment, the problems of innovation stress, and also issues of prevention and correction of pediogeny and mathetogeny. The indicators of the psychological safety of a person in the conditions of an educational institution of education are: 1) the safety of a person as a person; 2) the safety of a person as a partner; 3) the safety of a person as a student and a professional. The research contributes to the development of an integrative model of the psychological safety of education and the search for new, integrative ways to achieve, maintain and restore it., Проблематика психологической безопасности образования в последние десятилетия жизни России становится все более практически и теоретически актуальной: качественные и количественные трансформации ситуаций и типов нарушений психологической безопасности образования требуют системных, обобщающих исследований и практических разработок в области его сохранения и восстановления. Исследование представляет собой попытку системного осмысления проблем психологической безопасности образования – шаг на пути создания интегративной теории этого феномена. Цель исследования – анализ проблем психологической безопасности образования, компонентов и критериев психологической безопасности образования. Метод исследования – интегративный теоретический анализ проблем психологической безопасности образования. В работе приводятся данные эмпирических опросов студентов и преподавателей Калужской, Воронежской и Московской областей в отношении разных компонентов психологической безопасности образования. Работа вносит вклад в создание системной модели психологической безопасности образования. Проблематика психологической безопасности образования включает в себя проблемы личностной, межличностной, учебно-профессиональной и организационной безопасности, она тесно связана с вопросами инноваций и реформ в высшем, среднем и начальном образовании, включая проблемы сопротивления инновациям и переменам в образовательной среде, проблемы стресса инноваций, а также вопросы превенции и коррекции педиогений и матетогений. Показателями психологической безопасности человека в условиях образовательного учреждения образования выступают: 1) безопасность человека как личности; 2) безопасность человека как партнера; 3) безопасность человека как ученика и профессионала. Исследование вносит вклад в разработку интегративной модели психологической безопасности образования и поиску новых, интегративных путей ее достижения, поддержания и восстановления.

Background: Police officers are at considerable risk of developing posttraumatic symptoms because they frequently encounter violent or emotionally disturbing incidents. We investigate experiences with potentially traumatic events (PTE), traumatic exposure, and the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD in a sample of Belgian police officers. Methods: In total, 1,465 police officers from 15 Belgian Local Police zones participated in a web-based survey, consisting of three segments: evaluating experiences with a list of 29 PTE, assessing if any of these PTE accounted for traumatic exposure, and evaluating 1-month probable PTSD, complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD prevalence using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ). Results: Police officers frequently experience a wide range of PTE. A large majority of 93.0% reports traumatic exposure. Assessment with ITQ shows a 1-month prevalence of 5.87% for probable PTSD and 1.50% for probable complex PTSD, while an additional 7.58% report subclinical PTSD. No demographic variables influenced PTSD prevalence. Cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did entail a higher prevalence of probable PTSD and subclinical PTSD. Discussion: This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers. Police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure. The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers. In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did. Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police. This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers.Results show that police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure.The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers.In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did.Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police. This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers. Results show that police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure. The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers. In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did. Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police.

В статье анализируются понятия субъективного благополучия молодежи, переживаний молодых людей, а также рассматривается механизм контейнирования, дается описание существующих способов контейнирования переживаний. The article analyzes the concepts of the subjective well-being of young people, the experiences of young people, and also considers the mechanism of containment, describes the existing ways of containing experiences.

Rates of re-traumatization among mentally ill-health patients have risen significantly over the past decade and clinical guidelines place mental health nurses at the heart of their care. Aim: To gather, analyse, and synthesize the evidence on people's experiences on retraumatization in acute mental health inpatient settings. Method: A systematic search for qualitative studies (CINAHL, MEDLINE, ASSIA, PsycINFO, and EMBASE) was conducted. Two authors independently assessed eligibility and appraised methodological quality using Joanna Briggs's quality appraisal tool and extracted data. The analysis followed the principles of interpretative synthesis.Results: Fourteen papers were included for thematic synthesis. Three themes emerged: (1) Quality of staff interaction; (2) Specific interventions, (Sub-theme nature of symptoms); and (3) Nature of the environment. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that patients are experiencing re-traumatization in acute mental health inpatient settings and that there is little being done to prevent it from occurring. Implications for Practice: This study is the first to analyse the factors that contribute to re-traumatization and make recommendations to mental healthcare professionals to reduce the harmful practices in place in inpatient settings. It is suggested that training staff in trauma-informed care and allowing patients to be experts in their own care can reduce the rates of re-traumatization

Trauma exposure has been repeatedly linked to psychophysiological threat reactivity, although the directionality of this association has been inconsistent. Several factors likely contribute to inconsistent findings including type of trauma and threat paradigm. The present study therefore examined the impact of trauma type on psychophysiological reactivity to predictable (P-) and unpredictable (U-) threat in young adults (N = 112). Participants were classified into three groups: history of interpersonal or noninterpersonal trauma, or no history of trauma. Startle eyeblink potentiation was recorded during a well-validated threat-of-shock paradigm. Results indicated individuals with interpersonal trauma exposure displayed exaggerated startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. In contrast, individuals with noninterpersonal trauma exhibited blunted startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. Findings reveal that trauma and threat type influence threat reactivity and that those with a history of interpersonal trauma may uniquely display exaggerated sensitivity to stressors that are uncertain.

The integration of trauma-informed care practices into the care of obstetric patients requires an understanding of psychological trauma, its impact on this population, and how trauma-informed care can be adapted to improve outcomes for those patients with a previous history of trauma or for those that experience peripartum trauma. System-based changes to policies, protocols, and practices are needed to achieve sustainable change. Maternal morbidity and mortality that result from trauma-related and other mental health conditions in the peripartum period are significant. Innovative approaches to the prevention of negative birth experiences and retraumatization during labor and delivery are needed.

The article provides up-to-date scientific data on the clinical phenotype of depression in children and adolescents that were exposed to significant psychological trauma as a result of hostilities, terrorism, natural disasters, abuse, physical and sexual violence. The review presents the latest data on the prevalence of depression due to various traumatic factors, comorbidity of mental and neurological disorders, possible mechanisms of their relationship, treatment recommendations. Post-traumatic depressions (PTD) are widespread in children and adolescents and negatively affect the quality of life and significantly increase the risk of suicide and self-harming behavior. The presence of depression worsens the prognosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, the treatment response. Several psychotherapeutic interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye-movement desensitization, are effective in the treatment of PTD. Psychopharmacological drugs, in particular antidepressants and mood stabilizers, have limited proven efficacy in PTD in pediatric practice. The use of these drugs in comorbid mental and neurological conditions has a higher level of evidence. Conclusions. Depression in children and adolescents due to psychological trauma remains an understudied topic. Future research should focus on the efficacy of pharmacological approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic depression and comorbid mental and neurological disorders, which is especially important for countries with low access to specialized psychotherapeutic care., У статті наведені сучасні наукові дані щодо клінічного фенотипу депресій у дітей та підлітків, які зазнали значущої психологічної травматизації в результаті воєнних дій, тероризму, природних катастроф, жорстокого поводження, фізичного та сексуального насильства. Обговорюються дані щодо поширеності депресій, зумовлених різними травматичними чинниками, коморбідності з психічними та неврологічними розладами, розглянуті можливі механізми їх взаємозв’язку, терапевтичні рекомендації. Посттравматичні депресії (ПТД) поширені серед дітей та підлітків, негативно впливають на якість життя та суттєво збільшують ризик суїциду та самоушкоджуючої поведінки. Наявність депресії погіршує прогноз перебігу посттравматичного стресового розладу, ефективність його терапії. Окремі психотерапевтичні втручання, зокрема когнітивно-поведінкова терапія та десенсибілізація рухами очей, є ефективними методами терапії ПТД. Психофармакологічні лікарські засоби (ПЛЗ), зокрема антидепресанти та стабілізатори настрою, мають обмежену доведену ефективність при ПТД у педіатричній практиці. Більший рівень доказовості має застосування цих ПЛЗ при коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладах. Висновки. Депресія у дітей та підлітків внаслідок психологічної травматизації залишається недостатньо дослідженим розладом психіки. Майбутні дослідження мають бути направлені на вивчення ефективності фармакотерапевтичних підходів до лікування посттравматичної депресії та коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладів, що є особливо важливим для країн з низьким доступом до спеціалізованої психотерапевтичної допомоги.

Background Second victims (SVs) are health care workers traumatized by unanticipated, adverse patient events. These experiences can have personal and professional effects on SVs. Research indicates that SVs experience inadequate support following adverse events. Purpose To determine the prevalence of nurses who identified as SVs and their awareness and use of supportive resources. Methods A convenience sample of nurses was surveyed, and SV responses were compared with those who did not identify as a SV. Responses were analyzed using nonparametric methods. Results One hundred fifty-nine (44.3%) of 359 participants identified as SVs. There was a significant relationship between work tenure and SVs (P = .009). A relationship was found between SVs and awareness and use of support resources, with debriefing being the preferred method after an event. Conclusions Adverse events trigger emotional trauma in SVs who require administrative awareness, support, and follow-up to minimize psychological trauma in the clinical nurse.

Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is the intentional alteration, removal, or injury of female genitalia for non-medical reasons. Approximately 200 million females have been victims of FGM/C, and genital reconstructive procedures are increasing in demand. Objectives The objectives of this study were to assess clinical and patient-reported outcomes after FGM/C reconstruction to help guide treatment practices. Methods Adult patients undergoing anatomic reconstruction after FGM/C were retrospectively identified. Outcomes included clitoral, labial, and donor site surgical site occurrences (SSO) and the need for revision operations. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using an adapted version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), a validated outcomes instrument that assesses sexual function through 6 domains, with each domain having a maximum score of 6. Results Nineteen patients were identified in our review. Patients presented for reconstruction due to dyspareunia, inability to orgasm, chronic infections, to normalize appearance, and/or to "feel normal." There were no SSOs and two revision operations for adhesions. 74% of patients completed the FSFI postoperatively. Despite most patients seeking repair for inability to orgasm and/or dyspareunia, the median scores for these domains were 4.6 and 5.2. Patients' desire to engage in sexual activity scored lowest (3.9), and patients reported concerns over the appearance of their genitalia (50%) that affected self-confidence (85.7%). Conclusion FGM/C reconstruction is safe and contributes to improvements in physical sexual health. Psychological trauma may contribute to lessened sexual desire and self-confidence even after reconstruction. Multidisciplinary treatment is important to address the long-term psychological effects of this practice. Level of evidence iv This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The article considers a new diagnostic category — complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), introduced into the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Differences in the mechanism of influence of situational and prolonged trauma are analyzed. CPTSD diagnostic criteria are compared to PTSD and BPD (borderline personality disorder) symptoms. The term “disturbances in self-organi¬zation” is analyzed, which explains the main mechanism of the impact of complex trauma and includes emotional dysregulation, disturbances in self-perception and relationships. Psychotherapeutic approaches developed for PTSD were shown to be insufficient for the treatment of CPTSD. The article reviews an approach to CPSTD therapy based on the consensus of experts in the field of post-traumatic stress and its possible limitations are discussed. “Component based psychotherapy” — another approach to CPTSD therapy — is described. Specific features of psychotherapy for complex trauma are discussed.

Chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur, and research suggests that these 2 conditions exacerbate one another producing greater impact on normal functioning in combination than separately. The influence of traumatic experiences on both pain and PTSD has been shown, but the nature of this interplay remains unclear. Although Criterion A trauma is required for the diagnosis of PTSD, whether the association between PTSD and chronic pain is dependent on Criterion A is underexplored. In this observational cohort study, we examined the association between pain and PTSD-like symptoms in the context of Criterion A trauma in 5,791 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Correlations and mixed-effects regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version symptoms and multiple indicators of pain from the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire across trauma history and chronic pain conditions. 53.21% of the participants experienced trauma consistent with DSM-IV Criterion A for PTSD. The associations between pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms was stronger for individuals with a history of trauma but remained robust for individuals without trauma history. Small but significant interactions between past trauma and pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms were observed. Findings were similar in a subsample of participants with history of chronic pain conditions. The relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain were largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A, highlighting the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma. Perspective This article demonstrates that the relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain is largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A. This finding highlights the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma.

OBJECTIVE Embitterment can occur as a reaction to unjust life events which damage the person's life values. It can lead to impairment of work ability and participation in life generally. Methods to reduce embitterment have been developed and tested in clinical samples. Perspective-change is a core method which can be trained in order to get distance from a hurting event and reduce embitterment. METHOD This experimental study investigates whether perspective-change can be used as a 1-shot mini-intervention to reduce subclinical embitterment. People (N = 155) from the general population completed the experiment. They were first asked about their life values, whether they had experienced and were still affected by a hurting event, and their degree of embitterment. Then a fictive unjust situation (downgrading at work) was presented, and the person was asked to project his or her thoughts into the described situation. Randomly, one half of the participants were given instructions for a perspective change in order to relativize the meaning of the hurting event. Degree of embitterment was again assessed after exposure to the fictive situation. RESULTS Embitterment was not significantly reduced after in comparison to before the fictive situation. There were no differences between the group that received instructions for perspective-change and the group which did not. CONCLUSION An ultrashort intervention by means of exposure to a fictive unjust situation and perspective-change did not result in the reduction of individual embitterment. Relevant reduction of individual embitterment may require exposure to the own individual unjust event, and several or repeated trainings of perspective-change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Trauma and its related psychological and somatic consequences are associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity. The regulation of both the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) have been reported to be affected during physical and psychological trauma. Both mediators are likely molecular correlates of trauma-induced cardiovascular complications, because they share parallel roles and signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system, both locally as well as on the level of central regulation and the vagus nerve. Meditation can alter the structure of specific brain regions and can have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. This perspective article summarizes the evidence pointing toward the significance of H2S and OT signaling in meditation-mediated cardio-protection.

The article concludes that Kuprin's prose has some influence on Green's work. The biographical basis of their army prose, the similarity of the authors' positions in describing the dramatic fate of a soldier and his psychological trauma, the suppression of his individuality by the army system, the conflict between self-awareness and depersonalization, the fear factor of a person who is naturally incapable of a military regime are pointed out. The following differences are noted: Kuprin reinforces the motive of pity for the humiliated soldier at the expense of the motive of sympathy for him by a young military officer - a protogonist and reasoner; in Green's stories, the characters don’t have double identities; Green's social revolutionary views led to the appearance of a rebel soldier in his stories, but the soldier is a passive character in Kuprin's stories.

Introduction: The large numbers of torture survivors suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological trauma in the United States suggests pharmacists should be aware of, and attentive to possible drug therapies for this population. Method: To this end, we systematically review the literature on pharmacotherapy for survivors of torture. Published literature that assessed use of pharmacotherapy in torture victims were searched from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Search terms “torture,” “pharmacotherapy,” “depression OR PTSD,” “refugee OR asylum seekers” and “treatment or rehabilitation” were utilized. Results: Review of controlled and uncontrolled studies reveal that antidepressants are the most widely studied medications, particularly sertraline, a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the torture survivor population expanding to refugees and asylum seekers. Anti-adrenergic medications were used as adjunctive treatment in some uncontrolled studies. In randomized controlled trials, pharmacotherapy did not differentiate from placebo in reducing symptoms. Uncontrolled trials had yielded variable outcomes from pharmacotherapy. Discussion: There is lack of strong evidence in supporting the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Heterogeneity in the study design, patient ethnicity and the social and political status at the time of the study may have contributed in the variable clinical responses to pharmacotherapy.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current state of the system of psychological rehabilitation and administrative and legal regulation of combatants who took a direct part in the armed conflict and suffered during the hostilities. The analysis of the legal bases on which the functioning of the domestic system of psychological rehabilitation is based is given. Considerable attention is paid to the consideration of the activities of various institutions and organizations for the provision of services for the psychological rehabilitation of combatants. The professional activity of servicemen is characterized by a high level of psycho-emotional stress, which is associated with the importance and responsibility of solving combat tasks and the presence of a real risk to life. Participation in hostilities can be considered as stressful events of an exceptional nature that cause general distress in almost everyone, due to the negative factors associated with being in a group of people at increased risk of developing asthenic disorders. Today, the Ukrainian state is undergoing profound domestic political, social and economic changes that have affected all spheres of life and every citizen. One of the main characteristics of these changes is the increase in the frequency and scale of extreme conditions. Extremity permeates the life of large social groups, individual regions and entire states. Fighting in the east of the country, corruption, social instability, political and economic crisis, all these events have not only far-reaching social, material, cultural, medical, but also psychological consequences. World statistics on natural disasters, catastrophes and hostilities show that the number of cases of neuropsychiatric disorders, depending on the type of extreme situation can be 10-25% of the total number of people involved in the situation. These psycho-emotional losses require not only the involvement of a large number of specialists to provide assistance to victims, but also significant attention from the state and government agencies in the form of funding for state programs of psychological rehabilitation, and so on. All this is directly related to the personnel of the Armed Forces and other military formations that become participants in the epicenter of events. In these circumstances, unit commanders must be armed with psychologically sound methods of organizing the activities of personnel, as well as have an education in the legal framework governing the psychological rehabilitation of servicemen. This, of course, will reduce the percentage of psychological losses, increase the efficiency of units in extreme conditions and ensure a rapid recovery of their combat effectiveness. However, despite the existence in the Ukrainian legislation of a number of legal documents governing the rehabilitation of servicemen during injuries or psychological trauma, the current legislation of Ukraine is not able to fully ensure the proper level of comprehensive rehabilitation of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations. took a direct part in hostilities. This scientific material reveals a number of problematic issues at the legislative level and offers its own vision of resolving urgent needs and inconsistencies in the administrative and legal field.

COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2). For the effect of this pandemic, the people of Bangladesh are suffering from unprecedented challenges of all ages. Coronavirus pandemic has hit the young mental health badly. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the mental health condition among young people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. In this study, a qualitative research method was used where twenty case studies were carried out to evaluate critical situations as well as the determinants of psychological health problems that young adults are facing. Result demonstrates that like other ages, young people are bound to stay at home during lockdown that causes a profound effect on their mental health. Due to COVID-19 young people are going through a variety of critical situations including financial hardship, conflict with family members, quarantine-related crisis, increasing pressure for marriage, extreme addiction to the virtual world, and addiction to different video games that threaten their psychological health, for example increasing suicidal tendency, loneliness, anxiety, depression, psychological trauma, low self-confidence anger, etc. Researchers have suggested some potential recommendations to reduce the psychological pressure of young people during pandemics.

Workplace mental health is relevant to public safety organizations due to the exposure that many public safety personnel (PSP) have to psychological trauma in the course of their daily work. While the importance of attending to PSP mental health has been established, the implementation of workplace mental health interventions is not as well understood. This scoping review describes workplace mental health interventions and their implementation in public safety organizations. English published primary studies with any publication date up to July 3, 2020 were considered. JBI methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was followed. 89 citations met inclusion criteria out of the 62,299 found. Articles and reports found were largely published within the last decade, most frequently from Western nations, and most often applied to police, followed by firefighters. The focus of interventions was commonly stress management and resilience, and a frequent implementation strategy was multi-session group training. Comprehensive quality improvement initiatives, a focus on supervisors and managers, and interventions across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, were infrequent. Public safety organizations are frequently reporting on stress management and resilience interventions for police and firefighters, implemented through multi-session group training. A focus across a range of PSP, including paramedics, corrections officers, and emergency dispatchers, using implementation strategies beyond group training, is suggested. This area of research is currently expanding, with many studies published within the past decade; ongoing evaluation of the quality of interventions and implementation strategies is recommended.

The COVID-19 is a “unique” stressor, which can produce physical and psychological trauma. Coping styles can buffer this psychological impact. Consequently, this paper aims to psychometrically adapt the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) to Spanish and examines the relationships between FCV-19S, stress response, and coping strategies. The sample comprised a convenience sample of 1146 participants (12–83 years), 880 from Spain (76.8%), and 266 from Dominican Republic (23.2%). Overall, the findings support a one-factor structure for FCV-19S, consisting of 7-items, and was invariant across age, sex, occupational status, and cross-national. Therefore, indicating evidences of construct validity. Evidences of reliability were also observed (Cronbach’s α = .86, McDonald’s ω = .86, Guttmann’s λ6 = .86, greatest lower bound = .91, composite reliability = .85, and average variance extracted = .44). Moreover, as regards criterion-related validity, the mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between FCV-19S and acute stress was positive and high, with maladaptive coping styles mediating the relationship, and with a stronger mediation for men. The findings give evidences of the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of FCV-19S among Spanish-speaker participants, which provides the chance of cross-cultural studies.

Trans Vaginal Mesh (TVM) surgeries have been used to treat stress urine incontinency (SUI) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Systematic reviews of clinical studies of outcomes suggest that the procedures have benefited a majority of women, while noting that a small minority of women have experienced harms. To provide a more complete picture of outcomes, we conducted a systematic review of the qualitative literature to provide a comprehensive analysis of women’s own accounts of their experience. We conducted a systematic review and thematic synthesis of the evidence from the international qualitative literature on women’s experiences of and perspectives on TVM surgery for SUI and/or POP between 1996 and 2020. We retrieved 6587 papers from PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and full-text review of eligible articles, five articles were included in our systematic review. Findings from included articles were organised under three main themes: women’s everyday lives were transformed by TVM surgery; women’s expectations of and approach to their future lives; and women’s critiques of TVM surgery. The transformation of women’s everyday lives included a struggle to obtain recognition and support for their injuries before and after corrective surgery, ongoing limitations on their social, professional and personal lives, and compounding medical and psychological trauma as a result. Women’s approaches to their future lives changed because of this transformation; we identified five main approaches, four were ways of accommodating change, a fifth involved being unable to accommodate life changes. Women’s critiques included that TVM surgeries were overused, consent processes were poor, and surgeons’ definitions of success were deficient. Women expressed concerns about the safety of TVM products and future risks of further complications and discussed multiple system failures in the health care they received. This review suggests that discounting women’s experiences has caused compound trauma and skewed the clinical evidence base; while harms occurred in a minority of women, we suggest they should be recognised as an ethically significant potential outcome. Approaches to TVM injury should attend to historical epistemic injustice and recognise women’s agency.

BackgroundTo “model and simulate change” is an accepted strategy to support implementation at scale. Much like a power analysis can inform decisions about study design, simulation models offer ananalytic strategyto synthesize evidence that informs decisions regarding implementation of evidence-based interventions. However, simulation modeling is under-utilized in implementation science. To realize the potential of simulation modeling as animplementation strategy, additional methods are required to assist stakeholders to use models to examine underlying assumptions, consider alternative strategies, and anticipate downstream consequences of implementation. To this end, we propose Rapid-cycle Systems Modeling (RCSM)—a form of group modeling designed to promote engagement with evidence to support implementation. To demonstrate its utility, we provide an illustrative case study with mid-level administrators developing system-wide interventions that aim to identify and treat trauma among children entering foster care.MethodsRCSM is an iterative method that includes three steps per cycle: (1) identify and prioritize stakeholder questions, (2) develop or refine a simulation model, and (3) engage in dialogue regarding model relevance, insights, and utility for implementation. For the case study, 31 key informants were engaged in step 1, a prior simulation model was adapted for step 2, and six member-checking group interviews (n= 16) were conducted for step 3.ResultsStep 1 engaged qualitative methods to identify and prioritize stakeholder questions, specifically identifying a set of inter-related decisions to promote implementing trauma-informed screening. In step 2, the research team created a presentation to communicate key findings from the simulation model that addressed decisions about programmatic reach, optimal screening thresholds to balance demand for treatment with supply, capacity to start-up and sustain screening, and availability of downstream capacity to provide treatment for those with indicated need. In step 3, member-checking group interviews with stakeholders documented the relevance of the model results to implementation decisions, insight regarding opportunities to improve system performance, and potential to inform conversations regarding anticipated implications of implementation choices.ConclusionsBy embedding simulation modeling in a process of stakeholder engagement, RCSM offers guidance to realize the potential of modeling not only as an analytic strategy, but also as an implementation strategy.

BackgroundUnderstanding the interplay between trauma-related psychological mechanisms and psychotic symptoms may improve the effectiveness of interventions for post-traumatic stress reactions in psychosis. Network theory assumes that mental health problems persist not because of a common latent variable, but from dynamic feedback loops between symptoms, thereby addressing the heterogeneous and overlapping nature of traumagenic and psychotic diagnoses. This is a proof-of-concept study examining interactions between post-traumatic stress symptoms, which were hypothesized to reflect trauma-related psychological mechanisms, and auditory hallucinations and delusions.MethodBaseline data from two randomised controlled trials (N = 216) of trauma-focused therapy in people with post-traumatic stress symptoms (87.5% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD) and psychotic disorder were analysed. Reexperiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance, trauma-related beliefs, auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs were used to estimate a Gaussian graphical model along with expected node influence and predictability (proportion of explained variance).ResultsTrauma-related beliefs had the largest direct influence on the network and, together with hypervigilance, were implicated in the shortest paths from flashbacks to delusions and auditory hallucinations.ConclusionsThese findings are in contrast to previous research suggesting a central role for re-experiencing, emotional numbing and interpersonal avoidance in psychosis. Trauma-related beliefs were the psychological mechanism most associated with psychotic symptoms, although not all relevant mechanisms were measured. This work demonstrates that investigating multiple putative mediators may clarify which processes are most relevant to trauma-related psychosis. Further research should use network modelling to investigate how the spectrum of traumatic stress reactions play a role in psychotic symptoms.

Background: An individual history of traumatic experiences, including adverse childhood events (ACEs), has been consistently associated with higher rates of adverse substance use-related behaviors and consequences, including lifetime substance dependence, past-year substance use disorder (SUD), and past 30-day use of cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol among youth. In contrast, few studies have comprehensively examined the association between substance misuse and intergenerational trauma, characterized by the generational transmission of symptoms of trauma-related emotional distress. Thus, our protocol aims to outline the background rationale and methodology for a systematic review of the existing literature on the intergenerational trauma-substance misuse association and comprehensively assess research gaps related to protective factors, ongoing systematic stressors, and explanatory theories. Methods: The proposed study methodology is based on Preferred Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. A systematic literature search will use a combination of key words and MeSh terms and include multiple databases: Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and gray literature. Our eligibility criteria are defined according to the guidelines set forth by Cooke et al.’s (2012) SPIDER framework. Studies that fit the pre-specified eligibility criteria will be screened, assessed, and extracted independently by two reviewers, and a third reviewer will be consulted in cases of disagreement. Discussion: The present review will consolidate empirical literature exploring the relation between substance misuse and intergenerational transmission of trauma. Findings may inform the identification of resilience factors, development of strength-based interventions to disrupt the link between intergenerational trauma and substance misuse, and recommendations for future research focused on closing gaps within the literature.

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences of psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. Trauma is a complex phenotype but research suggests that trauma sensitivity has a heritable basis. We investigated whether sensitivity to trauma in those with MDD reflects a similar genetic component in those with PTSD.MethodsGenetic correlations between PTSD and MDD in individuals reporting trauma and MDD in individuals not reporting trauma were estimated, as well as with recurrent MDD and single-episode MDD, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated in UK Biobank participants who met the criteria for lifetime MDD (N = 29 471). We investigated whether genetic loading for PTSD was associated with reporting trauma in these individuals.ResultsGenetic loading for PTSD was significantly associated with reporting trauma in individuals with MDD [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01–1.07), Empirical-p = 0.02]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in individuals not reporting trauma (rg differences = ~0.2, p < 0.008). Participants who had experienced recurrent MDD reported significantly higher rates of trauma than participants who had experienced single-episode MDD (χ2 > 166, p < 0.001)ConclusionsOur findings point towards the existence of genetic variants associated with trauma sensitivity that might be shared between PTSD and MDD, although replication with better powered GWAS is needed. Our findings corroborate previous research highlighting trauma exposure as a key risk factor for recurrent MDD.

The evidence regarding the benefits of yoga for treating psychological trauma is well-established; however, there is a paucity of qualitative reviews exploring this topic. The purpose of this rapid review is to gain a deeper understanding of the impact that yoga can have on people with a history of psychological trauma and to reveal barriers and facilitators to the uptake of yoga in this cohort, from a qualitative perspective. The Ovid(EMBASE), Ovid(MEDLINE), PsycINFO, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched using key terms. The systematic search generated 148 records, and 11 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The following main impacts of yoga on participants were identified: feeling an increased sense of self-compassion; feeling more centred; developing their coping skills; having a better mind–body relationship; and improving their relationships with others. The main barriers were also identified: concerns initiating yoga; time and motivational issues; and the costs and location of classes. The main facilitator was the feeling of safety generated in the trauma-informed yoga classes. This review suggests that yoga offers great potential in the field of trauma recovery. Despite this, more high-quality research with rigorous methodologies is called for to allow this field to advance.

Based on research from previous pandemics, studies of critical care survivors, and emerging COVID-19 data, we estimate that up to 30% of survivors of severe COVID will develop PTSD. PTSD is frequently undetected across primary and secondary care settings and the psychological needs of survivors may be overshadowed by a focus on physical recovery. Delayed PTSD diagnosis is associated with poor outcomes. There is a clear case for survivors of severe COVID to be systematically screened for PTSD, and those that develop PTSD should receive timely access to evidence-based treatment for PTSD and other mental health problems by multidisciplinary teams., HIGHLIGHTS We anticipate that up to 30% of survivors of severe COVID will develop PTSD, yet PTSD is frequently undetected in primary and secondary care settings.There is, therefore, a clear case for establishing systematic screening and ensuring timely access to treatment.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde amnesia has several causes and may be the core concern in several conditions. When acute, somatic, and neurologic causes are excluded, along with substance use, a consideration of psychiatric disease is imminent. Here, we present a case with amnesia, where diagnostics and treatment were challenging due to severe psychiatric symptoms and course of the disease. CASE REPORT: After a minor trauma while driving an electric scooter, a 41-year-old man lost all memories of the past 20 years. The patient was raised in a refugee camp, where he experienced traumatic events, and later came to Denmark and established family and work life. He had 1 prior contact with the psychiatric ward. After the incident, the patient was brought to the emergency room. The patient could not recognize his wife or children and believed he was 21 years old and living with his mother in the refugee camp. A full somatic and neurological workup was performed and no somatic or organic cause could explain the retrograde amnesia. He developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychotic symptoms. Treatment consisted of a combination of psychoeducation, cognitive remediation, and medical treatment for psychotic symptoms and PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis “prolonged delirium”, “PTSD”, and “dissociative amnesia” were considered. Psychiatric comorbidity and previous traumatic experiences might have contributed to the development of long-term amnesia, which eventually was considered to be dissociative. During 8 months, the patient slowly regained his memory. It is impossible to conclude with certainty whether the successful outcome was the result of psychological treatment, pharmacological treatment, the passing of time, or a mixture of these.

Experiences of high adversity can lead to a very deep and long-lasting psychological impact. Some events, due to their intensity, severity, extraordinarily negative character and, above all, if they put physical and/or psychological integrity at risk, have a very significant traumatic potential. The evaluation of the psychological impact of a given event is a procedure often requested from forensic psychologists, and it is essential to conduct this evaluation in a very rigorous manner, considering that the traumatic character of a given situation is multidetermined and subjective. The experience of traumatic experiences may lead to the development of a set of symptoms that significantly affect several areas: emotional and affective, cognitive, relational, school/work, reducing functionality and exceeding the person's adaptive resources. In response to traumatic situations, in some cases, a more specific set of symptoms develops, described as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which is characterized, among other elements, by intrusive thoughts, nightmares, or flashbacks of a past traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli, people, situations, or activities that trigger memories associated with the traumatic event, a constant state of alertness, and sleep disturbances. However, it is possible for an event to have a highly significant traumatic effect, without all the symptoms associated with PTSD being present, and it is therefore fundamental to assess psychological trauma from a broader and deeper perspective, in order to be able to correctly and fairly value the damage suffered. The aim of this presentation is to reflect theoretically on the psychological assessment of the traumatic impact of an event when the diagnostic criteria for PTSD (defined in DSM V) are not met, but there is clinically significant symptomatology due to its intensity, duration, severity and ability to affect various areas of psychological functioning in a relevant way. This discussion will be conducted from two forensic cases: a survivor of a serious assault in traffic and a survivor of an attempted murder (in both cases the father of each of the examinees were fatal victims of these same events, that is, in either case the examinees witnessed the assault on their parents). In both cases the presence of a very deep psychological trauma picture was diagnosed, with very significantly negative psychological impact, namely the presence of debilitating anxious and depressive symptomatology, but without the presence of all the symptoms attributed to PSPT. We discuss the implications of these data for forensic assessment and correct valuation of situations related to psychological trauma and their implications for victim reparation.

RESUMEN El Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) es una condición psiquiátrica que surge como respuesta a eventos traumáticos y puede afectar significativamente la funcionalidad del paciente. La sierra andina es una región cuya población ha estado expuesta a eventos altamente estresantes; sin embargo, existe escasa información sobre factores asociados a la ocurrencia de TEPT en la región. Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos (comorbilidad y funcionalidad) asociados al TEPT. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio secundario que utilizó la base de datos del adulto del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental en la Sierra - 2017. Instrumentos: Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI) en la versión en español de CIE-10, Cuestionario de Salud Mental de Colombia, Escala de Discapacidad y una ficha de datos demográficos e indicadores de pobreza. Resultados: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre TEPT y grupos de personas casadas y carentes de instrucción escolarizada. El episodio depresivo fue la comorbilidad más frecuente. Los principales estresores fueron la violencia política y los accidentes graves. Asimismo, hubo asociación de TEPT con pensamientos suicidas y dificultad para planificar, organizar y ejecutar diversas actividades. Conclusiones: Existe asociación relevante entre TEPT y algunos factores sociodemográficos, eventos traumáticos y trastornos clínicos. Los programas de intervención deben brindar atención inmediata a personas expuestas a eventos traumáticos y disminuir la presencia y el impacto de factores estresantes presentes en la región andina. SUMMARY Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that occurs in response to traumatic events and can significantly affect the patient’s functional capacities. The Peruvian highlands is a region whose population has been exposed to highly stressful events; however, there is limited information on the factors associated with PTSD in the region. Objective: To determine sociodemographic and clinical factors (comorbidity and functionality) associated with PTSD. Material and methods: A secondary study was conducted using the adult database of the Epidemiological Study of Mental Health in the Peruvian Highlands - 2017. Instruments: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Spanish version ICD-10, Mental Health Questionnaire of Colombia, Disability Scale, and an intake form with demographic data and poverty indicators. Results: Significant associations were found between PTSD and groups of married people and those who had no school education. Depressive episode was the most frequent comorbidity. The main stressors were political violence and serious accidents. Likewise, there was an association of PTSD with suicidal thinking and difficulties in planning, organizing and executing a variety of activities. Conclusions: PTSD was associated with some sociodemographic factors, traumatic events and clinical disorders. Intervention programs should be aimed at providing immediate care to people exposed to traumatic events and at reducing the presence and impact of such stressors in the Andean region.

a scoping review protocol on Havening intervention, mental health and well-being outcomes