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Background Upadacitinib (UPA), an oral, reversible JAK inhibitor, demonstrated superior efficacy compared to placebo (PBO) in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) in 2 multicentre, phase 3 induction (U-EXCEL and U-EXCEED), and 1 maintenance (U-ENDURE) trial.1-3 This sub-analysis assessed endoscopic outcomes in patients with or without a history of biologic failure (inadequate response or intolerance) among those receiving UPA treatment. Methods Eligible patients had average daily stool frequency [SF] ≥4 and/or abdominal pain score [APS]≥2, plus a Simple Endoscopic Score for CD (excluding the presence of narrowing component) ≥6 [≥4 for isolated ileal disease]). Patients received UPA 45 mg once daily (QD; UPA45) or PBO (2:1) for 12 weeks (wks). Patients that achieved SF/APS clinical response after 12 weeks of treatment with UPA45 (≥ 30% decrease in daily very soft/liquid SF and/or ≥ 30% decrease in daily abdominal pain APS with neither worse than baseline) were re-randomized (1:1:1) to UPA 30 mg QD (UPA30), UPA15 mg QD (UPA15) or PBO for 52 wks of maintenance. Endoscopic response\ remission were evaluated by central reading at wk 12 induction and wk 52 maintenance. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed through wk 52. Statistical significance in comparisons was not assessed due to an inability to control for type I error in subgroup analysis. Results Baseline characteristics/demographics were similar across treatment groups. In the pooled induction population (U-EXCEED+U-EXCEL), 72.0% UPA45 and 71.5% PBO patients had history of prior biologic failure. In U-ENDURE, 73.4% UPA15, 75.6% UPA30, and 76.4% PBO patients had history of prior biologic failure. In patients without or with biologic failure, UPA demonstrated higher rates for endoscopic response compared to PBO at wk 12 (52.0%, 35.7% UPA45 vs 16.2%, 5.3% PBO, Figure 1A) and wk 52 (Figure 1B). Similarly, in patients without or with a history of biologic failure, UPA exhibited higher rates of endoscopic remission at wk 12 (36.0%, 19.6% UPA45 vs. 10.1%, 2.8% PBO, Figure 1A) and wk 52 (Figure 1B). Differences from PBO were found in endoscopic response or remission in patients that remained in response/remission from the entry of maintenance to wk 52 for either dose, regardless of prior history of biologic failure (Figure 1C). UPA treatment was well-tolerated, with no new safety risks observed compared to the known safety profile of UPA (Tables 1-2). Conclusion Upadacitinib achieved clinically meaningful endoscopic outcomes, which were maintained up to 1 year, irrespective of a patient’s prior biologic treatment, with an acceptable safety profile.

Nonopioid analgesics are commonly used to augment or replace opioids in the perioperative setting. Perianesthesia nurses must consider timing and appropriateness when administering these medications to patients in the preoperative area or the postanesthesia care unit, particularly when other medications with sedative effects are being given. Gabapentin, originally proposed as an anticonvulsant medication, promotes analgesia and reduces risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting. This review examines the effect of gabapentin on postoperative pain.A systematic review.CINAHL, PubMed, and Cochrane Review databases were searched to find a total of 93 sources that examined gabapentin and postoperative pain. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, four randomized controlled trials (RCT) were reviewed. Postoperative pain within the 24 hours of surgery was measured as the primary outcome using the visual analog scale in all sources FINDINGS: Three of the four reviewed RCTs determined gabapentin was both statistically and clinically significant in reducing postoperative pain, and all four sources showed a reduction in opioid consumption during the immediate postoperative period, which promoted patient satisfaction.Further study of gabapentin and postoperative pain is needed employing rigorous and robust methodology and diversity of the sample selections.

The close correlation observed between emission state and spin-down rate change of pulsars has many implications both for the magnetospheric physics and the neutron star interior. The middle-aged pulsar PSR J0738$-$4042, which had been observed to display variations in the pulse profile associated with its spin-down rate change due to external effects, is a remarkable example. In this study, based on the 12.5-yr combined public timing data from UTMOST and Parkes, we have detected a new emission-rotation correlation in PSR J0738$-$4042 concurrent with a glitch. A glitch that occurred at MJD 57359(5) (December 3, 2015) with $\Delta\nu/\nu \sim 0.36(4)\times 10^{-9}$ is the first glitch event observed in this pulsar and is probably the underlying cause of the emission-rotation correlation. Unlike the usual post-glitch behaviours, the braking torque on the pulsar has continued to increase over 1380 d, corresponding to a significant decrease in $\ddot{\nu}$. As for changes in the pulse profile after the glitch, the relative amplitude of the leading component weakens drastically, while the middle component becomes stronger. A combined model of crustquake induced platelet movement and vortex creep response is invoked to account for this rare correlation. In this scenario, magnetospheric state-change is naturally linked to the pulsar-intrinsic processes that give rise to a glitch., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Comments Welcome

To explore the value of whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in discriminating microcystic meningioma (MCM) from atypical meningioma (AM).Clinical and preoperative MRI data of 20 patients with MCM and 26 patients with AM were analysed retrospectively. Whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis was performed on each patient's lesion to obtain histogram parameters, including mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, the 1st (ADCp1), 10th (ADCp10), 50th (ADCp50), 90th (ADCp90), and 99th (ADCp99) percentiles of ADC. The differences between the ADC histogram parameters of the two tumours were compared, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic performance of statistically significant parameters in distinguishing the two tumours.The mean, ADCp1, ADCp10, ADCp50, and ADCp90 of MCM were greater than those of AM, and significant differences were observed in these parameters between MCM and AM (all p0.05). ROC analysis showed that the mean had the highest area under the curve value (AUC) in distinguishing the two tumours (AUC = 0.852), when using 120.46 × 10Histogram analysis based on whole-lesion ADC maps was useful for discriminating between MCM from AM preoperatively, with the mean being the most promising potential parameter.

Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is an incurable chronic inflammatory condition of the gut. It causes severe gastrointestinal and extraintestinal complications and is associated with high morbidity, poor quality of life and increased health expenditure. Although increasing randomized controlled tests (RCT) studies demonstrated the premise of efficacy of biologics including vedolizumab in adult patients with active CD, there’re still 60% of patients hard to achieve clinical and endoscopic remission in real-world studies. Here, we investigated the efficacy of combination strategy of vedolizumab and exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in moderate to severe active CD treatment. Methods Twenty-eight patients with moderately to severely active CD patients treated with vedolizumab in IBD medical center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University in Hubei Province were retrospectively enrolled in this cohort. All patients received EEN for 16 weeks with concomitant vedolizumab standard induction. The clinical response, clinical remission, and fecal calprotectin (FC) normalization was evaluated in short- (week 16) and moderate-term (week 32 and 48). Endoscopic response and mucosal healing were assessed at week 16 and 48 (Figure 1). Figure 1: Study design Results Following vedolizumab intravenous induction and 16-weeks EEN treatment, patients achieved 71.4% (20/28) of clinical remission, 73.1% (19/26) of endoscopic response and 71.4% (20/28) FC normalization at week 16. For moderate-term assessment at week 32, sustainable efficacy of current treatment induced 19/24 (79.2%) of clinical response, 15/24 (62.5%) of clinical remission and 16/24 (66.7%) of FC normalization. Clinical response (15/22, 68.2%) and mucosa healing (14/22, 63.6%) were also observed in over 60% of patients at week 48 since treatment induction (Figure 2,3). Figure 2. Clinical and biochemical endpoints Figure 3. Endoscopic endpoint Conclusion Combination of Vedolizumab and 16-weeks EEN increased clinical and endoscopic outcomes in short and moderate term for patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s Disease.

Background Upadacitinib (UPA) demonstrated efficacy and safety in the phase 3 U-EXCEED (NCT03345836) and U-EXCEL (NCT03345849) induction, and U-ENDURE (NCT03345823) maintenance trials in patients (pts) with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease (CD). We evaluated the impact of UPA on health-related quality of life (QoL) in pts with CD. Methods Clinical responders to UPA 45 mg (UPA45) in U-EXCEED and U-EXCEL induction trials were re-randomised at Week 12 (1:1:1) to UPA 15 mg (UPA15), UPA 30 mg (UPA30), or placebo (PBO) for 52 weeks of maintenance treatment in U-ENDURE; data from these induction and maintenance trials were included in this analysis. Endpoints included the percentage of pts who achieved an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) response (≥16 points), IBDQ remission (≥170 points), a meaningful within-person change (MWPC) from baseline of ≥9 points on the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue (FACIT-F), and of ≥4.1 and ≥3.9 points on the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary scores, respectively, at Weeks 4/12 of induction and Week 52 of maintenance. Adjusted risk differences compared to PBO, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were calculated based on the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test. Results In U-EXCEED (n=324 UPA; 171 PBO) and U-EXCEL (n=350 UPA; 176 PBO), a greater proportion of UPA45- vs PBO-treated pts had an IBDQ response at Weeks 4 (U-EXCEED: 71.6% vs 47.6%; U-EXCEL: 71.0% vs 50.2%; p≤0.001) and 12 (U-EXCEED: 63.9% vs 44.4%; U-EXCEL: 68.4% vs 46.5%; p≤0.001; Figure 1). In UPA- vs PBO-treated pts, a greater proportion achieved IBDQ remission at Weeks 4 (U-EXCEED: 41.4% vs 22.4%; U-EXCEL: 44.2% vs 23.7%; p≤0.001) and 12 (all p≤0.001; Figure 1). At Week 12, a significantly greater proportion of UPA-treated pts vs PBO demonstrated a MWPC in FACIT-F, and SF-36 PCS and MCS from baseline (p≤0.001; Figure 1). Similar results for UPA45 vs PBO were achieved as early as Week 4 in FACIT-F (U-EXCEED: 42.3% vs 20.0%; U-EXCEL: 42.0% vs 27.0%), SF-36 PCS (U-EXCEED: 56.6% vs 37.2%; U-EXCEL: 53.0% vs 37.5%; p≤0.001) and MCS (p≤0.05). In the maintenance study U-ENDURE (n=168 UPA30; 169 UPA15; 165 PBO), a greater proportion of pts receiving UPA15 and UPA30 vs PBO achieved an IBDQ response (39.1%, 53.5% vs 20.4%), IBDQ remission (36.1%, 45.2% vs 13.5%), and a meaningful improvement from baseline in FACIT-F, SF-36 PCS and MCS through 52 weeks (p≤0.01; Figure 2). Conclusion In pts with moderately to severely active CD, UPA treatment significantly improved fatigue, disease-specific and generic QoL, compared with PBO, as early as Week 4 of induction. The effects were sustained through 52 weeks of maintenance treatment.

The crack propagation evolution of carbonaceous mudstone under the action of dry-wet cycles is an important cause of the unstable failure of this type of slope. This paper attempts to reveal the evolution mechanism of mesocrack and macrocrack propagation in carbonaceous mudstone under the action of dry-wet cycles from chemical, physical, and mechanical perspectives. Firstly, the soaking solution of carbonaceous mudstone during the dry-wet cycles was extracted for an ion concentration test to analyze the chemical reactions of carbonaceous mudstone. Then, CT scans were performed on the carbonaceous mudstone samples to study the changing pattern of mesostructure of carbonaceous mudstone during the dry-wet cycles. In the end, the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone after dry-wet cycles were studied by triaxial compression tests. The results showed that chemical reactions such as calcite dissolution, potassium feldspar hydrolysis, and sodium feldspar hydrolysis occurred during the dry-wet cycle of carbonaceous mudstone. Affected by the dry-wet cycles, the mesostructure of the carbonaceous mudstone gradually changed from face-face contact and edge-face contact to edge-corner contact and corner-corner contact, and the interlayer flake structure was opened and was locally curled and fractured. With the increase in the number of dry-wet cycles, the failure characteristic of carbonaceous mudstone transformed from tensile failure to shear failure, the failure surface of carbonaceous mudstone was deflected from 90° to 60°, and the crack propagation path of carbonaceous mudstone became more complicated. The chemical reaction of carbonaceous mudstone minerals during the dry-wet cycle is an important reason for the initiation and development of pores. The dry-wet cycle aggregates the propagation of mesocracks and structural disorder, transforming the uniform stress state of the rock mesostructure to the concentrated stress state, which is the important reason for the macrocrack propagation evolution of carbonaceous mudstone.

To determine the correlations between four quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters derived from intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted images (IVIM DWI) and the semi-quantitative Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) score of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and five clinical activity indices in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).A total of 75 patients with axSpA and complete clinical activity indices and SIJ MRI were enrolled to this prospective study. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between MRI parameters and clinical activity indices after controlling for confounders. All data were further analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficients (r).Only pure diffusion coefficient (D) and incoherent perfusion related microcirculation (D∗) were found to be independently positively correlated with several clinical activity indices (all p0.05). Positive correlations were observed between D and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Patient Global Assessment (PGA), extent of influence of pain, with r of 0.605, 0.402, 0.319, and 0.485 (all p0.0125). D∗ correlated positively with BASDAI, BASFI, and PGA (r=0.436, 0.356, 0.301, respectively; all p0.0125).D and D∗ derived from IVIM DWI could be associated with some disease activity indices in patients with axSpA; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and SPARCC scores were not correlated with these indices. IVIM DWI may be a useful tool for the quantitative assessment of disease activity in patients with axSpA.

Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize initial temperature (ºC), ramp function (ºC/min) and salt addition for trihalomethane extraction/quantification from the drinking water distribution network in Ratta Amral, Rawalpindi., Pakistan. Drinking water samples were collected from the treatment plant, overhead reservoir and consumer’s taps. The USEPA method for trihalomethane detection 551.1 via gas chromatography was applied using liquid–liquid extraction. The experiments with input variables for sample preparation and operational conditions were performed in a randomized order as per design of experiment by central composite rotatable design and responses were evaluated for model development. A significant (p = 0.005) two-factor interaction model was optimized. Initial temperature was observed to be insignificant (p = 0.64), while ramp function (p = 0.0043) and salt addition (p = 0.04) were significant. Product of salt addition and ramp was significant (p = 0.004), while product of initial temperature and salt addition was insignificant (p = 0.008). With a desirability function of 0.97, an initial temperature of 50 ºC, 6 ºC rise/min to 180 ºC and 0.5 g salt were optimized. It was found that development and optimization of the analytical methods for rapid trihalomethane detection would improve optimization of the current treatment practices in the country.

The common imaging methods of airborne cameras are linear array pushbroom and area-array interval exposure, and the sensors or lens of them cannot be rotated. With the development of oblique photogrammetry and UAV mapping, there are new advances in airborne whiskbroom sensors. Because of their unique imaging method, they can obtain the side texture information of features more efficiently. ABWI is a new generation of airborne sweeping sensors with the dual-view area-array whiskbroom imaging method. It has a maximum sweeping field of view of 120° and can also acquire spectral information in four bands (RGB and NIR) at the radiometric resolution of 12 bits. Additionally, the camera system is equipped with a laser ranger to assist with other measurement purposes. This paper introduces the camera structure, imaging principle and corresponding data processing workflow of ABWI, and summarizes its advantages and new application scenarios.

Epistemic uncertainty is widespread in reliability analysis of practical engineering products. Evidence theory is regarded as a powerful model for quantifying and analyzing epistemic uncertainty. However, the heavy computational burden has severely hindered its application in practical engineering problems, which is essentially caused by the repeated extreme analysis of limit-state function (LSF). In order to address the issue, this paper proposes a novel method to solve the evidence-theory-based reliability analysis (ETRA). It transforms the conventional ETRA problem into the classification of three classes of joint focal elements (JFEs) and then solves the classification problem effectively through a deep learning approach. The core of solving an ETRA problem is to determine whether the joint focal element is located in the reliable region, failure region, or intersected with the LSF. A spatial position feature reduction and arrangement method is proposed to classify the JFEs, which can effectively reduce the feature dimension and take into account the integrity and correlation of features. The stacked autoencoders model is then constructed and updated by extracting the spatial position features of the sampled JFEs to achieve high-accuracy classification of the remaining JFEs, and the reliability interval is calculated efficiently according to the classification results. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using several numerical examples.

A shock-induced separation loss reduction method, using local blade suction surface shape modification (smooth ramp structure) with constant adverse pressure gradient with the consideration of radial equilibrium effect to split a single shock foot into multiple weaker shock wave configuration, is investigated on the NASA Rotor 37 for promoting aerodynamic performance of a transonic compressor rotor. Numerical investigation on baseline blade and improved one with blade modification on suction side has been conducted employing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method to reveal flow physics of ramp structure. The results indicate that the passage shock foot of baseline is replaced with a family of compression waves and a weaker shock foot generating moderate adverse pressure gradient on ramp profile, which is beneficial for mitigating the shock foot and shrinking flow separation region as well. In addition, the radial secondary flow of low-momentum fluids within boundary layer is decreased significantly in the region of passage shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction on blade suction side, which mitigates the mass flow and mixing intensity of tip leakage flow. With the reduction of flow separation loss induced by passage shock, the adiabatic efficiency and total pressure ratio of improved rotor are superior to baseline model. This study herein implies a potential application of ramp profile in design method of transonic and supersonic compressors.

Localized angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression has been shown to function as a key regulator of blood vessel remodeling and tumor angiogenesis, making it an attractive candidate for antiangiogenic therapy. A fully human monoclonal antibody (3.19.3) was developed, which may have significant pharmaceutical advantages over synthetic peptide-based approaches in terms of reduced immunogenicity and increased half-life to block Ang2 function. The 3.19.3 antibody potently binds Ang2 with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 86 pmol/L, leading to inhibition of Tie2 receptor phosphorylation in cell-based assays. In preclinical models, 3.19.3 treatment blocked blood vessel formation in Matrigel plug assays and in human tumor xenografts. In vivo studies with 3.19.3 consistently showed broad antitumor activity as a single agent across a panel of diverse subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. Combination studies of 3.19.3 with cytotoxic drugs or anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents showed significant improvements in antitumor activity over single-agent treatments alone with no apparent evidence of increased toxicity. Initial pharmacokinetic profiling studies in mice and nonhuman primates suggested that 3.19.3 has a predicted human half-life of 10 to 14 days. These studies provide preclinical data for 3.19.3 as a potential new antiangiogenic therapy as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 145–56

Supplementary Table 1, Figure Legends 1-6 from A Human Monoclonal Anti-ANG2 Antibody Leads to Broad Antitumor Activity in Combination with VEGF Inhibitors and Chemotherapy Agents in Preclinical Models

Osseointegrated implants attach prosthetic devices directly to the skeletal system with a stable connection, allowing amputees to control prostheses with good proprioception. However, periprosthetic cortical thinning can occur if the remaining bone is stress shielded after implantation, resulting in aseptic implant loosening, and requiring revision surgery. It is therefore important to quantitatively monitor the degree of bone loss and probability of loosening to provide evidence for doctors to plan treatment. This computational study investigates the vibration behavior of a bone-implant construct by monitoring its transient response over varying degrees of bone degradation. The thickness of distal bone is progressively reduced through a revolving material removal to simulate cortical thinning due to stress shielding. First, bonded contact is adopted to represent the case of the fully osseointegrated implant under bone resorption, leading to a linear vibrational response. Next, frictional contact with 0.05 mm over-fit offset is adopted to include the non-linear contact behavior when loosening is induced by cortical thinning. The torsional mode shape of the bone-implant construct is identified through cross-spectrum analysis. The results suggest that the change in the natural frequency of the first torsional mode provides the most sensitive indicator of cortical thinning and implant loosening. The findings underpin the potential of vibration analysis in the monitoring of bone degradation-induced implant looseness.

This paper examines the biomechanical mechanism behind the effect of the invisible aligner technique on tooth movement processes. To compare the effects of different target positions on tooth movement and the periodontal ligament (PDL), two kinds of aligners were designed to provide displacements of 0.2 mm and 0.3 mm. Different displacements of the maxillary second molar were simulated using the finite element (FE) method. The results of numerical simulations showed that the maximum stress was in the PDL of the distal surface and the palatal surface. The aligner that provided a displacement of 0.2 mm was more suitable for pushing the second molar backwards in the initial stage. In addition, the displacement and rotation of teeth during orthodontic treatment were measured and analysed.

By analyzing 4.48 × 108 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, we observe the decays χ cJ → nK S 0 Λ ¯ $$ {nK}_S^0\overline{\Lambda} $$ + c.c. (J = 0, 1, 2) for the first time, via the radiative transition ψ(3686) → γχ cJ . The branching fractions are determined to be (6.65 ± 0.26stat ± 0.41syst) × 10 −4, (1.66 ± 0.12stat ± 0.12syst) × 10 −4, and (3.58 ± 0.16stat ± 0.23syst) × 10 −4 for J = 0, 1, and 2, respectively.

This study aims to explore the potential mechanisms of Xinnaokang in atherosclerosis treatment. Firstly, the active components of Xinnaokang were analysed by HPLC, which contains ginsenoside Rg1, puerarin, tanshinone, notoginsenoside R1, ammonium glycyrrhizate and glycyrrhizin. Network pharmacology analysis showed there were 145 common targets of Xinnaokang, including the chemical stress, lipid metabolite, lipopolysaccharide, molecules of bacterial origin, nuclear receptor and fluid shear stress pathways. Then, the animal experiment showed that Xinnaokang reduced the body weight and blood lipid levels of atherosclerotic mice. Vascular plaque formation was increased in atherosclerotic mice, which was markedly reversed by Xinnaokang. In addition, Xinnaokang reduced CAV-1 expression and increased ABCA1, SREBP-1 and LXR expressions in the vasculature. Xinnaokang promoted SREBP-2 and LDLR expressions in the liver but decreased IDOL and PCSK9 expressions, indicating that Xinnaokang regulated lipid transport-related protein expression. Cecal microbiota diversity was reduced in atherosclerotic mice but increased after Xinnaokang treatment. Xinnaokang treatment also improved gut microbiota communities by enriching Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriales and Bifidobacteriaceae abundances. Metabolic profile showed that Xinnaokang significantly reduced homogentisate, phenylacetylglycine, alanine and methionine expressions in the liver of atherosclerotic mice. Xinnaokang effectively alleviated atherosclerosis, and this effect might be linked with the altered features of the liver metabolite profiles and cecal microbiota.

Plant hormones play major roles in abiotic stress. This study shows that gibberellin acid-inefficient transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) is more tolerant to drought and salinity stress. We also investigated the underlying molecular mechanism by which plants respond to salinity and drought stress. We previously showed how the HD-Zip family I gene Oshox4 (Homeobox 4) regulates GA deactivation by controlling DELLA subfamily and rice GA 2-oxidase and GA 3-oxidase genes in rice. Here we investigated the role of rice Oshox4 gene for drought and salinity stress tolerance. Phenotypic analysis indicated that Oshox4 transgenic lines are more tolerant to drought and salinity stress relative to non-transgenic IR64 plants. To explain the strong osmotic stress tolerance of Oshox4 transgenic lines, we studied the expression of rice GA 2-oxidase, rice YABBY, rice KRP, and rice GRAS gene families. qRT-PCR results showed that OsGA2ox4, OsGA2ox6, OsGA2ox8, OsGAI and OsSCRL were highly expressed under severe drought in Oshox4 transgenic plants. Oshox4 enhanced the expression of OsGA2ox5, OsKRP2 and OsKRP5 under 50 mM salt treatment and OsSCRL under 200 mM salt treatment. Our findings have confirmed that Oshox4 transgenic rice plants are more tolerant to drought and salinity stress and that Oshox4 plays a role in rice osmatic tolerance. This study provides novel insights into methods of maintaining higher yield amidst a limited supply of water by improving physiological conditions.