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Metamaterials have drawn extensive attention for their fine regulation of electromagnetic waves at subwavelength scales. They have abundant electromagnetic modes, and support highly confined and enhanced electromagnetic fields on the surface which are highly sensitive to the surrounding dielectric environment, so they can be used in label-free optical biosensing. Compared with traditional optical biosensors, metamaterial biosensors have many advantages, such as miniaturization, integration, high sensitivity and multi-function customization. The recent progress of metamaterial biosensors in visible light and near infrared, middle infrared, and terahertz spectrums was summarized in this paper, including refractive index biosensing, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced infrared absorption, and terahertz biosensing.

The cylinder dryer is the most energy-consuming part of the papermaking drying section. Whether the drying cylinder can effectively drain the drying cylinder affects the drying efficiency of the drying cylinder. The design of the multi-channel drying cylinder effectively improves the problem of the difficulty of the water accumulation discharge. In order to obtain a channel cross-sectional shape with better drainage and better heat transfer, two channels with different cross-sectional shapes are selected to study the flow and heat transfer of steam in this experiment. The changes of the channel heat transfer coefficient under different working conditions are studied and compared. The result show that the U-shaped channel heat transfer effect is better than that of other shape channels in the multi-channel dryer.