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Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of four-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymers using inkjet printing technology. 4D printing refers to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of smart materials capable of shape change or function modification with respect to time when activated by external stimuli. Inkjet printing has gained popularity because of the technical advantages such as non-contact deposition, multi-material printing, high resolution, high speed of printing and minimal post processing. This review will serve as a platform for understanding the inkjet 4D printing process and the shape memory capability of the polymer structures printed using inkjet printing. Design/methodology/approach The approach used in this review was to search for and review research works related to inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers. The search period was limited for the duration 2013 to 2021 as the 4D printing technology came into light later in 2013. With the review of inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers, the shape memory capability of the inkjet-printed structures were also studied. Findings With the available research documents, it was found that the inkjet 4D printing technology gained momentum from 2016, three years after the introduction of the 4D printing technology. The key findings of this review show that inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers were primarily performed using commercial inkjet printers and polymer inks linked to the printers. Even though the inkjet printing technology is matured enough to print multiple materials, development of shape memory polymer inks for inkjet printability remains complex. To realize the full potential of inkjet 4D printing, novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing needs development. Research limitations/implications The major limitation to this review was the availability of research papers for review. Even though inkjet printing technology has grown to popularity in the graphics printing and publishing industry since its inception in the 19th century, the technology still needs to evolve in the printing of 3D structures due to the limitations in synthesizing inks that are inkjet printable. However, this research will serve as a platform for understating the current status of inkjet 4D printing and the limitations of the technology. Originality/value This review focuses only on the inkjet 4D printing of shape memory polymers among the generally summarized 4D printing review papers available. Currently, 4D printing of shape memory polymers is carried out using only the commercially available polymer printers. Also, researchers do not have the flexibility of modifying the polymer inks linked to the printers. This review can spur more research into the development of novel polymer inks specific for inkjet printing.

The diabetic wound healing process is a complex task under the category of B40 classification and below. The medical expenses are high in private wound specialist organizations compared to government hospitals. This article designed a computer-aided automatic detection and classification method for wound and ulcer care for diabetic patients using image processing techniques by Edge detection, colour scale of tissues, wound area calculation, and percentage calculation with GUI. The system results, Combination of edge detection methodology and 2-D boundary technique and design with the significant three tissues classification which is harmful and required immediate medical responses are Granulation, Fibrin and Necrotic values are used for wound area determination. The result of the system will help the patient immediately, which is classified as high or less severity.