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Navaz Naghavi,1 Muhammad Shujaat Mubarik,2 Rajah Rasiah,3 Hamid Sharif Nia4 1Faculty of Business & Law, Taylor’s Business School, Taylor’s University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; 2Faculty of Business Administration & Social Sciences, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi 7500, Pakistan; 3Asia-Europe Institute, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 4Department of Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, IranCorrespondence: Hamid Sharif NiaDepartment of Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, IranTel +989111275093Email h.sharifnia@mazums.ac.irPurpose: The gap between the demand and the supply of human organs for transplantation is on the rise in Malaysia, despite the efforts of governments to promote donor registration. Factors affecting willingness to donate are contextual and vary from country to country. This research mainly focuses on the selection of most suitable organ donation system through factors affecting willingness to donate in Malaysia. The objectives of this study are to prioritize those factors acting as the pillars of the organ donation system and further to select the most suitable organ donation system for Malaysia.Patients and Methods: The data were collected from 35 experts by using a bipolar questionnaire. The study applied an analytical hierarchal process (AHP) for prioritization factors contributing to willingness to donate and then selection of a suitable organ donation system based on prioritized factors.Results: Based on the AHP results, it is evident that donation perception (0.36) has the highest priority in influencing organ donation rates, followed by socioeconomic status (0.32), demographic factors (0.23), and financial incentives (0.09). Further, our results challenge the existing opt-in donation system in Malaysia and present a presumptive approach as a suitable system for increasing deceased donation rate in Malaysia. Presumptive approach promotes the role of health-care professionals in securing the family consent.Conclusion: This approach is a person-oriented rather than process-oriented strategy and it relies on designated requesters’ skills to evoke altruism among bereaved families. Based on results, the authors recommended that relevant government agencies focus on training nurses to discuss donation with bereaved families and raising public awareness.Keywords: analytical hierarchal process, AHP, deceased organ donation, presumptive approach, willingness to donate, WTD

Latecomer firms from emerging economies upgrade their technological capabilities by providing original equipment manufacturer (OEM) services to multi-national enterprises from advanced countries and extend their role across the global value chains. Existing firm-level taxonomies of knowledge accumulation cannot explain why most latecomer firms fail to transit to advanced levels in high-tech manufacturing industries. The proposed framework combines firm-level taxonomy of knowledge accumulation with catch-up trajectory to argue that, under the knowledge regime of a high-tech manufacturing industry, latecomers? learning experience differs from those as posited by previous studies. Using the integrated circuit industry as the empirical anchor, this paper shows that firms undergo ?critical transition? in learning which involves sustainable innovative capacity and momentum-generation to reach the advanced level. It shows how OEMs build knowledge to leapfrog incumbents without competing with their branded customers. Throughout the process, inter-firm collaboration and open innovation are critical sources of knowledge.

Latecomer firms from emerging economies upgrade their technological capabilities by providing original equipment manufacturer (OEM) services to multi-national enterprises from advanced countries and extend their role across the global value chains. Existing firm-level taxonomies of knowledge accumulation cannot explain why most latecomer firms fail to transit to advanced levels in high-tech manufacturing industries. The proposed framework combines firm-level taxonomy of knowledge accumulation with catch-up trajectory to argue that, under the knowledge regime of a high-tech manufacturing industry, latecomers? learning experience differs from those as posited by previous studies. Using the integrated circuit industry as the empirical anchor, this paper shows that firms undergo ?critical transition? in learning which involves sustainable innovative capacity and momentum-generation to reach the advanced level. It shows how OEMs build knowledge to leapfrog incumbents without competing with their branded customers. Throughout the process, inter-firm collaboration and open innovation are critical sources of knowledge.

There has been considerable discussion on the drivers of economic growth in East Asia. While most studies recognize that capital accumulation and macroeconomic management were critical in hastening growth, few have examined systematically and comparatively how policy frameworks – spearheaded through selective interventions – stimulated technical progress and the different performance outcomes achieved by these countries. This article attempts to address the gap by systematically analyzing the investment regimes, sources of finance, technological upgrading and policy frameworks of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea and Thailand with a view to explaining their economic growth performance

Despite the use of industrial policies to stimulate economic growth by several successful developers, latecomers have faced mixed experiences. Hence, this paper analyses the industrial policy experience of the electronics industry in Malaysia. A blend of institutions have guided technological upgrading in the industry, especially in the state of Penang. Smooth co-ordination between the state government, multinational corporations, national firms, and the federal government helped stimulate technological upgrading in Penang. However, the lack of a critical mass of human capital and support from research and development organizations has discouraged the transformation of firms in the industry to the globe's technology frontier.

Descriptive statistics, public hospitals, Peninsular Malaysia, 2006 and 2010. (DOCX 24 kb)

This paper examines the implications of the formation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Economic Community (AEC) in 2015 on Malaysia’s labour market. The discussion centres on the nature of the structural change that Malaysia has experienced, especially since the 1980s, and how that has impacted on its labour market. Integration into ASEAN markets has obviously helped Malaysia enjoy the synergies of regional coordination. Although Malaysia’s economic growth has been steady, the onset of deindustrialization before a shift to higher value-added activities has impacted somewhat negatively on per capita income growth rates since 2000. Although it is typically part of structural change for manufacturing’s share of gross domestic product to rise and fall, evidence reveals that Malaysia is facing premature deindustrialization, with a slowdown in labour productivity. In particular, trade performance since 2000 has impacted somewhat negatively on the labour market. Not only has the trade performance of manufacturing been falling, manufacturing labour productivity has slowed, with key sectors, such as electric–electronics, textiles and transport equipment, showing either negative or low productivity growth since 2000. Foreign low-wage labour has largely helped Malaysia maintain its trade competitiveness in low value-added activities. Despite the introduction of minimum wages in 2012, real wages have grown little in the manufacturing sector, which is the largest employer of low- skilled foreign workers. Weak trade unions have not helped. Although unemployment and inflation have remained low, the preoccupation with low-end activities has restricted per capita income growth.

This second edition contains a series of 77 standardized country profiles dealing with the inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) performance of 40 economies. The profiles have been peer-reviewed by a global network of experts. The publication is intended to contribute to the analysis of trends in foreign direct investment and policy issues related to them. More specifically, the individual profiles discuss FDI trends and developments (country-level developments, the corporate players); effects of the recent global crises; and the policy scene. Each profile contains a standard set of tables, including on FDI stocks and flows, sectoral and geographical FDI distributions, the largest M&As and greenfield investments, the principal foreign affiliates (for inward FDI), and the principal multinational enterprises (for outward FDI). The standardized template used to produce the profiles allows cross-country comparisons. The volume is meant to be a reference tool for anyone interested in foreign direct investment.

Malaysia is still perceived as an important destination for foreign direct investment (FDI). Deregulation by the Malaysian government in 1986 with a new round of Pioneer status tax holidays, tax allowances for expansion projects, liberal rules for firms operating in free trade zones (FTZs), and tax exemptions are encouraging stronger FDI inflows (IFDI). IFDI flows reached a peak in 1988-1993 as export-oriented foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) relocated manufacturing production operations to Malaysia to benefit from cheap labor, government incentives and liberal conditions for manufacturing FDI. After 1996, due to the Asian financial crisis in 1997-1998, IFDI flows into Malaysia decreased and subsequently recorded the lowest level in 2001 as a result of the world trade recession. Following steady growth in 2002-2007, IFDI in Malaysia fell dramatically in 2008 and 2009 due to the global economic crisis. However, a strong resumption in the first quarter of 2010 and government efforts, including continued liberalization of manufacturing and services, the Government Transformation Programme, promoting new key economic areas, and the active role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), contributed to an increase in inward FDI flows in the second quarter of 2010.

This is a very interesting book. It is topical and is one of the few volumes that attempts to treat Southeast Asia as an integrated whole. The editors are methodologically ambitious, and they skillfully integrate a very large amount of diverse material in their introduction. I imagine that the book would be adopted widely for courses in Asian studies and political economy.’– Hal Hill, The Australian National University‘The different parts of the Southeast Asian puzzle fit better together as a consequence of reading this valuable book, which brings history back in to show how regions learn from each other and establish an identity.’– Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USThis well-researched book examines the dramatic transformation of Southeast Asian countries from agricultural and mining economies to industrial nations.In doing so, it explores the effects of development policy on a number of interdisciplinary issues, and the emergence of new social and political pressures created by industrialization. These include their heightened vulnerability to complex economic crises, their use of sophisticated instruments in the labour process and increased awareness of environmental issues. The distinguished authors present a regional and cross-border focus on transnational actors and institutions, and the policy issues and problems which have a wider impact on spatial configurations in the region.This insightful study will appeal to researchers, academics and policymakers working on the economics and development of Southeast Asia.

This paper examines productivity, export-intensity, skills-intensity and technological differences between foreign and local firms in metal engineering, textile and garment, food and beverages, plastics and other industrial firms in Uganda using the technological capability framework. In metal engineering foreign firms enjoyed higher and statistically significant technology index, human resource, process technology and R&D capabilities than local firms. However, the remaining t-tests produced mixed results. Nonetheless, foreign firms enjoyed stronger statistical relationships between the technology index, and productivity and export-intensity, and export-intensity and skills intensity. Foreign firms also enjoyed a stronger statistical relationship between export-intensity, and technology index and human resource capabilities. Overall, the results suggest that local firms can learn considerably from the operations of foreign firms in Uganda

This paper uses firm level survey data to examine productivity, and export, skills and technological intensities between foreign and local firms in Kenyan food and beverages, metal engineering, and textile and garment. Foreign firms enjoyed statistically highly significant higher labour productivity means than local firms in textile and garment manufacturing. Foreign firms were also more export and technology intensive than local firms in textile and garment (process technology and R&D), and metal engineering (HR). Foreign firms' enjoyed higher and statistically significant skills and overall technology (HR and R&D) means than local firms in food and beverage. The econometric exercise showed that foreign ownership enjoyed a statistically significant and positive relationship with overall technological and HR intensities. Against labour productivity, the coefficient of technology index was higher in the foreign firms' sample than in the local firms' sample. Local firms enjoyed higher value added in domestic than export markets. Export-intensity enjoyed a positive relationship in the process technology regressions, but an inverse relationship in the HR regressions in the foreign firms' sample. Overall, the significant Kenyan results suggest that foreign firms' technology, productivity and export-intensity levels in economies with weak institutions tend to be superior to local firms.

This paper attempts to examine differences in technological capabilities between foreign and local auto parts, electronics, and textile and garment firms in Indonesia. Foreign firms enjoyed higher export incidence than local firms in all three industries. Foreign firms enjoyed higher overall technology and HR intensity means than local firms in auto parts and electronics. Foreign firms enjoyed higher and statistically significant process technology mean than local firms in electronics. Foreign firms also enjoyed higher means than local firms in process technology and R&D intensities. The econometric results showed a strong relationship between export-incidence, and overall technological, HR and process technology intensities. Foreign ownership was not only statistically significant and its coefficient positive in the overall sample of the HR regression, but it also emerged that export-incidence was stronger among foreign firms. Export-incidence involving process technology regression was also stronger in the foreign firms' sample

The dominant accounts about industrialisation in Taiwan have taken on either a market-government dichotomy or a confluence of both. In addition to market and government, this paper attempts to establish the role of trust in the development of the information hardware industry in Taiwan. While the dispersed industrial structure of Taiwan facilitated entry and exit of firms, selective intervention was important in stimulating firms' participation in innovative activities. Trust played a critical role in coordinating inter-firm relations so that firms negotiated the currents of creative destruction effectively to appropriate small-firm flexibility and scale economies at the industry level. Trust was also instrumental in strengthening coordination between government and market. Smooth coordination through markets and trust, and government participation in the stimulation of R&D activities, helped transform Taiwanese information hardware firms from Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) to Original Design Manufacturing (ODM) and Original Brand Manufacturing (OBM) operations

This paper argues that three major issues need to be addressed when examining the effects of the WTO's TRIPs agreement on capability building in developing economies. First, the agreement looks at seven instruments, which have both common as well as differing implications for capability building in developing economies. Second, four major theoretical arguments address the agreement, i.e. market-oriented, regulation, path-dependent knowledge dynamics and network synergies, and public and basic good characteristics of certain IPRs. Third, the capacity of economies to participate actively in the agreement depends on basic and high tech capabilities. The LIDEs have neither the basic infrastructure to ensure compliance nor the high tech infrastructure to support innovative activities. The Asian NIEs - especially the Republic of Korea - enjoy strong high tech and innovative capabilities. The second-tier NIEs and Latin American NIEs are generally endowed with strong basic infrastructure to strengthen compliance, but lack the high tech infrastructure to support innovative activities. Indeed, The LIDEs on average show higher levels of high tech infrastructure and resident patents than the second-tier NIEs. However, Indonesia and Philippines face serious shortcomings even in basic infrastructure

Using two MNC dominated electronics clusters in Malaysia, this paper examines the development of human capital from two knowledge and skills acquisition modes - formal education and learning by performing - which were dominant in the successful evolution of industrial districts. Ineffective systemic coordination throughout the country from federal institutions has restricted the supply of high tech human capital from formal institutions of education and training. Hence, firms in Penang and Kelang Valley have faced growing demand-supply deficits. Restrictive immigration policies have hampered firms' options of seeking high tech human capital from abroad. Differential systemic coordination at the regional level has produced different levels of network synergies in Penang and Kelang Valley. Stronger systemic coordination and network cohesion has stimulated greater differentiation and division of labor, engendering the movement of tacit and experiential knowledge embodied in human capital to support industrial dynamism in Penang. Weak systemic coordination and network cohesion has confined MNCs to largely truncated operations without significant levels of differentiation and division of labor in the Kelang Valley

Sanjaya Lall, professor of development economics at the University of Oxford died on 18 June 2005. Sanjaya Lall’s scholarly credentials were recognized arly in his life when he won a gold medal in Patna in 1960, ande St. John’s College Prize for achieving a first class honours degree at Oxford University in 1963. A prolific development researcher and writer, he eventually published 33 books and hundreds f internationally oacclaimed articles. In Sanjaya Lall Oxford University had a truly world class scholar who championed intensely the logic behind why some economies enjoyed higher learning and innovation capabilities than others. To Sanjaya Lall technological capability building was the driver of export competitiveness and growth and hence the path developing economies must take to achieve development. Driven by an epistemological conviction that theory must be defined by evidence, Sanjaya Lall fought an often lonely crusade against the ideologues peddling uncritically, on the one hand, neo-liberalism and, on the other, populism. Unsatisfied with the mainstream economic theory Sanjaya Lall increasingly went to the field to seek empirical ammunition to make sense of the alternative theoretical vision he began to construct to understand the complex problems of development. Sanjaya Lall was less scathing on the partisan populists only because they neither had the power nor the network to influence development policy. Sanjaya Lall’s humility, gentleness and keenness to lead the young selflessly have few peers even among the exceptional scholars. Supremely confident of his abilities and heavily committed to his curious disciples, Sanjaya Lall spent considerable time engaging with promising scholars. His open and inquisitive mind often allowed horizontal dialogues between himself and his students. His brilliance gave him the wit, his artistry gave him the reach, his honesty drove him towards the truth, his selfless haracter gave him the conviction, hisc confidence gave him the generosity, his commitment gave him the industry, his diligence made him meticulous and his kindness won him popularity. Sanjaya Lall had originally made a name in the field of multinationals nd developing economies, articulatinga some of the best explanations of circumstances when linkages will take place and how crowding out can be avoided at host-sites. However, because a number of development pillars interlocked and often influenced the process collectively, Sanjaya Lall began to research and publish on trade and competitiveness, globalization and its economic consequences, industrial policy and industrialization, and innovation and technological capabilities. Although all the above have very much been at the heart of the research many of us have and are still doing, I believe it is in the last area that Sanjaya Lall made most his illuminating contributions to the world of knowledge. Sanjaya Lall found that globalization affected economies differently, benefiting those that enjoyed the technological capabilities (both endowed and created) to compete and draining those that failed to engender them. He was particularly concerned for the Sub-Saharan African economies where increased economic integration into the world economy affected them negatively. Sanjaya Lall pioneered novel methodologies to demonstrate the importance of technological capabilities– through arms-length transactions, and active learning and innovation– for poor economies to ove up them development ladder. Consistent with the theoretical logic expounded by Marshall, Tibor Scitovsky and Rosenstein-Rodan, Sanjaya Lall was among the earliest scholars to dismiss the use of the neoclassical production function to estimate spillovers. He had become increasingly concerned with the neo-liberal siege on development economics, what I have begun to call the “mathematics without economic institution syndrome”. While he recognized the important contributions mathematics was making in economics, he was concerned

This contribution examines the debate about civil society in a comparative political economy perspective. Its main approach relies on two inspirations: One is the famous assertion by Karl Polanyi that markets do not evolve organically but are instead the creations of vested interests. Another is the assertion by Karl Marx, “that free competition is the final form of the development of productive forces, and thus of human freedom, means only that the domination of the middle class is the end of the worlds history - of course quite pleasant thought for yesterdays parvenus”. The first part of the chapter focuses on the competing theoretical definitions and assumptions about civil society, democratization and social change; the second part explores the attempts by civil society actors to impact conflicts over resources and distribution of welfare in Southeast Asia; the third section focuses on the conflictual relationship between civil society organizations (CSOs) and the state and various types of social and labour market regulations, laws and contractual relationships, and finally the need for progressive social reform is emphasized as one important type of social resistance against the downsizing of the social and public sector's provision of collective goods.

This is a very interesting book. It is topical and is one of the few volumes that attempts to treat Southeast Asia as an integrated whole. The editors are methodologically ambitious, and they skillfully integrate a very large amount of diverse material in their introduction. I imagine that the book would be adopted widely for courses in Asian studies and political economy.’– Hal Hill, The Australian National University‘The different parts of the Southeast Asian puzzle fit better together as a consequence of reading this valuable book, which brings history back in to show how regions learn from each other and establish an identity.’– Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USThis well-researched book examines the dramatic transformation of Southeast Asian countries from agricultural and mining economies to industrial nations.In doing so, it explores the effects of development policy on a number of interdisciplinary issues, and the emergence of new social and political pressures created by industrialization. These include their heightened vulnerability to complex economic crises, their use of sophisticated instruments in the labour process and increased awareness of environmental issues. The distinguished authors present a regional and cross-border focus on transnational actors and institutions, and the policy issues and problems which have a wider impact on spatial configurations in the region.This insightful study will appeal to researchers, academics and policymakers working on the economics and development of Southeast Asia.

This is a very interesting book. It is topical and is one of the few volumes that attempts to treat Southeast Asia as an integrated whole. The editors are methodologically ambitious, and they skillfully integrate a very large amount of diverse material in their introduction. I imagine that the book would be adopted widely for courses in Asian studies and political economy.’– Hal Hill, The Australian National University‘The different parts of the Southeast Asian puzzle fit better together as a consequence of reading this valuable book, which brings history back in to show how regions learn from each other and establish an identity.’– Alice Amsden, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USThis well-researched book examines the dramatic transformation of Southeast Asian countries from agricultural and mining economies to industrial nations.In doing so, it explores the effects of development policy on a number of interdisciplinary issues, and the emergence of new social and political pressures created by industrialization. These include their heightened vulnerability to complex economic crises, their use of sophisticated instruments in the labour process and increased awareness of environmental issues. The distinguished authors present a regional and cross-border focus on transnational actors and institutions, and the policy issues and problems which have a wider impact on spatial configurations in the region.This insightful study will appeal to researchers, academics and policymakers working on the economics and development of Southeast Asia.