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Background Women with a migration background are reportedly at a higher risk of emergency caesarean section. There is evidence that this is due in part to suboptimal antenatal care use and quality of care. Despite the fact that migrant women and descendants of migrants are often at risk of socioeconomic disadvantage, there is, in comparison, scarce and incomplete evidence on the role of socioeconomic position as an independent risk factor for emergency caesarean delivery. We therefore investigate whether and how migration background and two markers of socioeconomic position affect the risk of an emergency caesarean section and whether they interact with each other. #### Methods In 2013–2016, we recruited women during the perinatal period in Bielefeld, Germany, collecting data on health and socioeconomic and migration background, as well as routine perinatal data. We studied associations between migration background (1st generation migrant, 2nd/3rd generation woman, no migration background), socioeconomic status (educational attainment and net monthly household income), and the outcome emergency caesarean section. #### Results Of the 881 participants, 21% (n = 185) had an emergency caesarean section. Analyses showed no association between having an emergency caesarean section and migration status or education. Women in the lowest ( Migration status and education did not explain heterogeneity in mode of birth. Having a low household income, however, increased the chances of emergency caesarean section and thereby contributed towards producing health disadvantages. Awareness of these findings and measures to correct these inequalities could help to improve the quality of obstetric care.

OA hybrid

Data protection is regulated by legislation and has to be adhered to by scientists, too. This overview shows where aspects of data protection have to be considered in rehabilitation research. Important legal sources are the code of social law X, the German Federal Data Protection Act and the data protection acts of the German states. Specific recommendations about patient information sheet and written informed consent are given for research based on interviews with study participants. Furthermore, operations such as collecting, processing, using, storing, publishing and archiving of personal data are explained, taking into account the requirements of data protection. A practical example (URL: www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/toc/rehabilitation) shows how to separate personal data and research data using the services of an external data custodian.

Einleitung und Fragestellung: Die BaBi-Studie rekrutiert als Geburtskohorte in Bielefeld schwangere Frauen. Sie legt einen besonderen Fokus auf deren Migrationsstatus, der hauptsächlich in drei Ausprägungen (deutsch, türkisch, Spätaussiedler) gemessen wird. Zur Vereinfachung werden[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], GMDS 2014; 59. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V. (GMDS)

Einleitung/Hintergrund: Die Untersuchung der Mortalität in verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen, z.B. Migranten, kann Hinweise darauf liefern, ob sich diese Gruppen gesundheitlich unterscheiden und unterschiedlichen gesundheitlichen Einflussgrößen unterliegen. Die wenigen bisher durchgeführten[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Mainz//2011; 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (gmds), 6. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epidemiologie (DGEpi)

Hintergrund: Personen in ressourcenarmen Wohnumfeldern haben einen schlechteren subjektiven Gesundheitszustand als vergleichbare Personen in besser gestellten Wohnumfeldern. Querschnittstudien erlauben es jedoch nicht auf einen ursächlichen Effekt zu schließen. Möglich ist beispielsweise[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Mainz//2011; 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (gmds), 6. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epidemiologie (DGEpi)

Einleitung: Die Erforschung des Zusammenhangs zwischen kleinräumigem Kontext und Gesundheit rückt zunehmend in den Fokus der Sozialepidemiologie, da gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten nur unzureichend durch individuelle Merkmale erklärt werden können. Zwar konnten materielle und soziale[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Mainz//2011; 56. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (gmds), 6. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epidemiologie (DGEpi)

Public health is a population- and system-based approach that is needed to improve the health of societies and to decrease health inequalities. In the face of global challenges, the public health approach is essential. In Germany, the importance of public health is only partly reflected by its institutions and institutional arrangements. This applies equally to research, teaching and training, as well as to the public health service. Furthermore, the public health perspective is not sufficiently considered in cross-sectional topics that are relevant for health.There have been several initiatives to overcome structural deficits which can partly be traced back to historical circumstances. The White Paper presented here should encourage discussions about future policy options in public health. The authors represent public health in practice, research, and teaching in Germany.

Since the late 1970s Italy has become a country of immigration after being one of the main European countries of emigration for more than a century, with around 27 million expatriates and 11–13 million repatriates. Today, foreign residents number more than 5 million, and if we also take non-residents into account we arrive at almost 6 million – around 10 percent of the population. They are almost all citizens of developing countries and from Central and Eastern Europe, with a significant presence of those that joined the European Union (EU) during the past decade. It should be underlined, however, that the foreign population, which has gradually increased over time, has reached a really important number only in the past decade. For this reason, we do not yet have very full information and knowledge on the health conditions and mortality levels of immigrants. Before analyzing the health and mortality of foreigners, it would be useful to provide a general picture on immigration and the characteristics of the foreign population in Italy. The next section of this chapter describes the development of the phenomenon of migration. The subsequent section discusses the health conditions of the foreign population, using the results that have emerged from literature on hospitalizations and perinatal outcomes, accidents and work-related health problems, by elaborating the micro-data of an important survey carried out in 2009 on self-rated health, activity limitations and chronic morbidity. A comparison of mortality levels of Italians and foreigners is dealt with in the following section on the basis of data elaborated by the National Institute of Statistics (Istat). It considers adult mortality by gender and cause of death, as well as infant mortality, considering both the neonatal and post-neonatal period. Where possible, we have sought to distinguish foreigners by macro-areas of citizenship, following the hypothesis that some observable differences concerning morbidity and mortality are partly the result of different life histories, social and cultural behaviors and working conditions that characterize the individuals of different nationalities. In general, the empirical information available for Italy, which are cited in this work, make it possible to discuss and consider some hypotheses that have emerged in the international literature (for example, healthy immigrant effect, salmon bias, and the possible convergence of health and mortality levels of foreigners and the national population).