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This paper deals with the discussions on accounting criteria taken place at the Board of Directors of the Bank of Spain short after its establishment. Shareholders pretended that Public Debt and real property should appear on the Balance sheet at market price values and some members of the Board of Directors shared this opinion. This was against the accounting principle of purchase price, which was the generally accepted at that time. Another burning matter discussed was the convenience of a wider disclosure of financial issues. The way to implement an accrual basis accounting was also a discussion subject as well as even the model that the published Balance sheet had to adopt. These discussions were so harsh that even the Governor, that is, the highest responsible of the institution, began to think to resign, although his appointment was made by the Government and not by the shareholders. Another questions regarding accounting were also the object of bitter criticism that caused the corresponding retorts on the part of the Bank in defence of its actuation and reputation. It seems that nowadays many of the arguments used to defend some accounting principles or to reject others are overcome. Nevertheless, it has to be concluded that the same reasons put forward in those times have been recently heard on the occasion of the acceptance of International Accounting Standard (IAS) in Europe. About 150 years later, in some way, the wax continues burning in the oil-lamp of the controversies. In order to insert the subject matter within its context, the paper begins with an explanation of the background of the Bank of Spain's establishment in 1856. For this purpose, it departs from its predecessor, the Spanish Bank of San Fernando, which in its turn was successor of the Bank of San Carlos, founded in 1782. The banking changes began at that time as a consequence of a new normative framework. Its configuration constitutes the starting point of the current Spanish banking system. The economic environment was stimulated by legislation on several more favourable fronts, which facilitated the entry of foreign investments as an economic path to develop the country. Under the new order, the Bank of Spain did not enjoy the traditional supremacy of its predecessors and experienced the pressure from the competitors, i.e., the Credit Societies, which under this denomination were authentic private banks. On the other hand, the Bank had to learn to assume some opposition to their management, administration and accounting criteria in the shareholders' meetings. This opposition constitutes properly the subject of the paper as seen above.

El desarrollo del mercado inmobiliario en Lima provincia hasta 2015 tuvo un comportamiento que animaba a nuevas inversiones. Con los cambios políticos y económicos del país desde el 2016 y el Covid-19 en el 2020, se hizo fundamental el análisis de indicadores antes de embarcarse en una inversión. Este es el motivo que da inicio al presente trabajo cuyo objetivo es conocer y analizar la evolución temporal de los indicadores del mercado inmobiliario de departamentos en Lima, en los distritos de ingresos económicos altos y medios, por ser el segmento con información para el estudio. Se hace un análisis descriptivo de los datos secundarios cuantitativos existentes y recopilados de fuentes oficiales del estado peruano, mediante el uso de la herramienta de programación RStudio, de donde se obtienen las estadísticas y gráficas. Los resultados alcanzados nos permiten conocer la evolución de los indicadores y afirmar entre otros, que el Covid-19 y el contexto político del país influyen en el precio de alquiler por m2 muchos más que en el precio de venta, que el precio de venta de departamentos en los distritos de ingresos medios se mantuvo al alza y que, para invertir nuevamente con menor riesgo, es necesario una mayor estabilidad política y una disminución de la inflación, o al menos esto último.

El mercado inmobiliario a nivel mundial siempre es un factor muy importante en el desarrollo económico de un país, pues engloba sectores importantes como la construcción y el sector financiero. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene el proposito de analizar la situación actual del Ecuador y poder proveer información de la evolución del mercado inmobiliario y de la construcción en los últimos años para que, de esta manera los futuros inversionistas tengan a disposición los datos necesarios en cuanto al desarrollo de la promoción inmobiliaria y los dierentes instrumentos financieros más factibles se encuentran disponibles. Para lograr los objetivos de este trabajo se ha logrado mediante la presentación de datos estadísticos sobre la economía general del Ecuador, posteriormente enfoncándose en uno de sus sectores más importantes que aportan un buen porcentaje al PIB del país como lo es el inmobiliario y de la construcción. Además presentar datos del sector entre el periodo comprendido entre 2018 y 2021 y por último, realizar un análisis de la situación del sector inmobiliario y las fuentes de financiación que más se utilizan, para la promoción inmobiliaria, en las tres ciudades más importantes como lo son: Quito, Guayaquil y Cuenca.

Dłużnik zagrożony niewypłacalnością często zbywa lub obciąża wartościowe składniki swego majątku. W ten sposób może doprowadzić do niemożliwości zaspokojenia wierzycieli. Przy spełnieniu określonych przesłanek wierzyciele mogą zaskarżyć czynności prawne dłużnika z wykorzystaniem skargi pauliańskiej (art. 527 i n. k.c.). W przypadku ogłoszenia upadłości dłużnika prawo zaskarżenia czynności dotyczącej pokrzywdzenia wierzycieli masy upadłości realizuje syndyk masy upadłości. Nabywca nieruchomości winien mieć świadomość ryzyka, jakie wiąże się z nabyciem nieruchomości od podmiotu niewypłacalnego albo zagrożonego niewypłacalnością. Ocena ryzyko winna uwzględniać sankcję bezskuteczności względnej na obszarze prawa cywilnego oraz upadłościowego jak również zagrożenia przewidziane na obszarze prawa karnego., A debtor at risk of insolvency often sells or encumbers valuable assets and, by doing so, he or she may prevent their creditors from obtaining satisfaction. Where certain prerequisites are met, the creditors may challenge the legal actions of the debtor relying on ‘actio Pauliana’ (a complaint to set aside fraudulent conveyance) regulated in Article 527 et seq. of the Polish Civil Code. If a debtor is declared bankrupt, the right to challenge fraudulent conveyance to the detriment of the creditors of assets belonging to the bankruptcy estate is exercised by the trustee in bankruptcy. The acquirer of real property should be aware of the risk related to the acquisition of real property from a party which is either insolvent or at risk of insolvency. The risk assessment should take into account the sanction of relative ineffectiveness in the areas of civil and bankruptcy law as well as risks posed in the area of criminal law.

The boundary of real property is the fundamental element for securing rights attached to land. Countries, even with a long-standing cadastral tradition, often face the challenge of interpreting the course of a parcel boundary on the ground based on the available evidence, as data quality is very heterogeneous. Various cadastral principles and procedures have been developed for the determination of parcel boundaries in the field, which may also be associated with resolving boundary disputes. This article documents and compares the principles and procedures applied in the determination of property boundaries in selected civil law countries based on a novel conceptual model developed for that purpose. The notion of ‘boundary determination’ used in this article refers to demarcating and surveying land parcel boundaries during the initial cadastral survey and cadastral update procedures. The selected countries include Denmark and Sweden, which apply Nordic civil law; Slovenia and Turkey, which apply German civil law; and Spain, which applies Napoleonic civil law. The demarcation principles and processes applied in the different cadastral systems, the parties involved, and the evidence taken into consideration in these processes are described and compared. The main aim is to contribute to the documentation of the reasoning applied to the property boundary determination in the selected civil law countries.

Airbnb und andere Vermietungsplattformen verzeichnen in den letzten Jahren stetigen Zuwachs. Sowohl Private als auch Kapitalgesellschaften haben diese immer größer werdende einstige Nische der kurzzeitigen Vermietung für sich entdeckt. Diese Arbeit soll einleitend einen kurzen Ein- und Überblick über die Plattform „Airbnb“ geben. Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung hält auch in der Wirtschaft Einzug. Die EU-Richtlinie 2021/514 (DAC 7) verpflichtet Plattformbetreiber zum automatischen Austausch, dies betrifft auch die Airbnb-Plattform. Betreiber von digitalen Plattformen sind verpflichtet steuerlich relevante Information meldepflichtiger Anbieter auf ihren Plattformen an das Finanzamt zu melden. In der Bachelorarbeit soll ein kritischer Einblick in diese Neuerungen gegeben werden. Bei vorübergehender Vermietung entsteht eine zusätzliche Pflicht zu Meldung und Abgabe, nämlich die Ortstaxe. Die Ortstaxe ist eine Gebühr, die von der Gemeinde erhoben wird und je nach Bundesland unterschiedliche Erhebungsarten aufweisen kann. Durch den Vergleich von zwei Bundesländern soll festgestellt werden, ob es Unterschiede in der Höhe der Ortstaxe gibt und ob sich dadurch potenzielle Vorteile bei der Vermietung in den jeweiligen Bundesländern ergeben können. Des Weiteren soll der Rahmen der Bachelorarbeit abgesteckt werden und der Unterschied der Vermietung in Steuerrecht, der gewerblichen Vermietung im Sinne der Gewerbeordnung sowie der Wiener Bauordnung erörtert werden. Anschließend wird ein Vergleich zwischen der Vermietung durch natürliche Personen und der Vermietung durch eine Kapitalgesellschaft gezogen. Hier stellt sich die Frage, ob es einen Unterschied der kurzzeitigen Vermietung durch die Plattform Airbnb durch natürliche Personen oder Kapitalgesellschaften gibt oder wann ein Wechsel von einer privaten Vermietung zu einer Vermietung durch eine Kapitalgesellschaft sinnvoll ist? Gibt es eventuell mehr Faktoren als den progressiven Steuersatz bei natürlichen Personen im Gegenzug zum fixen Körperschaftsteuersatz von 25 % (ab dem Jahr 2023 24 % und ab dem Jahr 2024 23 %) bei Kapitalgesellschaften? Ein interessanter Aspekt der Unterschiede zwischen der Vermietung von Einzelunternehmern via Airbnb und der Vermietung durch z.B. eine GmbH ist auch die Abschreibung. Die Abschreibung im außerbetrieblichen Bereich bei Immobilen, ist anders zu berücksichtigen als die im betrieblichen Bereich. Dadurch stellt sich auch die Frage, gilt dies auch für Immobilien die für Wohnzwecke vermietet werden. Bei der Vermietung im privaten Bereich (bezogen auf diese Bachelorarbeit) wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Wohnungen im Eigentum des Vermieters befinden. Hingegen soll die Arbeit den Unterschied bei der Kapitalgesellschaft erörtern, wenn die Immobilien im Betriebsvermögen gehalten werden und im Vergleich, wenn die Immobilie angemietet wird. Bei Kapitalgesellschaften, die die Wohnungen anmieten und dadurch Mietaufwand in der Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung verbuchen, ist auch noch zu unterschieden, ob von einem Dritten oder vom Geschäftsführer angemietet wird. In der Bachelorarbeit soll nicht auf die Umsatzsteuer in der (kurzzeitigen) Vermietung eingegangen werden, ebenfalls sind Überlegungen zu Liebhaberei abgegrenzt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Vermietung über Airbnb bei Kapitalgesellschaften zu nachhaltigen Erträgen führen und daher keine Liebhaberei vorliegen sollte. Für die Erstellung der Bachelorarbeit und die darin enthaltenen Hypothesen wird aktuelle Literatur und Judikatur verwendet. Ebenfalls werden aus aktuellen Rechtsprechungen Schlüsse gezogen und diese der Arbeit zu Grunde gelegt. Airbnb and other rental platforms have experienced steady growth in recent years. Both private individuals and corporations have discovered the possibilities of short-term rentals for themselves. This paper will provide a brief introduction and overview of the Airbnb platform. Ongoing digitalization is also making its mark on the economy. The EU guideline 2021/514 (DAC 7) requires platform operators to automatically exchange information, this also affects the Airbnb platform. Operators of digital platforms are obliged to report tax-relevant information about providers on their platforms who are obliged to report to the tax office. The bachelor thesis will provide a critical insight into these innovations. In the case of temporary rentals, an additional obligation to declare and pay tax arises, the local tax (Ortstaxe). The local tax is a fee charged by the community and can be calculated in different ways depending on the province. By comparing two federal states, the aim is to determine whether there are differences in the amount of the local tax and whether this can result in potential advantages for letting real estate in the different federal states. Furthermore, the framework of the bachelor thesis will be defined and the difference between renting in tax law, commercial renting in the sense of the Trade Regulation Act (Gewerbeordnung) and the Vienna Building Code (Wiener Bauordnung) will be described. Subsequently, a comparison will be made between letting by natural persons and letting by a corporation. Here the question arises whether there is a difference in short-term rentals through the Airbnb platform by natural persons or corporations, or when a change from a private rental to a rental through a corporation makes sense? Are there possibly more factors than the progressive tax rate for individuals versus the fixed corporate tax rate of 25 % (24 % from the year 2023 and 23 % from the year 2024) for corporations? An interesting aspect of the differences between renting by "private individuals" via Airbnb and renting by e.g. a limited liability company is also the depreciation. Depreciation in the tax area for renting and leasing is to be considered differently than for commercial renting and leasing. This also raises the question of the point at which the switch to a commercial activity is recommendable. On the other hand, in the case of a limited liability company, rental income is always commercial income according to § 7 Abs 3 KStG. In the case of renting in the private sphere it is assumed that the flats are owned by the landlord. On the other hand, the thesis will discuss the difference in the case of corporations when the real estate is held as business assets and in comparison when the real estate is rented. In the case of corporations that rent the flats and thereby record rental expenses in the profit and loss account, a distinction must also be made as to whether the flats are rented from a third party or from the managing director. The bachelor paper does not deal with value-added tax in (short-term) renting, and considerations on "Liebhaberei" (hobby) are also delimited. It is assumed that renting out via Airbnb can lead to sustainable income for corporations and can therefore be separated out as business or as a hobby. For the preparation of the bachelor thesis and the hypotheses contained therein, current literature and case law is used. Conclusions are also drawn from current case law and used as a basis for the thesis.

Being one of alternative forms of legal disputes resolution, mediation is an institution which is becoming more and more popular as its use increases statistically. In practice, mediation is used mainly in civil law disputes, however, the legislators have introduced normative solutions in almost every branch of law to enable the use of this solution if the parties so desire. One of the areas where mediation can be used is also real property disputes. The subject of those disputes will most often be issues related to the mutual performance of financial obligations, although they may also apply to administrative matters. A mediator will play a special role in resolving real property disputes. It is the mediation procedure, well-organized and properly conducted by the mediator, that might determine whether the parties would reach an agreement and make a settlement, or whether no agreement would be attainable. Therefore, it is of essence that mediation proceedings, particularly in real property disputes, are conducted by mediators who not only have conciliation skills, but also extensive legal knowledge, so as not to miss any chance for conflict resolution. Therefore, in the article, the authors drew attention to the essence of mediation, and in particular the role of a mediator in resolving real property disputes

In the Russian legal terminology, the term "property relations" is widely used. However, the category "property" in terms of its constituent elements, due to the absence of its legal definition in the Civil and Family Codes of the Russian Federation, is explained in different scientific contexts. In theory, debts are often named as one of the elements internally forming the property, along with things and property rights, and the relations of common property of spouses are no exception. The prospect of legalization of debts as a structural element of the property of spouses is considered in the draft Federal Law No. 835938-7 that proposes to make appropriate amendments to Art. 34 of the Civil Code of the RF IC, which gives rise to a special concern in identifying the legal nature of common debts. The solution to this problem determines the need to analyze the current legislation and scientific publications devoted to property relations, property rights and its objects. Due to the fact that the debts of the spouses represent unfulfilled civil legal obligations arising from participation in relations with the third parties, their merger with family legal property relations of the spouses’ property is unacceptable. Debts do not have the qualities of objects of property rights that cumulatively form the property belonging to spouses and existing in the common property regime. Thus, it cannot be added up from an asset and a liability. Regarding legal regulation of property relations, we only can compare, on the one hand, the totality of property objects belonging to spouses on the ground of common property and, on the other hand, the objects of execution of their common obligations with respect to creditors expressed in single value units. To indicate the result of the comparison, it is advisable to use the concept of "property solvency of spouses", which allows us to assess their property status for participation in civil transactions, their real property responsibility, as well as in ensuring the interests of creditors. In support of these conclusions, the author provides detailed arguments.

The direction-finding high-frequency (HF) radar that employs a crossed-loop/monopole antenna as receiving has been widely applied in sea surface dynamics remote sensing due to its compact footprint and remarkable performance. Nevertheless, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of this system remains challenging in the case of coherent signals, which imposes a great threat to the radar measurement accuracy but has rarely been concerned in the past. In this article, a novel method combining the covariance matrix reconstruction process and subspace estimation technology is proposed to deal with this problem. By exploiting the purely real property of the array manifold, the rank loss of the covariance matrix due to the coherence of signals is mitigated. Both the theoretical derivation and numerical analysis prove that the proposed method is valid in estimating two coherent signals, and the DOA estimation accuracy is mainly related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and angle separation of the signals. Finally, field experiment data are also used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This paper presents an assessment of the criteria for setting the maximum amount of compensation given to a property developer when a buyer breaches their contractual obligations according to the law of the Interim Real Property Register in the Emirate of Dubai. The register gives the developer the power to deduct a certain percentage of the amount paid to them by the buyer, without the need to resort to justice or arbitration. Such a power is one of certain exceptional powers granted to the developer under this law to encourage property investment in Dubai. This research aims to define the type of compensation that the property developer deserves, as well as present the criteria for the maximum amount of compensation and an evaluation of them. This was achieved by analyzing Article 11 of the mentioned law for accuracy and fairness on this issue, and its success in balancing the conflicting interests of both parties. One key result found was that the legislator had not succeeded in balancing the two parties of the off-plan sale. It is strongly recommended that the legislator abolish the three criteria on the maximum amount of compensation and adopt alternative criteria.

The article reveals the features of the institutions for securing contractual monetary obligations, such as seizure of the sea, maritime liens and mortgages, that have emerged in private international maritime law. The legal originality of these interim measures is explained by the specifics of the content of international maritime legal relations and the special role in them of such a property object as a sea vessel. The possibility of compulsory sale of a sea vessel stimulates the debtor in a monetary obligation to properly fulfill it and creates a real property guarantee for the creditor in the event of a debtor’s malfunction in a maritime contractual relationship. Due to the transboundary nature of international merchant shipping and the constant movement of seagoing vessels from one jurisdiction to another, national and international conventional regulation of interim measures in international maritime law provides for the possibility of forcible detention of seagoing vessels in ports and their forced sale. The applicable norms of the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation and the international conventions on sea seizures, maritime liens and mortgages ratified by the Russian Federation form the basis of the legal positions of Russian courts and arbitration tribunals when considering issues of ensuring maritime claims of a crossborder nature. At the same time, the national procedural norms of the state play an important role — the place of registration of the vessel, the place of the decision on the arrest of the vessel, the place of registration of security encumbrances, the place of compulsory implementation of the mortgage.

هذا البحث ينصب حول دراسة موضوع يعد من الموضوعات ذات الأهمية الکبرى، حيث يتناول دراسة إشکالية من الإشکاليات المستجدة في المعاملات المالية المعاصرة، التي أثارت اهتماما فقهيا؛ لأهميته في المجال الاقتصادي، ألا وهو موضوع : الضوابط الشرعية للتخارج في الأوعية الاستثمارية، وقد تم فيه بيان مفهوم الضابط وحقيقته، وکذلک مفهوم التخارج وحقيقته، وأيضا مفهوم الأوعية الاستثمارية وحقيقتها، کما تم فيه عرض ضوابط التخارج إذا کانت الموجودات نقودا، حيث يشترط فيها: التقابض، وأن تکون حالة، والخلو عن خيار الشرط، کما تم فيه عرض الضوابط إذا کانت الموجودات ديونا، کما تم فيه عرض أقوال الفقهاء وأدلتهم حول بيع الدين بثمن حال للمدين، وبيع الدين بثمن حال لغير المدين، کما تعرض البحث لضوابط التخارج إذا کانت الموجودات أعيانا ومنافع، فکان منها: أن يتم التخارج والقسمة دون ضرر أو ضرار، وأن يتم التخارج وفقا لقاعدة حسن النية، وأن يتم الإعلان والإفصاح عن الأعيان والمنافع المتعلقة بالترکة، وذلک عن طريق الجهات المختصة، ثم بين ضوابط التخارج إذا کانت الموجودات مختلطة، مع بيان مسألة مد عجوة، ومسألة مبدأ الکثرة والغلبة (إعطاء الحکم للأکثر أو الأغلب)، ومسألة التبعية والأصلة (العبرة بالقصد). This research study focuses on a new problematic issue in contemporary financial transactions, which has been a subject of jurisprudential studies. Due to its importance in the economic field, Shari’a regulations are set for takharuj (relinquishing a share of inheritance) in investment vessels, in which the concepts of the investment vessels and takharuj have been examined, along with the regulations of takharuj in case the assets be in cash. In such case, immediate exchange is necessary, and it should be condition-free. Other regulations are discussed in case the assets be debts. The opinions of the jurists and their supporting evidence, about selling the debt at an immediate price to the debtor and to the non-debtor, are reviewed. The study also covers regulations of takharuj in case the assets be real property or utilities, including takharuj while distribution takes place without entailing or inflicting harm, and takharuj taking place according to the good faith rule, and with disclosure of the assets and benefits related to inheritance through competent authorities. Then, the study addresses takharuj in case the assets are mixed, including the issue of ‘mudd of Pressed Dates,’the principle of abundance and dominance (judging according to the rule of abundance or prevalence), and the issue of dependency and the principle of original (intent; what matters is purpose).

PurposeThe causes of valuation inaccuracy, the approaches, basis and procedures used for value estimation were not profoundly identified in Ethiopia. Particularly, the causes of property valuation inaccuracy for court decisions have not been assiduously studied by scholars. Hence, the ultimate goal of this study aims to identify the determinant variables of valuation inaccuracy, the approaches, basis and procedures used for court execution purposes.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target populations of the study were the courts at the federal and regional levels. A purposive sampling technique was employed to undertake this study. The survey data was analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII).FindingsThe finding of this research revealed that courts have not outshined and uniform valuation manuals and guidelines that clearly state the approaches, procedures and bases of valuation. As a consequence, courts execute based on the opinion of value determined by other institutions. The insignificant numbers of independent valuation institution with the lack of uniform standards in the country prejudice the implementation of the decision of the court and faced injustice. The finding also reveals as there are several causative variables for real property valuation inaccuracy.Practical implicationsTo alleviate the problem, the government should strengthen the valuation sector by creating an independent institution for advancing valuation regulation and policymaking.Originality/valueThis study was the first of all and could be a pointer for different government and non-government bodies regarding the limitations of valuation for judgment execution purposes.

The article explores the concept of raiding, the problems that lead to the possibility of taking possession of another person’s property, ways to overcome raiding at the legislative level. Confidence in the inviolability of one’s property for others is an extremely important issue.In Ukraine, all information on the right of ownership of real estate is contained in the Register of Real Property Rights. However, quite often there is a problem in illegal registration actions carried out by the state registrar in the state registers, with the purpose of appropriation of property of another person. Thus, currently the phenomenon of raiding is related to the system of functioning of the State Register of Real Property Rights. And economic stability in the country depends on the correctness and clarity of this system.Research methods: the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and special methods are used in the work. Results: problems of raiding in the activity of the Register of real rights to real estate are worked out, the last changes in the legislation for overcoming of raiding are investigated. It is noted that raiding in the field of state registration is a systemic problem that has existed in Ukraine for a long time. More recently, the country has begun an active struggle in this direction. Among the latest positive changes, its main premise was eliminated – utilities, whose registrars committed the largest number of violations. The Office of Anti-Raiding was established and effective anti-raid safeguards were introduced at the legislative level. The need to improve the functioning of state registers in order to prevent registration actions in the presence of a ban, as well as the need to establish a system of automatic exchange of information between the State Register of Real Property Rights, State Land Cadastre, Unified State Register of Legal Entities, Individuals -entrepreneurs and public formations. The fight against raiding must be comprehensive. Parliament, the Government, business and the public must unite in the fight against raiding.

Division of real estate by application is still not properly recognised in the jurisprudence of administrative courts. On the one hand, this is manifested in the fact that, although it results in the takeover of private land for the benefit of a public entity for the purpose of building or extending public roads, this decision is not recognised as being expropriation. One of the most important consequences of denying to recognise this division as one of the forms of expropriation is that it is not subject to the return obligation, even if the public-purpose investment project, i.e. the construction of a public road, was not completed within 10 years of the takeover. It should be added that the lack of actions on the part of the commune to acquire such land leads to an adverse phenomenon which is referred to as “freezing the land”. On the other hand, it is argued that the division decision has no features of authoritative and compulsory acquisition of the title to real property by the commune. The above views are subject to criticism given inter alia that they fail to take into account that the spatial planning acts, in particular the local spatial development plan, play a prognostic role in relation to expropriation acts. The study presents the thesis that, were the premise of the public purpose be rejected, then regardless of the form of takeover of the title to real property by a public entity, the obligation to return this property to the former owner or its legal successors arises.

The subject of the article is an analysis of the issues of considering technical aspects for the purpose of real estate taxation. Until the end of 2015, the lack of a legal definition of the concept of “technical considerations” for not using real estate in business activities caused doubts as to its correct interpretation. Despite the appearance of objectivity, in the jurisprudence on real estate tax, technical considerations were interpreted with reference to the underlying causes of poor technical condition within the meaning of construction law. As of 1 January 2016, the concept of technical considerations was replaced with the requirement to issue a decision ordering the demolition of a building structure. The issuance of the decision is an objective premise for the classification of real property as not related to conducting business activity and results in a lower tax rate. Technical considerations are, in turn, an objective condition for issuing a demolotion decision by the construction supervision authority. Replacing the premise of technical considerations with the requirement to obtain a demolition order leads to the actual consideration of technical aspects and the objectification of the criteria for taxing real estate related to business activities.

Jurisprudence of administrative courts on various aspects of real property law is extensive and multi- faceted. The main bulk of cases concerns real properties which are subject to the reprivatisation process that, in the absence of final solutions to re-privatisation predicaments and the multi-faceted effects of the Decree of 26 October 1945 on the Ownership and Use of Land Within the Boundaries of the Capital City of Warszawa, hereinafter referred to as the “Warsaw Decree” (promulgated in the official journal “Dziennik Ustaw” of 21 November 1945, No 50, item 279), which remains in force for over seventy years, are often the subject of judicial review of administrative decisions. Administrative court rulings play a significant role in real property cases and set the directions for future decisions by public administration bodies. The analysis of judicial rulings in real property cases will be limited to selected problems, which, given differing interpretations, are the cause of discrepancies in judicial decisions in administrative courts. This paper, which is the first part of the study, covers jurisprudence on the premise of death of a party during administrative proceedings, which has an impact on the potential invalidity of a decision and its ex tunc effects as well as the status of a party in real property proceedings.

As a matter of fact, few, if any, theists have been expressivists about morality. This is probably because expressivism is thought to have unacceptable theological implications. That is, it is thought to imply (1) that God’s goodness depends on our desire-like states, (2) that God’s goodness is not a real property, (3) that it is not true that God is good, and (4) that God’s moral thoughts have no explanation. I argue that expressivism has no such implications and conclude that expressivism is theologically acceptable.

For over three decades, money laundering has been an area of concern for policymakers and law enforcement, with significant efforts undertaken at national and international levels to combat it. Recently, laundering of criminal proceeds using real property has attracted increased attention amongst policymakers. Various efforts are now being undertaken to tackle money laundering in the UK property market, but there are still significant difficulties in its practical implementation. Drawing upon semi‐structured interviews with estate agents and compliance officials, this study identifies critical aspects of AML compliance that are particularly problematic for those involved in it. In so doing, this article delivers a new perspective, by analysing data gathered with the first empirical study on the implementation of AML obligations in practice (in the UK property market) since the introduction of the 2017 Money Laundering Regulations.

Coastal communities in New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY), and Connecticut (CT) sustained huge structural loss during Sandy in 2012. We present a comprehensive science-based study to assess the role of coastal wetlands in buffering surge and wave in the tri-state by considering Sandy, a hypothetical Black Swan (BS) storm, and the 1% annual chance flood and wave event. Model simulations were conducted with and without existing coastal wetlands, using a dynamically coupled surge-wave model with two types of coastal wetlands. Simulated surge and wave for Sandy were verified with data at numerous stations. Structural loss estimated using real property data and latest damage functions agreed well with loss payout data. Results show that, on zip-code scale, the relative structural loss varies significantly with the percent wetland cover, the at-risk structural value, and the average wave crest height. Reduction in structural loss by coastal wetlands was low in Sandy, modest in the BS storm, and significant in the 1% annual chance flood and wave event. NJ wetlands helped to avoid 8%, 26%, 52% loss during Sandy, BS storm, and 1% event, respectively. This regression model can be used for wetland restoration planning to further reduce structural loss in coastal communities.

Why are the black brownstone owners in Harlem and Brooklyn disproportionately West Indian? The landlords, West Indian-American? The tenants African-American? These are tough questions. For students of housing discrimination, West Indian Americans have long presented a quandary. If it is reasonable to assume that racial exclusions are being consistently applied to persons who are dark-skinned, one would expect to find that housing discrimination has had similar effects on West IndianAmericans and African-Americans. Yet this is not the case: West IndianAmericans generally own and rent higher quality housing than AfricanAmericans. Moreover, these advantages began long ago. For example, when racial covenants, that is, restrictions barring racial and ethnic groups from owning real property in particular neighborhoods were rife in New York, they were not consistently applied against West Indians, who were sometimes able to * Eleanor Marie Lawrence Brown, GWIPP Fellow (2013) and Associate Professor of Law (with tenure), George Washington University Law School; J.D., Yale Law School (1999); M.Phil. Politics, Oxford (1997) (Rhodes Scholar). Former Schwartz Fellow, New America Foundation; Former Chairman of the Jamaica Trade Board; Former Reginald Lewis Fellow, Harvard Law School; Former Law Clerk to the Honorable Patricia Wald (ret.), U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; Former Law Clerk to the Honorable Keith Ellison, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas. I have benefited from the Property colloquium at George Mason Law School. Comments received at the Lutie Lytle Conference for Black Female Legal Scholars were particularly helpful. I have also benefited from conversations with or comments from Kendall Thomas, Olati Johnson, Dorothy Roberts, Bernadette Atuahene, Lee Fennell, Guido Calabresi, Frank Upham, Sonya Katyal, Dan Kelly, Paul Butler, Marcella David, Dan Sharfstein, Paulette Caldwell, Mary Dudziak, Nestor Davidson, Ruth Okediji, Jill Hasday, Scott Kieff, Hari Osofsky, Dan Sokol, Camille Gear, Karen Brown, Kevin Johnson, Charles Ogletree, Ken Mack, Steve Legomsky, Beverly Moran, Jim Coleman, Nicole Garnett, Kimani Paul-Emile, Brad Snyder, Devon Carbado, Aubrey Bonnett, Calvin Holder, Eduardo Penalver, Joe Singer, Henry Smith, Richard Brooks, David Martin, Peter Henry, Angela Banks, Angela OnwuachiWillig, Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Audrey McFarlane, Lant Pritchett, Dillon Alleyne, Neville Lewis, Tony Harriott, Richard Bernal, Eric Posner, Sylvia Lazos, Alison Tirres, Deep Gulasekaram, Naomi Cahn, David Fontana, Carol Rose, Robert Ellickson, Claire Priest, Rose Villazor, Wendy Greene, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez, Renee Lerner, Jackie Ross, Maximo Langer, Kim Lane Scheppele, Eric Claeys, Jerry Davila, Daniel Hamilton, and Bob Cottrol. I am grateful to the librarians and/or archivists at the University of the West Indies. Finally, I am grateful for the aid of my research assistants, Jared Stipelman, Shanellah Verna and Jenna Brofsky.

This work conducts robust $H^{\infty}$ analysis for a class of quantum systems subject to perturbations in the interaction Hamiltonian. A necessary and sufficient condition for the robustly strict bounded real property of this type of uncertain quantum system is proposed. This paper focuses on the study of coherent robust $H^{\infty}$ controller design for quantum systems with uncertainties in the interaction Hamiltonian. The desired controller is connected with the uncertain quantum system through direct and indirect couplings. A necessary and sufficient condition is provided to build a connection between the robust $H^{\infty}$ control problem and the scaled $H^{\infty}$ control problem. A numerical procedure is provided to obtain coefficients of a coherent controller. An example is presented to illustrate the controller design method.

The present law on rights of residence relies heavily on a licence-based analysis resting in large part on the seminal work of Professor Harvey. However, since the 1970s, the law of licences, and in particular their proprietary effect, has been in retreat. This has left the licence approach exposed and rights of residence in need of a reappraisal.

Property is one of the central institutions of economic relations. Namely, real estate remains one of the main means of preserving and accumulating capital. Due to the importance of real estate in public relations, any state needs to establish a special regime of legal regulation of relations related to this area. The existence of real estate in the legal field implies the need for state registration of the emergence and transfer of ownership of real estate. Problems that arise during the State registration of rights to immovable property and further work with the register complicate the process of free possession, use and disposal of their property. The stability of the economic situation in Ukraine depends on the confidence of citizens in protecting their property rights. Recently, the process of state registration of real estate rights has been constantly reformed. It is not the essence of registration actions that changes, but the names of the bodies that conduct them and the powers of these bodies. This situation does not improve the process of property registration for owners. The article examines the problems that arise during the State registration of rights to real estate and further work with the register. After analyzing these problems in the activities of the Register of Real Property Rights, a connection was established between the quality of work of the register and the protection of the rights of the owner of his property. Since the stability of the economic situation in the country depends on the protection of citizens’ property rights, this issue is quite relevant. Today, unfortunately, there are still a large number of problematic aspects that need to be analyzed and refined at both the legislative and practical levels. The article will suggest possible ways to improve the system of registration of real property rights to ensure the protection of real estate in Ukraine.

The topic of this work are muslim pious endowments, waqfs, introduced by Ottomans on the Balkans. The most intensive Muslim endowment activity on the territory of nowadays Southeast Serbia was noticed after final Ottoman conquest in the middle of the 15th century to the end of the 16th century. The aforementioned period is also the time when the reshaping of the existing Christian settlements into predominantly Muslim, Ottoman ones mainly took place. The Ottoman sources on the basis of which this institute in Serbia is presented, is new, unresearched so far and kept in the Ottoman archives of the Directorate of the State Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul. The source presents the 1839 census of endowments whose translation and comments are given in the attachment hereby. In the paper, I compared the sources on waqfs from the earlier period with the census from 1839. In this way, I was able to determine the changes that have occurred in the meantime, i.e. which endowments survived on the territory of the kazas of Leskovac, Prokuplje, Kursumlija and Pirot until the time of compiling this document. According to 1839 census I determined that at the time of the census there were a total of 70 waqfs in the area of today's Southeast Serbia, 36 of which waqfs were active in the Pirot kaza, 10 in the Prokuplje kaza, 21 in the Leskovac kaza and three in the Kursumlija kaza. These consist mainly of real property, including various facilities of religious, educational, public, communal structure. Key words: waqf, 18–19th century, Leskovac, Prokuplje, Kursumlija, Pirot, Ottoman Empire

The article describes organizational and methodological components of using strategic management within a framework of corporate governance and development. The authors have formed a range of methodological provisions, regarding the choice of a marketing strategy by the corporate enterprise. They identified the main recourse flows within the framework of the used strategies. They also determined the strategic management components, required for providing efficiency of the corporations’ physical resources formation and use. They developed a graphical model for the determination of the corporation’s strategic position on the market. It was proved that a functional strategy involves a close correlation between the management and incorporated ownership relations, manifesting itself in a strategy in the field of finance of the corporation, ensuring corporation industrial stability, effective use of physical resources, the formation of the cash resources funds in the established amount, real property management and caretaking control, etc. The authors offered a methodology for conducting a strategic evaluation of the corporation in the basic market conditions.

In the National Archive in Poznan there is a collection of documents related to the Konarzewo land estate. One of its series, The Records of the Families Temporarily in Possession of Konarzewo and the Records of their Estates outside Konarzewo, contains documents concerning the division of assets after the death of Piotr Dzialynski, a voivod of Chelmno. It was made in Kowalewo on 30 April 1675 between Zygmunt Dzialynski, the voivod of Kalisz, and Marianna Olszowska nee Dzialynska, the wife of the chamberlain of Wschowa. The surviving documents provide information on the real property in the total decedent’s estate and on various obligations related to the estate and how they were paid over many years.

The purpose of the paper is to classify the buildings built in marriage and investments made in one of the spouses’ property from the viewpoint of the current system of civil rights objects, to determine the appropriate ways to protect the interests of the spouses arising in connection with these objects. The analysis of the norms of civil and family legislation made it possible to identify the problem of legal insecurity of a spouse’s interest in common joint property when reimbursing expenses incurred in connection with his investments into the other spouse’s property maintenance or improvement. The same is true for the acquisition of ownership rights to a building erected during the marriage on a plot of land owned by the other spouse in the absence of primary registration of the right to it. It is established that a direct application of civil law object classification in determining the composition of marital property subject to division, leading to interdependent loss of efficiency of norms of civil and family law (repaying the action of each other), and deprivation of the indicated interests of a spouse legal protection. It is proved that the protection of the interest in compensation for expenses incurred to improve or maintain the personal property of one of the spouses can only be provided by adding a special norm to the Family Code of the Russian Federation that fixes the legality of this interest and determines the method of its protection. The spouse’s interest in acquiring ownership of a building erected during marriage on a plot of land owned by the other spouse, if the primary ownership of the building is not registered, can only be protected by adapting the principles of real property classification to the regime of common joint property of the spouses by expanding the scope of the exception to the principle of incorporation or by introducing an exception to the principle of superficies solo cedit.

Property taxation is a component of land governance policies, processes, and institutions that relies on a land administration system, efficient property market, and secure legal rights. This study assessed the fiscal implication of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) in the real property tax (RPT) collection when municipalities are grouped by income classification, size of the area, and land classification. This descriptive-comparative and correlational research used secondary data and a checklist administered to 19 treasurers of a first-class province. Using descriptive and inferential analyses, the study yielded "very great" negative fiscal implications. No significant differences were found when municipalities were grouped as to income and size but a significant difference when areas were identified by classification. There is a significant relationship between the fiscal implication and the size of the area covered. The respondents encountered challenges. The study recommends revenue generation strategies, legislative support, and livelihood for agrarian beneficiaries.

The aim of this publication is to provide an analysis of the main aspects of offering a municipal real property as a consequence of the enactment or amendment of the local master plan. Firstly, the author describes the regulatory changes in regard to the compensation mechanism intertwined with the rule-making actions of the municipality. Subsequently, the author analyses the mutual relations of the constitutional protection of the ownership and provisions of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development of 27th March 2003. This paper describes the most significant elements of the property exchange procedure, taking into account the context of the rational legislator.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai pasar obyek real properti berupa tanah kosong yang berlokasi di Jalan Haji Syukur VII gang Gabung Jaya 3, Desa Sedati Gede, Kecamatan Sedati, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode perbandingan pasar dan pendekatan pasar untuk memperkirakan nilai pasar dari real property berdasarkan informasi transaksi yang melibatkan obyek yang sama atau sejenis dengan obyek yang dinilai. Jeni data yang digunakan adalah data primer bersifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang dibagi dalam tiga jenis, yaitu: data umum, data khusus dan data pasar. Data primer diperoleh dari hasil wawancara kepada pemilik real properti yang akan menjual asetnya. Sampel ditentukan secara sengaja (convenience sampling). Responden berjumlah 3 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai pasar obyek properti berupa tanah kosong yang berlokasi di Jalan Haji Syukur VII gang Gabung Jaya 3, Desa Sedati Gede, Kecamatan Sedati, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Provinsi Jawa Timur dengan menggunakan pendekatan pasar sebesar Rp. 266.666.667,- (terbilang: dua ratus enam puluh enam juta enam ratus enam puluh enam ribu enam ratus enam puluh tujuh rupiah).

The final product of an accounting information formation process on intangible assets is an enterprise's financial statement and internal (management) statement with appropriate operations details. Intangible assets and their role in assessing the effectiveness of a particular business entity are the subjects of intensive research by both foreign and Ukrainian scientists. Research of this accounting object will be relevant for the business practices in Ukraine until appropriate reporting recommendations are developed, which will reflect the real property and financial condition of the entity, which, in turn, will increase the reliability of reporting indicators and the economic attractiveness of the enterprise for potential stakeholders both in the Ukrainian and international markets. Therefore, the situation with non-disclosure of a part of the intangible assets in the company's financial statements is unacceptable, since its users expect full and reliable disclosure of information in the company's financial statements. The lack of complete and reliable information about the company does not allow its users to form an opinion and make final important decisions about the efficiency and prospects of a particular entity. Modern economic realities in developed countries and, especially in Ukraine dictate new requirements for the organization of the accounting process to manage, evaluate, and control transactions with intangible assets, which necessitates improving the organizational aspects of the accounting system in the enterprise, in particular, in terms of building an external reporting system. During the analysis of the approaches to the formation of external reporting in terms of providing information on intangible assets of the Ukrainian enterprises, as well as the nature and principles of the taxonomy of financial statements of Ukraine, recommendations on the structure and description of all components of intangible assets reporting were developed and systematized

Bangladesh is one of the in large part populated countries in the sector. With the urbanization fashion, the populace within the city location is increasing every day. These days the population is about 30 million, and on the 12 months 2040, it has miles anticipated at about two hundred million. With the growing city population, housing calls for in will increase every day. However, the call for will increase the high-quality of urban housing decline. Pleasant residence with a better carrier facility cannot be ensured. Non-public housing gives first-rate city housing, which is needed. The real estate area contributes to quality housing to fulfill city housing demand. Pabna is one of the quickest growing cities in Bangladesh. The city has a populace of about 116305 with this huge populace like different towns of Bangladesh, Pabna cannot provide suitable housing to the city dwellers. Monsurabad housing estate, a real estate corporation placed at Pabna, affords housing facilities to urban dwellers. This observation aimed to determine the contribution of real property zone most of the urban housing and the overall performance of housing facility presents through the real estate region. From this overall performance assessment, a new manner will emerge with the aid of which the private sector contribution to fulfill the city housing demand might be determined and cannot apprehend the fine of housing furnished through the real estate area. This has a look at also consists of some lacking of actual estate quarter and recommends overcoming the missing. Subsequently, the examination could explain how the low- and middle-magnificence-income level humans may be afforded on the entire real estate.

According to an idea which is widespread among philosophers, linguistic entities derive their intentionality from the intentionality of mental entities by virtue of some relation between them. Typically, it is some kind of intention on the speaker’s part – e.g., an intention to produce in the hearer a belief with a certain content – that is supposed to endow words with content. This paper argues that the concept of the derivation of content from one entity to another, if understood realistically, is flawed: derived intentionality, I will argue, is merely ascribed intentionality, not a real property of its possessor (one which is independent of any stance or interpretation). Irrealistic-ascriptivist senses are suggested for the ideas of content derivation, of original intentionality, and of the mind as the source of linguistic (and other forms of non-mental) intentionality. Thus, endorsing the idea that mental intentionality is the source of non-mental intentionality need not tempt one to intentional realism. In an intentional irrealistic framework, what forms of intentionality are original and what are derived is a deeply contingent matter, determined by our practice(s) of content ascription. But while intentional irrealism accommodates all those ideas, this paper defends “content-derivation irrealism” but not thoroughgoing intentional irrealism – the idea that there is real original (that is, un-derived) intentionality is not ruled out. Still, assuming that some entities possess real intentionality, what can make them endow intentionality upon other entities is also our practice of content ascription.

The article deals with theoretical and practical problems of legal regulation of renewal of land lease agreement taking into account the changes by the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Counteracting Raiding'" № 340-1X, December 05, 2019. This Law has introduced certain safeguards to counteract raiding, which will prevent the violation of the rights of the parties to the lease of land and avoid numerous litigation over the termination of contractual lease relations, is stated. In the context of constant updating of raider schemes in the agricultural sector, it is urgent not only to apply mechanisms of overcoming the consequences of raider seizures, when it has already taken place, but also to create an effective system of protection against raiding, that is, in preventive measures to protect the rights of landowners and land users. Such fuses include the new rules for renewal of a land lease. The legal nature of the institute of renewal of a lease of a land plot, which is a certain guarantee of the stability of land contractual lease relations, without changing the essential terms of the contract, and is a guarantee of the parties' rights to terminate the contractual relations, is analyzed. The general prerequisites for the application of the contract renewal institute are the inclusion in the contract of the conditions for renewal of the contract; entering information on the renewal of the contract in the State Register of Real Property Rights during the state registration of the right of lease of the respective land plot; the intention of the parties to continue the lease for the same term and on the same terms (no statement of exclusion). А decisive condition for its application is the existence of land as an object of civil rights, based on the legal nature of the institution of renewal of the contract. Consequently, in the event of a change of boundaries or purpose of the land plot, the renewal of the contract cannot be applied. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the procedure for renewal of leases of land plots has a number of disadvantages. Further development of this institute requires improvement of the land and registration legislation of Ukraine.

Rapid urbanisation and population growth increase the demand for housing. Given its importance to human wellbeing, the right to housing is recognised in international, regional and domestic legislation. The rental housing sector is the major form of housing tenure in Ethiopia. Given financial constraints, Ethiopian tenants tend to rent instead of buying property. However, there are no well-developed procedures that guide how rental value is determined in Ethiopia. As such, the purpose of this study is to identify monthly rent determinant variables of residential apartments in Ethiopia. Substantial empirical results from different countries indicate that rental value is a result of the combined contribution of the integrated components: property, amenities, and externalities. For this study, a multiple regression model was used for 164 samples taken from three purposefully selected case study areas in Addis Ababa (CMC, Jemo and Kazanchis). The regression results indicate that nine significant variables were determinant variables of monthly rent at a 95% confidence interval. This study may contribute decisive information for Ethiopian property managers, real estate developers, income tax assessors, real property owners, lending institutions and other interested real estate professionals. It allows these stakeholders to more accurately estimate the monthly rental value and market value of properties for their business evaluation.

The article includes the review of the analysis of foreign experience in determining the tax base. Analysis of the world experience demonstrates a variety of taxation systems of real property also including differences in their basic elements. In spite of multiple differences there are some similar features common to the majority of countries. Cadastral value is used for the purposes of taxation in Russia.The work on the modernization of the institute of cadastral value is enormous. It can take many years, because the methodology for determining the cadastral value still under development in Russia.The article presents the possibility of using effective practices of other countries. The use of foreign effective practices is permissible in order to increase the reliability of the valuation results, as well as preventing possible problems.

Land tenure systems vary considerably across forager societies. The economic defensibility model explains this variation by considering the costs and benefits of defending resources that vary in density and predictability. The purpose of our study was to describe and explain the variation in tenure systems across 30 hunter-gatherer societies from across the world using the economic defensibility model. We used qualitative data from the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) database on defense and sharing of resources among groups, and quantitative data from Binford’s Frames of References (2001) as indicators of resource density, resource predictability, and competition for resources. However, we were unable to explain the variation in territoriality using these independent variables. We argue that the diversity and complexity of foragers’ subsistence strategies is one of the main reasons for our failure to find correlations between territoriality and resource density and predictability. We propose that it may better to conceptualize tenure systems in foraging societies as assemblages of multiple property regimes.

У статті проведено аналіз складу активів пайового інвестиційного фонду як різновиду інвестицій. Зазначено, що можливість здійснення інвестиційної діяльності у формі інвестиційних фондів вперше на законодавчому рівні було закріплено в 1994 році. Наведено основні джерела правового регулювання створення та діяльності пайових інвестиційних фондів. Проаналізовано правову природу пайового інвестиційного фонду в контексті поняття майнового комплексу як об’єкта цивільних правовідносин. Зроблено висновок, що пайовий інвестиційний фонд не можна ототожнювати з майновим комплексом. Адже останній становить єдине ціле в розумінні використання в сукупності всіх елементів для певної мети. Активи пайового фонду можуть використовуватися шляхом їх вкладення в різноманітні об’єкти інвестиційної діяльності. Основою формування пайового фонду є матеріалізовані цінності, переважно грошові кошти, тоді як до складу майнового комплексу входять також нематеріальні активи у вигляді гудвілу, який включає ділову репутацію, прав інтелектуальної власності, прав користування ресурсами природного середовища тощо. Окрему увагу в статті присвячено борговим зобов’язанням, які входять до складу активів венчурного фонду. Зокрема, такий вид активу пайового фонду може призвести до порушення прав та інтересів інвесторів та третіх осіб. Автором наводиться приклад із судової практики, який наочно демонструє ризикованість віднесення до складу активів пайового фонду боргових зобов’язань. Обґрунтовано, що кредитор має право вимоги до боржника, яке можна трактувати як відкладену можливість отримати матеріальну вигоду в майбутньому. Але таку можливість не можна ототожнювати з реальними майновими активами. Адже право вимоги кредитора може бути не задоволено зі сторони боржника з об’єктивних чи суб’єктивних обставин. Робиться висновок, що боргові зобов’язання не можна відносити до активів інституту спільного інвестування у формі інвестиційного фонду.

El problema radica en que muchas veces el tercerista no obtiene una sentencia favorable a sus pretensiones, e incluso en sede casatoria pocas veces se le reconoce su derecho. A pesar que el tercerista acredita con documento público o privado la propiedad del bien, otras circunstancias jurídicas procesales impiden que su derecho sea reconocido judicialmente. Precisamente, son las sentencias casatorias quienes nos proporcionan los fundamentos principales por el cual, el tercerista muchas veces no logra su pretensión. Se presenta el caso, de las sentencias casatorias correspondientes a procesos de tercerías de los años 2015-2016 nos han permitido conocer a cabalidad los fundamentos que inciden directamente en el fallo de la sentencia; asimismo, se puede conocer los aspectos principales que se dan en el debate judicial por la prevalencia del derecho real (propiedad) sobre el derecho personal (crédito) a pesar de que este último pueda estar debidamente inscrito. Investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativo. La investigación se ha desarrollado en una población de abogados civilistas de la jurisdicción de Tacna. Asimismo, se ha tenido en cuenta el análisis documental representado por las sentencias casatorias. Los instrumentos de medición han sido los cuestionarios y la guía de análisis documental. Se concluye que los principales fundamentos de las sentencias casatorias analizados sobre tercería de propiedad están referidos a la inscripción registral, la prevalencia del derecho real de la propiedad sobre el derecho personal y requisitos de procedibilidad del recurso de casación, denotando un favorecimiento regular a los demandantes.

The article is devoted to the study of the interaction and mutual influence of the Adat and Sharia in the inheritance law of the peoples of Dagestan. Researchers of the legal culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus often made mistakes when considering this sphere of legal relations, in connection with which attention is drawn to the most characteristic of them. The inheritance law of the peoples of Dagestan was based on a certain symbiosis of two legal systems - adat and Sharia. In this regard, the article reveals the order of inheritance under Muslim law, analyzes the norms of inheritance law contained in the Dagestan collections of adat. Widely considered issues that caused the most heated debate, for example, depriving women of the share of real estate and the use of “Nazra” in the division of inheritance. An analysis of the norms of the adat, fixed in the Dagestan legal monuments, regulating inheritance relations, allows us to conclude that, despite the long confrontation between the adat and the Sharia in this area, the establishment of the latter was of a priority nature. Nevertheless, the socio-economic realities also predetermined the use of the norms of the law of adat, which is still the case today.

The Bundling and Splitting Matrix is a conceptual framework of real property tenure. It is used here to derive hypotheses as to the effects of two principal-agent problems: adverse selection and mo...

The paper is focused on the field of real property taxation in Slovakia, from a legal-budgetary point of view, at the local level (the City of Košice). The scientific goal of the paper is to assess the development in the total revenue, tax revenue and revenue from real property taxation in component-wise structure (revenue from the taxation of land, buildings and flats and non-residential premises) within the period from 2005 to 2019, as well as the search for causal relations between legislation and reported revenue. Within the first stage of targeted research; the authors applied standard scientific methods and procedures, namely the study and analysis of legislation (selected laws and generally binding regulations), the database of available and requested numerical data and information, which were provided by the selected subject of local self-government - the City of Košice; in the second stage of targeted research the authors created through abstraction, comparison, induction and deduction their own results and conclusions, which are presented in this paper in textual and graphical forms.