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The use of the suffix ‘dis’ connotes negativity which often implies misfortunate or unfortunate situation or circumstances. In the case of disability, ‘dis’ connotes the opposite of an individual’s ability. You are either able or not able presenting a binary representation of disabled people. This representation according to Swain is “Cliché, stereotyped and archetypal” (Swain, 2004: 100). Worrell believes that representation of disability is often negative and the effects of these representations have consequences on the social construction of disability. This is more apparent for people with physical disabilities, hearing impairments and cognitive disabilities. First hand accounts articulate social exclusion, stigmatisation and oppression as a result of the complex dynamics of media representations. Worrell however, opines that the media often influences society while the content of media is equally influenced by society (Worrell, 2018). This research offers an exploration into people’s perceptions of the representations of disability and disabled people in the British press. It will investigate how journalists represent disabled people and the justifications for these representations. A qualitative approach was employed, implementing focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with people who have experience with disability. Additionally, a directed content analysis was conducted. The study argues that journalists adopt detrimental narratives through the technique of framing; these include patronising tones, sympathetic tones as well as an exclusionary discourse. These perceptions influence the socially constructed identity of disabled people through the way in which journalists frame stories. The major findings reveal that disabled people are represented in the British press with a; patronising tone, sympathetic tone and exclusion. While the reason they are represented in this way is as a result of; the perceptions of disability and unexpected achievements. The study also demonstrates the reasons that British press write about disability in the way that they do. These factors include; awareness of disability, disability avoidance, lack of understanding about disability, sensationalised stories, editorial pressure and diversity of opinion and biases. These factors influence journalist’s comments and educational content of the British press. The study also reveals the impact that the stigma of disability has on the rights and the voice of disabled people, promoting marginalisation and inequality. Drawing on the insights generated in this research, the affirmative model that was originally proposed by John Swain and Sally French (2000) could be implemented by journalists. This will allow journalists to write in a way that has a positive impact upon the representations of disability i and validate the experiences of disabled people. Furthermore, the affirmative model would improve the representations of disability and disabled people in the British press and allow journalists to embrace disabled people’s individual identity and differences. This study contributes to the growing body in the research of the representations of disability in the British press and the validity of the affirmative model.

This companion paper suggests the potential benefits of applying Steven Lukes’ dimensions of power model to the study of corruption in health systems. Lukes’ model sets out three "faces of power" classified by their influence on political discourse, resulting in overt, covert and latent discussion of issues depending on the degree of their alignment with the agenda of dominant power interests. His concept that differential access to public discourse varies according to this alignment implies the potential for identifying more serious forms of corruption by the mismatch between their practical importance and the amount of open debate addressing them. These two variables are in practice inversely related, and do not, as might be expected, correlate, with more important topics receiving more public attention. Lukes’ model would predict and can explain such inversion of public priorities, which tells us that observed suppression of public debate might efficiently direct the interest of researchers and the efforts of those seeking to further the public good on to the key issues needing discussion and resolution. The commentary goes on to examine whether the most serious and dangerous forms of corruption might therefore also be the most invisible, and suggests that whistleblower reports should be considered a key data source for research into high-level corruption in health systems, including redirection of policy decisions away from those which are in the public interest.

This work presents an investigation into alloying effects on cobalt/nickel-based polycrystalline superalloys for gas turbine applications, focusing primarily on the Al/Cr ratio and C/B levels. Screening of the microstructure, physical properties and mechanical behaviour was carried out on alloys to elucidate the optimum alloying balance. Compositions between 10Cr-13.5Al and 13Cr-11Al were reviewed to determine the maximum Al and Cr that could be accommodated before five alloys with varying C and B contents were fabricated. Finally, two powder metallurgy (PM) alloys, V208G and V208H were characterised along with their ingot metallurgy (IM) counterparts. Alloying with more than 11.5 at.% Al led to extensive B2 NiAl precipitation, increased density, a reduced γ′ solvus and diminished secondary γ′ area fraction. NiAl did provide a beneficial effect to the alloy’s oxidation performance, while increasing the Co:Ni dramatically decreased oxidation performance. This elevated Co:Ni was also found to be detrimental to a number of other alloy properties. Cr levels above 12.5 at.% were found to encourage decomposition of carbides after long term ageing at elevated temperatures. NiAl prevailed in alloys containing 13Cr-11.5Al, complicating interpretation of the slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRTT) behaviour. C was found to form Zr-rich MC and Mo-rich M23C6 while B promoted Mo-rich MB2 borides. Carbides were beneficial to SSRTT behaviour at 750°C, an increased C content encourages creation of carbo-nitrides (instead of C being lost as CO or CO2). Carbides at the surface experienced oxidation and volume expansion while their depths remained unoxidised. Atom probe tomography (APT) revealed unoxidised regions of carbides had nitrided. Formation of carbo-nitrides appeared to strengthen alloys during SSRTT. Scanning transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) revealed that the oxidised carbides were enveloped in a layer of alumina. Borides oxidised, a discrete layer of B was found in the oxide scale in focussed ion beam mass spectroscopy (FIB-SIMS). V208G and V208H were fabricated via both IM and PM with compositions selected to build on the previous findings. V208H confirmed 11.5 at.% Al content is sufficient for B2 NiAl formation while V208G displayed no presence of NiAl, suggesting the optimum Al content lies between 11.5 at.% and 10 at.%. V208G had satisfactory oxidation behaviour without V208H’s NiAl providing Al for alumina. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the alloys have a small freezing range and an increased processing window compared to a current nickel-based superalloy. Open Access

Interview guides (English, Portuguese, Kriol). (DOCX 33Â kb)

COREQ checklist. (DOCX 116Â kb)

Background: Research and professional experience suggest that young people with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) often find secondary school more difficult than primary school. Expert advice suggests that Local Authorities should offer a ‘continuum of provision’ to meet the diverse needs associated with ASC, but the high number of tribunals within England relating to provision for young people with ASC suggests that pupils’ needs are not always being catered for appropriately. This project aimed to explore the range of secondary provision available to young people with ASC within one local authority and the decision-making processes used by parents and professionals to determine which provision is most appropriate for which pupils.Participants: Four Special Educational Needs Coordinators (SENCOs) and four parents of pupils with ASC were recruited from four different types of schools catering for secondary-aged pupils with ASC, along with two officers from the local authority involved with school placement decisions for children with ASC.Methods: This study used an embedded multiple case study design, with each school forming a case within the local authority system. Individual semi-structured interviews were carried out with each participant; these were audio-recorded and transcribed. Documents were gathered relating to school placement decisions and provision.Analysis/ Findings: Data were analysed using thematic analysis and content analysis. The findings were presented as thematic maps for each individual school followed by a local authority-wide cross-case synthesis. The findings relating to decision-making processes were analysed and presented separately.Conclusion/ Implications: The study extends understanding about the range of educational provision for secondary-aged students with ASC and how placement decisions are made within one local authority. Suggestions are made for further research.

Reflecting on the 1977 film Riddles of the Sphinx in 2013, Laura Mulvey explains how she and Peter Wollen imagined it as a ‘theory film’. In this essay, I will consider this idea of the ‘theory film’ to explore the ways in which Mulvey and Wollen use film as a form of learning. Their formal experimentation and fragmented structure allows for the proposal of theoretical and political questions through both form and content. The process of learning through questioning starts with the figure of the Sphinx, whose questions blend with those posed by other characters; questions that ring out through the film, questions around feminism, women’s role in society, and the gendered nature of the unconscious. These questions are posed as part of the film’s narrative as well as being asked to us, the viewers. \ud \ud Made in the wake of second-wave feminist activism and theorising, as well as the development of a ‘counter-cinema’, Riddles of the Sphinx remains a rich resource for continuing questions about feminist politics, communities and artistic practice in the present day. The structure of the film invites the viewer into a series of relationships that challenge conventional notions of cinematic viewing, and foregrounds relationships between women. In the longest and most famous section of the film, centred on the character Louise, the questions of the Sphinx are layered with the experiences of Louise as a mother, wife, daughter, friend, lover, worker and feminist. To explore how these layered, temporally disruptive relationships continue beyond the film’s reception in 1977, I will compare Riddles of the Sphinx with a collaborative video made by Mulvey and the younger filmmaker Emma Hedditch in 2007. This could also be seen as a ‘theory film’, as the piece unpacks Mulvey’s famous manifesto-essay “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema”. Across the decades, the image of Mulvey reading to camera is brought back to life, this time filmed by a woman who is of a similar age to Mulvey in 1977. Rather than seeing Riddles of the Sphinx as relegated to history, I argue that this ‘theory film’ invites the viewer to take part in a questioning that continues in the present. The fact that so many of the questions posed in the film remain unanswered, questions of how to activate feminist politics in both life and art, can be seen as a reason to return to Riddles, to take up its questions today.

This text will look at some women artist filmmakers working in London through the formation and legacies of the multiculturalism in the UK. These artist filmmakers were pioneers in the development of intersectional moving image artwork but have been somewhat overlooked compared to future generations of artists dealing with these issues in moving image. The chapter contextualises their work in relation to the period and draw out some of the wider forces that formed their work from second wave Feminism, Punk, Rock against Racism to the race riots and Black Arts in the 1980s that pioneered work exploring Black identity. Specifically this chapter looks at Sankofa films, Alia Syed, Vivienne Dick, Ruth Novaczek and reflects on the wider impact of the cultural studies debates in the 1980s on Diasporic communities in the UK.