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This article details efforts to teach linguistics to sophomores studying at Miyazaki International College (MIC). This course was created for students who were unable to study abroad because of the Covid-19 pandemic. The goal of the course was to target the four skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking, while also fostering autonomous language learning by developing greater language awareness.

BackgroundThe Bridging the Age Gap in Breast Cancer research programme sought to improve treatment decision-making for older women with breast cancer by developing and testing, in a cluster randomised trial (n = 1339 patients), two decision support interventions (DESIs). Both DESIs were used in the intervention arm and each comprised an online risk prediction model, brief decision aid and information booklet. One DESI supported the decision to have either primary endocrine therapy (PET) or surgery with adjuvant therapies and the second supported the decision to have adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or not.MethodsSixteen sites were randomly selected to take part in the process evaluation. Multiple methods of data collection were used. Medical Research Council (MRC) guidelines for the evaluation of complex interventions were used.ResultsEighty-two patients, mean age 75.5 (range 70–93), provided data for the process evaluation. Seventy-three interviews were completed with patients. Ten clinicians from six intervention sites took part in telephone interviews. Dose: Ninety-one members of staff in the intervention arm received intervention training. Reach: The online tool was accessed on 324 occasions by 27 clinicians. Reasons for non-use of the online tool were commonly that the patient had already made a decision or that there was no online access in the clinic. Of the 32 women for whom there were data available, fifteen from the intervention arm and six from the usual care arm were offered a choice of treatment. Fidelity: Clinicians used the online tool in different ways, with some using it during the consultation and others checking the online survival estimates before the consultation. Adaptation: There was evidence of adaptation when using the DESIs. A lack of infrastructure, e.g. internet access, was a barrier to the use of the online tool. The brief decision aid was rarely used. Mediators: Shared decision-making: Most patients felt able to contribute to decision-making and expressed high levels of satisfaction with the process. Participants’ responses to intervention: Six patients reported the DESIs to be very useful, one somewhat useful and two moderately useful.ConclusionsClinicians who participated were mainly supportive of the interventions and had attempted some adaptations to make the interventions applicable, but there were practical and engagement barriers that led to sub-optimal adoption in routine practice.

Background The Bridging the Age Gap in Breast Cancer research programme sought to improve treatment decision-making for older women with breast cancer by developing and testing, in a cluster randomised trial (n = 1339 patients), two decision support interventions (DESIs). Both DESIs were used in the intervention arm and each comprised an online risk prediction model, brief decision aid and information booklet. One DESI supported the decision to have either primary endocrine therapy (PET) or surgery with adjuvant therapies and the second supported the decision to have adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery or not. Methods Sixteen sites were randomly selected to take part in the process evaluation. Multiple methods of data collection were used. Medical Research Council (MRC) guidelines for the evaluation of complex interventions were used. Results Eighty-two patients, mean age 75.5 (range 70–93), provided data for the process evaluation. Seventy-three interviews were completed with patients. Ten clinicians from six intervention sites took part in telephone interviews. Dose: Ninety-one members of staff in the intervention arm received intervention training. Reach: The online tool was accessed on 324 occasions by 27 clinicians. Reasons for non-use of the online tool were commonly that the patient had already made a decision or that there was no online access in the clinic. Of the 32 women for whom there were data available, fifteen from the intervention arm and six from the usual care arm were offered a choice of treatment. Fidelity: Clinicians used the online tool in different ways, with some using it during the consultation and others checking the online survival estimates before the consultation. Adaptation: There was evidence of adaptation when using the DESIs. A lack of infrastructure, e.g. internet access, was a barrier to the use of the online tool. The brief decision aid was rarely used. Mediators: Shared decision-making: Most patients felt able to contribute to decision-making and expressed high levels of satisfaction with the process. Participants’ responses to intervention: Six patients reported the DESIs to be very useful, one somewhat useful and two moderately useful. Conclusions Clinicians who participated were mainly supportive of the interventions and had attempted some adaptations to make the interventions applicable, but there were practical and engagement barriers that led to sub-optimal adoption in routine practice. Trial registration ISRCTN46099296. Registered on 11 August 2016—retrospectively registered

Susannah H Mayhew,1 Patrick Milabyo Kyamusugulwa,2 Kennedy Kihangi Bindu,3 Paul Richards,4 Cyrille Kiyungu,5 Dina Balabanova1 1Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; 2Bukavu Medical University College/Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Bukavu (ISTM-Bukavu), Bukavu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo; 3Centre de Recherche sur la Démocratie et le Développement en Afrique (CREDDA), Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo; 4School of Environmental Sciences, Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone; 5Hygiene, State Administration, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of CongoCorrespondence: Susannah H MayhewDepartment of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1E 9SH, UKEmail Susannah.mayhew@lshtm.ac.ukAbstract: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) presents a challenging context in which to respond to public health crises. Its 2018– 2020 Ebola outbreak was the second largest in history. Lessons were known from the previous West African outbreak. Chief among these was the recognition that local action and involvement are key to establishing effective epidemic-response. It remains unclear whether and how this was achieved in DRC’s Ebola response. Additionally, there is a lack of scholarship on how to build resilience (the ability to adapt or transform under pressure) in crisis-response. In this article, we critically review literature to examine evidence on whether and how communities were involved, trust built, and resilience strengthened through adaptation or transformation of DRC’s 2018– 2020 Ebola response measures. Overall, we found limited evidence that the response adapted to engage and involve local actors and institutions or respond to locally expressed concerns. When adaptations occurred, they were shaped by national and international actors rather than enabling local actors to develop locally trusted initiatives. Communities were “engaged” to understand their perceptions but were not involved in decision-making or shaping responses. Few studies documented how trust was built or analyzed power dynamics between different groups in DRC. Yet, both these elements appear to be critical in building effective, resilient responses. These failures occurred because there was no willingness by the national government or international agencies to concede decision-making power to local people. Emergency humanitarian response is entrenched in highly medicalized, military style command and control approaches which have no space for decentralizing decision-making to “non-experts”. To transform humanitarian responses, international responders can no longer be regarded as “experts” who own the knowledge and control the response. To successfully tackle future humanitarian crises requires a transformation of international humanitarian and emergency response systems such that they are led, or shaped, through inclusive, equitable collaboration with local actors.Keywords: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola, pandemic response, humanitarian emergency, community, social science

This music score was submitted for the Kaleidoscope 2020 Call for Scores, an open access collaboration with the UCLA Music Library.

This music score was submitted for the Kaleidoscope 2020 Call for Scores, an open access collaboration with the UCLA Music Library.

This study explores the lived student experience of undertaking global citizenship education (GCE) programmes in higher education settings, and the role these types of programmes play in the development of students’ citizenship identities. The study invited undergraduate students (n=21) attending two Australasian institutions to reflect on their experience of developing an interest in, entering, and progressing through a GCE-focused programme (offered on the home campus of each university selected for the study) in the context of their life transitions from late adolescence to early adulthood. Of particular interest are: young people’s motivations for undertaking higher education programmes with a strong GCE dimension; any significant changes (or continuities) in their conceptualisation of global citizenship, in their notions of civic engagement, and the subsequent development of their (global) citizenship identities during this period of transition; as well as how they describe the influence of entering their post-secondary educational contexts, and specifically their GCE-related programmes, alongside other life experiences and informal interactions. A comparative case study analysis has been conducted based on data gathered from interviews with undergraduate students undertaking either a non-formal co-curricular ‘International Leadership’ programme (Case ‘A’ - n=11) or a formal ‘Global Studies’ bachelor’s degree programme (‘Case B’ - n=10), offered by two universities located in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia respectively. Both programmes explicitly invoke the creation of ‘global citizens’ as a core objective. Supplementary data was sourced from interviews with key programme staff involved in the design and delivery of these programmes, as well as university and programme documentation. The analysis of the student accounts along with the supplementary data from programme staff interviews, are foregrounded against the prevailing societal anxiety regarding youth civic engagement and the role of citizenship education. The integration of GCE into higher education itself represents an interesting response to this anxiety. The analysis undertaken is framed theoretically through the related fields of GCE and identity, notions of ‘everyday citizenship’, and holistic approaches to the development of youth citizenship identity in transition (especially Harris, 2015 and Wood, 2017). A key finding at the programme level was way in which staff were able to reinterpret institutional global citizenship discourse to create the space to implement their GCE programmes in more critical ways. The students’ recounted new, globalised, and entangled forms of civic engagement they had already participated in pre-university, which illustrated the de-standardised patterns of transition they were encountering (Harris, 2015; Wood, 2016; Wyn, 2013). Many of the themes discernible in these transitions were evident across both groups of students despite slightly differing programme structures and geographic contexts. It was notable that the specific combinations and timing of the relevant experiences were highly individualised - even amongst the small samples taken from each programme. Both points represent significant findings in themselves. It is suggestive of the variety of experiences likely to be found across bigger and more diverse samples of young university students, and young people more generally, and the need for educators to recognise these to improve programme design (Ratnam, 2013; Wyn, 2013). The ways the students were each required to navigate their own pathways of globally-inflected civic engagement as they moved into their GCE programmes underscores the agency they were already displaying in responding to similar forces and educational structures.

Objective:Up to 40% of women over 70 years with primary operable breast cancer in the UK are treated with primary endocrine therapy (PET) as an alternative to surgery. A variety of factors are important in determining treatment for older breast cancer patients. This study aimed to identify the patient and tumor factors associated with treatment allocation in this population.Methods:Prospectively collected data on treatment received (surgery vs. PET) were analysed with multivariable logistic regression using the variables age, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), activities of daily living (ADL) score, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, HER2 status, tumour size, grade and nodal status.Results:Data were available for 1,122 cancers in 1,098 patients recruited between February 2013 and June 2015 from 51 UK hospitals. About 78% of the population were treated surgically, with the remainder being treated with PET. Increasing patient age at diagnosis, increasing CCI score, large tumor size (5 cm or more) and dependence in one or more ADL categories were all strongly associated with non-surgical treatment (PConclusion:Increasing comorbidity, large tumor size and reduced functional ability are associated with reduced likelihood of surgical treatment of breast cancer in older patients. However, age itself remains a significant factor for non-surgical treatment; reinforcing the need for evidence-based guidelines.

Scientific plant improvement dates from the beginning of the twentieth century. Application of the principles of selection and breeding to the rice plant yielded modest results in the period up until the 1950s. In the following decade, breeders working in Southeast Asia focused their attention on a new plant ideotype - the semi-dwarf rice type. 1 Earlier improved rices out-yielded farmer’s selections by 10-20%, but the productivity gains with semi-dwarf types were much greater. In some cases yields were doubled or trebled. The uptake of semi-dwarf varieties by farmers in better-favored environments of South and Southeast Asia was dramatic during the 1960s and early 1970s. The resulting leap in productivity was dubbed the “Green Revolution.�? Development agencies then set about the task of replicating the technical success of the Green Revolution in other humid tropical regions. Despite concerted attempts to introduce the new rice technologies to small-scale farmers through integrated agricultural development projects in the 1970s and 1980s, success in Africa’s traditional rice regions has proved especially elusive. The present chapter, a case study of rice research and its impact in the nodal country of the West African rice region - Sierra Leone - is an attempt to assess some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Green Revolution approach to plant improvement in Africa, and to consider alternatives.

注記: Polarbear Collaboration 86名 [所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所 (JAXA)(ISAS) 松村, 知岳], Note: Polarbear Collaboration 86members [Affiliation. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS) Matsumura, Tomotake], 資料番号: SA1150239000

第15回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2015年1月6日-7日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 15th Space Science Symposium (January 6-7, 2015. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 80名, 資料番号: SA6000034083, レポート番号: P-083

Seismologists from Kazakhstan, Russia, and the United States have rescued the Soviet-era archive of nuclear explosion seismograms recorded at Borovoye in northern Kazakhstan during the period 1966–1996. The signals had been stored on about 8000 magnetic tapes, which were held at the recording observatory. After hundreds of man-years of work, these digital waveforms together with significant metadata are now available via the project URL, namely http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/Monitoring/Data/ as a modern open database, of use to diverse communities. Three different sets of recording systems were operated at Borovoye, each using several different seismometers and different gain levels. For some explosions, more than twenty different channels of data are available. A first data release, in 2001, contained numerous glitches and lacked many instrument responses, but could still be used for measuring accurate arrival times and for comparison of the strengths of different types of seismic waves. The project URL also links to our second major data release, for nuclear explosions in Eurasia recorded in Borovoye, in which the data have been deglitched, all instrument responses have been included, and recording systems are described in detail. This second dataset consists of more than 3700 waveforms (digital seismograms) from almost 500 nuclear explosions in Eurasia, many of them recorded at regional distances. It is important as a training set for the development and evaluation of seismological methods of discriminating between earthquakes and underground explosions, and can be used for assessment of three-dimensional models of the Earth’s interior structure.

第14回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2014年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 14ｔh Space Science Symposium (January 9-10, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 68名, 資料番号: SA6000058107, レポート番号: P2-075

第14回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2014年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 14ｔh Space Science Symposium (January 9-10, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 68名, 資料番号: SA6000058100, レポート番号: P2-068

第14回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2014年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 14ｔh Space Science Symposium (January 9-10, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 68名, 資料番号: SA6000058020, レポート番号: S2-012

第14回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2014年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 14ｔh Space Science Symposium (January 9-10, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 67名, 資料番号: SA6000058106, レポート番号: P2-074

第14回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2014年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 14ｔh Space Science Symposium (January 9-10, 2014. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 68名, 資料番号: SA6000058101, レポート番号: P2-069

Earthquake-induced drifts in buildings can be reduced by adding secondary moment frames to provide post-yield stiffness. It is desirable to have secondary frames that will remain elastic up to the expected drifts, but this is challenging to accomplish with traditional configurations. Most steel moment frames will yield at drifts of 1 to 2 percent even though drifts of 3 to 4 percent are expected for ductile systems under the maximum consider earthquake. For steel moment frames, the elastic drift limit can be increased by providing pinned connections (bolted web) at selected beam-column joints. This paper discusses the characteristics and use of high-yield-drift (HYD) steel moment frames that remain elastic up to 4 percent drift. High-yield-drift frames dramatically improve the economy of steel dual systems. In this study, HYD moment frames were compared to traditional steel moment frames with the same steel weight. The HYD frames were found to achieve greater strength while using half the number moment connections, due to inherent efficiencies in the configurations. Also, since the moment connections in HYD frames have minimal ductility demands, special connection details are not necessary. Fewer moment connections with minimal ductility demands will dramatically decrease the cost of secondary moment frames, improving the economy of dual systems. Non-linear response history analyses were used to demonstrate how HYD moment frames can be used in conjunction with buckling restrained braced frames, self-centering braced frames, and conventional moment frames. Case study frames were analyzed under both design-basis (DBE) and maximum-considered earthquakes (MCE), with maximum and residual drifts results presented. Recommendations are given for the use of HYD moment frames and directions for future research.

第13回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2013年1月8日-9日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 13th Space Science Symposium (January 8-9, 2013. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 65名(所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構(JAXA): 河野, 功; 坂井, 真一郎; 佐藤, 洋一; 篠崎, 慶亮; 杉田, 寛之; 竹井, 洋; 西堀, 俊幸; 野田, 篤司; 福家, 英之; 松原, 英雄; 満田, 和久; 山崎, 典子; 吉田, 哲也; 四元, 和彦), Number of authors: 65(Affiliation. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA): Kawano, Isao; Sakai, Shinichiro; Sato, Yoichi; Shinozaki, Keisuke; Sugita, Hiroyuki; Takei, Yoh; Nishibori, Toshiyuki; Noda, Atsushi; Fuke, Hideyuki; Matsuhara, Hideo; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa; Yamasaki, Noriko; Yoshida, Tetsuya; Yotsumoto, Kazuhiko), 資料番号: SA6000063096, レポート番号: P2-069

第12回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2012年1月5日-6日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県, 12th Space Science Symposium (January 5-6, 2012. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS)Sagamihara Campus), Sagamihara, Kanagawa Japan, 著者人数: 54名(所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): 松村, 知岳; 竹井, 洋; 福家, 英之; 松原, 英雄; 満田, 和久; 山崎, 典子; 吉田, 哲也; 宇宙航空研究開発機構研究開発本部(ARD)(JAXA): 佐藤, 洋一; 篠崎, 慶亮; 杉田, 寛之), Number of authors: 54(Affiliation.Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA)(ISAS): Matsumura, Tomotake; Takei, Yoh; Fuke,Hideyuki; Matsuhara, Hideo Mitsuda, Kazuhisa; Yamsaki, Noriko; Yoshida, Tetsuya; Aerospace Research and Development Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ARD): Sato,Yoichi; Shinozaki,Keisuke; Sugita, Hiroyuki), 資料番号: SA6000064240, レポート番号: P4-353

We have attempted to detect seismic signals from small explosions in North Korea on five specific days in 2010 that feature in scenarios proposed by De Geer. We searched the seismic data recorded by station MDJ in northeastern China, applying three-component cross-correlation methods using signals from known explosions as templates. We assess the capability of this method of detection, and of simpler methods, all of which failed to find seismic signals that would be expected if De Geer's scenarios were valid. We conclude that no well-coupled underground explosion above about a ton occurred near the North Korea test site on these five days and that any explosion would have to be very small (local magnitude less than about 2) to escape detection.

Accepted: 1994-06-20, 資料番号: SA1001318000

The Atacama pathfinder experiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) instrument is a millimeter-wave cryogenic receiver designed to observe galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from the 12 m APEX telescope on the Atacama plateau in Chile. The receiver contains a focal plane of 280 superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers instrumented with a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system. The bolometers are cooled to 280 mK via a three-stage helium sorption refrigerator and a mechanical pulse-tube cooler. Three warm mirrors, two 4 K lenses, and a horn array couple the TES bolometers to the telescope. APEX-SZ observes in a single frequency band at 150 GHz with 1' angular resolution and a 22' field-of-view, all well suited for cluster mapping. The APEX-SZ receiver has played a key role in the introduction of several new technologies including TES bolometers, the frequency-domain multiplexed readout, and the use of a pulse-tube cooler with bolometers. As a result of these new technologies, the instrument has a higher instantaneous sensitivity and covers a larger field-of-view than earlier generations of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich instruments. The TES bolometers have a median sensitivity of 890 uKcmb-sqrt(s) (NEy of 3.5e-4 sqrt(s)). We have also demonstrated upgraded detectors with improved sensitivity of 530 uKcmb-sqrt(s) (NEy of 2.2e-4 sqrt(s)). Since its commissioning in April 2007, APEX-SZ has been used to map 48 clusters. We describe the design of the receiver and its performance when installed on the APEX telescope., 27 pages, 20 figures, prepared with revtex 4.1

Measurements of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy have served as the best experimental probe of the early universe to date. The inflationary paradigm, inspired in part by the extreme isotropy of the CMB, is now a cornerstone in modern cosmology. Inflation has passed a series of rigorous experimental tests, but we still do not understand the physical mechanism or energy scale behind inflation. A general prediction of inflation and one that can provide certain insights into inflationary physics is a background of primordial gravitational waves. These perturbations leave a distinct signature in the CMB B-modes of polarization. The EPIC (Experimental Probe of Inflationary Cosmology) study team has investigated several CMB polarization mission concepts to carry out a definitive measurement of the inflationary B-mode polarization spectrum. In this report we study a mission with an aperture intermediate between the two missions discussed in our previous report. EPIC-IM's increased aperture allows access to a broader science case than the small EPIC-Low Cost mission. In addition to the search for inflationary gravitational waves, the increase aperture allows us to mine the scale polarization and lensing shear polarization signals down to cosmological limits, so that we extract virtually all the cosmological information available from the CMB. In addition, a modest number of channels operating at higher frequencies allows for an all-sky measurement of polarized Galactic dust, which will provide a rich dataset for Galactic science related to magnetic fields. Using a combination of a large sensitivity focal plane with a new optical design, and an efficient 4K mechanical cooler, EPIC-IM realizes higher sensitivity than EPIC-Comprehensive Science mission., 157 pages. This report presents the EPIC mission concept for NASA's Inflation Probe (CMBpol) for CMB polarization measurements with an aperture intermediate between the previous EPIC-Low Cost and Comprehensive Science missions studied in arXiv:0805.4207

National audience; Une comparaison Côte d’Ivoire-Sierra Leone Quelle est la place de la dimension agraire dans les guerres civiles récentes en Afrique de l’Ouest ? La comparaison entre deux régions de pays en conflit (le centre-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire et l’est de la Sierra Leone) indique que les jeunes mobilisés proviennent de groupes marginalisés dans les institutions agraires locales. Mais dans le cas ivoirien, la violence est d’abord dirigée contre les populations d’origine étrangère à la région, dans un mouvement de défense des institutions communautaires autochtones, alors qu’en Sierra Leone, la mobilisation s’attaque aux institutions de la communauté et aux autorités locales. On explique ici ces différences par les variations dans l’organisation lignagère de ces sociétés et par l’histoire du changement agraire.

Une comparaison Côte d’Ivoire-Sierra Leone Quelle est la place de la dimension agraire dans les guerres civiles récentes en Afrique de l’Ouest ? La comparaison entre deux régions de pays en conflit (le centre-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire et l’est de la Sierra Leone) indique que les jeunes mobilisés proviennent de groupes marginalisés dans les institutions agraires locales. Mais dans le cas ivoirien, la violence est d’abord dirigée contre les populations d’origine étrangère à la région, dans un mouvement de défense des institutions communautaires autochtones, alors qu’en Sierra Leone, la mobilisation s’attaque aux institutions de la communauté et aux autorités locales. On explique ici ces différences par les variations dans l’organisation lignagère de ces sociétés et par l’histoire du changement agraire.

International audience; The contribution aims at opening up the possibility of a more coherent regional analysis of recent West African conflicts. Civil wars broke out in several coastal Western African countries from the late 1980s. Liberia, Sierra Leone and Côte d’Ivoire all fall within the Upper Guinean rainforest block and all three civil wars shared personnel. Whether they have common causes is more contentious. Here, we accept as a starting point that all three conflicts had their own internal and external dynamics. But we will also argue that there are some common elements of an agrarian nature which specially affect the involvement of young people in the conflicts. In Sierra Leone and Liberia, the fighting was mainly in rural areas and involved mainly rural youth. Tensions over land link the conflicts in Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire. The land issue seems at first sight more tenuous in Sierra Leone. Probing the social background and motivation of ex-combatants in Sierra Leone, however, reveals important but largely hidden tensions concerning labour utilization and land access, which when fully analysed suggest parallels with the other two recent civil wars in the region. The paper falls in two main parts. Part one presents a broad-brush, long duree, model of agrarian transformation within the Upper Guinean Forests of West Africa. In order to explain aspects of agrarian trajectories underpinning conflict in the region we differentiate between models of the so-called “lineage mode of production”. These different models are useful, we argue, in focusing attention on the different ways in which agrarian variables present themselves as factors in youth involvement in recent conflicts - armed groups in Liberia and Sierra Leone, patriotic vigilante groups and inter-community tensions in southern rural Côte d’Ivoire. Part two offers a more detailed analysis of two case-study regions – eastern Sierra Leone and central-western CI. Accounting for social breakdown leading to war in these instances requires us to address land issues as expressions of different kinds of implicit intergenerational social contracts, and also the different ways in which labour mobility has affected these inter-generational expectations. In this manner we bring into focus not only similarities but also significant differences in the way agrarian issues have tended to feed the involvement of young people in the conflicts in the two cases. Regarding the theme of the panel, we argue that differences in agrarian trajectories underpinning conflict can explain, among other factors, why the customary moral economy still retains the respect of the young in Côte d’Ivoire, with a political discourse of autochthoneity which ensues, seized upon by various national political interests for their own purposes – and why the outcast youth from the class-stratified variant of the “lineage mode of production”, in Sierra Leone, have a different response, which does not strongly emphasize autochthoneity.

International audience; This study identifies the hyper-mobility of impoverished rural youth as a common factor in armed conflicts across three neighbouring states (Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte d‟Ivoire) in the Upper Guinean Forest region. Hyper-mobility can be defined as the inability to settle and forge stable attachments professionally and socially in either rural or urban settings. Hyper-mobile impoverished rural youth are not a sufficient cause of armed conflict, but their availability for recruitment when other employment opportunities fail is a major factor in fuelling insurgency in all three countries. Cutting off the supply of recruits to militia factions by providing more suitable employment opportunities attractive to these young people would contribute to peace and stability in West Africa.

This Study has been drafted by Paul Richards, Head of the Technology and Agrarian Development Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands ; Jean Pierre Chauveau, Research Director, IRD Montpellier, France. With contributions from : Karim Hussein, IFAD ; Paul Mathieu, FAO ; Hubert Ouedraogo, Land West Africa.Coordinated by : Donata Gnisci (Former Administrator and Conflict Specialist, Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD) ; Léonidas Hitimana (Agricultural economist, Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD) ; Jean Sibiri Zoundi (Head of Unit Rural Transformation and Sustainable Development, Sahel and West Africa Club / OECD).; Autres productions

We describe the development of an antenna-coupled bolometer array for use in a Cosmic Microwave Background polarization experiment. Prototype single pixels using double-slot dipole antennas and integrated microstrip band defining filters have been built and tested. Preliminary results of optical testing and simulations are presented. A bolometer array design based on this pixel will also be shown and future plans for application of the technology will be discussed.

A preliminary review of literature on Africa and an assessment of the debate.

K-9 M-80号機に搭載したサブミリメーター放射計の観測結果について, 特に短波長側に重点をおいて報告する。102μm, 137μm, 262μmの3つの波長帯での表面輝度の空間分布が銀河系内の中性水素の柱密度とよい相関があることが見出された。102μm帯ではこの銀河成分-星間塵の熱放射成分-と惑星間空間塵の熱放射成分によって観測値を説明できる。137μm帯ではこれ以外に一様に広がった放射成分が残るが, その起源については今のところ不明である。, The result of the observation of the far-infrared background with the submillimeter radiometer onboard a K-9 M-80 rocket is presented, focusing on the short wavelength channels. It is found that the surface brightness in the 102,137,and 262μm bands shows a clear correlation with the column density of galactic neutral hydrogen. At 102μm, the observed surface brightness can be explained with the sum of this galactic emission, that is, the themal emission of the interstellar dust and the thermal emission of the interplanetary dust. At 137μm, there remains an isotropic emission component, however, its origin is not certain yet., 資料番号: SA0166883000

The diffraction of P and S waves by various obstacles is studied theoretically, in order to evaluate frequency dependent corrections to ray theory for elastic waves which travel nearly along the Earth's core shadow boundary. Most of the properties of this scattering process are conveniently illustrated by a simple Earth model, which gives rise to a problem in plane strain. This model is an infinite homogeneous elastic solid in which a steady state plane body wave (of the type P, SV, or SH) is incident on a circular cylindrical cavity. A Poisson summation is used for the scattered elastic potentials, and contributions from waves diffracted at least once around the cylinder are neglected. Simple approximation formulae are developed to examine the behavior of P, SV, and SH waves on and near their geometrical shadow boundary behind the fluid. Computed numerical results are believed to be valid for frequencies above 0.03 Hz. The solution method, which may be regarded as a corrected Fresnel theory, is taken through four successive stages of generalization to study increasingly realistic Earth models: (i) diffraction of cylindrical waves from a line source. For this problem our solution is in excellent agreement with the results of an ultrasonic model experiment conducted by Teng and Wu (1968). (ii) Diffraction by a fluid cylinder of cylindrical waves from a line source. (iii) Diffraction by a spherical fluid of spherical waves from a point source. Here we find good agreement between numerical results from our approximate method, and computation of the exact Poisson line integral. The final stage of generalization, to study (iv) diffraction by a spherical fluid/solid discontinuity in a realistic radially heterogeneous Earth, is obtained by methods similar to (iii), but after an extensive revision of Hook's (1961) discussion of elastic potentials in general media. In our approach, we recognize that the designation of P and S displacements is somewhat arbitrary in heterogeneous elastic media, but becomes precise in the high frequency limit of ray theory (in which P and two S components are decoupled). These facts are used for radially heterogeneous isotropic Earth models to establish three potentials (P,S,T) with the properties (a) that T(_~r,t) is decoupled from P and S, and is a potential for SH motion, (b) the coupling of P and SV waves is reflected in a system of coupled scalar equations for P(_~r,t) and S(_~r,t), and (c) in the high frequency limit we have P(_~r,t) and S(_~r,t) satisfying canonical uncoupled wave equations with the respective velocities (λ+2µ/ρ)^(1/2),( μ/ρ)^1/2. Many possibilities are suggested by the coupled equations for P(_~r,t) and S(_~r,t), apart from their use in the solution of (iv) above. They lead to a statement of conditions on the Earth model under which P and SV waves can propagate independently (at any frequency). We also use them to obtain approximate reflection coefficients for upper mantle transition regions which generate observed precursors to the phase PKPPKP, finding that the "extent of velocity gradient anomaly in such regions must be less than about 4 km, in order to observe short period (1 sec) reflections. Our numerical study of core diffraction provides an explanation for the observed polarization towards SH of diffracted S waves, and also shows that there is a slight dispersion effect dT/dΔ data, obtained for P in the range beyond 90°, which can and must be allowed for in accurate Herglotz-Wiechert inversion studies. The numerical methods developed for discussion of (iv) are expected to have wider applications in seismological studies of the Earth's core, mantle, and crust.

Fundamental information about the Universe is encoded in anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. To make full use of this information, an experiment must image the entire sky with the angular resolution, sensitivity, and spectral coverage necessary to reach the limits set by cosmic variance on angular scales >~10'. Recent progress in detector technology allows this to be achieved by a properly designed space mission that fits well within the scope of NASA's Medium-class Explorer program. An essential component of the mission design is an observing strategy that minimizes systematic effects due to instrumental offset drifts. The detector advances make possible a `spin chopping' approach that has significant technical and scientific advantages over the strategy used by COBE, which reconstructed an image of the sky via inversion of a large matrix of differential measurements. The advantages include increased angular resolution, increased sensitivity, and simplicity of instrumentation and spacecraft operations. For the parameters typical of experiments like the Primordial Structures Investigation (PSI) and the Far InfraRed Explorer (FIRE), we show that the spin-chopping strategy produces images of the sky and power spectra of CMB anisotropies that contain no significant systematic artifacts., 15 pages, including 8 figures. Full resolution and colour versions of simulations and full versions of the preprint available at ftp://omega.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/wwwdir/PSI/papers.htm . Further details of PSI and FIRE are available at http://astrophysics.jpl.nasa.gov/PSI/ and http://caseymac.jpl.nasa.gov/fire/fire.html, respectively

Buckling-restrained braced frame performance at high drifts is improved by providing beam splices that reduce demands in the gusset regions. Existing experimental data only consider web splices without a slab present. An alternative top-flange splice, proposed by others, was investigated experimentally and numerically. Two full-scale top-flange beam splices from a prototype frame were tested using the qualifying buckling-restrained brace frame cyclic loading protocol. During experimental testing, the gusset connection regions remained essentially undamaged through multiple cycles at 0.06rad drift. The splice plates experienced low inelastic strains but fatigue analyses indicate they could withstand over fourteen similar loading histories without requiring replacement. Finite element models were used to investigate the influence of slabs on connections with web splices or top-flange splices. When slabs were considered, the top-flange splice transmitted over seventy-percent less moment than the web splice.

Modern cosmology has sharpened questions posed for millennia about the origin of our cosmic habitat. The age-old questions have been transformed into two pressing issues primed for attack in the coming decade: How did the Universe begin? and What physical laws govern the Universe at the highest energies? The clearest window onto these questions is the pattern of polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is uniquely sensitive to primordial gravity waves. A detection of the special pattern produced by gravity waves would be not only an unprecedented discovery, but also a direct probe of physics at the earliest observable instants of our Universe. Experiments which map CMB polarization over the coming decade will lead us on our first steps towards answering these age-old questions.

In the developed world we are surrounded by man-made objects, but most people give little thought to the complex processes needed for their design. The design of hand knitting is complex because much of the domain knowledge is tacit. The objective of this thesis is to devise a methodology to help designers to work within design constraints, whilst facilitating creativity. A hybrid solution including computer aided design (CAD) and case based reasoning (CBR) is proposed. The CAD system creates designs using domain-specific rules and these designs are employed for initial seeding of the case base and the management of constraints. CBR reuses the designer's previous experience. The key aspects in the CBR system are measuring the similarity of cases and adapting past solutions to the current problem. Similarity is measured by asking the user to rank the importance of features; the ranks are then used to calculate weights for an algorithm which compares the specifications of designs. A novel adaptation operator called rule difference replay (RDR) is created. When the specifications to a new design is presented, the CAD program uses it to construct a design constituting an approximate solution. The most similar design from the case-base is then retrieved and RDR replays the changes previously made to the retrieved design on the new solution. A measure of solution similarity that can validate subjective success scores is created. Specification similarity can be used as a guide whether to invoke CBR, in a hybrid CAD-CBR system. If the newly resulted design is suffciently similar to a previous design, then CBR is invoked; otherwise CAD is used. The application of RDR to knitwear design has demonstrated the flexibility to overcome deficiencies in rules that try to automate creativity, and has the potential to be applied to other domains such as interior design.

Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are often used in steel buildings to resist seismic loads; however, BRBF ductility can be limited by poor performance of the beam-column-gusset regions. Additionally, the concentric brace configuration in BRBFs can limit the use of architectural features, such as doors, windows, or halls. BRBFs with braces in eccentric configurations (called BRBF-Es) may accommodate architectural features similar to eccentrically braced frames, and limit damage to the connection regions through 1) the use of beam splices and 2) separation of the column-to-gusset connection which prevents pinching of the brace gusset plate. Similar to concentric BRBFs, seismic forces in BRBF-Es are dissipated through axial yielding of the buckling-restrained braces, while surrounding elements remain essentially elastic. In this study, the system-level and component-level dynamic performances of conventional BRBF systems are compared with those of BRBF-E systems. Multi-directional dynamic analyses are performed on 5-story BRBF and BRBF-E systems to compare drift demands and local connection demands. Modeling techniques are validated using experimental data for BRBFs. Results indicate similar stiffness between the BRBF and BRBF-E systems; however, with the BRBF-E, gusset connection stresses are greatly reduced due to the beam splices and eccentricity between the braced connection and column.

The variation in maximum rupture extent of large shallow earthquakes in circum-Pacific subduction zones is interpreted in the context of the asperity model of stress distribution on the fault plane. Comparison of the historic record of large earthquakes in different zones indicates that four fundamental categories of behavior are observed. These are: (1) the Chile-type regular occurrence of great ruptures spanning more than 500 km; (2) the Aleutians-type variation in rupture extent with occasional ruptures up to 500 km long, and temporal clustering of large events; (3) the Kurile-type repeated failure over a limited zone of 100–300 km length in isolated events; and (4) the Marianas-type absence of large earthquakes. Southern Chile, Alaska, Southern Kamchatka, and possibly the Central Aleutians are grouped in the first category. The Rat Island portion of the Aleutians, Colombia, Southwest Japan, and the Solomon Islands zones demonstrate the temporal variation of rupture length and multiple earthquake sequences that characterize category 2. The New Hebrides and Middle America have earthquake clustering on a more moderate scale, and are intermediate between categories 2 and 3. Category 3 includes the Kurile Islands, Northeast Japan, Peru and Central Chile. Zones lacking large earthquakes (category 4) include the Marianas, Izu-Bonin, and large portions of Tonga-Kermadec. By loosely grouping each subduction zone into these categories and comparing the general range in behavior with a simple fault model, which is used in a numerical simulation, the parameters governing large earthquake development are clarified. Interpretation of the four categories in terms of asperity distribution and interaction permits some inferences of the nature of stress distribution in particular zones. Two factors appear to dominate in the development of large earthquake failure zones; the nature and degree of coupling on the fault contact, and the extent of lateral segmentation of the subduction zone by transverse stress barriers. Strong coupling and uniform stress distribution on the fault plane produces larger events, whereas more heterogeneous stress distributions produce smaller ruptures and temporal variation in rupture length. Segmentation of the subduction zone that may result in stress barriers affecting rupture length is produced by subduction of transverse structures such as aseismic ridges, and is reflected by submarine canyons and geometric variations in trench configuration.