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The main question: When watching a narrative film do viewers create image representations of narrative events that they have only heard and were not represented visually? Can sound evoke visual memory? We predict that sound will evoke visual representations for events in a narrative film when a viewer has only heard the sound associated with an event. We don’t expect this to occur in all instances. As part of the study design we created test events in 2 versions of the same short film. Each test event can be represented with sound only or sound and image. This is a partial replication of a previously preregistered study, with an updated analysis plan arising from the observed results. Unlike in the original version of the study, where people answered questions about their recall immediately after viewing the film, in the new version of the study, participants were required to wait at least one hour before they were able to begin the online survey.

When watching a narrative film, do viewers create visual memories of events that occur offscreen, which are heard but not depicted visually? Can sound evoke visual representations for unseen events? A study on the film viewers' recall for seen and unseen events in an experimentally manipulated narrative film.