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For WLAN/WIMAX applications, a brand-new tree-shaped metamaterial-loaded microstrip antenna is suggested. The reduced ground plane size and 4.4 dielectric constant (r) and 0.02 loss tangent (δ) dielectric are used to manufacture the 15 × 16 × 1.6 mm3 microstrip antenna. Two X-shaped slots are added to achieve the characteristics needed for WIMAX applications at 5.5 GHz. Additionally, a split-ring resonator is added to the structure to increase its bandwidth. It runs for WLAN applications with a center frequency of 5.8 GHz. The proposed structure’s measured impedance bandwidth is 45.39% with SRR and 53.48% without SRR, respectively. The proposed antenna is capable of satisfying the major requirements of modern wireless devices such as multiband operation, compact size, large bandwidth, and planar structure. The best outcomes are attained with the aid of parametric analysis of feed width, ground height, and slot width. All electromagnetic simulations were performed using CST Studio software. The measured results and the simulation agree. The waveguide extraction approach is used to demonstrate the SRR’s permeability property. The suggested antenna had adequate impedance matching, was small, and had a wide bandwidth.

This paper shows the health monitoring and assessment of a three-phase induction motor in abnormal conditions using a machine learning algorithm. The convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithms are the prominent methods used in machine learning algorithms, and the combined method is known as the CRNN method. The abnormal conditions of a three phase-induction motor are represented by three-phase faults, line-to-ground faults, etc. The pattern of fault current is traced, and key features are extracted by the CRNN algorithm. The performance parameters like THD (%), accuracy, and reliability of abnormal conditions are measured with the CRNN algorithm. The assessment of abnormal conditions is being realized at the terminals of a three-phase induction motor. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is also used to assess such abnormalities. It is observed that performance parameters are found to be better with the CRNN method in comparison to CNN, RNN, ANN, and other methods. Such a realization makes the system more compatible with abnormality recognition.

Partial shading is an unavoidable factor that reduces the performance of solar PV systems. The PV system receives uneven irradiation due to partial shading which causes the mismatch loss. The partial shading distracts the irradiation from the PV modules that makes the healthy modules as idle or low performing modules. The mismatch loss can be mitigated by uniformly distributing the partial shading over the PV array. In this work, L-shaped propagated array configuration method with a new dynamic reconfiguration algorithm have proposed for enhancing the energy conversion under the partial shading conditions. A new kind of array configuration is implemented in a $4\times 4$ PV array for the better shade dispersion. Further, a dynamic reconfiguration algorithm is employed to disperse the effect of partial shading. The combination of new array configuration and reconfiguration method is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink® and implemented in hardware. The outputs are measured under all possible shading patterns and validated with the outputs of convention methods for observing the enhanced energy conversion rate of the proposed system.

Partial shading causes mismatch losses in the solar PV system. In the PV array, the power output from the healthy PV modules is gone in vain due to the mismatch losses. The PV array construction with the high resistivity to the mismatch loss generation is the progressing research work in the research field. In this work, a new kind of array configuration scheme is framed for the PV system for overcoming the effect of partial shading. The proposed array configuration has a high resistivity to the mismatch loss generation over the other conventional array configuration methods. The array configuration is framed in a pattern that is similar to the spiral step pattern. Each row of the PV array is constructed with the PV modules from each row of the conventional Total Cross Tied configuration with the optimized distance. This row construction allows the system to uniformly disperses the partial shading over the PV array. The simulation analysis is carried out by applying various shading patterns in MATLAB/SimulinkⓇ. The performance of the proposed array configuration is also analyzed in the experimental setup and the results were presented.

Photovoltaic system encounters with some limiting factors such as partial shading that reduces the power output. Partial shading is not predictable; not measurable; and unavoidable. A single partial shaded PV cell limits the power output of the unshaded PV cells connected with it in series. In this paper, a hybrid reconfiguration algorithm has been proposed. The 4 × 4 PV array has connected in Total Cross Tied configuration. The proposed algorithm performs reconfiguration in two steps. In the first step, the algorithm splits the 4 × 4 PV array into two sets of 2 × 4 PV arrays and it establishes the interconnection between the two sets by through the 2 × 2 switching matrix circuit in the second step. The interconnection will be executed based on the power generation of each row in the 2 × 4 PV arrays i.e., the maximum power generating row in the set 1 has connected with the minimum power generating a row in set 2. By this reconfiguration, the rows in the PV array can be made as even current generating rows. The proposed method suppresses the effect of partial shading in the power output also it reduces the required numbers of switches and the dimension of the switching matrix circuit.

The output power produced by solar Photovoltaic (PV) array is reduced drastically by partial shading effect. Various array formation and reconfiguration techniques were introduced by many researchers to mitigate partial shading effects in PV array. This paper proposes new PV Array Topologies (PVATs) to improve the performance during partial shading conditions (PSCs). Totally, eight shading patterns are considered in the analysis for seven types of array configurations. Based on the existing array configurations, six novel PVATs are proposed to address the partial shading effect. A 4 × 4, 4 kW solar PV array which consists of sixteen panel of each 250 W rating is considered in this paper. The proposed PVATs are simulated in MATLAB/Simulink® to assess the performance. The results obtained from the simulation are compared with the conventional PVATs and suitable topologies which give best performance during various PSCs are identified. The result comparison shows that the modified total cross-tied (TCT) configuration performs well to extract more power in most of the PSCs. For the Short and Wide PSC, the proposed TCT improves the output power of PVAT by 105% compared to the existing TCT topology. The proposed method is also validated experimentally using 2 × 2 TCT PV array topology and the output waveforms are presented in this paper. This research would be helpful for the PV power plant installers to identify a suitable array configuration.

One of the most critical operations aspects is power management strategies for hybrid AC/DC microgrids. This work presented power management in hybrid AC–DC microgrids with a droop control strategy. At first, photovoltaic, Wind, and battery are used as the power sources, which supply the power with uncertainties. The AC and DC microgrids are controlled by an Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. Simultaneously we calculate the running cost for photovoltaic, Wind, and Battery. Moreover, an optimizer based on the elephant herding optimization algorithm is formulated to reduce the cost price. This method utilizes two stages like clan updating operator and separating operator. This cost value is used to calculate the Droop Coefficients in Droop Control Strategy. The autonomous droop control strategy is utilized in the interlinking converter to share the load between AC and DC. This proposed concept is implemented in the MATLAB tool, and the performance is taken in terms of voltage, power, and current for PV and wind, DC link voltage and load current. The bidirectional ac/dc interlinking converter power flow was subsequently changed from 2.2k W to −2k W. The effectiveness of the power dispatch mode under uniform control has been verified.