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The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of year and seed hybrids on the most significant indicators of the seed quality of cucumber. Testing the quality of seeds of three different hybrids of cucumber: Centauro F1, Edona F1 and Solatio F1 was carried out during a five-year period (2018 - 2022). Analysis of germination energy, seed germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds cucumber showed highly significant differences (r

In these studies, the physical and physiological seed properties and seedling's vigour properties in five ZP maize hybrids (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4 and ZP5) were investigated. Hybrid seed was divided into small (SF) and large fractions (LF) The hybrid combination and seed size did not significantly (p ≥ 0.05) affect seed germination. Width, thickness, length, seed weight, dead seeds, abnormal seedling, stem and root growth and fresh seedling weight were significantly influenced by hybrid and seed fraction LF produced higher stems by 1.18 cm, longer roots by 2.94 cm and higher seedling weight by 0.032 g (the hybrid average) as compared to SF. The influence of hybrids on stem growth differed by 1.9 cm on SF seed and 1.7 cm on LF seed. Significant and positive dependence (p ≥ 0.001) between seed germination was determined with the growth of stem, root and seedling weight, as well as with the 1000 seed weight (p ≥ 0.01) and with a thickness (TS) (p ≥ 0.05). Seed germination with abnormal seedlings achieved a negative (p ≥ 0.01) significant correlation.

Tests of seed germination, seed dormancy and seedling growth were performed on 0-, 6-, 20- and 30-months-old seed lots of Festulolium in comparison with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis). Tests were performed on seeds harvested in 2 different years (2014 and 2015) resulting in no major difference between the years. Seed storage affected seed viability and dormancy and seedling growth in all 3 grasses. The maximum germination of Festulolium seeds was achieved 6 months after harvest (95% normal seedlings); germination decreased significantly thereafter. While maximum germination of L. multiflorum and F. pratensis seeds was also achieved following storage for 6 months, these germination rates (93 and 90%, respectively) were retained until at least 20 months in storage. After storage for 30 months, seed germination of Festulolium, L. multiflorum and F. pratensis had declined to 72, 79 and 83%, respectively. High germination in all species was associated with higher rates of seedling growth. In an artificial seed ageing test, a temperature of 41 °C (during 48 and 72 hours) was found to effectively rank seed lots for germination performance in all 3 grasses. This test seems to have application for use in the seed trade to identify seed lots which could deteriorate more rapidly in storage. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis. Se realizaron pruebas de germinación y de crecimiento de plántulas provenientes de lotes de semillas de Festulolium almacenadas durante 0, 6, 20 y 30 meses, en comparación con raigrás italiano (Lolium multiflorum) y festuca de pradera (Festuca pratensis). En lotes de semillas cosechadas en 2014 y 2015 no se encontraron diferencias entre los años. El almacenamiento afectó la viabilidad y la latencia de las semillas y el crecimiento de las plántulas en las tres especies. La germinación máxima de las semillas de Festulolium se presentó 6 meses después de la cosecha (95% de plántulas normales), a partir de los cuales disminuyó significativamente. También las semillas de L. multiflorum y F. pratensis presentaron máxima germinación después de 6 meses (93 y 90%, respectivamente); estas tasas, sin embargo, se mantuvieron hasta al menos 20 meses de almacenamiento. Después de 30 meses, la germinación de las semillas disminuyó a 72, 79 y 83% para Festulolium, raigrás y festuca, respectivamente. La alta germinación en todas las especies se asoció con mayores tasas de crecimiento de plántulas. En una prueba rápida de envejecimiento artificial de semillas (temperatura de 41 °C durante 48 y 72 horas) fue posible predecir el comportamiento de germinación de las semillas de las tres especies. Esta prueba parece tener aplicación en el comercio para identificar lotes de semillas que podrían deteriorarse más rápidamente durante el almacenamiento. Se necesitan más estudios para verificar esta hipótesis.

Hibridi kukuruza dobijaju se ukrštanjem inbred linija, koje nastaju u procesu selekcije kontrolisanom samooplodnjom odabranih genotipova do postizanja homozigotnosti. U proizvodnji semena hibrida kukuruza potrebno je zakidati metlice na majčinskoj komponenti kako ne bi došlo do samooplodnje i smanjenja heterozisa hibrida F1 generacije. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi masa 1000 semena 12 inbred linija sa različitim tipom citoplazme. Istraživanja su sprovedena na dve pracele: Šlolsko dobro i Selekciono polje u toku dve godine. Ogledi su postavljeni po slučajnom blok sistemu u okviru svakog tipa citoplazme u tri ponavljanja. Statističko-biometrijska obrada podataka se zasnivala na srednjim vrednostima po ponavljanju i obuhvatila je analizu varijanse. Na osnovu analize varijanse utvrđeno je da postoje veoma značajne razlike između inbred linija na masu 1000 semena u zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme, godine i lokacije. Najmanu prosečnu vrednost mase 1000 semena imala je inbred linija L7 (259,5 g), a najveću inbred linija L1 (394,0 g). Prosečne vrednosti mase 1000 semena inbred linija, veoma značajno su (P≤1%) varirale u zavisnosti od godina ispitivanja i lokacija. Veća vrednost mase 1000 semena imale su inbred linije u drugoj. godini (326,58 g) u odnosu na prvu godinu (298,93 g). Na lokaciji Selekciono polje ostvarena je veća prosečna vrednost (321,62 g) mase 1000 semena u odnosu na lokaciju Školsko dobro (303,90 g). Veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) većuvrednost mase 1000 semena imale su inbred linije sa citoplazmom cms-C tipa u odnosu na inbred linije sa fertilnom i citoplazmom cms-S tipa. Masa 1000 semena inbred linija po godinama veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) se razlikovala kod većine linija osim L4, L10 i L12 gde nije bilo razlike. U zavisnosti od tipa citoplazme i godina ispitivanja veoma značajne (Lsd0,01) razlike mase 1000 semena nisu utvrđene samo kod inbred linija L4 i L11.Prosečne vrednosti mase 1000 semena inbred linija po lokacijama su se veoma značajno (Lsd0,01) razlikovale kod inbred linija: L1, L2, L5, L8, L9 i L10 dok kod ostalih šest ispitivanih linija nisu utvrđene razlike.Između inbred linija sa različitim tipovima citoplazme utvrđene su značajne (Lsd0,05) razlike u masi 1000 semena po ispitivanim lokacijama. Linije istog tipa citoplazme dale su veću masu 1000 semena na prvoj nego na drugoj lokaciji.Godine ispitivanja i lokacije veoma značajno su uticale na masu 1000 semena. Najveću prosečnu vrednost mase 1000 semena ostvarile su inbred linije u drugoj godini na prvoj lokaciji Interakcija inbred linija x godina x lokacija je bila statistički značajna(Lsd0,05). Prosečna masa 1000 semena kod L4 nije se značajno razlikovala u zavisnosti od godina i lokacija ispitivanja. Ostale ispitivane inbred linije imale su veoma značajna variranja mase 1000 semena u različitim uslovima spoljašnje sredine

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the year and the seed lots on the most important indicators of cabbage seed quality. Quality testing of nine different seed lots of Potomac F1 cabbage was performed during three years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Analyses of variance showed a significant effect (p

Pasulj (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) je važna mahunarka koja se uzgajaširom sveta zbog nutritivnog sastava (visokog sadržaja proteina, mineralai vitamina). Kvalitet semena Panonskog gradištanca i Panonskog tetovcatestiran je u trogodišnjem periodu (2019-2021). Ukupna klijavost kodPanonskog tetovca iznosila je 73% (2019), dok je narednih posmatranihgodina značajno opala 69% (2020) i 59% (2021). Kod Panonskoggradištanca primećena je značajno bolja klijavost. Prve posmatranegodine iznoslila je 80% (2019). Ukupna klijavost tokom 2020-2021.godine bila je u značajnom padu (75%), a između tih godina nije bilostatistički značajne razlike. Najmanji procenat fitopatogenih gljivadetektovan je kod Panonskog gradištanca koji je imao najmanji procenatfitopatogenih gljiva. Može se zaključiti da fitopatogene gljive značajnoutiču na ukupnu klijavost semena pasulja. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume cultivated worldwide for its nutritional composition (high content of proteins, minerals and vitamins). The quality of the seeds of Panonski gradištanc and Panonski tetovac was tested in a three-year period (2019-2021). The total germination in Panonski tetovac was 73% (2019), while in the following observed years it significantly decreased to 69% (2020) and 59% (2021). Significantly better germination was observed in Panonski gradištanac. In the first observed year, it was 80% (2019). Total germination during 2020-2021 was in a significant decline (75%), and there were no statistically significant differences between those years. The lowest percentage of phytopathogenic fungi was detected in the Panonski tetovac, which had the lowest percentage of phytopathogenic fungi. It can be concluded that phytopathogenic fungi significantly affect the overall germination of bean seeds. Poster predstavljen na Nacionalnom naučno-stručnom skupu sa međunarodnim učešćem Biotehnologija i savremeni pristup u gajenju i oplemenjivanju bilja, Smederevska Palanka 3. novembar, 2022, Ceo rad na linku: [https://rivec.institut-palanka.rs/handle/123456789/519]

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the year and the seed lots on the most important indicators of cabbage seed quality. Quality testing of nine different seed lots of Potomac F1 cabbage was performed during three years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Analyses of variance showed a significant effect (p

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) are in the conditions of Serbia, according to many researches and experiences from practice, the most productive and highest quality grass-leguminous mixture for fodder production on more fertile soils. Both species can be sown as pure crops. But sowing and growing in a mixture is better because of the well-known benefits of growing legumes (which are nitrogen fixers) and grasses (which have a pronounced need for nitrogen). Studies have shown that these species grown in a mixture also have a positive effect on soil biogenicity. They also have a positive effect on the reduction of weeds in relation to the cultivation of these fodder plants in pure culture. The initial crop density in all plants, especially dense plants, is achieved by the amount of germinating seeds in the establishment. For sowing in a mixture, the ratio between the number of leguminous plants and grasses is important for achieving the desired ratio in the mixture (legumes: grass).. The ratio in the mixture determines the yield and quality of the feed. Namely, it is generally known that the legume component is of better quality and that the grass component is more productive. There is no doubt that seed germination is the most important indicator of seed quality. And the goal is to maintain high quality seed germination for as long as possible during the seed storage period. But it is also a reality that the seed achieves maximum germination quality during storage and then follows the period of seed aging, which inevitably leads to a decrease in germination, which is different for each species. Of course, the ambient conditions in which the seeds are stored are also of great importance for preserving germination. The aim of these tests was to examine the quality of seeds during five years of storage through indicators: germination energy and total germination. The seeds of four varieties of red dateline were used in the experiment: K-17, Viola, Kolubara, Sana and Italian ryegrass, three varieties: K13, Aubade, Draga, K-39 and one populations: P1. Seeds of the red dateline variety after five years retained an average germination of 64%, with a variation depending on the variety of 20% (Nike 55%, Una 75%). And with pronounced variability expressed through a coefficient of variation of CV = 14.1%. Seeds of the Italian ryegrass variety also maintained an average germination of 70% after five years, with a variation depending on the variety of 13% (Aubade 67%, K-13 80%). And with pronounced variability expressed through a coefficient of variation of CV = 8.12%. Crvena detelina (Trifolium pratense L.) i italijanski ljulj (Lolium multiflorum L.) su u uslovima Srbije po mnogim istraživanjima i iskustvima iz prakse najproduktivnija i najkvalitetnija travaleguminozna smeša za proizvodnju krme na plodnijim zemljištima.Obe vrste mogu se sejati kao čisti usevi. Ali je setva i gajenje u smeši bolja zbog dobro poznatih benefita gajanja leguminoza, (koje su azotofiksataori) i trava, (koje imaju izražene zahteve za azotom). Ispitivanja su pokazala da ove vrste gajene u smeši pozitivno utiču i na biogenost zemljišta. Takođe pozitivno utiču i na smanjenje korova u odnosu na gajenje ovih krmnih biljka u čistoj kulturi. Početna gustina useva se kod svih biljaka, a posebno gustorednih, postiže količinom klijavog semena u zasnivanju. Za setvu u smeši udnos između broja biljaka leguminiza i trava je značajan za ostvarenje željenog odnosa u smeši (leguminoza:trava). Odnos u smeši određuje prinos i kvalitet krme. Naime opšte je poznato da je leguminozna komponenta kvalitetnija a da je travna komponenta produktivnija. Ne sumljivo je da je klijavost semena najvažniji pokazatelj kvaliteta semena. Te da je cilj da što je moguće duže se održi visok kvalitete semena-klijavost tokom perioda čuvanja semen. Ali je i realnost da seme tokom čuvanja postiže maksimalni kvalitet-klijavosti a zatim sledi perod starenja semena što neminovno vodi ka smanjenju klijavosti što je za svaku vrstu različito. Naravno za očuvanje klijavosti od visog značaja su i anbijentalni uslovui u komjima je seme čuvano. Cilj ovih ispitavanja je bio da se tokom pet godina čuvanja ispita kvalitet semena preko pokazatelja: energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti. U ogledi je korišćeno seme četiri sorte crvene dateline : K-17, Viola, Kolubara, Sana i italijanskog ljulja, tri sorte: K-13, Aubade, Draga, i jedna populacija P-1. Seme sorte crvene dateline nakon pet godina zadržalo je prosečnu klijavost 64%, sa variranjem zavisno od sote od 20% (Nike 55%, Una 75%). I sa izraženiom varijabilnošću izkazanu kroz koefijent varijacije od CV=14,1%. Seme sorata italijanskog ljulja takođe nakon pet godina zadržalo je prosečnu klijavost 70%, sa variranjem zavisno od sote od 13% (Aubade 67%, K-13 80%). I sa izraženiom varijabilnošću zavisno od sorti izkazanu kroz koefijent varijacije od CV=8,12%.

The exepression of morphological and physiological traits depends primarily on the hybrid combination and then on the ecological conditions of the environment. The material used in these studies were performed with maize hybrids from the maturity group (FAO 600), within the groups we had two hybrids (H1, H2) derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje and produced in two locations. Seeds for laboratory testing were divided into six fractions (SP, SO, SSP, SSO, KP, KO) and after that working samples of 10x100 seeds were formed. Under laboratory conditions, the following seed traits were analysed: 1000-seed dry weight prior to germination (M2), seedling dry waight (M3), ensosperm dry weight afret to germination (M1), seed emergence (IV), germination rate. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in seedling dry weight and endosperm dry weight after to germination according to seeds fraction and hybrid combination. The averge of 1000- seed dry weight in both hybrids is 315.0 g. The weight of the M3 ranged between 17.7 g. and 19.9 g. The difference in M3 between seeds of different sizes is significant for SP and all other fractions except for KP. M1 ranged from 235.5g. do 360.0 g. M1 differed significantly between SP, SO, KP, and KO. M1 and M2 did not influence the formation of the sedling dry weight. Ek differs according to the shape of the seed, the seed of flat fractions has an energy> 80%, while the seed of round fractions is 80%, dok je seme okruglih frakcija

The aim of this study was to observe effects of the sowing date on the relationships among morphological properties of maize ears. The trial was set up in Zemun Polje in 2019 and encompassed five sowing dates with the initial one on April 1, and then on every 10 days until May 10 (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5). Three inbred lines (L1, L2, L3) were used as a material. During sowing, seeds were classified according to their size into small (6.5-8.4 mm), large (8.5-11 mm) and the primary seed fraction (6.5-11 mm). The parameters for the following morphological ear traits were determined under laboratory conditions: ear weight, ear length, ear thickness, cob weight and the grain yield. Obtained results indicated the significant contribution of all factors in expression of observed traits, as well as the significance of the interactions. The inbred L1 was the most stable genotype for the ear weight and the cob weight. The ear length and the ear thickness varied the least in all genotypes. The initial sowing dates (S1 and S2) were the most important for the ear weight. The third sowing date was the most important for the ear length (19.81cm) and the ear thickness (5.94cm). The highest cob weight was recorded in plants sown on the fifth sowing date (S5). The LSD tests showed that the differences in the morphological traits of ears of different sowing dates were significant between S5 and the remaining four sowing dates (p

A total of six tomato seed populations, collected in the autumn of 2016 at different locations in Serbia (West (3), South (1), North (1) and East (1)), were enrolled in this study. Seeds of the tomato populations considered were produced in the organic growing system in the area of Zaovice (76 m a.s.l., chernozem), Stara Pazova, Northern Serbia (44˚ 47 '19.6" N, 20˚ 27' 56.2" E) in 2017. Analyses of the germination parameters of the tomato seed populations examined (namely the germination energy, total germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds of the tomato seeds considered) indicated significant (r lt 0.01) differences according to the production year (A) and the tomato seed population (B). The impact interactions (r lt 0.01) of these factors (A × B) proved significant only relative to dead seeds. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the germination energy and the total germination of the seeds considered (r = 0.8711, p lt 0.001), as well as between the amounts of their abnormal seedlings and dead seeds (r = 0.92297, p lt 0.001). The germination energy and the total germination of the tomato seeds considered were found to decrease with the increasing seed age, in contrast to the numbers of their abnormal seedlings and dead seeds which continued to increase with seed aging. Seme šest populacija/sorti paradajza prikupljeno je u jesen 2016. sa različitih lokaliteta iz Srbije: zapadne (3 populacije), južne (1), severne (1) i istočne (1). Proizvodnja semena populacija paradajza u organskom sistemu gajenja izvedena je 2017. godine na lokaciji zapadne Srbije u Staroj Pazovi, potes Zovice (76 m n.v.) 44˚ 47 '19.6" N, 20˚ 27' 56.2" E. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ocena uticaja godine i populacije na pokazatelje kvaliteta semena paradajza tokom 2017, 2018. i 2019.. Seme je čuvano u skladištu upakovano u pvc-kesama na temperaturi ispod 15ºC, RH 50%. Analiza energije klijanja, ukupne klijavosti, neneormalnih klijanaca i mrtvog semena paradjza pokazala je visoko značajne razlike (r lt 0,01) pod uticajem faktora godina (A) i populacija semena (B). Veoma značajna interakcija (r lt 0,01) ispitivanih faktora u pogledu mrtvog semena paradajza dobijena je samo kod međusobnog uticaja faktora A × B. Zabeležena je visoko značajna korelacija (p≤0.001) između energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti, i između broja neneormalnih klijanaca i mrtvog semena. Energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost sa povećanjem starosti semena opadaju, dok broj nenormalnih klijanaca i mrtvog semena raste. Rezultati ovog rada treba da daju doprinos u shvatanju značaja autohtonih populacija/sorti ne samo paradajza, već i autohtonih sorti semena ostalog povrća; odnosno da ukažu na značaj očuvanja genetičkih resursa za organsku poljoprivredu.

The seed in order to meet requirements of cropping practices and growing systems in the production of commercial maize. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of The seed processing technology depends on the seed fraction. The introduction of new and improved solutions in maize seed processing contributes to the improvement of traits of different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile), and environmental factors on the medium large flat seeds of maize inbred lines. The study encompassed the 12 same maize inbred lines of each type of cytoplasm. The trial was set up according to the complete randomised block design in two locations with three replications. Statistical biometrical data processing was based on means per replication and encompassed the analysis of variance. On the basis of this analysis, it was determined that there were significant differences among inbred lines regarding the medium large flat seed fraction (MLF) in dependence on the type of cytoplasm, year and the location. The average values of the seed fraction varied over inbreds from 0.4% to 16.3%. The highest, i.e. lowest value for this trait was expressed by sterile cytoplasm cms-C, i.e. fertile cytoplasm, respectively. Furthermore, a greater share of MLF seeds was recorded in the first year and the first location than in the second year and the second location. The inbred line × location interaction points out to very significant (Lsd0.001) differences in the content of MLF seeds of maize inbred lines in dependence of observed locations. The years of investigation and locations significantly (Lsd0.005) affected the content of MLF seeds in maize inbred lines. The analysis of obtained results points out to a significant effect of the type of cytoplasm on the medium large flat seed fraction.

Managing N, P and K inputs in semi-natural meadow production systems is important for achieving maximum yields in livestock farming. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of different NPK levels (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1) on the yield, quality and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) in a grassland community of Agrostietum capillaris (semi-natural meadow) in western Serbia. The study was conducted during the seasons of 2005-2008. The values of the investigated parameters, except for the unit N uptake, were the highest in 2004/2005 due to favorable climate conditions. The levels of nitrogen significantly increased all of the studied parameters compared to the control treatment, except for unit N uptake. Mineral fertilizers at N200P150K150 provided the highest green forage yield (25.12 t ha-1), dry matter yield (8.12 t ha-1), crude protein yield (876.3 kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake (140.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen nutrition index (70.2%), and the lowest unit N uptake (0.0022 kg N kg DMY-1). The use of mineral fertilizers increased green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield, increasing fertilizer from lowest to highest rate increased fresh and dry matter yield, as well as protein yield. Based on the results of the study, monitoring of nutrition indices would be necessary in order to increase productivity and economic benefits. Unošenje N, P i K inputa u poluprirodnim livadama je vaţno za postizanje maksimalnih prinosa na stočarskim farmama. Cilj ove studije bio je procena uticaja različitih nivoa N, P i K (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1) na prinos, kvalitet i indeks ishrane azotom (NNI) u livadskoj zajednici Agrostietum capillaris (poluprirodna livada) u zapadnoj Srbiji. Studija je sprovedena tokom perioda 2005-2008. Vrednosti ispitivanih parametara, izuzev usvajanja azota po jedinici mase, bile su najviše u 2004/2005 zbog povoljnih klimatskih uslova. Nivoi azota su značajno povećali sve ispitivane parametre u poređenju sa kontrolnim tretmanom, osim usvajanja azota po jedinici mase. Đubrenje sa N200P150K150 obezbedilo je najveći prinos zelene krme (25.12 t ha-1), prinos suve materije (8.12 t ha-1), prinos sirovih proteina (876.3 kg ha-1), usvajanje azota (140,2 kg ha-1) i indeks ishrane azotom (70,2%), kao i najmanji unos azota (0,0022 kg N kg PSM-1). Upotreba mineralnih đubriva povećala je prinos zelene krme, prinos suve materije i prinos sirovih proteina, povećavanjem đubriva od najmanje do najveće količine je povećalo prinos sveže i suve mase, kao i prinos proteina. Na osnovu rezultata studije, praćenje indeksa ishrane azotom bi bilo neophodna mera u cilju porasta produktivnosti i ekonomske efikasnosti.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the year of cultivation, seed population and mycorrhizal seed treatment on two most important indicators of the pepper seed quality, namely germination energy and total germination. The pepper seed quality parameters, i.e. the first count and the total germination rate, were examined in the period 2017-2018. The results obtained show significant differences (p < 0.01) between the parameter values under consideration relative to the year of cultivation (Factor A), seed population (Factor B) and mycorrhizal sees treatment (Factor C). In the first experimental year, there was an increase in the first count and total germination of 4 to 6 % compared to the control when pepper seeds were treated with the mycorrhizal formulation. In the second experimental year, an increase in the first count was in the range of 3 to 16 %, whereas an increase in the total germination was 3 to 4 %, compared to the control. The effect of mycorrhizal pepper seed treatment proved beneficial especially to aged seeds that were slow to germinate. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ocena uticaja godine, populacije semena i tretmana semana formulacijom mikorize na dva najznačajnija pokazatelja kvaliteta semena paprike. Kao materijal u istraživanjima korišćene su tri domaće populacije začinske paprike poreklom sa dva lokaliteta iz Srbije: istočna - Negotin (dve populacije slatka i ljuta) i zapadna - Badovinci (ljuta). Seme populacija paprika proizvedeno je u organskom sistemu gajenja 2017. godine. Utvrđivanje vrednosti pokazatelja kvaliteta (energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti) semena paprika izvedeno je 2017. i 2018. godine u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja Instituta za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu u Beogradu. Analiza energije klijanja i klijavosti semena paprika pokazala je visoko značajne razlike (r

Timothy grass is a fodder grass mostly grown as a pure stand or in mixed stands with fodder legumes at higher elevations. It is cultivated for its high yields and the supreme quality of roughage containing Timothy grass. There are different methods for preserving the seed quality of fodder grasses relative to the following parameters: species, variety, harvest methods, postharvest treatments, as well as the storage temperature and air humidity. Poor seed germination is often caused by the presence of dormant seeds which fail to germinate despite ideal conditions in the field or laboratory. After a certain storage period, dormant seeds start germinating, but prolonged storage periods result in seed aging which is associated with reductions in seed germination, seedling growth and the total mass of the root system. The seed quality features of four Timothy grass seed lots (the 'Foka' cultivar), at ages of 3, 15 and 27 months, were examined in this study according to the share of dormant, germinated and dead seeds, as well as abnormal seedlings. Upon assessing seed germination, the stem length (cm), radicle length (cm) and fresh weight (g) of seedlings were measured. Different seed lots were found to exert no effect on the seed quality parameters examined and the growth of seedlings. Conversely, the seed age had a significant impact (P

The world is a growing tendency for reduced application of chemicals and increasing use biological resources in order to protect the environment. In agricultural production in general, ar­ in the seed production and the tendency is reduced by the application of chemical agents ar their treatment on the seeds. In this study were investigated by two different varieties of toma (Rio Grande and Saint Pierre) and were treated with the following treatments: 1. Zink (Zn - 0.5% • Boron (B- 0.025%), 3. Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride Mix - Coveron (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Trichoderma atroviride) + Zink (Zn - 0.5 + Boron (B - 0.025%), 5. Untreated control. After a treatment on the seeds and in the hot bed determined energies and total germination, in conformance with the Regulations on the Qua of seeds of agricultural plants (Official Gazette of Yugoslavia 47/87). Also determined and seedl" vigor (the primary root length and shoot length). In cultivar Saint Pierre determined an increase 21% germination In the embodiment of the treatment of seed Coveron, compared to the cont The largest increase in germination of 6%of it was found in the cultivar RioGrande in a variant v. Mix, compared to the control.When it comes to the totalgermination in the cultivar Saint Pierre la est increase over the control of 13% was observed in the variant with thetreatment of the seed t::. Mix. In cultivar Rio Grande largest increase seed germination of 7% have been found in the var;: with thetreatment mix, and Zn included, in comparison to the control.In cultivar Saint Pierre largt" effect on the increase in shoot length of 3.2 cm or 60.4%, determined on the embodiment to • application B, a variant in relation to control. In cultivar RioGrande largest increase in shoot Ieng 1.0 cm or 14.3%, was found in the variant with the treatment mix, as compared to the control. increase in the lengthof theprimary rootmost influenced by the treatment of the seed withCover'" included in bothcultivars. in Saint Pierre of 1.2 cm or 28.6%, respective ly, in the cultivar RioGrande cm or 30.0%. We couldsay that almost all treatments showed improvements in certain paramet which were followed in relation to the control,and may findusein the treatment of tomato seeds• both organic and conventional production. The work was realized within the projectsTR31057 and TR31018, Ministry of Education, Sciel"' and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia.

The aim of the present study was to determine the proportion of the medium large round seed fraction of the maize inbred lines depending on the cytoplasm type. The studies encompassed 12 inbred lines with different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile) that were tested in two locations (Selection Field and Školsko dobro) during 2015 and 2016. The three-replicate trials were set up according to randomised complete-block design within each type of cytoplasm. The analysis of variance indicated that the cytoplasm type was a decisive factor in the expression of the seed fraction - medium large round (MLR).. The highest, i.e. lowest value of this trait, on average, was recorded in the inbred line L1 (47.9%), i.e. L7 (1.4%), respectively. The average percent of the MLR seed fraction significantly varied (P≤5%) in respect of the observed cytoplasm type. The highest and the lowest values of this trait were established in sterile cytoplasm cms-C (13.8%), and fertile cytoplasm (12.8%), respectively. The medium values of the MLR seed fraction very significantly (P≤1%) varied in dependence on the year and location of investigation. The greater proportion of the MLR seed fraction was determined in maize inbred in 2015 (19.4%) than in 2016 (7.5%), as well as in the location of Selection Field (14.4%) than in Školsko dobro (12.5%). The analysis of obtained results point out to a significant effect of the cytoplasm type on the medium large round seed fraction

The aim of the present study was to determine effects of both, different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile) and environmental factors on the number of kernels per row. Twelve maize inbred lines were tested in two locations in Zemun Polje (Selection field and Školsko dobro) in 2013 and 2014. The three-replicate comparative trials were set up according to the randomised complete block design within each type of cytoplasm. Each plot within the replicate consisted of four rows. Fertile versions of inbred lines were sown in two border rows and they were pollinators for their sterile counterparts. Statistic-biometric data processing was based on mean values per replicate and encompassed the analysis of variance. Gained results showed significant differences in the number of kernels per row among inbred lines in dependence on the type of cytoplasm, year and the location. The average number of kernels per row ranged from 15.6 (L6) to 25.9 (L9). Depending on the type of cytoplasm, the higher average number of kernels per row was detected in cms-C cytoplasm (20.4), than in fertile cytoplasm (20.0) and cms-S cytoplasm (19.8). In both years of investigation, the variation of average values of the number of kernels per row was very lines in 2014 (21.30) was significantly higher than the one recorded in 2013 (18.83). Comparing observed locations, a higher average number of kernels per row was determined in the location Zemun Polje-Selection field (20.58) than in th

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of ensiling common vetch - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Two effects were studied: seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures and application of bacterial inoculant. The pH, DM (Dry Matter) content, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. DLG method was utilized for classification the silage quality. Common vetch and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Kruševac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure vetch, 25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat and pure oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected higher content of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid (P lt 0.05), but lower content of soluble nitrogen (P lt 0.05). Depending on the seeding rates of common vetch and oat, 75 : 25 common vetch - oat silage had the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. Contents of DM, pH and ammonia nitrogen were similar in all silages ranged from 307.2 to 318.5 g kg-1 , from 4.27 to 4.54 and from 16.1 to 19.1% ΣN, respectively. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, similar quality grades were founded. Istraživanje je sprovedeno da bi se procenila mogućnost siliranja smeša grahorice i ovsa posejanih u pet različitih odnosa. Ispitivana su dva faktora: udeo semena grahorice i ovsa u smeši i primena inokulanta pri siliranju. Sadržaj suve materiije, pH, sadržaj amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, kao i sadržaj sirćetne, buterne i mlečne kiseline je utvrđen u silaži. Za ocenu kvaliteta silaže je korišćena DLG i metoda po Weissbach-u. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Srbija, i ispitavanja su obuhvatila pet različitih smeša: čist usev grahorice, 25% grahorice + 75% ovsa, 50% grahorice + 50% ovsa, 75% grahorice + 25% ovsa i čist usev ovsa. Rezultati suobrađeni kao dvofaktorijalni ogled, analizom varijanse korišćenjem modela koji objašnjava uticaj structure smeše i primene inokulanta na kvalitet silaže. Primena bakterijskog inokulanta je uzrokovala veći sadržaj amonijačnog azota i sirćetne kiseline (P lt 0.05), ali niži sadržaj rastvorljivog azota. Smeša u kojoj je odnos grahorice i ovsa bio 75:25 sadržala je najveći udeo mlečne kiseline i najmanji udeo buterne kiseline. Sadržaj suve materije, pH i amonijačnog azota je bio sličan u svim silažama i kretao se od 307,2 do 318,5 g kg-1 , od 4,27 do 4,54 i od 16,1 do 19,1% ΣN, respektivno. Na osnovu ocene kvaliteta silaže prema DLG i Weissbach metodi utvrđen je približan kvalitet ispitivanih silaža.

In many regions worldwide, vetch is an important forage crops for the production of fibrous feed. Vetch seed available on the south-eastern Europe market often differ in the size, colour and age, hence seed quality and seedling vigour are questionable. Seed samples of two vetch varieties were drawn from three lots during two years. According to these samples, seeds were classified into groups of three sizes and three colours. The effect of the seed size and colour on seed quality and seedling vigour was estimated immediately after harvest, and then nine, 21 and 33 months after harvest. The determined effects of seed size, colour and age, as well as of their interactions on seed quality and seedling vigour were significant. On the other hand, years, varieties, lots and their interactions did not significantly affect seed quality and seedling vigour. There were no significant differences in seed quality and seedling vigour over nine, 21 and 33 month storage periods, but the ageing test showed the significant differences among the duration of storage. Germination and vigour of seedlings were significantly higher in large seeds. Pale seeds had better quality after nine and 21 month storage period (time when the seed in the second year after harvesting should be sown), while seed quality was greater in dark seeds after 33 months of storage (time when the seed in the third year after harvesting should be sown). (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers

U proizvodnji hibridnog semena kukuruza najvažniji zadatak je proizvodnja kvalitetnog semenskog materijala, kao visina i stabilnost prinosa. Visina prinosa zavisi od genetiĉkog potencijala za prinos, dok stabilnost prinosa zavisi od sposobnosti reagovanja hibrida na uslove sredine. Stabilnost u postizanju oĉekivanog prinosa jedna je od najpoželjnijih osobina da bi genotip bio preporuĉen kao hibrid za široko gajenje. U ovim istraživanjima se polazi od pretpostavke da se prouĉavani hibrid kukuruza, razliĉit procenat uĉešća fertilnih biljaka razliĉito ponašaju na promene faktora spoljašnje sredine, ĉime ispoljavaju i razliĉitu stabilnost prinosa. Na osnovu te pretpostavke, oĉekuje se izdvajanje razliĉitih nivoa fertilnih biljaka ĉiji prinos najmanje varira pod uticajem promena spoljašnje sredine. Cilj rada bio je da se izvrši procena stabilnosti prinosa zrna po Eberhart-u i Russell-u (1966). Parametri stabilnosti (koeficijent - bi i standardna greška regresije - S2di) su pokazali koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveću stabilnost, odnosno koji su najbolje reagovali na povoljne, tj. nepovoljne uslove spoljne sredine. Kod najstabilnijeg hibrida utvrđeno je uĉešće od 25% fertilnih biljaka (bi - 1,000), dok je kod hibrida sa 60% uĉešća fertilnosti bolje reagovao na povoljne uslove gajenja (bi - 1,326), a genotip koji je bolje reagovao na lošije uslove spoljne sredine imao je 10% uĉešća fertilnih biljaka (bi - 0,791). In the production of hybrid maize seed, the most important task is to produce high-quality seed material and to provide high and stable yields. Yield depends on genetic potential of yielding, while stability depends on ability of hybrids to respond to environmental conditions. Stability in achieving expected yield is one of the most favourable traits for a genotype to be recommended as a hybrid for wide cultivation. The starting point in these studies was that observed maize hybrid and different percentage of share of fertile plants would differently respond to changes in the environmental factors, whereby yield stability would differ. Based on this assumption, the distinguishable levels of fettilie plants whose yields vary the least under envoronmental conditions were expected. The aim was to estimate grain yield stability after Eberhart and Russell (1966). The stability parameters (coefficient - bi and standard error of regression - S2di) point out to which ratio of sterile to fertile variant of the hybrid had the highest stability, i.e. which variants responded best to favourable, i.e. unfavourable environmental conditions. The share of fertile plants in the most stable hybrid was 25% (bi - 1.000) while a hybrid with 60% fertility responded better to favourable growing conditions (bi - 1.326). A genotype that responded better to unfavourable environmental conditions had 10% of fertile plants (bi - 0.791).

Plava lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je zbog svih svojih osobina najvažnija krmna biljka u našoj zemlji. Veliki značaj lucerke se ogleda u proizvodnji kvalitetne kabaste hrane, ali je i seme lucerke vredna i kurentna roba na domaćem i inostranom tržištu. Areal gajenja lucerke je na svim kontinentima u više od 80 zemalja, od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa. Široka geografska rasprostranjenost lucerke uslovljena je njenom velikom adaptabilnošću na različite klimatske i zemljišne uslove. Zasnivanje useva krmnih biljaka vrši se direktnom setvom semena. Obzirom na te okolnosti, brza i uniformna pojava snaznih klijanaca lucerke je veoma značajna kako bi se osigurala visoka uniformnost klijanaca, što utiče na početnu fazu razvoja useva, a kao rezultat svega je visok i stabilan prinos. Sve ovo ukazuje na važnost izbora semena dobrog kvaliteta.U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj starosti semena na kvalitet tri različite sorte lucerke (Kruševačka 28, NS-Banat i Čačanka-10). Seme ispitivanih sorata lucerke čuvano je pet godina u papirnim kesama u kontrolisanim uslovima temperature i relativne vlažnosti vazduha. Zatim je ispitivana klijavost semena različitih sorata lucerke starosti pet godina u klijalistu na temperaturi od 20o C u mraku, deset dana (prema Pravilniku o ispitivanju kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja 47/87). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je starost semena značajno uticala na ukupnu klijavost, nenormalne klijance, tvrdo i mrtvo seme. Najveća klijavost je ostvarena iz semena starog dve godine, pri tome uticaj sorte je takodje statistički značajno delovao na ukupnu klijavost, kao i interakcija starost semena x sorta (P≤0,05).

Lucerka je, posle kukuruza, najvaţnija krmna vrsta u našoj zemlji, zahvaljujući ne samo povoljnom hemijskom sastavu i visokom sadrţaju proteina, već i visokim prinosima i veoma dobrim biološkim osobinama. Plava lucerka, Medicago sativa L. (2n = 32) je prirodni tetraploid. Cilj ovog rada je da se ispitivanjem deset razliĉitih sorata lucerke odredi varijabilnost i grupisanje srodnih genotipova lucerke primenom RAPD molekularnih markera. Za ekstrakciju DNK iz biljnog materijala korišćeni su prvi zeleni listići klijanaca lucerke (kotiledoni). Za analizu podataka dobijenih molekularnom karakterizacijom korišćeni su statistiĉki programi za populaciono-genetiĉke analize. Primećeno je da se u RAPD analizi genoma biljaka mogu pratiti repetativne sekvence koje ĉine znaĉajan deo genetiĉkog materijala. Lanĉana reakcija polimeraze bazirana na repetativnim sekvencama (RAPD-PCR) korišćena je za utvrđivanje genetiĉke raznovrsnosti između razliĉitih sorata lucerke. OPA 01, OPA 02, OPA 13 i OPB 10 prajmeri su korišćeni da bi se dobili razliĉiti DNK profili. Na osnovu RAPD DNK profila moţe se videti razdvajanje DNK fragmenata razliĉite veliĉine od 100 bp do 3 kb. Razlike između fragmenata su ocenjivane vizuelno na osnovu njihovog položaja na gelu. Na gelu na kome se nalaze razliĉite sorte lucerke sa prajmerom OPB 10 mogu se uoĉiti razlike između sorata lucerke. Jasno se vidi da se sorta lucerke Zajeĉarska 83 razlikuje od svih ostalih sorata lucerke. Sorte Osjeĉka 99, Osjeĉka 88 i Osjeĉka 66 pokazuju visok nivo međusobne sliĉnosti, kao i sorte Kruševaĉka 22 i Kruševaĉka 28, što je i oĉekivano sa obzirom da su navedene sorte koje su sliĉne selekcionisane u istim selekcionim kućama. Ovo istraţivanje je potvrdilo da prouĉavana kolekcija sorti lucerke poseduje varijabilnost neophodnu za uspešan selekcioni proces. After maize, alfalfa is the most important forage species in our country due to favorable chemical composition and high content of protein. It is also characterized with high yields and very good biological properties. Blue alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (2n = 32) is a natural tetraploid. The aim of this work was to determine variability and grouping related alfalfa genotypes using RAPD molecular markers, by testing ten different alfalfa cultivars. The first green leaves of alfalfa seedlings (cotyledons) were used for DNA extraction from the plant material. For the analysis of data obtained by the molecular characterization the statistical programs for population genetic analysis were used. It is observed that in the RAPD analysis of the genome can be monitored repetitive sequences that make up a significant part of the genetic material. The polymerase chain reaction based on repetitive sequences (RAPD-PCR) was used to determine the genetic diversity among the different cultivars of alfalfa. OPA 01, OPA 02, OPA 13, and OPB 10 primers were used to obtain the various profiles of DNA. Based on RAPD DNA profiles, the separation of DNA fragments of different size from 100 bp to the 3 kb were noticed. The differences between the fragments were evaluated visually on the basis of their position on the gel. On the gel containing different varieties of alfalfa with primer OPB 10, differences between alfalfa varieties were noticed. It is clear that the cultivar Zajeĉarska 83 differs from all other cultivars of alfalfa. Cultivars Osjeĉka 99, Osjeĉka 88, and Osjeĉka 66 showed a high level of similarity, as well as cultivars Kruševaĉka 22 and Kruševaĉka 28. This is expected, taking into account that these two groups of similar cultivars were selected in the same companies. This study confirmed that studied collection of alfalfa cultivars has variability necessary for successful selection process.

The principal aim of breeding and seed production in Serbia is to provide sufficient amounts of all seed categories of the most productive hybrids for national needs and export. Climate conditions in Serbia are favourable for maize seed production (soil quality, effective precipitation sum, long freeze-free periods, etc.). The introduction of sterile forms of parental lines in the development of seed material of maize hybrids has resulted in the improvement of maize growing practices and provided easier control of seed crops. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to observe the optimum ratio of sterile to fertile hybrid variants for the commercial maize production and their effects on yields. The trial was set up according to the randomise complete block design with three replications. The elementary plot size amounted to 5.18m². The used material consisted of seed mixtures of 0, 5, 10,… to 100% fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the observed hybrid. Upon processing of obtained results, the highest yield of 17.341 t ha-1 was recorded in the fertile to sterile variant ratio of 80%: 20%. The coefficient of correlation points out to a low correlation of yields on fertility percentage (rxy=0.164). Furthermore, based on the coefficient of determination, a low percentage of dependence of yields on fertile plants percentage was established (R²=0.027). 6. International conference 20-24. june 2018., Elenite Holiday Village, Bulgaria

The yield components of pumpkin seeds and fruits were examined in Stara Pazova in period 2016-2017. Different pumpkin populations were enrolled in the study, grown at following locations in Serbia: Šabac, Šumadija and Negotin. Pumpkin originating in Šumadija was found to produce highest seed yield (0.738 t ha־¹) and possess greatest average seed mass per fruit (110.7 g). Highest fruit yield (95.1 t ha־¹) and greatest fruit mass (14.5 kg) were recorded in population from Šabac. Asignificant correlation (p ≤ 0.001) was found between fruit yield and fruit mass, as well as between seed yield and seed mass per fruit. Based on two-year experiment, following conclusions can be drawn: origin of population greatly affects all components of seed and fruit yield; high yields of seeds in Northern Serbia can be produced by cultivating population from Šumadija, whereas high yields of fruits can be produced by cultivating population from Šabac. Istraživanje komponenti prinosa semena i ploda populacija bele bundeve ispitivane su tokom 2016. i 2017. godine na lokaciji severne Srbije u Staroj Pazovi. Za istraživanje korišćene su populacije bele bundeve poreklom sa tri različita lokaliteta iz Srbije: zapadna (Šabac), centralna (Šumadija) i istočna (Negotin).Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da poreklo populacije značajno (р

Cilj rada bio je utvrđivanje zavisnosti dva najvažnija pokazatelja kvaliteta semena razliĉitih populacija paprike, energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti od metode ispitivanja. Ocena klijavosti semena je izvedeno na dve razliĉite podloge (filter papir i supstratu). Za istraţivanje je korišteno sedam populacija semena sorti paprike razliĉitog porekla (Slatka zaĉinska - Negotin, Ljuta zaĉinska - Negotin, Krivopetlja - Badovinci, Crvena duga - Belotić, Krivopetlja - Šabac, Duga zelena - Svilajnac, Šorokšari - Stara Pazova). Rezultati energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti kod ispitivanih populacija sorti paprike znaĉajno su veće (p=0,01) na podlozi filter papir, u odnosu na vrednosti dobijene na supstratu. Najveća proseĉna energija klijanja 76 % i ukupna klijavost 93 %, utvrđena je kod populacije Slatke zaĉinske paprike iz Negotina, dok su najmanje proseĉne vrednosti 42 %, odnosno 57 % zabeležene kod populacije Krivopetlje iz Badovinaca. Statistiĉka analiza energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti pokazala je znaĉajne (p=0,01) razlike pod uticajem populacije i podloge ispitivanja. Između dve ispitivane metode za energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost ustanovljena je znaĉajna korelativna međuzavisnost (r=0,471, p=0,01). Veoma je vaţno da seme paprike ima visoku energiju klijanja i ukupnu klijavost, jer od njih zavisi ujednaĉeno klijanje i nicanje semena. Sprovedena ispitivanja su izvedena i sa ciljem da se ukaže na znaĉaj oĉuvanje genetiĉkih resursa domaćih populacija paprike. The aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the two most important seed quality indicators for different populations of peppers, germination energy and total germination of the test methods. The seed germination is carried out on two different ways (filter paper and substrate). Seven populations of peppers seeds from different origin were used (Slatka zaĉinska - Negotin, Ljuta zaĉinska - Negotin, Krivopetlja - Badovinci, Crvena duga - Belotić, Krivopetlja - Šabac, Duga zelena - Svilajnac, Šorokšari - Stara Pazova). Results of germination energy and total germination in the investigated populations of pepper varieties significantly (p = 0.01) of higher values on the filter paper, compared to the values obtained on the substrate. The highest average germination energy of 76% and total germination rate of 93% was determined in the population of Slatka zaĉinska from Negotin, while the lowest average values were 42 % and 57 %, respectively in the population Krivopetlja from Badovinci. Statistical analysis of germination energy and total germination showed significant (p = 0.01) differences under the influence of the population and testing methods. Significant correlative interdependence (r = 0.471, p = 0.01) was found among the two methods for germination energy and total germination. It is very important that the pepper seeds have high germination energy and total germination, since they depend on the uniform germination and seeding of seeds. The conducted tests were carried out with the aim of indicating the importance of conserving genetic resources domestic populations of peppers.

A two-year study was conducted using seed of six cultivars of Trifolium pratense (red clover) and three cultivars of Lolium multiflorum (Italian iyegrass), to test the effect of different treatments including exposure to 50% H2SO4 for 10, 30, 60, 90 min; to 80 degrees C temperature for 10, 30, 60, 90 min; gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1; and potassium nitrate (KNO3) at 0.1, 0.2, 0.35 and 0.5%. Germination, dormancy and vigour of both red clover and ryegrass were assessed. In case of T. pratense seed, there was a significant (p lt = 0.05 or p lt = 0.01) interaction between all the cultivars and treatments. A significant (p lt = 0.05) interaction was also observed between the L. multiflorum cultivars and H2SO4 including temperature treatments. However, no significant interactions were noted between the GA(3) or KNO3 treatment, germination and vigour. The results showed that by selecting the optimal treatment (H2SO4 30' or H2SO4 60'T. pretense and GA(3) 1000 mg L-1 L. multiflorum) for a particular cultivar it is possible to significantly improve germination and vigour, and thus ensure technologically more effective and economical establishment of a grass-legume mixture of L. multiflorum and T. pratense. (C) 2018 Friends Science Publishers

The introduction of sterile forms of parental inbreds in the production of hybrids maize seed has led to the improvement of production methods and to the facilitation of seed crop control. The aim of the present study was to compare utility values of the F1 generation between seeds produced by the use of standard inbreds and seeds produced from plants with cytoplasmic male sterility inherited maternally. Significant differences were detected in all observed traits compared to the version of the hybrid combination. The share of large seed fractions was higher in the fertile than in the sterile version, while the SR to SF ratio was uniform in the sterile version. The weight of 1000-seed was greater in the sterile form (325.7 g), while the first count and germination were equal amounting to 97.2 %. The first count (95.7 %) and germination (94.5 %) were also high in the fertile version. U proizvodnji hibridnog semena kukuruza najvažniji zadatak je proizvodnja kvalitetnog semenskog materijala. Jedna od mera u toku oplodnje semenskog kukuruza je zakidanje metlica. To je težak i odgovoran posao koji iziskuje puno vremena i angažovanjevelikog broja radnika uz kontrolu stručnih lica. Uvođenjem sterilnih formi roditeljskih linija u dobijanju semenske robe hibrida kukuruza unapredila se tehnologija proizvodnje i omogućilo lakšu kontrolu semenskih useva. Cilj rada je da se uporede kvalitativne osobine F1 generacije između semena koje je dobijeno upotrebom standardnih linija i semena čija roditeljska komponenta majke ima osobinu citoplazmatične muške sterilnosti. Poređene su: masa 1000 semena, enerija klijanja, klijavost i frakcioni sastav. Značajne razlike utvrđene su kod svih posmatranih osobina u odnosu na verziju hibridne kombinacije. Fertilna verzija u odnosu na sterilnu imala je veće učešće krupnih frakcija, dok je kod sterilne ujednačen odnos SO i SP. Masa 1000 semena veća je kod sterilne forme 325 7g, kao i energija i klijavost koje su u oba slučaja 97,2%. Fertilna verzija je takođe imala visoke vredenosti energije (95,7%) i klijavosti semena(94,5%).Veću varijabilnost u ispoljavanju kvalitativnih osobina semena ispoljila je fertilna varijantahibridne kombinacije. Dobijene razlike u ispoljavanju fizičko-mehaničkih osobina u korist sterilne verzije opravdavaju uvođenje u semensku proizvodnju hibrida sa citoplazmatičnom muškom sterilnošću.

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in yield trials related to the sterile and fertile ratio of female parent in seed production. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10, etc. up to 100% of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment, the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile male cytoplasm in female parent of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (16.024 t ha-1) was obtained with 80% fertility of female plants, while the lowest average yield (13.892 t ha-1) was gained with 15% fertility, although the difference was not significant.

The research on the effect of ecological conditions and cultivars on the yield components of potatoes was conducted in Badovinci (Western Serbia) during the period 2008-2009. The following potato cultivars were included in the experiment: early ('Cleopatra', 'Anushka' and 'Presto'), medium early ('Kuroda', 'Omega' and 'Dita'), and medium late ('Desiree', 'Roko' and 'Jelly'). The four-replicate field trials were set up using the standard methodology according to the random block design. 18TThe research results suggest that genotype (G) and ecological conditions (E) significantly affect all yield components of potatoes. In both years, the highest yield was recorded18T in18T the medium late variety 'Desiree'18T 18T(18T28.30 t ha־¹), followed by the early variety 'Anushka' 18T(18T26.60 t ha־¹), 18Twhile the lowest18T 18Tyield18T was 18Trecorded18T 18Tin the medium early variety 'Omega' (18T13.35 t ha־¹). The 18Tresults obtained show that18T 18Tthe18T 18Thighest yields18T in Western Serbia were 18Trecorded in early varieties18T 18T('Cleopatra'18T, 'Anushka' 18Tand18T '18TPresto'18T) and 18Tmedium18T 18Tlate varieties18T 18T('18TDesiree'), which exhibited considerable18T resistance to high18T 18Tair temperatures18T and 18Tdrought stress18T. Komponente prinosa devet sorti krompira ispitivane su tokom 2008. i 2009. godine na lokaciji zapadne Srbije u selu Badovinci (75 m nadmorska visina, 44˚ 80' 05'N, 19˚ 35' 39'E). Za istraživanje korišćene su sledeće sorte krompira: rane (Cleopatra, Anushka i Presto), srednje rane (Kuroda, Omega i Dita) i srednje kasne (Desiree, Roko i Jelly). Sadnja je izvedena u prvoj dekadi aprila. Međuredno rastojanje bilo je 0,70 m a između biljaka u redu 0,30 m. Primenjena je standardna tehnologija gajenja krompira. Broj primarnih nadzemnih izdanaka određen je 65 dana posle sadnje krtola. Vađenje krompira izvršeno je početkom septembra kada je izvršeno i utvrđivanje broja krtola po biljci i ukupan prinos. 18TDobijeni rezultati ukazuju da su sorta (G) i agroekološki uslovi (E) značajno utiču na sve komponente prinosa krompira. U obe godine najveći ukupan prinos krtola zabeležen je kod srednje kasne sorte Desiree18T 18T(18T28,30 t ha־¹), zatim kod rane sorte Anushka 18T(18T26,60 t ha־¹), dok je najniži prinos krtola utvrđen kod srednje rane sorte 18TOmega (18T13,35 t ha־¹). Na osnovu rezultata dvogodišnjih istraživanja uticaja sorte i agroekoloških uslova na komponente prinosa u zapadnoj Srbiji, možemo izvesti sledeće zaključke: - Sorta i uslovi sredine pojedinačno i u interakciji značajno utiču na komponente prinosa18T; Za dobijanje visokih prinosa krtola u uslovima zapadne Srbije možemo preporučiti rane sorte (18TCleopatra, Anushka 18Ti18T P18Tresto18T), posebno u godinama sa malom količinom padavina, kao i srednje kasnu sortu 18T(18TDesiree), koja je pokazala dobru tolerantnost prema visokim temperaturama vazduha i suši.

Od frakcionog sastava semena zavisi tehnologija dorade. Uvođenje novih i poboljšanih rešenja u doradi hibridnog semena kukuruza doprinosi poboljšavanje osobina tog semena radi ispunjavanja agrotehničko-tehnoloških zahteva u proizvodnji merkantilnih useva. Cilj rada je da se utvrdi procentualno učešće četiri osnovne frakcije semena (sitno okrugla SO, sitno pljosnata-SP, srednjesitno okrugla-SSO, srednje sitno pljosnata-SSP) u sastavu semenskog materijala, njihovo variranje u odnosu na lokaciju proizvodnje i njihov uticaj na klijavost i energiju klijanja. Materijal koriščen u istraživanju su četiri genotipa iz FAO grupe 100 i 200, ZP196, ZP 209, ZP256 i ZP 260. Podela materijala na frakcije urađena je u laboratorijskim uslovima, kao i ocena energije i klijavosti semena. Rezultati su pokazali da je najzastupljenija frakcija kod tri hibrida SO (ZP196, ZP 209, ZP256), a kod četvrtog ZP 260 je SSO frakcija. Procenat zastupljenosti pojedinih frakcija kreće se od 14,9% za SSP frakciju do 54,3% za SSO frakciju. Ovaj procentualni odnos bitno se nemenja u odnosu na lokaciju proizvodnje. Klijavost i energija kod svih posmatranih hibrida i frakcija bila je visoka, iznad 90%. Veća odstupanja između energije i kljavosti semena zabeležena su jedino kod SSO frakcije semena. Analiza dobijenih rezultata ukazuje da se pravilnom tehnologijom dorade i poznavanjem odnosa frakcija hibrida koje uvodimo u proizvodnju omogućuje maksimalno koriščenje potencijala koje nam pruža genotip. Processing methods depend on the composition of seed fractions. The introduction of new and improved solutions in processing of hybrid maize seed contributes to the improvement of such seed in order to satisfy requirements of cropping and growing practices of commercial crop production. The objective of this study was to establish the percentage share of four basic seed fractions (SO, SP, SSO, SSP) in the seed material, their variation over production locations and their influence on 1000-kernel weight, germination and germination energy. Four genotypes of the FAO maturity groups 100 and 200 (ZP196, ZP 209, ZP256 and ZP 260) were used as the material in the study. Distribution of materials on fractions was performed in the laboratory, as well as the assessment of energy and seed germination. The results showed that the SO is most frequent fraction in three hybrids (ZP196, COP 209, ZP256), while SSO is most common in the fourth NG 260 CSF. The percentage share of certain fractions ranged from 14.9% for the SSP fraction to 54.3% for the CSF fraction. This percentage ratio does not change significantly in relation to the location of production. Germination and energy of all observed hybrids and fractions was high, over 90%. Larger discrepancies between energy and seed germination were recorded only at SSO seed fraction. Analysed results schow that the potential of a genotype will be maximally used, if the fraction ratios of hybrids introduced to the production is known and if the proper processing is applied.

The aim of this study was to determine variability of temperature sums for the occurrence of pheno-phases of silking, tasselling and pollination of seed maize. Nine maize inbred lines were tested in two production years. Compatibility and overlapping of silking, tasselling and pollination of parental components in a seed crop are important for achieving high yields. According to obtained data, the degree of accumulation of temperature sums was higher in the first year than in the second production year for all stages, except for the beginning of tasselling. The differences were statistically significant: the greatest and smallest differences were obtained for tasselling (t2 - 70.9oC) and the beginning of silking (s1- 20.86oC), respectively. The effect of genotypes on differences in temperature sums was the greatest for all pheno-phases, p

The aim of the present study was to determine effects of both, different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile) and environmental factors on the kernel row number of 12 maize inbred lines. The trial with inbred lines was set up in two locations (Zemun and Krnješevci, Serbia) in 2013 and 2014. The trials were set up according to the three-replicate randomised complete block design within each type of cytoplasm. Each plot within the replicate encompassed four rows. Fertile versions of inbred lines were sown in two border rows and they were pollinators for their sterile counterparts. Statistic-biometric data processing was based on mean values per replicate and included the analysis of variance. The average kernel row number ranged from 10.3 (L9) to 15.8 (L5 and L7). The variation of the kernel row number, related to the source of cytoplasm, was very significant. Differences (Lsd 0.01) in the kernel row number were not determined in inbred lines L5, L8, L10 and L12 in regard to the type of cytoplasm: cms-C, cms-S and fertile. The average kernel row number significantly (P1%) varied in regard with the year of investigation. An average value (13.75) was higher in 2014 than in 2013 (13.31). The kernel row number per year varied very significantly (Lsd 0, 01) but the differences were not significant in the inbreds L2, L3, L8, L9 and L12. Gained results point out to effects of different types of cytoplasm on the kernel row number.

The paper presents the results of four seed lots produced in Serbia and Belarus in two years, and examines the influence of their quality on 1000 seed mass, germination energy and total germination. There was no impact of the region or the year on the studied seed quality parameters. There was high variability of 1000 seed mass (CV = 20.3 %) taken from different seed lots of Italian ryegrass. Lower variability was found for germination energy and total germination (CV = 9.88 % and CV = 7.98 %). Ryegrass seed lots had lower variability for 1000 seed mass (CV = 8.34 %), germination energy and total germination (CV = 4.80 % and CV = 3.70 %). In the seeds of both species there was no significant correlation dependence of seed mass regarding germination energy and total germination. Significant influence was determined in both species between germination energy and total germination (P≤0.001 and P≤0.05). Italijanski i engleski ljulj su značajne krmne i/ili ukrasne trave. U proizvodnji stočne hrane uglavnom se koriste u smeši sa leguminozama. Seme ovih vrsta se u Srbiji koristi delom iz proizvodnje u Srbiji, delom iz proizvodnje izvan Srbije (iz uvoza). Belorusija I Ukrajina se značajni proizvođači semena trava. Ma gde se proizvodnja semena odvijala kvalitet semena je od presudnog značaja za uspešno zasnivanje travnjaka i/ili travno-leguminoznih useva. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja po četiri partije semena proizvedenog u Srbiji I Belorusiji tokom dve godine I uticaj regiona proizvodnje na masu 1000 semena, energiju klijanja I klijavost. Nije utvrđen jasan zaključak o uticaju regiona proizvodnje (Srbija i Belorusija) I godine u kojoj se odvijala proizvodnja (2014 i2015) na ispitivane parameter kvaliteta. Između partija semena italijanskog ljulja je utvrđena visoka varijabilnost za masu 1000 semena (CV=20.3%), dok je za energiju klijanja I ukupnu klijavost utvrđena niža varijabilnost (CV=9.88% I CV=7.98%). Između partija semena engleskog ljulja je utvrđena niža varijabilnost za masu 1000 semena (CV=8.34%), kao I za energiju klijanja I ukupnu klijavost (CV=4.80% I CV=3.70%). Na semenima obe ispitivane vrste nije postojala značajna korelativna zavisnost mase semena sa energijom klijanja I ukupnom klijavošću. Takođe na obe vrste je utvrđena značajan (P≤0.001 i P≤0.05) pozitivna korelacija između energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti.

У обављеним истраживањима процењена је варијабилност десет различитих сората и партија луцерке. Оглед је изведен у акредитованим лабораторијама Института за заштиту биља и животну средину у Београду. Применом ISSR и RAPD молекуларних маркера извршено је груписање сродних генотипова луцерке, а конструисана филогенетска стабла су извршила груписање сората луцерке према генетичкој сродности у кластере. На гелу на коме се налазе различите сорте луцерке са прајмером OPB 10, могу се уочити разлике између сората луцерке. Молекуларном методом ISSR и коришћењем прајмера (GACA)4 и (TGTC)4 потврђене су разлике између испитиваних сората луцерке. Генетичке дистанце између десет проучаваних генотипова луцерке кретале су се у интервалу од 0,097 до 0,310. У анализи главних координата прве и друге осе објасниле су укпно 63,1 % генетичке варијабилности садржане у оригиналном сету података. Груписање података на основу анализе главних координата показало је сличност и са моделом груписања на основу кластер анализе. Јасно се може видети да је генотип Зајечарска 83 генетички најудаљенији од осталих проучаваних генотипова луцерке. Анализом молекуларне варијансе у укупној варијацији знатно веће варирање било је резултат диференцијације у оквиру група (98,22 %), него диференцијације између група (1,78 %). Применом теста убрзаног старења код десет различитих сората и партија луцерке, утврђена је значајност између партија семена, као показатељ виталности семена луцерке. Применом стандардног теста убрзаног старења на температури од 41 oC након излагања семена у времену од 72 h на свим испитиваним сортама, било је могуће детектовати партије семена које су биле виталније од других. Примена теста убрзаног старења модификованом методом, на температури од 45 oC у времену трајања од 120 h, утврђене су виталније партије семена код свих испитиваних сората луцерке. Испитивањем здравственог стања семена утврђена је толерантност према фитопатогеним микроорганизмима (гљивама) и утицај локалитета (партије семена) на варијабилност патогена семена исте сорте. Утврђени микроорганизми (гљиве) на семену луцерке утицале су на смањење укупне клијавости семена, што указује негативна корелациона међузависност. The aims of the investigation were to estimate variability of ten different cultivars and lots of alfalfa. The experiment was performed in accreditation laboratories of the Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Belgrade. ISSR and RAPD molecular markers were clustered closely related genotypes of alfalfa and constructed phylogenetic trees were performed grouping cultivar of alfalfa according to their genetic relatedness in clusters. Gel that includes the different cultivars of alfalfa with a primer OPB 10, can spot the differences between cultivars of alfalfa. ISSR molecular method and using primers (GACA) 4 and (TGTC) 4 confirmed the differences between the cultivars of alfalfa. Genetic distans between ten studied alfalfa genotypes were in the range of 0,097 to 0,310. In the analysis of the main coordinates of the first and second axes are explain 63,1 % genetic variation contained in the original data set. Group data based on analysis of the main coordinates showed similarity with the model of grouping based on cluster analysis. We can clearly see that the genotype Zaječarska 83 genetically furthest from the other studied alfalfa genotypes. The analysis of molecular variance in total variation much greater variation was a result of differentiation within the group (98,22 %), but differentiation between groups (1,78 %). Applying the accelerated aging test in ten different cultivars and lots of alfalfa, determined significance between seed lots, as an indicator of the vitality of alfalfa seed. Using a standard accelerated aging test at a temperature of 41 ° C after exposure to the seed for a period of 72 h in all tested varieties, it is possible to detect the seed lots that were more vital than others. Application of accelerated aging by the modified method and at a temperature of 45 ° C for the duration of 120 h, were determined vital seed lot in all the cultivars of alfalfa. Seed health testing determined tolerance to phytopathogenic microorganisms (fungi) and effect of the site (seed lot) on the variability of the pathogen seed of the same variety. Fortified microorganisms (fungi) on seeds alfalfa resulted in the reduction of total seed germination, indicating a negative correlation interdependence.

The aim of this study was to determine the dependence on the two most important indicators of the quality of peppers seeds, germination energy and total germination of the test methods. Rating seed germination was performed on two different substrates (filter paper and sand). For the study two hybrids (SK-5 F1 and Atris F1) and one local variety (Elephant's ear) were used. Results of germination energy and total germination studied hybrids and cultivars show significantly (p=0.01) higher values on the surface filter paper, compared to the values obtained in the surface sand. The highest average germination energy 82% and total germination 95%, was found in the hybrid SK-5 F1, while the lowest average values of 68% and 77% recorded in the variety Elephant ear. Statistical analysis of the total germination showed significant (p = 0.01) difference under the influence of varieties and substrate tests. Between the two test methods for vigor, a significant correlation was established (r = 0.889, p = 0.01), while for the total germination determined highly significant correlation (r = 0.987, p = 0.001) was observed. It is very important that the seeds of peppers have a high germination energy and total germination, because uniform germination of seeds depends on them.

Forage Sorghum is an annual herbaceous plant of the family grass. It is grown for feeding animals and people, and ranks among the millet grains. I disorders, sorghum is used as hay and to extract the starch, alcohol and glucose. Purpose of our paper is to determine which of the forage sorghum hybrids, among foreign selections, gives the best production results in the specific agroecological conditions on PSS Sremska Mitrovica experimental field and what are the possibilities of its use in our country. Five intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) and two intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) were analyzed in this paper. The difference in yield between the H7 hybrid that had the highest yield and H5 runner-hybrid was even 19 t ha-1, which indicates exceptionally high yield potential of H7 hybrid in biomass production. In specific agroecological conditions H7 hybrid gave the 96 t ha-1 of green fodder and 25.2 t ha-1 of dry matter. Po obimu proizvodnje sirak zauzima u svetu peto mesto među najvažnijim žitaricama, posle pšenice, pirinča, kukuruza i ječma. Značaj ove biljne vrste ogleda se u velikom broju mogućnosti njegove upotrebe, počev od ljudske ishrane, ishrane stoke, industijske prerade i proizvodnje energije. U našoj zemlji se malo gaji, površine se kreću u proseku oko 2.200 ha. Sirak će teško postati konkurencija kukuruzu iako su prinosi zelene krme veći nego kod kukuruza, mada nešto manjeg, ali sasvim zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta. Prinosi zelene mase krmnog sirka kreću se od 40-50 t ha-1, u lošijim proizvodnim godinama, pa do 110-130 t ha-1 u navodnjavanju ili u povoljnim godinama. Cilj našeg rada bio je da ustanovimo koji od hibrida krmnog sirka, iz palete stranih selekcija, daje najbolje proizvodne rezultate u konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima na oglednom polju PSS 'Sremska Mitrovica' i koje su mogućnosti korišćenja njegovog gajenja kod nas. U ovom radu ispitivano je pet intraspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) i dva interspecies hibrida (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense). Tokom ispitivanja utvrđeni su: broj biljaka po hektaru, prosečna visina biljaka, prinos zelene krme i prinos suve materije za svaki od hibrida. Prinos suve materije po hektaru značajan je više sa aspekta proizvodnje biogasa, sa kojom stoji u pozitivnoj korelaciji. Prinos zelene krme bio je u korelaciji sa visinom biljaka i bio je veći kod intraspecies hibrida (H7, H5, H3 i H4), dok su najmanje prinose imali interspecies hibridi (H1 i H2). Razlika u prinosu između najprinosnijeg hibrida H7 i drugorangiranog H5 iznosi čak 19 t ha-1, što ukazuje na izuzetno visok potencijal rodnosti hibrida H7 u proizvodnji biomase. Kada je u pitanju visina biljaka, najviši i najrobusniji su hibridi čistog sirka, dok su H1 i H2 nešto niži, jer im je linija oca poreklom sudanska trava, pa su genetski predodređeni za manji porast u visinu. U konkretnim agroekološkim uslovima gajenja, hibrid H7 dao je 96 t ha-1 zelene krme, odnosno 25,2 t ha-1 suve materije.

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the sterile to fertile plants ratio. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10 up to 100 % of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile cytoplasm of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (13.273 t ha-1) was obtained with 90 % fertility, while the lowest average yield (11.510 t ha-1) was gained with 10 % fertility. U radu su prikazani rezultati ogleda ZPSC 341 hibrida proizvedenog u 2015 godini. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se izvođenjem ogleda na određenoj lokaciji i primenom statističke analize, odredi optimalan odnos muški sterilne (cms-S osnova) i muški fertilne komponente komercijalnog hibrida ZPSC 341, kako bi se u komercijalnoj proizvodnji postigao maksimalan prinos. Ogled je postavljen na lokaciji Bijeljina u tri ponavljanja po slučajnom blok sistemu. Napravljena je 21 smeša sa po 0, 5, 10 do 100% fertilnih biljaka pomešanih sa sterilnom varijantom hibrida ZPSC 341. Kao kontrola, radi pouzdanosti eksperimenta u ogled je uključen orginalni fertilni hibrid ZPSC 341 kao standard tri puta (ZPSC 341 iz ručne oplodnje, ZPSC 341 F1 i ZPSC 341 iz recipročnog ukrštanja). Posmatran je prinos, variranje prinosa i uticaj na prinos učešća fertilne odnosno sterilne citoplazme ispitivanog hibrida. Statistička obrada podataka obuhvatila je analizu varijanse po slučajnom blok sistemu, regresionu i korelacionu analizu prinosa zrna i procenta fertilnih biljaka u hibridu ZPSC 341, kako bi se utvrdile promene prosečnog prinosa zrna u odnosu na procenat učešća sterilnih i fertilnih biljaka. Utvrđeno je u kojoj meri postoji zavisnost procenta fertilnosti na prinos odnosno koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveći prinos. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da je najveći prosečan prinos bio sa 90% fertilnosri (13,273 t ha-1) za razliku od hibrida sa 10% fertilnosti koji je imao najmanji prosečan prinos (11,510 t ha-1).

The aim of the study was to determine effects of both, different types of cytoplasm (cms-C, cmsS and fertile) and environmental factors, on the plant height of 12 maize inbred lines. The trial with inbred lines was set up in two locations (Zemun Polje - Selection field and Zemun Polje - Školsko dobro) in 2008 and 2009. Very significant differences in the plant height among inbred lines in dependence on the type of cytoplasm and the location were established by the analysis of variance. The average plant height varied from 161.8cm (L11) to 220.5cm (L1). In relation to the type of cytoplasm (cms-C, cms-S and fertile), the average values of the plant height very significantly varied (P≤1%). The plant height in inbred lines with fertile cytoplasm was very significantly higher (Lsd0.01) (187.6cm) than in inbred lines with sterile cms-C (181.1cm) and cms-S (180.2cm) types of cytoplasm. Varying of average values of the plant height was very significant (P≤1%) in both years of investigation and locations. In 2008, the average plant height of inbred lines (173.98cm) was significantly lower than the average values recorded in 2009 (191.94cm). Very significantly higher values of the plant height were determined in the first location, Selection field (189.25cm) than in the second location, Školsko dobro (176.67cm).

The effects of the origin of planting material on the mophological characteristics of seed tubers of the Kondor potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated within a two-year study (2009-2010). The production conditions of potato planting material at lower altitudes (700 m.a.s.l.) contributed to producing seed tubers of greater physiological age, resulting consequently in a significantly lower average length of sprouts per tuber 1.38 mm, or 13.49 % less, in comparison with the length of sprouts per tuber determined in tubers originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. Using the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 700 m.a.s.l. as a planting material (which forms a larger number of sprouts per tuber), a higher number of primary stems per plant could be expected, which would be beneficial to seed production (a greater number of small tubers). Provided the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. is used as a planting material (which forms a smaller number of sprouts per tuber and potentially a smaller number of stems per plant), the seed tubers should be used in early potato production and for commercial purposes (a small number of large tubers). Dvogodišnja ispitivanja uticaja porekla sadnog materijala krompira (Solanum tuberosum L), na morfološke osobine semenske krtole sorte Kondor, izvedena su tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompira izvedena je tokom 2009. i 2010. godine na dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine: Kotraž-Jelica 700 m nv. i Sjenica-Pešter 1300 m nv. Uslovi proizvodnje sadnog materijala krtola poreklom sa niže nadmorske visine (700 m nv.) doprineli su da semenske krtole budu veće fiziološke starosti i da kao posledica toga obrazuju vrlo značajno manju dužinu klica po krtoli, za 1,38 mm, ili za 13,49% manju, u odnosu na dužinu klica po krtoli utvrđenu na krtolama poreklom sa 1300 m nv. Sadni materijal poreklom sa manje nadmorske visine 700 m nv. je u obe godine istraživanja obrazovao značajno veći broj listova po krtoli, u odnosu na prosečan broj listova po krtoli ustanovljen kod krtola poreklom sa veće nadmorske visine 1300 m nv. Upotrebom sadnog materijala sorte Kondor poreklom sa 700 m nv. koji obrazuje veći broj klica po krtoli, i samim tim može se očekivati i veći broj primarnih stabala po biljci, što bi odgovaralo u semenskoj proizvodnji (veći broj sitnih krtola). Ukoliko se koristi sadni materijal sorte Kondor poreklom sa 1300 m nv. koji formira manji broj klica po krtoli i potencijalno obrazuje manji broj glavnih stabala po biljci, treba upotrebiti u ranoj proizvodnji krompira i za merkantilnu proizvodnju (mali broj krupnh krtola).

Owing to its characteristics, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage plant in our country. The great importance of alfalfa is reflected in the production of high-quality fodder and alfalfa seeds, which are a valuable and competitive commodity on domestic and foreign markets. In this study, the presence of plant pathogenic genera of fungi on the seeds of five different alfalfa cultivars was investigated (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) from three different lots (sites) of each cultivar. The detected phytopathogenic fungi on the alfalfa seeds caused a decrease in the overall germination, but the present research results indicate a satisfactory health status of all alfalfa cultivars and seed lots. Plava lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je zbog svih svojih osobina najvažnija krmna biljka u našoj zemlji. Veliki značaj lucerke se ogleda u proizvodnji kvalitetne kabaste hrane, ali je i seme lucerke vredna i tražena roba na domaćem i inostranom tržištu. Areal gajenja lucerke je na svim kontinentima u više od 80 zemalja, od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa. Široka geografska rasprostranjenost lucerke uslovljena je njenom velikom adaptabilnošću na različite klimatske i zemljišne uslove. U ovom radu je ispitivano prisustvo fitopatogenih rodova gljiva na semenu pet različite sorata lucerke (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) sa po tri različite partije (lokaliteta) od svake sorte. Kod ispitivanih sorti identifkovani su sledeći rodovi gljiva: Alternaria spp.,Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. i Mucor spp. Prisustvo identifikovanih rodova gljiva bilo je u rasponu od 0 % do 15,5%. Rod Mucor spp. najmanju prosečnu vrednost imao je kod sorte lucerke K-28 (0,08%), dok je najveću prosečnu vrednost imao kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (8,67%), a takođe kod iste sorte konstatovano je najveće prisustvo od (15,5%) na lokalitetu Veliki Izvor. Najveće prosečno prisustvo roda Fusarium spp. zabeleženo je kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (0,25%). Na proučavanim sortama lucerke ispitani su korelacioni odnosi između parametara kvaliteta semena i prisustva patogena na semenu različitih sorata i partija lucerke. Negativna korelaciona međuzavisnost zabeležena je između ukupne klijavosti i prisustva gljive iz roda Fusarium spp. (r= - 0,415*). Detektovane fitopatogene gljive na semenu lucerke su uticale na smanjenje ukupne klijavosti, ali ipak rezultati ovih ispitivanja ukazuju na zadovoljavajuće zdravstveno stanje svih sorata i partija semena lucerke.

Traits of the F1 generation of maize hybrid seed were observed in four SC combinations produced in two locations. Agro-ecological conditions for the production of hybrid seed in these locations during three years differed. The coefficient of variation for germination energy and seed germination was 0.71% in ZP 341 during the first year. Produced seed of all observed hybrids was of satisfactory quality. The analysis of data shows that seed germination and energy (2.56% CV) varied the most in the hybrid combination ZP 434 in the three-year experiment. According to the location assessment, established differences in traits were greater, and the coefficient of variation for both locations amounted to 0.9≤3.21. The effect of agro-ecological conditions differed over locations during the same production season. According to obtained results, agroecological conditions have an essential role on the formation of traits of hybrid seed. Based on gained results, the level of expression of the two observed traits in all four hybrids was high under all agro-ecological conditions. Moreover, effects of the factors (hybrid and location) on germination energy and seed germination were high.

The analyses were performed with the hybrid seeds of four hybrid combinations derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje and produced in three locations. Under laboratory conditions, the following seed traits were analysed in the working sample of 10x100 seeds: seed test weight and shelling percentage, which was determined as the seed weight to ear weight ratio. In the three-year study, the greatest (352.71 g), i.e. smallest (280.09 g) test weight was recorded in the hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 704, respectively. The highest shelling percentage of 60.53 % was determined in the hybrid ZP 704, while the lowest one (48.20 %) was recorded the hybrid ZP 434. Obtained results point out that both traits in all four hybrids are highly expressed under all observed agro-ecological conditions and that effects of factors on the seed weight and the shelling percentage are great. U ovim istraživanja posmatrane su masa 1000 semena i randman semena, u odnosu na genotipsku kombinaciju i agroekološke uslove proizvodnje semena. Analize su rađene na hibridnom semenu četiri komercijalne hibridne kombinacije Instituta za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje', proizvedene na tri lokaliteta. U laboratorijskim uslovima, na radnom uzorku od 10x100 semena, izvršena su ispitivanja apsolutne mase semena, randman semena utvrđen je kao procentualni odnos mase semena i klipa. U trogodišnjem istraživanju najveća izmerena masa 1000 semena je kod hibrida ZP 434 (352,71 g) dok je ZP 704 hibrid sa najmanjom postignutom masom(280,09 g). Randman semena najveći je kod ZP 704 (60,53%), najmanji 48,20% kod ZP 434. Lokalitet sa najvećim variranjem mase bio je Turija (41,58%), a druga osobina najviše varijabilnosti u toku istraživanja bila je na lokalitetu Vrbas (28,13%). Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost i ukupnu varijabilnost (x i C.V.) za obe osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Dvofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse utvrđen je uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija), kao i njihova interakcija na ispitivane osobine semena. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da sva četiri hibrida imaju visok nivo ispoljavanja obe osobine u svim posmatranim agroekološkim uslovima, kao i visok uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija) na masu semena i randman semena.

The effects of the origin of planting material on the mophological characteristics of seed tubers of the Kondor potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated within a two-year study (2009-2010). The production conditions of potato planting material at lower altitudes (700 m.a.s.l.) contributed to producing seed tubers of greater physiological age, resulting consequently in a significantly lower average length of sprouts per tuber 1.38 mm, or 13.49 % less, in comparison with the length of sprouts per tuber determined in tubers originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. Using the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 700 m.a.s.l. as a planting material (which forms a larger number of sprouts per tuber), a higher number of primary stems per plant could be expected, which would be beneficial to seed production (a greater number of small tubers). Provided the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. is used as a planting material (which forms a smaller number of sprouts per tuber and potentially a smaller number of stems per plant), the seed tubers should be used in early potato production and for commercial purposes (a small number of large tubers). Dvogodišnja ispitivanja uticaja porekla sadnog materijala krompira (Solanum tuberosum L), na morfološke osobine semenske krtole sorte Kondor, izvedena su tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompira izvedena je tokom 2009. i 2010. godine na dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine: Kotraž-Jelica 700 m nv. i Sjenica-Pešter 1300 m nv. Uslovi proizvodnje sadnog materijala krtola poreklom sa niže nadmorske visine (700 m nv.) doprineli su da semenske krtole budu veće fiziološke starosti i da kao posledica toga obrazuju vrlo značajno manju dužinu klica po krtoli, za 1,38 mm, ili za 13,49% manju, u odnosu na dužinu klica po krtoli utvrđenu na krtolama poreklom sa 1300 m nv. Sadni materijal poreklom sa manje nadmorske visine 700 m nv. je u obe godine istraživanja obrazovao značajno veći broj listova po krtoli, u odnosu na prosečan broj listova po krtoli ustanovljen kod krtola poreklom sa veće nadmorske visine 1300 m nv. Upotrebom sadnog materijala sorte Kondor poreklom sa 700 m nv. koji obrazuje veći broj klica po krtoli, i samim tim može se očekivati i veći broj primarnih stabala po biljci, što bi odgovaralo u semenskoj proizvodnji (veći broj sitnih krtola). Ukoliko se koristi sadni materijal sorte Kondor poreklom sa 1300 m nv. koji formira manji broj klica po krtoli i potencijalno obrazuje manji broj glavnih stabala po biljci, treba upotrebiti u ranoj proizvodnji krompira i za merkantilnu proizvodnju (mali broj krupnh krtola).

Forage Sorghum is an annual herbaceous plant of the family grass. It is grown for feeding animals and people, and ranks among the millet grains. I disorders, sorghum is used as hay and to extract the starch, alcohol and glucose. Purpose of our paper is to determine which of the forage sorghum hybrids, among foreign selections, gives the best production results in the specific agroecological conditions on PSS Sremska Mitrovica experimental field and what are the possibilities of its use in our country. Five intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor) and two intraspecies hybrids (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) were analyzed in this paper. The difference in yield between the H7 hybrid that had the highest yield and H5 runner-hybrid was even 19 t ha-1, which indicates exceptionally high yield potential of H7 hybrid in biomass production. In specific agroecological conditions H7 hybrid gave the 96 t ha-1 of green fodder and 25.2 t ha-1 of dry matter.

The aim of the study was to determine the changes in grain yields in relation to the sterile to fertile plants ratio. Total of 21 mixtures of 0, 5, 10 up to 100 % of fertile plants mixed with the sterile variant of the hybrid ZPSC 341 was made. Because of reliability of the experiment the original fertile hybrid ZPSC 341 was used as a check three times. Effects of fertile, i.e. sterile cytoplasm of the observed hybrid on yield and yield variations were studied. The extent of dependence of the percentage of fertile plants on yield was determined. Furthermore, the sterile to fertile hybrid variant ratio resulting in the highest yield was established. The analysis of results indicate that the highest average yield (13.273 t ha-1) was obtained with 90 % fertility, while the lowest average yield (11.510 t ha-1) was gained with 10 % fertility. U radu su prikazani rezultati ogleda ZPSC 341 hibrida proizvedenog u 2015 godini. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se izvođenjem ogleda na određenoj lokaciji i primenom statističke analize, odredi optimalan odnos muški sterilne (cms-S osnova) i muški fertilne komponente komercijalnog hibrida ZPSC 341, kako bi se u komercijalnoj proizvodnji postigao maksimalan prinos. Ogled je postavljen na lokaciji Bijeljina u tri ponavljanja po slučajnom blok sistemu. Napravljena je 21 smeša sa po 0, 5, 10 do 100% fertilnih biljaka pomešanih sa sterilnom varijantom hibrida ZPSC 341. Kao kontrola, radi pouzdanosti eksperimenta u ogled je uključen orginalni fertilni hibrid ZPSC 341 kao standard tri puta (ZPSC 341 iz ručne oplodnje, ZPSC 341 F1 i ZPSC 341 iz recipročnog ukrštanja). Posmatran je prinos, variranje prinosa i uticaj na prinos učešća fertilne odnosno sterilne citoplazme ispitivanog hibrida. Statistička obrada podataka obuhvatila je analizu varijanse po slučajnom blok sistemu, regresionu i korelacionu analizu prinosa zrna i procenta fertilnih biljaka u hibridu ZPSC 341, kako bi se utvrdile promene prosečnog prinosa zrna u odnosu na procenat učešća sterilnih i fertilnih biljaka. Utvrđeno je u kojoj meri postoji zavisnost procenta fertilnosti na prinos odnosno koji odnos sterilne i fertilne varijante hibrida je ostvario najveći prinos. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da je najveći prosečan prinos bio sa 90% fertilnosri (13,273 t ha-1) za razliku od hibrida sa 10% fertilnosti koji je imao najmanji prosečan prinos (11,510 t ha-1).

The analyses were performed with the hybrid seeds of four hybrid combinations derived at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje and produced in three locations. Under laboratory conditions, the following seed traits were analysed in the working sample of 10x100 seeds: seed test weight and shelling percentage, which was determined as the seed weight to ear weight ratio. In the threeyear study, the greatest (352.71 g), i.e. smallest (280.09 g) test weight was recorded in the hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 704, respectively. The highest shelling percentage of 60.53 % was determined in the hybrid ZP 704, while the lowest one (48.20 %) was recorded the hybrid ZP 434. Obtained results point out that both traits in all four hybrids are highly expressed under all observed agro-ecological conditions and that effects of factors on the seed weight and the shelling percentage are great. U ovim istraživanja posmatrane su masa 1000 semena i randman semena, u odnosu na genotipsku kombinaciju i agroekološke uslove prozvodnje semena. Analize su rađene na hibridnom semenu četiri komercijalne hibridne kombinacije Instituta za kukuruz „Zemun Polje“, proizvedene na tri lokaliteta. U laboratorijskim uslovima, na radnom uzorku od 10x100 semena, izvršena su ispitivanja apsolutne mase semena, randman semena utvrđen je kao procentualni odnos mase semena i klipa. U trogodišnjem istraživanju najveća izmerena masa 1000 semena je kod hibrida ZP 434 (352,71 g) dok je ZP 704 hibrid sa najmanjom postignutom masom(280,09 g). Randman semena najveći je kod ZP 704 (60,53%), najmanji 48,20% kod ZP 434. Lokalitet sa najvećim variranjem mase bio je Turija (41,58%), a druga osobina najviše varijabilnosti u toku istraživanja bila je na lokalitetu Vrbas (28,13%). Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost i ukupnu varijabilnost (x i C.V.) za obe osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Dvofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse utvrđen je uticaj faktora ( hibrid i lokacija), kao i njihova interakcija n a ispitivane osobine semena. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da sva četiri hibrida imaju visok nivo ispoljavanja obe osobine u svim posmatranim agroekološkim uslovima, kao i visok uticaj faktora (hibrid i lokacija) na masu semena i randman semena.

Owing to its characteristics, alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) is the most important forageplant inour country.The great importanceof alfalfais reflectedin the production ofhigh-qualityfodder and alfalfaseeds, whichare a valuableandcompetitivecommodity on domesticand foreign markets. In this study, the presence of plant pathogenic genera of fungi on the seeds of five different alfalfa cultivars was investigated (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) from three different lots (sites) of each cultivar. The detectedphytopathogenic fungion the alfalfa seeds caused a decrease in the overall germination, butthe present research results indicate a satisfactoryhealth statusof all alfalfacultivars and seed lots Plava lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je zbog svih svojih osobina najvažnija krmna biljka u našoj zemlji. Veliki značaj lucerke se ogleda u proizvodnji kvalitetne kabaste hrane, ali je i seme lucerke vredna i tražena roba na domaćem i inostranom tržištu. Areal gajenja lucerke je na svim kontinentima u više od 80 zemalja, od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa. Široka geografska rasprostranjenost lucerke uslovljena je njenom velikom adaptabilnošću na različite klimatske i zemljišne uslove.U ovom radu je ispitivano prisustvo fitopatogenih rodova gljiva na semenu pet različite sorata lucerke (Kruševačka 28, NS-Mediana, Zaječarska 83, Banjalučanka i Osječka-66) sa po tri različite partije (lokaliteta) od svake sorte. Kod ispitivanih sorti identifikovani su sledeći rodovi gljiva: Alternaria spp.,Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. i Mucor spp. Prisustvo identifikovanih rodova gljiva bilo je u rasponu od 0 % do 15,5%. Rod Mucor spp. najmanju prosečnu vrednost imao je kod sorte lucerke K-28 (0,08%), dok je najveću prosečnu vrednost imao kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (8,67%), a takođe kod iste sorte konstatovano je najveće prisustvo od (15,5%) na lokalitetu Veliki Izvor. Najveće prosečno prisustvo roda Fusarium spp. zabeleženo je kod sorte Zaječarska 83 (0,25 %). Na proučavanim sortama lucerke ispitani su korelacioni odnosi između parametara kvaliteta semena i prisustva patogena na semenu različitih sorata i partija lucerke. Negativna korelaciona međuzavisnost zabeležena je između ukupne klijavosti i prisustva gljive iz roda Fusarium spp. (r= - 0,415 *). Detektovane fitopatogene gljive na semenu lucerke su uticale na smanjenje ukupne klijavosti, ali ipak rezultati ovih ispitivanja ukazuju na zadovoljavajuće zdravstveno stanje svih sorata i partija semena lucerke.

In our tests, the seeds were stored for five years at temperatures of 4 °C, 18 °C in a warehouse conditions (factor method of seed storage). Seed was stored at all temperatures in the paper, a cloth and plastic bags (factor package for seed storage). It was used the seed of meadow and tall fescue (factor species). For testing was used the three lots by both species (factor seed lots). At five years old seed germination was determined in accordance with the ISTA rules (on filter paper, and at temperature of 20 °C in the dark). Vigor was determined by measuring each seedling (root length cm, shoot length cm and biomass of seedlings g.). The factor method of seed storage and packaging factor was significantly acted in germination and vigor (P lt 0.05, P lt 0.01), which influenced to meet germination of seeds for placing on the market (germination gt 75 %). Other examined factors (species and lots) did not have significant effect on seed germination and seedling vigor after five years of storage. Livadski vijuk (Festuca pratensis Huds.) je značajna krmna vrsta koja se koristi uglavnom za smeše sa višegodišnjim krmnim leguminozama. Visoki vijuk je (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) je vrsta koja je veoma srodna livadskom vijuku koja se pored korišćenja sa krmnim leguminozama za proizvodnju kvalitetne krme, koristi i za zasnivanje travnjaka specijalnih namena takođe uglavnom u smeši sa odgovarajućim višegodišnjim leguminozama (parkovi, sportcki tereni, okućnice i sl.). U našim ispitivanjima seme je čuvano pet godina na temperaturama: 4oC, 18oC i u magacinskim uslovima (faktor način čuvanja semena). Seme je na svim temperaturama čuvano u papirnim, platnenim i plastičnim kesama (faktor anbalaža za čuvanje semena). Za ispitivanje je korišćeno seme po tri partije (faktor partija semena) od ispitivanih vrsta: livadckog, i visokog vijuka (faktot vrsta). Faktori način čuvanja semena, anbalaža u kojoj je seme čuvano i, vrsta kao i nihove interakcije su delovali značajno na klijavost i vigor klijanaca (P≤ 0,05, P≤ 0,01) što je i uticalo na zadovoljenje klijavosti za stavljanje semena u promet (klijavost gt 75%). Ostali, ispitivani faktor (partija) nije imao značajnog uticaja na klijavost semena i vigor klijanaca nakon pet godina čuvanja.

The work was carried out analysis of the impact of the initial purity of raw alfalfa seed on the resulting amount of processed seed in the processing. Alfalfa is very important perennial forage legume which is used for fodder and seed production. Alfalfa seed is possible to achieve high yields and very good financial effects. To obtain the seed material with good characteristics complex machines for cleaning and sorting seeds are used. In the processing center of the Institute for forage crops in Kruševac, alfalfa seed with different initial purity are processed. It is very important that the difference between the amounts of pure seed from laboratory assessment and the actual amount after processing, are low. The six parties of natural seeds of different purity in the range of 74 % to 77.1 % were processed. Also, after each stage of treatment, losses of seeds were measured and seed rate obtained at the end of the processing.