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We define row path norm and column path norm of a matrix and relate path norms with other standard matrix norms. A row (resp. column) path norm gives a path that maximizes relative row (resp. column) distances starting from the first row (resp. column). The comparison takes place from the last row (resp. column) to the first row (resp. column), tracing the path. We categorize different versions of path norms and provide algorithms to compute them. We show that brute-force methods to compute path norms have exponential running time. We give dynamic programming algorithms, which, in contrast, take quadratic running time for computing the path norms. We define path norms on Church numerals and Church pairs. Finally, we present applications of path norms in computing condition number, and ordering the solutions of magic squares and Latin squares

Respiratory infections are the leading causes of mortality and the current pandemic COVID-19 is one such trauma that imposed catastrophic devastation to the health and economy of the world. Unravelling the correlations and interplay of the human microbiota in the gut–lung axis would offer incredible solutions to the underlying mystery of the disease progression. The study compared the microbiota profiles of six samples namely healthy gut, healthy lung, COVID-19 infected gut, COVID-19 infected lungs, Clostridium difficile infected gut and community-acquired pneumonia infected lungs. The metagenome data sets were processed, normalized, classified and the rarefaction curves were plotted. The microbial biomarkers for COVID-19 infections were identified as the abundance of Candida and Escherichia in lungs with Ruminococcus in the gut. Candida and Staphylococcus could play a vital role as putative prognostic biomarkers of community-acquired pneumonia whereas abundance of Faecalibacterium and Clostridium is associated with the C. difficile infections in gut. A machine learning random forest classifier applied to the data sets efficiently classified the biomarkers. The study offers an extensive and incredible understanding of the existence of gut–lung axis during dysbiosis of two anatomically different organs.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by increased ovarian and androgen hormone secretion. Patients with PCOS are said to be at high risk for insulin resistance(IR). IR is a sign of PCOS that comprises impaired glucose tolerance and elevated insulin production. HOMA-IR is a test that assesses insulin resistance by measuring blood glucose and insulin levels. There are other indexes that are also available for determining IR such as the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI) and McAuley index. Hence, in this study HOMA-IR, QUICKI and McAuley index were used to determine the IR among PCOS individuals. This case-control cross sectional study included 62 participants between the age group of 20-40 years. They were divided into two groups such as Group B which includes 31 PCOS patients diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria and Group A includes 31 healthy age-matched female participants. After obtaining informed consent, fasting blood sample was collected from all the participants. Based on the analyzed biochemical parameters IR was assessed using HOMA-IR, QUICKI and McAuley index. For statistical analysis student t-test, ROC curve and bivariate regression analysis were done. In this study, it is observed that an increase in BMI was at a higher risk of developing PCOS. It is seen that fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile (except HDL-C) were significantly elevated in PCOS individuals. The HOMA-IR was significantly increased and QUICKI and McAuley’s index were significantly decreased in PCOS which shows that PCOS patients are at higher risk of developing IR. Crude odds were calculated which shows that increase in HOMA-IR levels has an 86.25% increase risk of developing IR in PCOS patients when compared with the other indexes.HOMA-IR has a higher predictor % of developing IR in PCOS individuals, but still QUICKI and McAuley index can also be used as a predictor of risk.

We introduce the notion of a product fractal ideal of a ring using permutations of finite sets and multiplication operation in the ring. This notion generalizes the concept of an ideal of a ring. We obtain the corresponding quotient structure that partitions the ring under certain conditions. We prove fractal isomorphism theorems and illustrate the fractal structure involved with examples. These fractal isomorphism theorems extend the classical isomorphism theorems in rings, providing a broader viewpoint.

Oxidative stress (OS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the main reasons for the multifactorial concern - male infertility. ROS are active components of cellular metabolism that are intrinsic to cellular functioning and are present at minimal and unreactive levels in normal cells. They are an integral component of the sperm developmental physiology, capacitation, and function. As said "anything in excess is poison," so is the case with ROS. These, when produced in excess to the antioxidants present in the seminal plasma, cause multiple malformations during the process of spermatogenesis such as lipid peroxidation, interfere with capacitation, sperm DNA fragmentation and damage to the membrane of the sperm which in turn reduces the motility of the sperm and its ability to fuse with the oocyte. Exposure of spermatozoa to oxidative stress is a major causative agent of male infertility. Thus, a delicate balance between the beneficial and detrimental effects of ROS for proper functions is of utter importance. In this chapter, the influence of ROS in OS which is a key player in male infertility along with the diagnosis, available treatment, and prevention of extensive ROS buildup within the spermatozoa are highlighted.

Body iron stores and its significant association with the increased risk of cardiac disease was first time reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. There are several molecular mechanisms and discrete pathways involved in developing Myocardial Infarction (MI) as a result of increased body iron store. Various studies showed that there lies a significant association between serum iron and serum ferritin with the MI, but to the best of our knowledge studies have not focused on the difference in their levels in STEMI and NSTEMI patients. Hence, the aim of the study is to associate the levels of iron and ferritin with STEMI and NSTEMI patients and the objective of the study is to investigate and associate the iron, ferritin and lipid profile parameters among STEMI and NSTEMI patients. The cross-sectional study recruited 75 individuals who lie in the age group of 25-55 years. The participants were divided into three groups with 25 participants in STEMI, 25 in NSTEMI (based on the ECG findings and cardiologist findings) and 25 healthy participants who are age and sex-matched as controls. The blood sample was obtained from the participants and analysed for the following biochemical parameters: CK - MB, iron, ferritin, and lipid profile. The data was analysed using SPSS software and represented as mean and SD. One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation and odds calculation were carried out. For all statistical test p value

Agriculture is backbone of India. With the growth in technology, several implements are being designed and developed to help the farmers to get better yields. Be it harvesting machines or sowing and tilling machines, major players of the industry are giving their best to develop innovative products for these farmers. Similarly, research is being conducted to identify pests and eliminate them. A survey on such methods is discussed in this paper.

The marine ecosystem contains a solution for food, shelter, pharmaceutical problems and has a key role in the economy of the country as tourism. The Gulf of Kachchh, known for its high tides and the coral reefs are less explored for its antibiotic activity due to the coral bleaching and diseases. The bacterial strains in the coral Porites lutea are determined to possess antibiotic activity against bacterial strains such as E.coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. faecalis. Among thirty bacterial strains isolated from the tissue, skeleton and mucus, two bacterial strains resulted in the better antagonistic activity. The antibiotic compound extracted from both the bacteria elucidated to be 4-[(2E)-4-hydroxypent-2-en-1-yl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one. Further, through ADMET prediction it was inferred that it is an effective drug lead as it reports less toxicity and better drug-likeliness. The study also includes the effect of Poly Hydroxy Butarate (PHB) production by the isolated bacterial strain.

In the late 20th century, the disciplines of music therapy and relevant technology have evolved, creating a new trend in the industry of science. Because of this, combining the therapy with the technology is still considered novel. Recently, as patients are able to gain access to a wide range of complementary therapies, also as computers have reached a stage where real-time audio-visual interaction is possible, projects that address therapeutic issues with multiple media technology have started to emerge. Music is known to have positive effects on human beings, where it enhances learning and aids the healing process. This paper presents how one can manage their stress levels by using music therapy. Mental stress is caused due to various reasons, which spreads across different age groups as well. To overcome the efforts spent on searching music relatable to their mindset, we decided to come up with an application which custom designs a music playlist for the people. It will be focused on one’s present emotion and made sure that he/she feels after listening to the music recommended by our application.

Improvement in Surgical and Anaesthetic techniques allows even complex surgeries to be performed as day care cases. The objective of the study is to compare the recovery parameters of patients undergoing anaesthesia for ambulatory surgeries under General or Spinal Anaesthesia.After approval by IEC, this study was performed in 60 patients undergoing elective ureteroscopic procedures. Patients were Randomized to receive either General anaesthesia (Group GA: n=30) or Spinal Anaesthesia (Group GA: n=30). GA was induced using standard protocols with airway maintained spontaneously using LMA. In group SA patients received 1.5 ml 0.75% Isobaric Ropivacaine for providing anaesthesia. Vitals were recorded in both the groups throughout the procedure. In addition to intra operative haemodynamics, the onset of duration and percentage of patients achieving complete sensory & motor block was also recorded in SA group. Patients were kept in phase I recovery till score of Aldrete 9 was reached. In phase II recovery (PACU) the percentage of patients sitting at 180 min, standing at 300 min and walking at 360 min were recorded. The psychomotor skills of patients were assessed using digit symbol substitution test (DSST) before discharging from phase II recovery. The main criteria for discharging patients from phase II recovery was Post Anaesthesia Discharge scoring (PADSS). Patients were discharged from phase II recovery on reaching PADSS Seventy three patients were enrolled and 60 patients completed the study. The onset of sensory and motor block in Group SA was 6.61±0.83 min and the onset of motor block was 9.48±0.91 min. Percentage of patients achieving complete sensory & motor block was 71%. The duration of sensory block was 208± 17.95 min and the duration of motor block was 182.07±15.98. Patients in group GA took 221.07± 4.97 and Group SA took 110.72± 7.04 min to reach Aldrete score of 10 (p value The technique of Anaesthesia doesn’t interfere with readiness of patients to discharge home in terms of maintain stable vitals, pain or side effects. Isobaric Ropivacaine was found to be a poor choice for providing spinal anaesthesia due to slow onset of sensory block, inability to achieve complete motor block thus providing difficulty to operating surgeon.

Nearly every organization needs solution to handle sensitive data. Though there are different systems to store and transmit electronic records, users often deal with missing or tampered information when they distribute it in a public network. When the data is distributed, the traceability and governance of it throughout the globe is impractical. The evolving world of Data Security demands healthcare industry to have an infrastructure in place to deal with patient records. Regardless of the nature of present and future security risks, Blockchain Technology will play a vital role to maintain the originality of the digital data. Blockchain stores data in a decentralized, distributed ledger for achieving immutability and transparency. The system analyses a case study which aims at maintaining Healthcare records in Blockchain ledger to facilitate secure storage of the patient’s details. For efficient prediction of diabetes the Blockchain and machine learning algorithms are integrated. The various other applications of combining Blockchain technology with machine learning algorithms are Smart city applications, Forensic information storage systems, Energy data management systems, banking and finance management systems.

Industrial effluents are potential threats to water bodies owing to the chemicals they contain to create pollution. Activated sludge effluents represent an ecosystem of multifaceted and interactive microbial consortia that flourish with different genetic as well as metabolic potential. This study is applied to a nanopore sequencing to understand the microbial organisms involved in degradation pathways, and their interaction among them. The taxonomic profile determined the occurrence of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Terrabacteria, bacteria, and Firmicutes with the dominance of Burkholderiales. Burkholderia pseudomallei was found to be 13.79% of the classified reads. The Gene ontology evaluation revealed that mobile elements and tRNA genes were the predominant genetic composition of the community with 16% of the total genes. The functional annotation of genes ensured the presence of genes encoding various types of RNA, homo and heteromultimeric proteins and pseudogenes as well. Pathways that involved in effluent treatment such as amines, aromatic, organic, and aromatic compound degradation were also illustrated. Amino acyl tRNA charging, signal transduction, and hormone degradation were the pathways that are identified to be common in all the organisms of the activated sludge. The study elaborated on the xenobiotic degradation that is exclusive of the predominant Burkholderiales and the interaction of them in the community as a whole. The present study revealed the genes, proteins, and the pathways of the activated sludge microbiome which will enhance the perceptions of the core mechanisms of effluent degradation.

Objective: The main aim of the study was to identify the physical and chemical incompatibilities among the drugs administered intravenously to patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a 1000 bedded hospital. The study also envisaged establishing pharmaceutical guidelines for the administration of incompatible medications. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2018 in the ICU after getting approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee. A total of 104 medication charts were collected, and their data were analyzed. Compatibility of the selected drug with a second drug, when given together, was then analyzed using the Micromedex health-care series, Trissel's handbook of injectable drugs, and Manufacturer's product information. The pharmaceutical intervention was performed by preparing. The drug compatibility chart of selected drugs and the same was reported to the study department. Findings: Of 104 medication charts reviewed, 66 charts had incompatibility, accounting for 90 incompatibilities. Incompatibility between two intravenous (IV) bolus drugs constituted 68.8% with pantoprazole and ondansetron (85.4%) being the most frequent combination. Incompatibility between infusion-bolus was found to be 26.6%. Meropenem (infusion) and pantoprazole (bolus) constituted 16.6%. Incompatibility between two infusions in the same IV line was found to be 4.4%. A drug compatibility chart containing 19 selected drugs was prepared and submitted to the study department for their perusal. Conclusion: The current study showed that a significant number of drug incompatibilities occur in hospitalized critically ill patients in our tertiary care hospital. These incompatibilities could generally be prevented by adhering to proper medication administration techniques like flushing the line using compatible fluid or through a multi-lumen catheter or multiple IV access.

People on more concerned on investments and savings. Here we are going talk about a part of investment where the investments are on gold. This paper is all about gold schemes on different forms like in government bonds, there are also schemes similar to mutual fund in gold, Where in mutual funds it deals with money to be invested on various firms it may also in the form of company shares-In the similar way in terms of gold we have ETF as a one scheme and also about the jewelers that do have schemes on gold making a break up to different payments to acquire a total amount were in return they get gold after the completion of payment period with some extra benefits like gifts, discounts etc. This paper is going to talk about how the firms are able to make profit as the gold rate keeps on increasing, how successful investors manage risk and return?, If there is no much profit then why people do it? We got answers for those questions. This paper will give details from business point of view.

Glioblastoma is an aggressive malignant tumor of the brain and spinal cord. Due to the blood–brain barrier, the accessibility of its treatments still remains significantly challenging. Unfortunately, the recurrence rates of glioblastoma upon surgery are very high too. Hence, understanding the molecular drivers of disease progression is valuable. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular drivers responsible for glioblastoma progression and identify valid biomarkers. Three microarray expression profiles GSE90604, GSE50601, and GSE134470 containing healthy and glioblastoma-affected samples revealed overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The interrelational pathway enrichment analysis elucidated the halt of cell cycle checkpoints and activation of signaling pathways and led to the identification of 6 predominant hub genes. Validation of hub genes in comparison with The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets identified the potential biomarkers of glioblastoma. The study evaluated two significantly upregulated genes, SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) and VIM (vimentin) for glioblastoma. The genes CACNA1E (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 e), SH3GL2 (SH3 domain-containing GRB2-like 2, endophilin A1), and DDN (dendrin) were identified as under-expressed genes as compared to the normal and pan-cancer tissues along with prominent putative prognostic biomarker potentials. The genes DDN and SH3GL2 were found to be upregulated in the proneural subtype, while CACNA1E in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma exhibits good prognostic potential. The mutational analysis also revealed the benign, possibly, and probably damaging substitution mutations. The correlation between the DEG and survival in glioblastoma was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier plots, and VIM had a greater life expectancy of 60.25 months. Overall, this study identified key candidate genes that might serve as predictive biomarkers for glioblastoma.

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding short, single-stranded RNA molecules that may serve as biomarkers for various inflammatory and molecular mechanisms underlying bone and tissue remodeling consequent to orthodontic force application. Methods A thorough literature search in major databases was conducted in March 2021 to generate evidence for miRNAs in orthodontics, with prior PROSPERO registration. The initial search revealed 920 articles, subjected to strict selection criteria according to PRISMA, and resulted in final inclusion of four studies. Quality assessment by QUADAS-2 classified three studies as unclear risk-of-bias while the applicability was high. Further, bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify the target genes from the miRNA database (miRDB) and TargetScan databases and their protein-protein interaction pathways with the STRING analysis. Results Multiple miRNAs in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of orthodontic patients were seen, including miRNA-21, 27(a/b), 29(a/b/c), 34,146(a/b), 101, and 214 along with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 14 in one study. A statistically significant increase in expression of miRNA-29a/b/c,101, 21 from pre-treatment (before initiation of retraction) was seen to reach a peak at 4–6 weeks (wk) of retraction. On the contrary, miRNA-34a showed downregulation from the 1 day to 4 wk of retraction and also, negatively correlated with MMPs-2,9,14 levels at the same observation times. The distance of canine movement showed mild correlation with miRNA-27a/b, 214 at 2 wk of retraction. Bioinformatics revealed 1213 mutual target genes which were analyzed for inter-relational pathways using Cytoscape plugin, MCODE. Further, 894 prominent protein interactions were identified from the STRING database and SMAD4, IGF1, ADAMTS6, COL4A1, COL1A1, COL3A1, FGFR1, COL19A1, FBN1, COL5A1, MGAT4A, LTBP1, MSR1, COL11A1, and COL5A3 were recognized as the hub genes. Their interactions were able to isolate multiple miRNAs: hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-29b-2-5p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-34a-3p, hsa-miR-27a-5p, hsa-miR-29a-5p, hsa-miR-29b-1-5p, hsa-miR-29c-3p, hsa-miR-214-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsamiR-146-5p, which were found promising as biomarkers for tooth movement. Conclusions Our results support using miRNAs as biomarkers in varied orthodontic study designs and for inter-relationships with pathological settings like periodontal disease, pre-malignancies, or conditions like obesity or metabolic irregularities, etc. The identified target genes and their protein interaction pathways can be used to propose precision therapies, focusing on ideal tooth movement with minimal iatrogenic side-effects.

Day by day the water scarcity is getting increased and that too in developing countries like “India”, facing water problems frequently. The need for conservation of fresh water has become mandatory. Here the world’s water content is about 71%, and in that the ocean and sea water holds about 96.5%. As indicated by the report of the “World Metrological Organization” (WMO), the greater part of the total populace won't have enough drinking water by 2025. In order to reduce the usage of fresh water, an alternate recourse (Treated Sea Water) is introduced in the construction industry (i.e.) for the concrete mixing and curing. In this paper the properties of sea water and traditional water are considered. The conceivable outcomes of salt water utilized in concrete for casting and curing are seen. This paper additionally focuses on the variables influencing the quality of cement blended as concrete and cured with ocean water are examined and a few proposals to those issues were given.

In case of accidents during explosions and firearm injuries it is essential to use tourniquet in order to overcome the severe injuries and blood loss. There are a few essential things to consider when using a tourniquet. If it is not tightened well to arrest the blood loss, it continues and the injured person's life becomes very dangerous. If more pressure is given , and if it is not relaxed and squeezed hardly, it may cause serious issues. The purpose of this product is to produce a intelligent tourniquet system that can successfully arrest the bleeding by automatically providing the appropriate pressure to the limb, where it is affected to stop excessive bleeding in wounds. The developed system will be largely used in, first aid kits for vehicles, ambulances, emergency services for hospitals, fire trucks, first aid organizations, risky workplaces and so many civilian areas.

N-doped titania nano sheets and N-doped titania/tungsten dioxide nano rods were synthesized by two step hydrothermal method. The composition, structural, functional, morphological and optical properties of the as synthesized N-TiO₂/WS₂ hybrids were characterized by XRD, UV-DRS, PL, FE-SEM with EDAX, TEM, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Surface area and thermal stability of the catalysts were analyzed by BET and TG/DTA techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the heterojunction catalyst was evaluated towards the decomposition of a harmful dye namely congo red in an aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The results show superior photocatalytic activity for N-TiO₂/WS₂ nanocomposite. This unusual photocatalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effect between WS₂ and N-TiO₂.