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Brain tumours are malignant tissues in which cells replicate rapidly and indefinitely, and tumours grow out of control. Deep learning has the potential to overcome challenges associated with brain tumour diagnosis and intervention. It is well known that segmentation methods can be used to remove abnormal tumour areas in the brain. It is one of the advanced technology classification and detection tools. Can effectively achieve early diagnosis of the disease or brain tumours through reliable and advanced neural network classification algorithms. Previous algorithm has some drawbacks, an automatic and reliable method for segmentation is needed. However, the large spatial and structural heterogeneity between brain tumors makes automated segmentation a challenging problem. Image tumors have irregular shapes and are spatially located in any part of the brain, making their segmentation is inaccurate for clinical purposes a challenging task. In this work, propose a method Recursive SigmoidNeural Network based on Multi-scale Neural Segmentation (RSN2-MSNS) for image proper segmentation. Initially collets the image dataset from standard repository for brain tumour classification. Next, pre-processing method that targets only a small part of an image rather than the entire image. This approach reduces computational time and overcomes the over complication. Second stage, segmenting the images based on the Enhanced Deep Clustering U-net (EDCU-net) for estimating the boundary points in the brain tumour images. This method can successfully colour histogram values are evaluating segment complex images that contain both textured and non-textured regions. Third stage, Feature extraction for extracts the features from segmenting images using Convolution Deep Feature Spectral Similarity (CDFS2) scaled the values from images extracting the relevant weights based on its threshold limits. Then selecting the features from extracting stage, this selection is based on the relational weights. And finally classified the features based on the Recursive Sigmoid Neural Network based on Multi-scale Neural Segmentation (RSN2-MSNS) for evaluating the proposed brain tumour classification model consists of 1500 trainable images and the proposed method achieves 97.0% accuracy. The sensitivity, specificity, detection accuracy and F1 measures were 96.4%, 952%, and 95.9%, respectively.

1. Smart Street Light: Electrical Energy consumption of a nation is an indicator of the economic and social growth of the country. With the increasing demand for non-conventional energy resources, the conservation of energy is an important domain in current research .Energy Conservation can be the best solution for the rising energy demand .Utilizing electricity efficiently and reducing its wastage as much as possible is an important criterion considering the depleting natural reserves of fossil fuel traditionally used its generation. This paved way for developing appliance based automation for energy conservation. The PIR sensor provides an alternative method to save power consumption by detecting human movement. 2. Smart Motor: Technology has been developing throughout the world as system moved from manual to auto. Appliances are Inductive, resistive and capacitive in nature. Inductive type are mostly motors. Three-phase Induction motor is one of the most common types of electrical machines with vast amount of applications in the entire power system all over the world due to its various advantages such as low starting power, lower maintenance cost etc. For the sake of economy and their longer life, it is very much necessary to provide them with feasible conditions to perform optimal operation with best possible smart protection techniques. Control elements used here are vibration as well temperature sensation with GSM based remote data acquisition technique for automatic operations as well as a manual control using a selector switch for automatic as well as manual operation and a molded case circuit breaker for protection purpose.

Aims and objectives: Diabetes Mellitus predisposes patients to invasive fungal infections. Aim of this study is to find out the incidence and outcome of Mucormycosis in diabetic patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methodology: A Retrospective study of 150 patients with COVID-19 who were admitted in VMKVMCH COVID-19 Ward, Salem from May 2021 to July 2021 was included in the study. Results: Among 150 hospitalized patients with COVID 19 infection, 32 patients had CAM with an incidence of 3.36%. In patients with CAM, 87.5% had Diabetes Mellitus as the most common co-morbidity. The majority of the patients had poor glycemic control with a mean HbA1c of 9.06%. Out of the total study population, 93% had prior exposure to high dose corticosteroids. During the study period, 12.5% patients of CAM did not survive. Conclusion: Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive fungal infection with high mortality. The disease has surged in COVID 19 pandemic due to uncontrolled diabetes and improper corticosteroid use.

Background- The current outbreak of viral pneumonia, caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is the focus of worldwide attention.Based on their mechanism of action and their demonstrated utility in chronic inflammatory conditions and early feasibility studies in COVID-19, there is a strong case for TNF inhibitor use in COVID-19. Objectives-To find out the Outcome of covid 19 patients treated with and without monoclonal antibody – Adalimumab, along with conventional antiviral therapy. Methods-A Retrospective case comparative study of 100 patients with COVID19 who were admitted in VMKVMCH COVID19 Ward, Salem from May 2021 to July 2021 was included in this study. Purposive sampling technique was used. Demographic details of the patients and outcomes were noted.SPSS (Version 22.0) was used. Results- Males were mostly affected (65%) as compared to females (35%), mean age was 49 years. Number of days in hospital stay was 8 days. Mortality was around 4%.RTPCR was the investigation of choice for the diagnosis of COVID done in 93% of patients and it was statistically significant (p

To assess the use of intraoperative IV ketorolac (Toradol) on the peri-operative total morphine milligram equivalent (MME) requirements of patients undergoing ureteroscopy for nephrolithiasis.Patients undergoing ambulatory ureteroscopy for nephrolithiasis were randomized to receive ketorolac at time of anesthesia induction. Patients and surgeons were blinded to treatment. Intraoperative, postoperative and combined MME were calculated. Multivariable regression was used to identify independent predictors of MME requirement. Complications were recorded.A total of 94 patients were analyzed following randomization. There were 46 patients in the treatment arm and 48 patients in the control arm. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, BMI, operative length or baseline pain medication use between groups (P.05). Patients in the treatment arm required lower intraoperative MME when compared to the control arm (17.1 vs 24, P.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the postoperative MME requirements between groups. The combined peri-operative MME was lower in the treatment arm compared to the control arm (22.2 vs 30.4, P.02). Ketorolac use was an independent predictor of lower MME use on multivariable analysis (beta coefficient -5.1, P.01). There was no statistically significant difference with regards to complication numbers between the treatment arms.Ketorolac during ureteroscopy is associated with a 37% reduction in narcotic requirement and is an independent predictor of decreased peri-operative narcotic needs. These findings show that intra-operative use of ketorolac effectively reduces narcotic requirements and should be considered independently or as part of a multimodal pain control protocol, unless otherwise contraindicated.

The NDLI Club is an initiative in the Indian Digital Education platform aimed at revolutionizing the educational landscape. Its primary objective is to engage learners and promote the effective use of the National Digital Library of India's resources through competitions, training sessions, and workshops. However, the reach of the NDLI Club remains limited, with only 2500+ registered clubs in colleges, indicating the need for expansion and awareness. To address this, a study was conducted to identify challenges faced by colleges in establishing NDLI Clubs. Using Kurt Lewin's action research model, teachers were made aware of the NDLI Club and encouraged to initiate clubs in their colleges. Interviews with key members revealed three main challenges: registration, event creation, and report submission. Only five out of 17 colleges fulfilled all registration requirements. Recommendations were proposed to overcome challenges and increase registrations, including organizing awareness programs, providing vernacular-based technical support, and implementing a user-friendly event creation and report submission system. Further research can explore successful implementations, best practices, and the impact of NDLI Clubs on student learning outcomes and teacher professional development.

The classification of plant diseases is essential for the timely detection and prevention of outbreaks, which can lead to significant crop loss and reduced food security. In recent years, machine learning techniques, such as SVM algorithm, have been used to classify plant diseases based on their symptoms and features extracted from images of diseased plants. This study aims to provide an overview of the SVM algorithm's application in plant disease classification and its potential for future development. The SVM algorithm has been shown to be effective in classifying various plant diseases, including black spot and anthranose. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning models with remote sensing and precision agriculture technologies has the potential to improve disease detection and prevention. Future directions for plant disease classification using machine learning techniques include the development of deep learning models, multimodal classification, and transfer learning. In conclusion, the use of machine learning techniques, including SVM algorithm, provides a valuable tool for the early detection and prevention of plant diseases, ultimately benefiting farmers, consumers, and the environment.

As a cultural process, hybridity binds together many nationalities and their family traditions. Divakaruni successfully mixes the familial rituals of Asian American immigrants with the new surroundings in that scenario. In this paper, the researcher has investigated and exposed the manifestations of cultural identity and hybridity. This article investigates the role of immigrant women in cultural ethics and shows how their straddled culture constrains the three cultural identities in Divakaruni's novel Queen of Dreams: suppressed Indian, colonial European, and new world Americans. The existence of these three cultural identities confers a diasporic identity to Indians. These characteristics indicate their rootlessness and identification with the host country's culture and customs. In this novel, Divakaruni has merged ancient history with the aspirations of an occidental civilization. Rakhi speaks up against the mental anguish, cultural isolation, and identity crisis of India's displaced people. She tries to fit in with new cultures. The idea of immigrant strife infuses most of Divakaruni's work, a battle between acquired and accepted cultural norms.

Bricks, which are constructed of sand, lime, concrete, and fly ash, are the traditional materials used in masonry construction. Traditional bricks, of course, come with high insulation and fire-resistant characteristics. There is a demand for traditional bricks around the world, which must be cost, energy, and time-efficient. Mortarless interlocking brick is now being used in this alternate quest for the mortar revolution. These interlocking bricks have protrusions on their surface and look like regular bricks. The goal of interlocking bricks is to create a beautiful perspective with continuous patterns in masonry walls while also allowing construction in rural regions without the use of trained personnel. To achieve suitable structural strength, interlocking bricks do not require mortar to join the individual brick components. As a result, mortarless masonry walls will save 35 percent on construction costs, or 20 to 40% on labour costs. Naturally, earthquakes are widespread these days, however, unlike normal bricks, interlocking bricks are seismic-resistant materials that can withstand earthquake stresses. The lateral load in the analytical research and preliminary testing were completed in the first phase. The RC Frame with Interlocking Bricks will be included in the analytical investigation.

From decades, viral diseases including emerging and chronic viral infections are increasing worldwide health concern. Corona virus, SARS COV-2, is a new strain identified in 2019 caused Covid-19, in Wuhan, China has caused more than 5,304,772 infections and ~342,029 deaths worldwide over 203 countries, and the numbers are increasing exponentially from time to time. Since no specific treatment and diagnosis are available for COVID-19, discovery of new antiviral agents have become the most urgent need than in past, especially from natural sources. Hence, our present study is aimed to investigate bioactive molecules from Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Allium sativum (garlic) as potential SARS COV-2 main protease inhibitors, using a molecular docking by Auto dock 4.2, with the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm, to analyze the probability of docking. SARS COV-2 main protease was docked with five selected compounds (zingerone, gingerol, paradol, dichloro flavin (ginger), and allicin (garlic), and were analyzed by Auto dock 4.2, PyMol version 1.7.4.5. Chloroquine and hydroxy chloroquine were used as standards for comparison. The binding energies obtained from the docking of Covid-19 main protease with biological ligand; zingerone, gingerol, paradol, dichloro flavin, and allicin were -5.31, -4.73, -5.51, -6.05, -3.74 kcal/mol, while, standard drugs such as hydroxy chloroquine and chloroquine possess binding energies of -4.88 and -5.25 kcal/mol respectively. It indicates that, zingerone, paradol and dichloloroflavan show more binding energy than chloroquine and hydroxy chloroquine, whereas, gingerol and allicin exhibited lesser binding energy. Comparing these five molecules, dichloroflavan and paradol from ginger shows highest affinity and binding sites for target protein.

Isoniazid Schiff base complexes synthesized by the molecular hybridization strategy revealed enhanced anti-tubercular (100% killing of M. tb strain) and antioxidant activities.

Cartilaginous fishes are renowned for a keen sense of smell, a reputation based on behavioral observations and supported by the presence of large and morphologically complex olfactory organs. At the molecular level, genes belonging to the four families coding for most olfactory chemosensory receptors in other vertebrates have been identified in a chimera and a shark, but it was unknown whether they actually code for olfactory receptors in these species. Here, we describe the evolutionary dynamics of these gene families in cartilaginous fishes using genomes of a chimera, a skate, a sawfish, and eight sharks. The number of putative OR, TAAR, and V1R/ORA receptors is very low and stable, whereas the number of putative V2R/OlfC receptors is higher and much more dynamic. In the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, we show that many V2R/OlfC receptors are expressed in the olfactory epithelium in the sparsely distributed pattern characteristic for olfactory receptors. In contrast, the other three vertebrate olfactory receptor families are either not expressed (OR) or only represented with a single receptor (V1R/ORA and TAAR). The complete overlap of markers of microvillous olfactory sensory neurons with pan-neuronal marker HuC in the olfactory organ suggests the same cell-type specificity of V2R/OlfC expression as for bony fishes, that is, in microvillous neurons. The relatively low number of olfactory receptors in cartilaginous fishes compared with bony fishes could be the result of an ancient and constant selection in favor of a high olfactory sensitivity at the expense of a high discrimination capability.

Thrombomodulin (TM) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) are the major factors that are responsible for lung cancer. Hence, the identification of novel compounds inhibiting TM and MMPs is the challenging task for the scientists. Even though synthetic drugs were developed, their toxicity and offtarget limit their usage. The current study aims to investigate the molecular simulations for bacterial derived stearic acid to estimate the in silico anticancer activity against TM and MMPs protein as target compounds and the findings were correlated with the standard drug vorinostat. Using Lamarckian genetic algorithm, the TM and MMPs were energy minimized and docked with stearic acid and vorinostat using auto dock 4.2 and visualized in PyMol software. Protein and ligand binding analysis revealed that stearic acid interacts with the amino acids of MMPs residues of PHE83, SER212, ALA213 and ASN214. It interacts with the TMs with two amino acid residues i.e. CYS407 and GLU408. Hence, compared to vorinostat, stearic acid shows a higher binding affinity towards MMPs and slightly lower affinity towards TM proteinase. We conclude that the computational analysis of ligand binding interaction of stearic acid suggests that it could be a potential inhibitor of matrix metallo proteinase and is effective against thrombomodulin and can be considered as an anticancer agent by in vivo studies.

Leachate in landfill can be defined as a liquid that passes through a landfill a has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it. Leachate generation is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in many countries and it causes significant threat to surface water and ground water. To find the effect of leachate in the ground, ground water sample was collected from the surrounding areas of 1 km radius away from Kodungaiyur landfill and the samples were tested for various parameters such as colour, turbidity, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, potassium, COD and BOD. Eight samples were collected from 1km away were collected. The parameters were compared with IS 10500:2012. The analysis helps us to understand how much the ground water is affected by the percolation of leachate. Keywords: Leachate, Hardness, Chloride, TDS, BOD, and COD

Recently, heterocyclic compounds play important role in drug industries. The benzothiazole (BTA) is a bicyclic compound in heterocyclic because of their biological properties. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of benzothiazole were reported. The chemical structures of synthesized compounds were established based on spectral data of 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR. The mass of the novel compounds was established with the help of the LCMS test. The formation of the crystal was confirmed by powder XRD and the sharp peaks show the purity and crystalline nature of the samples. The photoluminescence spectra explain the optical property of the compound. The biological studies of synthesized compounds show that compound 5c possesses good antibacterial activity and compound 5d has good antifungal activity.

Cartilaginous fishes are renowned for a keen sense of smell, a reputation based on behavioral observations and supported by the presence of large and morphologically complex olfactory organs. At the molecular level, genes belonging to the four families coding for most olfactory receptors in other vertebrates have been identified in a chimera and a shark, but it was unknown whether they actually code for olfactory receptors in these species. Here we describe the evolutionary dynamics of these gene families in cartilaginous fishes using genomes of a chimera, a skate, a sawfish and eight sharks. The number of putative OR, TAAR and V1R/ORA receptors is very low and stable whereas the number of putative V2R/OlfC receptors is higher and much more dynamic. In the catsharkScyliorhinus canicula, we show that many V2R/OlfC receptors are expressed in the olfactory epithelium in the sparsely distributed pattern characteristic for olfactory receptors. In contrast, the other three vertebrate olfactory receptor families are either not expressed (OR) or only represented with a single receptor (V1R/ORA and TAAR). The complete overlap of markers of microvillous olfactory sensory neurons with panneuronal marker HuC in the olfactory organ suggests the same cell type specificity of V2R/OlfC expression as for bony fishes, i.e. in microvillous neurons. The relatively low number of olfactory receptors in cartilaginous fishes compared to bony fishes could be the result of an ancient and constant selection in favor of a high olfactory sensitivity at the expense of a high discrimination capability.

Background The benefits of smoking cessation (SC) for cancer patients are widely recognised. However, there has been a limited emphasis on SC in this context and it continues to be a challenge for cancer patients. As part of a larger feasibility study aiming to develop a structured SC pathway for cancer patients in Ireland, this qualitative study explored the SC practices, experiences and opinions of oncology healthcare professionals (HCPs). Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 HCPs from lung, breast, cervical, head and neck and general oncology, across 4 specialist adult cancer hospitals in Ireland. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Four key themes emerged: (1) Frequently ask and advise but infrequently assist: most HCPs ask about smoking and many advise about available supports, but few refer patients to SC services. Where offered, referrals were to hospital SC services and/or nicotine replacement therapy was prescribed; no HCP prescribed varenicline or bupropion. Barriers included lack of time, ill-defined referral pathways and lack of knowledge. (2) Increased willingness but differing ability to quit: most patients were interested in quitting post diagnosis and had varying support needs, linked to cancer stage, social circumstances and stress levels. (3) Need for an integrated or parallel service: all HCPs suggested that a structured and defined referral pathway will facilitate SC. (4) Motivational counselling and pharmacotherapy combination: many HCPs suggested face to face as the best mode of intervention initially, with regular follow ups and ongoing support virtually, started pre-treatment, with an empathetic and empowering approach with provision of both motivational counselling and SC pharmacotherapy. Conclusions Smoking post cancer diagnosis has serious implications for cancer treatment and prognosis but is frequently overlooked. These findings will inform the design of a SC pathway for cancer patients. Key messages • Despite increased willingness to quit, there is inadequate and inconsistent SC support provision for cancer patients. • Tailored SC support should be an integral part of comprehensive cancer care.

The pulmonary function tests FVC, FEVl, FEVl/FVC, PEF, FEF25-75, and MVV were performed in 45 non-insulin dependent diabetics and 47 controls with RMS HELIOS 401 computerised spirometer. The FBS, PPBS, and HbAlC were estimated. The effect of levels of FBS,PPBS and HbAlC on the pulmonary function variables were analysed. The Spirometric variables values were all decreasing with increasing FBS, PPBS and HbA1c levels. This result underlines that respiratory system including the respiratory muscles are also one of the target organs of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. This study supports and adds on to the literatures suggesting respiratory myopathy in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Objective: The objective of this work is to synthesis thio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl derivatives for industrial applications. Methods: The synthesis was done by the reaction of (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid with ethanol-derived ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate. The reaction of ethyl (S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetate with Boc anhydride and hydrazine produces ethyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-phenylacetate. The intermediate 5-alkyl amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols have been isolated as stable compounds. Results: To study the characteristics of these compounds, they are subjected to 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR. These studies examine the chemical structure of synthesized compounds. The mass of the novel compounds was established with the help of the LCMS test. The structural and optical properties were examined by the powder XRD and photoluminescence spectrum respectively. Conclusion: The sharp intense peak in the powder XRD indicates the crystal nature of the sample. The values obtained from the LCMS test indicate that the compounds have good thermal stability. The absorption peak at 358 nm in the PL spectrum indicates that the sample can be used in photoelectronic devices.

Modern communication systems look for higher operating frequencies to find more bandwidth to enable higher data rates. At a same time, these systems use larger and larger antenna arrays to compensate for the increased propagation losses by using antenna directivity. Often these systems use phased array approach for realizing steerable beam patterns. In phased arrays, the signal is usually divided in analogue domain to multiple transmit paths and combined in analogue domain from multiple receive paths. In this thesis, the aim is to generate a wideband modelling approach for analog signal routing in phased array transceivers that use radio frequency (RF) beamforming. In particular, the aim is to model the transfer functions of different signal paths from the sum node of all paths to the individual antennas and finally to the free space, to form a three-dimensional beam pattern that has frequency selective beam squint. The modelling approach and their behaviour in different symmetric and asymmetric beamforming architectures are presented and the performance of the system is observed through simulations by using beam patterns and equivalent amplitude responses in different directions. The impacts of array size, steering angle, and relative bandwidth are studied for the observed beam squint with different signal routing architectures to find their bandwidth limitations in different scenarios. The routing model also includes the impact of the dielectric materials of the circuit implementations.

Aim: The paper aims to measure the role of motivational factors on employee retention practices in service sectors in Chennai city. Data Sources: Primary and Secondary data used for the study. The Primary data sourced from the employees working in service sectors. The employees are contacted in electronic mode and obtained the responses from employees. Sample size & Method: The sample for this study consisted of 600employees drawn based on a simple random sampling method from the service sector. Out of 600 samples, 39 samples were rejected due to inadequate information provided by the employees. Finally, 561 samples were used for analysis. Findings: The study originated that the employees are satisfied with the motivational factors, i.e., compensation and Rewards, Pleasant Work Environment, Leadership styles, Training and Development, and Fringe benefits, offered by the service sectors in Chennai city. In addition, the paper also identified a significant association between motivational factors and employee retention practices in the service sectors. Furthermore, the study concluded that there is no significant difference among the employee's working sectors concerning the average score of motivational factors offered by the service sectors in the study region. The study created a significant association between motivational factors and the personal profile of employees working in the service sector in Chennai city. The study also initiates that there is a significant impact of motivational factors on employee retention in service sectors in the study region.

Many of the several authors have reported that reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates/sheets considerably reduced its ductility due to increase in stiffness that leads to debonding type of failure without adequate prior notice. This study aims to investigate the strength and ductility of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminated RC beams incorporated with different volume fraction (Vf = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) of discrete steel fibres. From the experimental evaluations, the role played by the incorporation of steel fibres is found to be effective in enhancing both the strength and ductility of FRP strengthened beams at all level of volume fractions, used in this study. Finite element analysis based full-scale beam models were developed using ANSYS software to model the response of all beams, as well, and the load-deflection behaviour of the models exhibit good agreement with the experimental results.

18Ni-2000 MPa maraging steel (M300 grade) is extensively used for performance critical aerospace applications where strength-toughness balance is the basis for material selection. The key to achieve the desired mechanical properties in the final product is to process the material under conditions that will impart an equiaxed, fine grained microstructure. This in turn is controlled by the selected deformation processing conditions such as strain, strain rate and temperature. Therefore, hot deformation behavior of the material is usually studied under wide temperature, and strain rate ranges to map the microstructural evolution with specimens deformed to a given strain. However, the effect of strain on the microstructural evolution, its effect on the initiation and termination of dynamic recrystallization are essential to obtain balanced mechanical properties. In this study, analysis of stress-strain curves was conducted with an intention to obtain fine prior austenite grain (PAG) size through dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and the same was verified experimentally from the microstructures evolved through hot isothermal compression tests on cylindrical specimens subjected to different strains. A single peak type DRX curve was identified for analysis from the high temperature stress-strain curves. The theoretically determined critical strain was used to experimentally verify the initiation of DRX (DRXI) and transition from DRX dominant region to grain growth dominant region (DRXT). Hot isothermal compression tests have been conducted at T=1100°C and e = 0.1s−1 and obtained PAG size of 7.68 µm in the specimen deformed to theoretically determined optimum strain of 0.6, thereby validating the used models.

Among the porous organic polymers, Covalent Triazine Polymers (CTPs) have emerged as an important class of materials with versatile applications such as energy storage and conversion, gas adsorption and separation, photocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Particularly, CTPs have been often used as catalyst/catalyst support due to their excellent thermal and chemical stability, as well as recyclability in catalytic reactions. Moreover, the expanding methods available for the synthesis of CTPs, convenient functionalization and presence of nitrogen sites in the framework make them a suitable candidate to develop catalysts for organic transformations. In this review, the methods of synthesis, characterization of CTPs and mainly their applications as catalyst/ catalyst support in organic transformations are summarized.