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Background: The article aims to assess the possibilities of innovative research methods in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersion analysis (EDS) forensic medicine. The described methods were used in experimental studies of a gunshot retrograde injury. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the particles formed during the destruction of a semi-shell shell and an obstacle (triplex car glass) when fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with 5.4539 cartridges. Material and methods: Triplex windshields from BMW and Mercedes-Benz cars were used as barriers. The shots were fired from a hunting Saiga carbine with a 5.4539 cartridge from a distance of 10 m. As targets, white calico with dimensions of 100150 cm was used, while stretched on a wooden frame or fixed on a chipboard. The distance between the target and the barrier was 100 cm, which approximately corresponded to the distance from the car windshield to the driver and the passenger in the front seat. The studies were conducted using the SEM Hitachi FlexSem1000 II and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer Bruker Quantax 80. Results: Microscopy helped identify seven types of foreign bodies on the surface of the target, which were the products of destruction of the fire projectile and the barrier: glass fragments, glass fragments, crumbly depositions of glass particles, glass fragments caked with the projectile metal, fragments of the projectile, spherical metal particles, and overlays of molten metal in the form of puddles. EDS helped determine the elemental composition of the barrier particles, fire shell, and the overlap of target particles. Conclusion. The experimental study demonstrated that the use of SEM and EDS significantly increased the effectiveness and evidence-based expert research value while solving the problems of causing damage through the barrier-the windscreen of modern cars.

Phenotypic characteristics of human non-small cell lung cancer cells, A549 (p53 wild-type) and H1299 (p53-deficient) as well as their descendants surviving after multifraction X-ray irradiation at a cumulative dose of 60 Gy (sublines A549HR and H1299HR, respectively) were studied before and after additional 2 Gy single dose irradiation. In 24 h after the additional irradiation, we observed a significant increase in the proportion of cells with signs of entosis (by 5 times, p0.05) and SA-β-gal

Radioresistant sublines of non-small cell lung cancer cells differing in the p53 status were obtained: A549 (p53 wild type) and H1299 (p53 deficient). The exposure to ionizing radiation was carried out using a standard protocol developed on the basis of empirical clinical experience and consisting in exposure in a dose of 2 Gy once a day, 5 days a week up to total dose of 60 Gy. The cells survived after irradiation demonstrated reduced radiosensitivity, as well as changes in differential gene expression in comparison with parental cells. Some differences in the signaling pathways involved in DNA repair were revealed.

Through the prism of the historical experience accumulated by mankind, the debatable problems of the essence and periodization of the Russian Civil War, as well as its general and special features, are examined in comparison with the civil wars in Europe, America, and Asia. Concepts existing in the domestic and foreign historiography are analyzed, and new assessments and definitions are proposed. In particular, it is proposed to consider a civil war as a prolonged armed struggle for power within a country by various political forces, social and ethno-confessional groups, using the state, state formations, and military formations (“armies”). The author’s calculations of human losses in Russia in the post-February (1917) period and at the initial stage of the Civil War are presented.

The present article provides an overview of the main methods of three-dimensional modelling currently used in various fields of science and practice, including forensic medicine. The possibilities of used methods are described.The authors introduce the concept of BIM-technology, which allows various methods working in 3D to be applied comprehensively: from photogrammetry and computed tomography to line-of-sight and CAD modelling. The article presents a case involving practical application of BIM-technology within the practical work of a forensic expert. The possibilities of supplementing and expanding the model over time within a single information field (4D modelling) are shown.Using the example of a specific examination, it is shown for which studies the created BIM-model can be employed, as well as what issues can be solved with its help. To that end, CT data was studied with the subsequent reconstruction of the 3D model of the damaged skull; blood traces were analysed with the subsequent 3D modelling of circumstances at the scene. The following methods were used for the reconstruction: photogrammetry, the finite element method and line-of-sight modelling of gunshot trajectories.Applied within a situational forensic medical examination, BIM-technologies successfully provided answers to the investigator’s questions: mechanism underlying the formation of blood traces; location of the bleeding source; trajectories of projectiles and their elements; circumstances of the occurrence; position of the shooter; prediction of glass breakage caused by a bullet.Conclusion. New computer technologies (BIM-technology and 4D modelling) constitute the next step in the development of three-dimensional modelling. Their introduction into the practice of experts will help create a single information field for all objects under study, as well as consider all possible investigative leads as objectively as possible

Frequency-degenerate mixing of forward and backward propagating fast modes is considered in a planar optical waveguide based on a thin left-handed film and a right-handed substrate exhibiting the Kerr effect. Nonlinear coupled-mode equations are solved for the intensities of these modes in the neglect of the contributions of elementary processes that fail to satisfy the phase-matching condition. It is shown that the intramode self-action of four TE modes is accompanied by energy exchange between these modes. The efficiency of energy exchange varies periodically along the propagation direction of modes, thus leading to the inversion of the intensities of forward and backward propagating light fields on the interaction half-period.

Is to study the character of deflection of fragments of a semi-jacketed shell (a semi-jacketed bimetallic bullet with a lead core of a 5.45×39 mm cartridge for the Saiga carbine) and the ejection of fragments of the triplex glass shot with it. The experiments results showed that when a triplex glass pierced at an angle of 60° with respect to the sightline, there is a deflection towards the normal line of the flight direction of the shell and obstacle fragments. The shell speed far exceeds the ballistic limit, but the fragments speed is much lower and the trajectory is formed by alternating waves of compression and decompression.Исследование характера отклонения осколков огнестрельного полуоболочечного снаряда (полуоболочечная биметаллическая пуля со свинцовым сердечником патрона 5,45×39 мм к карабину «Сайга») и выброса осколков пораженного им триплексного стекла. В результате экспериментальных исследований установили, что при пробитии триплексного стекла, расположенного под углом 60º по отношению к линии прицеливания, происходит отклонение в сторону нормали не только направления полета осколков снаряда, но и осколков преграды. Скорость снаряда значительно превышает баллистический предел, однако выброс осколков происходит со значительно меньшей скоростью и формируется чередующимися волнами сжатия и разгрузки.

The purpose of our work was to assess the capabilities of the SEM in the framework of expert studies of gunshot injuries of targets made of cotton fabric. In the study of experimental injuries resulting from shots fired from the KO-M1-98 carbine with 8x57JS cartridges at various distances (from the stop to 3.5 m), the presence of features of the soot morphology was established, by which it is possible to judge the distance of the shot. Thus, by examining fragments of target tissue from the central and peripheral zones of soot deposition, electron microscopy revealed a change in the ratio, intensity, and topography of soot particles. The energy-dispersion analysis revealed that with increasing distance, the number of chemical elements that make up the capsule decreases, with the exception of tin, which has an unstable inversely proportional bond.Оценка возможностей сканирующей электронной микроскопии при проведении экспертных исследований огнестрельных повреждений мишеней из хлопчатобумажной ткани. При исследовании экспериментальных повреждений, полученных в результате выстрелов из карабина КО-М1-98 патронами 8х57JS на различных расстояниях (от упора до 3,5 м), установлено наличие особенностей морфологии копоти, по которым можно судить о дистанции выстрела. Так, исследуя фрагменты ткани мишени из центральной и периферической зон отложения копоти с помощью электронной микроскопии, установили изменение соотношения, интенсивности и топографии частиц копоти. При энергодисперсионном анализе установлено, что с увеличением расстояния количество химических элементов, входящих в состав капсюля, уменьшается, за исключением олова, которое имеет неустойчивую обратно пропорциональную связь.

Objectives. Investigation of the injuries on biological simulators and topography of the gunshot residue after shots from the traumatic weapon MR-341 «Howdah» (a sawn-off shotgun of the smooth barrel gun IZH-43КN) using cartridges of 12/35 caliber at different distances (contact shot, 5 cm, 10 cm, then with increments of 10 cm to 100 cm inclusive, 125 cm, 150 cm and 175 cm).Material and methods. Blocks of biological simulator (fragments of the chests of pigs) were used as the targets. After shots the targets were examined visually, in visible infrared rays, under the stereomicroscope and metrically.Results. Morphology of the injuries and topography of the residue deposition has features that allow to consider the range and distance of the shot. Action of the flame and powder gases is manifested at the distance up to 5 cm inclusive; the zone of predominant deposition of the soot has an external border corresponding to the distance of the shot up to 20 cm; the zone of predominant action of the gunpowder has an additional morphology in the form of deposition of multiple rubber particles and continues at the distance of up to 80 cm from the muzzle end of the weapon. Additional features that allow to specify the zone of close range and the distance of the shot are established: after the shots from the distance of 10 cm traces of wad of semicircular and circular shape and gray color were revealed separate from the main gunshot injury; rubber particles were revealed on the target surface after the shots from the distance of up to 80 cm. The results of the study can be used in medico-legal practice to address the issues of the fact and distance of the shot from the traumatic weapon MR-341 “Howdah”.

Разработана и апробирована виртуальная среда, предназначенная для повышения качества тестирования, тренировок и повышение мастерства хоккеистов разного уровня квалификации, а также позволяющая проводить оценку динамики постурального баланса и зрительно-моторной реакции в условиях, приближенных к реальным.

Objective is to make the review of the banking industry development to identify theoretical and practical areas of transformations under the concept Bank 3.0.Results. Theoretical and practical shifts occured in modern banking sector in the conditions of Bank 3.0 concept implementation are identified. Background of the modern transformation in the banking industry on a global scale is identified, the role and extent of structural changes in the banking sector is assessed and features of the modern business models of banks are identified.Originality. Theoretical framework of banking transformations as financial intermediaries is developed. Distinguished features of the bank business–model in the future including high technology, giditalization of commercial activity, transformation of banking infrastructure, banking sector integration with social networks, instant messengers and Internet platforms, are justified.Practical relevance. Identified features of the bank business–model can be used in the activities of banking developing the strategy and tactics to distribute banking services.

The article is addressed to the analysis of the trajectory parameters and videos obtained during the flight experiment at the launch of meteo-rocket MMP-06 with the purpose to determine major parameters of motion of a round parachute at subsonic speeds in the range of altitudes from 0 to 40 km. The data analysis showed that the trajectory of the parachute represents spiral "stretched" by the wind in the horizontal direction and disturbed by random factors of a non-stationary flow around the parachute. The main parameters of the trajectory are obtained according to the experimental data. Only qualitative analysis of spiral motion paths for round parachutes may be found in the publications on parachute subjects. This article presents the quantitative characteristics of this process.

3D printing is used in such industries as architecture, construction, education, medicine, but at the moment the possibility of its use in forensic medicine is limited only by textbooks. The practical use of 3D printing is to use it in the reconstruction of missing fragments of the skull bones in head injuries, after taking parts of the skeleton for additional laboratory research methods.

The tutorial provides an overview of the main methods of creating three-dimensional (3D) models of objects and their applications. A step-by-step algorithm for creating virtual copies of objects based on digital photos and video frames using modern computer programs "AgisoftPhotoscan" and "ContextCapture" is described. Details of the necessary conditions for obtaining high-quality digital photos and models, especially the process of photography, the requirements for the resulting digital photos. Recommendations are given for obtaining digital photographs suitable for creating three-dimensional models in various fields of research. The theoretical foundations of the method of creating three-dimensional models using digital photographs are described in detail, the basic concepts used in three-dimensional modeling are defined. The areas of application of three-dimensional models in forensic medicine, as well as problems that can be solved with the help of the created models are determined. Established criteria, which may affect the accuracy of the models, the reproduction of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the research object. Illustrative examples from their own practice.

This article reports the results of a forensic medical expertise of the gunshot wound in a serviceman wearing a bulletproof vest with special reference to the behaviour of the bullet that underwent deformation upon hitting the jacket. The authors emphasize the difficulty of differential diagnostics between the entry and exit wounds in the cases like that described in the paper. A series of experiments provided the data suggesting the specific mechanism by which exit gunshot wounds are formed in those parts of the body that adjoin the material from which the bulletproof vest is made. Special attention is given to the morphological features of such wounds and injuries to the biological tissues.Приведено судебно-медицинское исследование огнестрельного ранения военнослужащего пулей, деформировавшейся в результате удара о бронежилет, надетый на потерпевшем. Отмечена сложность проведения дифференциальной диагностики входной и выходной ран в подобных случаях. В серии экспериментов изучили особый механизм образования выходных огнестрельных ранений в частях тела, непосредственно соприкасающихся с бронезащитой, особую морфологию таких ранений и повреждений тканей одежды.

The article reports a case of the application of the thee-dimensional models of an injury on a corpse and of a blunt trace-forming object with which it was presumably inflicted for the identification purposes. The models were constructed based on a series of the digital photographs processed with the use of the specialized software program. The work with the application of the three dimensional models made it possible to avoid disfiguring of the corpse, to determine the stages and conditions of infliction of the injury in the graphic editor software environment, and to arrive at the conclusion about the parts of the traumatic agent with which the injury was caused.Представлен случай использования трехмерных моделей повреждения, имевшегося на трупе, и вероятного следообразующего тупого предмета для его идентификации. Модели создавали на базе цифровых фотографий в специализированном программном обеспечении. Работа с трехмерными моделями позволила избежать обезображивания трупа, в программной среде графического редактора определить этапы и условия нанесения повреждения, а также высказаться о том, какой частью травмирующего предмета было причинено повреждение.

The review summarizes and systematizes the literature data characterizing the forensic medical aspects in the complex assessment of injuries received because of the impact of damaging factors of explosion in different peacetime conditions. The current state of forensic-medical examination of the explosive trauma is considered; the problems are revealed and the perspective directions in their solution are outlined. The analysis of publications on the issue of forensic examination of blast trauma injuries has shown that a more detailed characterization is given in the domestic literature than in the foreign one. Further study of this problem will make it possible to determine the formation laws of injuries received in explosive trauma, the distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the position of the victims and conditions of body trauma in confined spaces, as well as to refine the classification of explosive trauma depending on the conditions and circumstances of the explosion.Обобщены и систематизированы данные литературы, характеризующие судебно-медицинские аспекты при комплексной оценке повреждений, полученных в результате взрыва в различных условиях мирного времени. Рассмотрено текущее состояние судебно-медицинской экспертизы взрывной травмы, обозначены проблемы и перспективные направления их решения. Отмечено, что анализ публикаций о судебно-медицинской экспертизе повреждений при взрывной травме наиболее полно освещен в отечественной литературе. Дальнейшее исследование данной проблемы позволит определить закономерности формирования повреждений, полученных при взрывной травме, дистанцию от центра взрыва, положение потерпевших и условия получения травм тела в замкнутом пространстве, а также доработать классификацию взрывной травмы в зависимости от условий и обстоятельств взрыва.

The aim is to analyze the long-term results of the avian influenza virus surveillance monitoring of influenza virus in birds of one of the key Northern Eurasia points Lake. Uvs Nuur, the Republic of Tyva. Methods. The analysis of the available sources and our own research results is conducted. We used MEGA 5.2 software to construct a phylogenetic dendrogram. Tree topology is constructed by the method of maximum likelihood. Genetic distance matrix is calculated using the Kimura two-parameter metric method. Results. We conducted a biogeographical analysis of the Great Lakes basin, and an overview of the literature and the original results of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza circulation and molecular epidemiology at Uvs Nuur Lake. Conclusion. Long-term observations at Lake Uvs Nuur revealed the important role of the biogeocoenose for the preservation and evolution of influenza A virus in wild bird populations. Planned ecological and virological monitoring is the basis for correct conclusions about the dynamics of epizootic process, infection control, as well as for the evaluation of the epidemic and pandemic potential of novel viral strains.

Forensic medical expertise carried out with a view to reconstruction of an event is a time-consuming procedure because it requires collection of a large amounts of various materials for the institution of a criminal investigation including physical evidence, photoboards of the site of an occurrence, etc. A forensic medical expert may encounter difficulties when reconstructing and scrutinizing the scene of action at a single computer monitor in order to analyze the behaviour of each participant of the event. Of great help in such situations are modern software programs allowing to visualize the site of an occurrence with a maximum approximation to reality, simulate the actions of the victim(s) and alleged offender(s), perform a large number of other forensic studies. The present article provides the practical examples illustrating the possibilities of reconstruction of various events with the use of the three-dimensional modeling based on the MicroSmith Poser and Agisoft PhotoScan software packages for clarifying various circumstances, facts, and conditions of special interest for the preliminary investigation and inquiries.Судебно-медицинские экспертизы реконструкции событий происшествия многообъекты, требуют значительных затрат времени, так как необходимо изучение большого объема материалов уголовного дела, вещественных доказательств, фототаблиц места происшествия. Судебно-медицинскому эксперту бывает сложно в пределах одного компьютерного экрана создать помещение, в котором произошло определенное событие, и проанализировать действия каждого субъекта происшествия. Существенную помощь судебным медикам при производстве экспертиз могут оказать современные компьютерные программы, с помощью которых можно добиться максимально приближенной к реальности визуализации места происшествия, моделировать действия потерпевших и обвиняемых, решать различные экспертные задачи. В статье на практическом примере показана возможность реконструкции событий происшествия с помощью метода трехмерного компьютерного моделирования с использованием программных сред MicroSmith Poser и Agisoft PhotoScan и уточнены отдельные обстоятельства, интересующие следствие.

The objective of the present study was the comprehensive investigation of morphogenesis of the surface relief of the major local ruptures of the liver in the case of a blunt injury and the obtaining of an additional information on the possibility to use these data for the purposes of forensic medical expertise. We explored the reliefs of the major local ruptures of the liver in the cases of a single fatal blunt injury inflicted in a traffic accident, by kicking or a powerful stroke with the fist. In addition, the threshold hepatic lesions depending on their severity were determined experimentally. The model allowing to describe the qualitative relief alterations of the rupture surface associated with a blunt injury has been developed. The main elements of the surface relief of the major ruptures include avulsion and shear ridges, folds as well as 'extension zones'. Three types of possible rupture surface reliefs have been identified, viz. relatively uniform, stratified and fragmented non-uniform ones. Such reliefs are formed in the case of a threshold injury, powerful stroke with the leg or the fist, and road traffic accident, respectively. The location of the shear ridges at the ruptured surface makes it possible to determine the direction of growth of the local major rupture and of the stroke vector. The presence of multiple 'extension zones' at the surface of the local major rupture may serve as an indicator either of the influence of the unlimited traumatic surface or of the very strong stroke. The above features of the relief of the rupture surface provide the conditions for the application of the statistical approach to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the deformation and the destruction of the parenchymatous organs suffering a blunt injury.Цель исследования - углубленное изучение морфогенеза местных основных разрывов печени при тупой травме и получение дополнительной информации об их судебно-медицинском значении. Изучили рельефы местных основных разрывов печени при смертельной тупой монотравме (транспортная, нанесенная ударами ног, кулаками); экспериментальные пороговые повреждения печени, а также при большой силе удара. Разработана модель, позволяющая описать качественные признаки рельефа поверхности разрыва печени, образующегося при тупой травме. Основными элементами рельефа поверхности местных основных разрывов являются гребни отрыва и сдвига, складки сжатия, 'зоны растяжения'. Определили три типа возможных рельефов поверхности разрывов: относительно однородные, неоднородные слоистые и фрагментированные. Образование таких рельефов наблюдается при пороговой травме, сильных ударах ногой, при транспортных происшествиях соответственно. Расположение гребней сдвига на поверхности разрыва позволяет выявить направление роста местного основного разрыва и вектора удара. Наличие на поверхности местного основного разрыва множественных 'зон растяжения' - показатель воздействия неограниченной травмирующей поверхности либо очень большой силы удара. Указанные в работе признаки рельефа поверхности разрыва позволяют использовать статистический подход к изучению механизмов деформации и разрушения паренхиматозного органа при тупой травме.

У статті проведено аналіз репрезентативності окремих компонент оцінювання якості банківських послуг на основі існуючих емпіричних досліджень з визначення їх впливу на задоволення споживачів та ступеня пріоритетності для клієнтів банку. Запропоновано нову інтерпретацію підходу SERVQUAL з урахуванням важливості компонент та застосуванням методу семантичного диференціалу для оцінювання критеріїв споживачами банківських послуг. The article contains the results of analysis of the representativeness of different dimensions of the SERVQUAL approach to banking services quality evaluation. Summarized ranking of the importance of the components can be represented as follows: responsiveness was identified as the most important component; reliability was defined on the second place; assurance, tangibility and empathy were determined as less important among the banking services quality assessment dimensions. Taking into account above mentioned findings a new interpretation of the SERVQUAL approach was proposed. Key features of the designed approach are: restructuration of the quantity of criteria between the dimensions according to the consideration of the importance of the components; exclusion of the least important positions from the criteria and adding the actual ones; application of the semantic differential method for assessing the criteria by consumers of banking services.

We assumed that the different exposure times of the cotton target in the water would not change the morphology and location of the shot products. To confirm our assumption, a series of experiments was carried out, which consisted in exposure of cotton targets in distilled water at different time intervals, followed by their extraction and study. The study showed that the morphology and location of the shot products on a dry target after soaking in water with a duration of up to one day does not change.

The objective of the present study was to obtain the ballistic characteristics of the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the 18×45T cartridges of the 'Osa' pistol produced by different manufacturers. The experiments included a series of shots fired from the 'Osa' pistol with the use of cartridges having an energy of 85 Joules ('Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad) and 88 Joules ('A+A', Ltd, Tula). The shooting distance varied from the point blank range to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. The targets were either the femoral soft tissue of the cut-off human lower extremity, white cotton fabric, and the 1-5 cm high gelatin cylinder 25 cm in diameter. The experiments have demonstrated that the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the cartridges manufactured by the 'Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad, served as an additional factor of the shot responsible for the penetrating power of the ammunition at a distance of 50 cm. The data on the composition of metals used for the manufacturing of the igniting primers under consideration are presented.Цель исследования - установление баллистических характеристик капсюля (электровоспламенителя) для патрона 18×45Т различных производителей. Провели серию выстрелов из пистолета 'Оса' с использованием патронов, обладающих энергией 85 Дж (ООО 'Новые оружейные технологии', Сергиев Посад), и патронов с энергией 88 Дж (ООО 'А+А', Тула). Выстрелы осуществляли с расстояния: в упор, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 и 50 см. В качестве мишеней использовали мягкие ткани бедра ампутированной нижней конечности, белую бязь и цилиндрические мишени из желатина диаметром 25 см, высотой 1-5 см. Экспериментально установлено, что капсюль (электровоспламенитель) патронов производства ООО 'Новые оружейные технологии' (Сергиев Посад) выступает в качестве дополнительного фактора выстрела на расстоянии до 50 см и обладает проникающей способностью. Определен состав металлов, которые используются при изготовлении данного капсюля.

This article was designed to report the results of the analysis of the consequences of a real case of the sidewise collision and run-over involving a pedestrian and an automobile moving in the reverse gear along an arc of a circle. Special attention was given to the mechanism behind the collision, its peculiar features, and characteristic damages inflicted to the pedestrian's body and clothes.Приведены результаты практического наблюдения наезда и переезда пешехода автомобилем, который двигался задним ходом по дуге (при развороте). Определен механизм наезда и переезда, выявлены специфические и характерные повреждения на теле пешехода и его одежде.

The purpose of the study was to perform a comparative static and dynamic finite element analysis of various taper and cylindrical implant-abutment connections in three-dimensional (3D) models including: abutment, fixing screw, implant, cortical bone, cancellous bone. 3D implant model was IRIS LIKO-M system (Russia) 4 mm diameter and 10 mm length. All the models (M1-M6) were built in the same way. While maintaining the external design of IRIS LIKO-M implant, they differed only by taper angle 1.25°, 5°, 9° and its height - 0.45 and 1.85 mm; the models (M7, M8) had a cylindrical connection with a joint height of 0.45 and 1.85 mm. The bone model was 6 mm width, included cortical layer was 3 mm and the inner cancellous bone. The results of static FEA of an occlusal load showed that implant with 1.85 mm abutment connection transfer strain from edge of a cortical bone to its inner layer thus preventing marginal bone resorption. The best results showed implant model with conical taper 5° and 1.85 mm height: the smallest von Mises stress in cortical layer at tightening of the fixing screw and at masticatory load, and the larger margin of safety of an implant, the abutment and the fixing screw. The results of dynamic FEA of implant with cylindrical connection demonstrate that the gap between an abutment and an implant may occur and lead to fixing screw loosening or fracture. At the same time, the implant design with knot of interface of conical type 5° remains tight at dynamic load.Цель данного исследования - проведение сравнительного статического и динамического математического анализа методом конечных элементов различных конусных и цилиндрических узлов сопряжения сборной конструкции дентального имплантата в костной ткани второго типа. В исследовании для проведения расчетов была построена трехмерная модель: абатмент-фиксирующий винт-имплантат-кортикальная кость-губчатая кость, где в качестве исследуемой модели выбран имплантат системы ИРИС ЛИКО-М (Россия) диаметром 4 мм и длиной 10 мм. Все расчетные модели M1-M6 были построены однотипно - при сохранении внешнего дизайна, отличались лишь конусностью узла сопряжения (1,25°, 5°, 9°) и его высотой 0,45 и 1,85 мм; модели M7 и M8 имели цилиндрическое соединение с высотой соединения 0,45 и 1,85 мм. Модель кости шириной 6 мм включала кортикальный слой 3 мм, внутренний объем выполнен губчатым слоем. Результаты статического моделирования окклюзионной нагрузки на систему остеоинтегрированного имплантата с разными видами узлов сопряжения показали, что для костной ткани оптимальными являются конструкции с высотой соединения имплантата и абатмента в 1,85 мм, так как они переносят концентрацию напряжения от края кортикальной кости внутрь, что может являться профилактикой краевой резорбции. Наилучшие результаты демонстрирует конструкция имплантата с конусным узлом сопряжения 5°, высотой 1,85 мм: меньшие значения эквивалентного напряжения в кортикальном слое при затяжке фиксирующего винта и при жевательной нагрузке, больший запас прочности имплантата, абатмента и фиксирующего винта. В системе имплантата с цилиндрическим сопряжением зазор между абатментом и имплантатом под действием динамической нагрузки может раскрываться, резьба винта и имплантата может быть подвержена коррозии, возможны уменьшение сил трения в соединении и ослабление усилия затяжки винта. В отличие от этого конструкция имплантата с узлом сопряжения конусного типа 5° остается герметичной при динамической нагрузке.

А study of the morphology of contour bruises during practical observations which were formed from the action of elastic projectiles in case of shots from traumatic weapon has been carried out. It is established that the morphological signs of contour bruises are stipulated by the special features of the mechanics of destructing tissues. The metric data of the morphological special features of contour bruises and an elastic projectile coincide with the dimensional relationship in the model of the said interaction – the action of a dull an obtuse indentor on the elastic plastic half-space.

The mechanism of the formation of a gunshot fracture in a flat bone from the action of a hemispherical bullet has been studied. The process of the formation of cracks was considered on the example of two problems - the problem of Hertz and Hill – Johnson’s model. It has been established that a tense condition and the deformity of the material, causing the development of a hydrostatic core before osseous tissue crushing, underlie the formation of a fracture.

The effect of various structural permeabilities (additional perforation) on the aerodynamic characteristics, shape, and stability of square parachute models with four suspension lines is studied. The parachute is made of a fabric whose air permeability coefficient is equal to zero. The shape of the parachute canopy and the force distribution along the ribbons of the canopy are discussed.

The present case study demonstrates the possibility of reconstruction of the occurrence circumstances by means of the three-dimensional modeling technique and of the application of this method for the solution of the problems facing forensic medical expertise.На практическом примере показана возможность реконструкции обстоятельств происшествия с использованием метода трехмерного моделирования и решения экспертных вопросов.

The objective of the present study was to improve the method for the calculation and graphical sighting with the use of the modern program products for three-dimensional visualization.Цель исследования - усовершенствование метода расчетно-графического визирования с помощью современных программных продуктов трехмерной визуализации.

Antibacterial compounds are one of the essential classes of clinically important drugs. High throughput screening allowed revealing potential antibiotics active towards any molecular target in bacterial cell. We used a library of 9820 organic compounds with highly diversified structures to screen for antibacterial activity. As the result of automated screening, 103 compounds were found to possess antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The properties of these compounds were compared with those of initial library. Non-linear Kohonen mapping was used to analyze the differences between non-active molecules from initial library, identified antibacterial hits and compounds with reported antibacterial activity. It was found that identified antibacterial compounds are located in the separated area of chemical space. It can be therefore suggested that these molecules belong to novel classes of antibacterial compounds and could be studied further.Antibakterial'nye soedineniia – odin iz vazhneĭshikh klassov lekarstvennykh preparatov. Pri vysokoproizvoditel'nom poiske organicheskikh soedineniĭ mogut byt' vyiavleny potentsial'nye antibiotiki, deĭstvuiushchie na samye raznye misheni v bakterial'noĭ kletke. My ispol'zovali vyborku 9820 organicheskikh veshchestv, skomponovannuiu na osnove maksimizatsii khimicheskogo raznoobraziia dlia vysokoproizvoditel'nogo skrininga antibakterial'noĭ aktivnosti. V rezul'tate robotizirovannogo skrininga bylo obnaruzheno 103 soedineniia, proiavivshikh antibakterial'nuiu aktivnost' v otnoshenii model'noĭ gramotritsatel'noĭ bakterii, Escherichia coli. Dlia iskhodnoĭ vyborki i obnaruzhennykh aktivnykh molekul byl rasschitan riad molekuliarnykh deskriptorov i vyiavleny osnovnye razlichiia v svoĭstvakh étikh dvukh grupp molekul. Dlia nagliadnogo sravneniia protestirovannykh molekul i izvestnykh antibakterial'nykh soedineniĭ byla postroena samoorganizuiushchaiasia karta Kokhonena. Analiz rezul'tatov nelineĭnogo kartirovaniia pokazal, chto obnaruzhennye soedineniia, proiavivshie antimikrobnuiu aktivnost', otlichaiutsia ot khemotipov uzhe izvestnykh antibakterial'nykh molekul i predstavliaiut interes dlia dal'neĭshego issledovaniia.

We generalize a discrete elastic scheme for automated computer-aided analysis of shaping, stress-strain state, and safety factors of structural elements of single-shell parachutes; various canopy layouts and design features of the parachutes are considered. The developed algorithms and programs are based on the sketch diagram of the parachute design, the lumped mass method, and the database of mass, stiffness, and strength characteristics of parachute structural materials. As the design features of parachutes, we consider slots and structural vents in the canopy, irregular reinforcing framework, ribbing, special pockets at the canopy outer edge, non-flat initial configuration of the canopy, the use of inside (including central) lines in addition to the main, outside shroud lines, canopies made from different fabrics that have different strength and air permeability, and others. It is also possible to consider functional and military damage of the parachute structure, which affect its durability. Specific examples are give to demonstrate the capabilities of the automated computational system.

The polymorphism of shell banding pattern has been studied in Crimean populations of the land snail H. albescens. The results show that snails from different regions of the Crimea are characterized by specific types of shell polymorphism, the differences between them concerning mainly the number of observed shell morphs rather than their occurrence frequency. In particular, the proportion of snails with darkly colored shells increases in relatively cool habitats. However, among the microevolutionary processes determining the type and degree of polymorphism in H. albescens populations, a major role is also played by stochastic genetic phenomena, because the species exists in semi-isolated colonies with low effective abundance and high risk of local extinction.

The objective of the present work was to develop the method for the visualization of the shape of the bone surface in the region of its traumatic damage based on the results of the analysis of a single X-ray image for the solution of the problems facing forensic medical expertise and traumatology. The three-dimensional models of the fractures of the long tubular bones constructed with the use of the visualization technique were shown to adequately reproduce the morphological picture of the injury. It allowed to enhance the potential of the forensic medical analysis and the accuracy of the diagnostic methods employed for the purposes of forensic medical expertise.Цель работы - разработка метода для визуализации формы поверхности кости в области ее повреждения при травме на основе анализа единственного рентгеноскопического изображения кости для решения задач судебно-медицинской экспертизы и травматологии. Созданные с помощью метода визуализации трехмерные модели переломов длинных трубчатых костей адекватно воспроизводили морфологическую картину травмы. Это позволило расширить возможности экспертного анализа и диагностическую точность в решении судебно-медицинских задач.

The objective of the present work was to study the morphological features of the skin lesions inflicted by the blades of the Fgx Boot Blade I knives having four cutting edges. The study revealed the signs that can be used to distinguish between morphological characteristics of the stab and lacerated wounds having the primary and secondary incisions made by the four-edge blade.Цель исследования - изучение морфологии повреждений кожи, сформированных клинками ножей Fgx Boot Blade I с четырьмя режущими кромками. Выявлены признаки, по которым можно отличить морфологию этих повреждений от колото-резаных ран, имеющих основной и дополнительный разрезы, сформированные обоюдоострым клинком.

The strength and the energy of a striking blow with a clenched fist may be as high as 300 kgf (3,000 H) and 824.4 J respectively. Pressing a human body against a hard surface leads to a deep chest deflection while the rupture of the liver is associated with a lower blow strength and energy (2,000 H and 141.5 J respectively). In such situations, the shockproof mechanisms of the injury prevail giving rise to antishock peripheral and central ruptures of the liver due to the general deformation and displacement of this organ in the direction of the blow. In the absence of barriers preventing the inertial movement of the body, even a strong strike (1950 H) with an energy of 202.5 J does not cause a damage to the liver; it occurs when the strike strength and energy amount to 2650 H and 260.1 J respectively. In such cases, the direct injury mechanism develops manifested in the formation of local liver injures. The results of the study suggest the possibility of the rupture of the liver inflicted by a clenched fist strike delivered to the abdomen.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the possibility of using computer-assisted three-dimensional modeling for the solution of selected problems of forensic medical expertise. This approach is illustrated by an example of the reconstruction of the scene of action and circumstances of the injury taking into consideration blood stains.

The objective of the present work was to study the mechanisms of formation of the gunshot fracture of the flat bones with special reference to the translational and rotational motion of the projectile. A total of 120 real and experimental injuries of this type were available for the investigation with the use of simulation by the finite-elemental analysis. A set of morphological features has been identified that make it possible to determine the direction of rotation of the gunshot projectile.

The mechanisms of formation of gunshot fractures in flat bones inflicted by a semispherical bullet were investigated using expert and experimental materials. The process of crack formation was considered in terms of the Hertzian contact problem and the Hill-Johnson model. It was shown that the fracture develops as a result of combination of stresses and strains in the bone tissue leading to the formation of a hydrostatic nucleus prior to tissue fragmentation. Dynamic fluctuations (waves) generated in the zone of hydrostatic compression resulting from the gunshot injury propagate with the velocity of sound from the nucleus in the direction of the bullet movement. According to the Hill-Johnson model, the waves propagate in the direction of the impact within a parabolically expanding space; this accounts for the mechanism of formation of parabolic cracks and the specific shape of the defect that the bullet produces in the flat bones. The dynamic load applied by means of an indentor forms at a higher rate than the velocity of sound in the affected material. It gives reason to consider the effect of a bullet moving with the speed of 250 m/s as quasi-static loading. The results obtained in this study make a contribution to the theory of impact effect of a bullet and provide a deeper insight into the physical nature of the direct and sideway action of a gunshot projectile. Moreover, they explain the cause behind the widening of the outlet part of the perforating fracture in the flat bones.

The application of finite element analysis for the simulation of penetration of a blade with the broken tip through the skin made it possible to visualize the process of its destruction and to assess the trace-forming properties of the blade. The findings obtained in the present study confirm the results of previous attempts to consider the damage to tissues by pointed objects in terms of theoretical mechanics based on the theory of material cutting.