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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221141807 for Nordic paradox in action: The complicated relation between social mobility and health inequalities in an international comparative study by David Consolazio, Simone Sarti and Marco Terraneo in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948221141807 for Nordic paradox in action: The complicated relation between social mobility and health inequalities in an international comparative study by David Consolazio, Simone Sarti and Marco Terraneo in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Italian sociology has largely overlooked gambling, even if it is a widespreadphenomenon with important socio-economic redistributive consequences. Inthis paper, we aim to fill this gap exploring the relationship between socio-economicposition and propensity to gamble among Italian households in the last decade. Inthe first part, we describe the main features of legal gambling in Italy and its importancefor the State's revenues. In the second part, we review the main researchfindings from other countries, we discuss the main theories about social stratificationof gambling and elaborate our research hypotheses. In the last part, we analyse datafrom three waves of the Istat's survey on Consumption of Italian Households (1999,2003, 2008), focusing on participation and monthly expenditure in «Lotto, lotteriesand soccer gambling». Results of non-parametric (Lorentz curves, Suits index) andparametric analyses (probit and OLS regression) indicate that gambling in Italy canbe considered as a form of (voluntary) regressive taxation, because the less affluenthouseholds spend on gambling a higher proportion of their income than richerfamilies. Furthermore, the effect of income on gambling expenditure is larger amongthe lower educated families. At the end, there is evidence of a higher propensityto gamble among households of the working class, with fewer women and elderly,and from the South of Italy.

Using EU-Silc data from 2005, our aim in this article is to estimate how self-assessed health and the gradient between education and health vary among individuals in diferent European countries, considering their contextual socioeconomic vulnerability. In order to do this, we use a hierarchical model with individuals nested in households at the second level, and in various European countries at the third level. Our main research interest is on the modelling variables associated with better health conditions and their improvement or worsening according not only to micro/ individual and macro/national levels but also to the household: a level on which social protection (of whatever nature) exerts its influence. Diferent household contexts receive different amounts of resources, by transfers, social care and health services, which could directly affect health and also modify the gradient between education and health. Moreover, these relations are likely to change among European countries, on the basis of various welfare assets, as the identification of beneficiaries' categories and the weight of category-based measures on the overall welfare expenditure varies among countries and among welfare models.