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Resumo O artigo reconstrói as principais contribuições de Maurice Halbwachs como uma abordagem externalista da memória, explorando também suas vertentes interpretativas derivadas de suas imprecisões conceituais. Isso para, paralelamente, reconstituir as principais ideias e vertentes que evoluíram a partir da “hipótese da mente estendida”, uma abordagem externalista que surgiu contemporaneamente na Filosofia da Mente. Essas duas reconstruções visam a colocar em diálogo explicações externalistas sobre a memória, reconhecendo suas similitudes e potenciais mútuas contribuições. Ao reconstruir as vertentes das abordagens externalistas da mente, demonstraremos como se preocuparam com muitos aspectos que já estavam postos na obra de Halbwachs e como esse autor clássico pode e deve ser revisitado para os novos desenvolvimentos dessa abordagem. Ao final, comentamos sobre rumos empíricos e sobre questões ausentes (como a questão do sentido) tanto na obra de Halbwachs, quanto nas abordagens externalistas da mente. Abstract The article reconstructs the main contributions of Maurice Halbwachs as an externalist approach to memory. It also explores its interpretative aspects derived from his conceptual inaccuracies. In parallel, the article reconstitutes the main ideas and aspects that evolved from the “extended mind hypothesis” - a contemporary externalist approach of Philosophy of Mind. These two reconstructions put externalist explanations about memory in dialogue, recognizing their similarities and potential mutual contributions. By doing so, we demonstrate how the externalist approaches to mind were concerned with many aspects already placed in Halbwachs’ work - what justifies the revival of his texts as a source for new developments in Philosophy of Mind. Finally, we comment on empirical issues and missing questions (such as the “meaning”) in Halbwachs’ work and the mind’s externalist approaches.

The article reconstructs the main contributions of Maurice Halbwachs as an externalist approach to memory. It also explores its interpretative aspects derived from his conceptual inaccuracies. In parallel, the article reconstitutes the main ideas and aspects that evolved from the 'extended mind hypothesis” – a contemporary externalist approach of Philosophy of Mind. These two reconstructions put externalist explanations about memory in dialogue, recognizing their similaritiesand potential mutual contributions. By doing so, we demonstrate how the externalist approaches to mind were concerned with many aspects already placed in Halbwachs’ work – what justifies the revival of his texts as a source for new developments in Philosophy of Mind. Finally, we comment on empirical issues and missing questions (such as the "meaning”) in Halbwachs’ work and the mind’s externalist approaches. O artigo reconstrói as principais contribuições de Maurice Halbwachs como uma abordagem externalista da memória, explorando também suas vertentes interpretativas derivadas de suas imprecisões conceituais. Isso para, paralelamente, reconstituir as principais ideias e vertentes que evoluíram a partir da “hipótese da mente estendida”, uma abordagem externalista que surgiu contemporaneamente na Filosofia da Mente. Essas duas reconstruções visam a colocar em diálogo explicações externalistas sobre a memória, reconhecendo suas similitudes e potenciais mútuas contribuições. Ao reconstruir as vertentes das abordagens externalistas da mente, demonstraremos como se preocuparam com muitos aspectos que já estavam postos na obra de Halbwachs e como esse autor clássico pode e deve ser revisitado para os novos desenvolvimentos dessa abordagem. Ao final, comentamos sobre rumos empíricos e sobre questões ausentes (como a questão do sentido) tanto na obra de Halbwachs, quanto nas abordagens externalistas da mente.

Las ciencias sociales han experimentado, desde mediados del siglo XX, varios giros epistemológicos, culturales y políticos en la forma de producir el conocimiento social. Sin lugar a dudas, los de mayor impacto han sido el "giro lingüístico" y el "giro cultural". En este artículo reflexionamos, sin embargo, sobre el "giro hacia el pasado" que ocurre en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Éste giro repercute en el procesamiento y trámite del pasado, además de situar en la escena pública una preocupación cultural y política por el recuerdo, el olvido y la memoria en las sociedades occidentales.The social sciences have experienced since the mid-twentieth century several turns epistemological, cultural and political in way to produce social knowledge. Undoubtedly, the most impact was the "linguistic turn" and the "cultural turn". In this article we reflect, however, about the "turn toward the past" that occurs in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This turn affects the processed and handling of the past as well as placing on the public stage a special cultural and political concern by remembrance, forgetfulness and memory in Western societies.

El estudio académico de la memoria colectiva –más conocido en España como “memoria histórica”– y la divulgación de ésta en el contexto de la comunicación de masas han seguido caminos a menudo divergentes. Mientras que los planteamientos originales de Maurice Halbwachs han tendido cada vez más al rigor de la reflexión filosófica (por ejemplo en el caso de Paul Ricoeur), los productos audiovisuales sobre la memoria han optado a veces por formas de narratividad muy dramática, emocionalizada y polémica. En este artículo se exploran los antecedentes teóricos y el contexto del problema y se ilustran con algunas de las disfunciones más habituales en los medios de comunicación de masas. The academic study of collective memory –or “historical memory” in Spain– and its divulgation in the context of mass communication have often followed divergent paths. While the original approach of Maurice Halbwachs has tended increasingly to the rigor of philosophical reflection (as in the case of Paul Ricoeur, for example), audiovisual products on memory have sometimes adopted very dramatic, emotionalized and controversial narrative forms. This paper describes the background and context of the problem and is illustrated with some of the most common dysfunctions in the mass media. L’étude académique de la mémoire collective –mieux connu en Espagne comme “mémoire historique”– et la diffusion de celle-ci dans le contexte de la communication de masse ont suivi souvent des chemins divergents. Alors que l’approche originale de Maurice Halbwachs a tendu de plus en plus à la rigueur de la réflexion philosophique (par exemple dans le cas de Paul Ricoeur), les produits audiovisuels sur la mémoire ont adopté parfois des formes narratives très dramatiques, émotionnelles et controversées. Dans cet article, le contexte théorique et le contexte du problème sont explorés et illustrés avec certains des troubles les plus fréquents dans les médias de masse.

The aim of this paper is to introduce nostalgia in sociological perspective that means to show its important social aspects. The historical evolution of the term nostalgia and some theoretical conceptualizations, which show various dimensions of the phenomenon nostalgia are presented in this work. Nostalgia is also introduced in the context of modernity and memory. Special attention is dedicated to the relationship between nostalgia and the idea of progress. This paper further point to presence of the nostalgic paradigm in social theory.

Starting from the assumption that the social management of historical time is a powerful tool in the political definition of reality, this paper analyzes how the history of the Romanian people has been periodized through the course of time. The central argument states that the partitioning system used to periodize the past harbors a hidden agenda, or a particular ideological „implicature”, that can be brought to light by analyzing the temporal watersheds selected as defining moments in the history of that community. The paper analyzes the social logic of periodization operating within the Romania national history textbooks, revealing how socio-political conditions determine the temporal structuring of the past. Moreover, it shows how social change, and especially the change of the socio-political regime, leads to a revertebration of the past’s symbolic backbone. Dramatic social and political change results in reconfiguring the formal structure of the collective consciousness concerning the past, within which specific events of Romanian history acquire their meaning. In conclusion, the study shows that, although resorting to a system of periodization is indeed a cognitive prerequisite for understanding the past, the reality of the past does not come with an already-there articular structure, so that „carving the (past’s) reality at its joints”, as Plato put it, is not a possibility.

Gegenwärtige soziologische Theorien zu sozialen Gedächtnissen schließen typischerweise entweder an die Überlegungen von Halbwachs an und gehen von der Fundierung des sozialen Gedächtnisses in kollektiver Interaktion aus. Oder sie gehen vom Theorem funktionaler Differenzierung aus und binden die Formierung sozialer Gedächtnisse an Leitmedien und eine vorherrschende Differenzierungsform. Diskussion und Kritik der beiden Varianten des soziologischen Verständnisses sozialer Gedächtnisse münden in eine Untersuchung variierender und selektiver Mechanismen der Formierung sozialer Gedächtnisse. Neben den variierenden Faktoren funktionale, kulturelle und generationelle Differenzierung, Medialität, Authentizität und den kommunikativen Gattungen der Narration und des Diskurses wird als selektiver Mechanismus die Relevanz identifiziert. Beide werden zu einer wissenssoziologisch fundierten Theorie der Formierung sozialer Gedächtnisse verbunden., Contemporary sociological theoretizing about social memory affords two alternatives: either theories follow the suggestions of Halbwachs and ground social memory in collective interactions, or they start from processes of functional differentiation and connect the formation of social memory to key media and dominant forms. In discussing both variants of the sociological understanding of social memory, we identify factors of variation and selection in its formation. As factors of variation we identify functional, cultural, and generational differentiation, mediality, authenticity,and the communicative genres of narrativity and discursivity. These factors are combined with relevance as a mechanism of selection within a theory of the formation of social memory based on the sociology of knowledge.

Las ciencias sociales han experimentado, desde mediados del siglo XX, varios giros epistemológicos, culturales y políticos en la forma de producir el conocimiento social. Sin lugar a dudas, los de mayor impacto han sido el "giro lingüístico" y el "giro cultural". En este artículo reflexionamos, sin embargo, sobre el "giro hacia el pasado" que ocurre en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Éste giro repercute en el procesamiento y trámite del pasado, además de situar en la escena pública una preocupación cultural y política por el recuerdo, el olvido y la memoria en las sociedades occidentales. The social sciences have experienced since the mid-twentieth century several turns epistemological, cultural and political in way to produce social knowledge. Undoubtedly, the most impact was the "linguistic turn" and the "cultural turn". In this article we reflect, however, about the "turn toward the past" that occurs in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This turn affects the processed and handling of the past as well as placing on the public stage a special cultural and political concern by remembrance, forgetfulness and memory in Western societies.