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The textile industry produces harmful effluents that are discharged into the environment, damaging the aquatic and other ecosystems. A yeast-based solution for decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was produced and evaluated. Three yeast strains, Candida parapsilosis (HOMOGS20B), Yarrowia lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) and Candida pseudoglaebosa (LIIIS36B), isolated from a textile wastewater treatment plant and previously selected for their dye decolorization capacity, were freeze-dried. Additionally, Yarrowia lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) was also spray-dried. Skim milk powder and maltodextrin were used as cell protectors, and the freeze-dried products were stored at cold (4 °C) and room temperature for 210 days. The viability of the yeast cells and their decolorization capacity over time were assessed. Dried yeast cells maintained their viability, and decolorization capacity for at least 90 days of storage after spray- and freeze-drying with both cell-protecting agents. The dried yeast-based solution for decolorizing textile industrial wastewater combines stability, efficiency, and convenience of production for application in real industrial facilities.

Lotus and Green Tea leaves are two frequently used medicinal plants in Vietnam, utilized as food, drink, or in traditional treatments to help with weight loss and cholesterol reduction. The study’s major goal is to determine the parameters of the process preparation in order to generate instant tea powder that satisfies quality criteria for customer demand. Twenty experiments are conducted using the D-optimal model to evaluate the cause-effect relationship and optimize the production process of instant tea powder. Four independent variables are selected for the survey namely alcohol concentration (40%; 50%; 60%), carrier mass (10 g; 20 g; 30 g), inlet air temperature (160 °C; 170 °C) and flow rate (4 rpm/min; 5 rpm/min). The instant tea powder is effectively created and met quality parameters, with a drying performance, moisture content, total phenol and flavonoid content of 29.15%, 4.83%, 45.29 mg GA/g, and 70.68 mg QE/g, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal parameters of the preparation process were identified, which included an alcohol content of 60%, a carrier mass of 10 g, an inlet air temperature of 165 °C, and a flow rate of 4 rpm/min.

Akkermansia muciniphila is regarded as a promising next-generation probiotic or live biotherapeutic candidate. Effective delivery strategies must be developed to ensure high enough viability of the probiotic strain throughout its industrial formulation, distribution chain, shelf-life, and, ultimately, the host’s gastrointestinal tract, where it should exert its beneficial effect(s). Among the possible methodologies, spray-drying is considered industrially attractive regarding its costs, efficiency, and scalability, with the due parameter customization. In this study, spray-drying was explored as a one-step process to encapsulate A. muciniphila DSM 22959, testing the drying settings and three different dairy-based matrices. Microcapsule morphology and size was assessed, and viability throughout storage at 4 or 22 °C and simulated gastrointestinal passage was determined. Akkermansia muciniphila microencapsulation by spray-drying, using 10% skim milk and inlet/outlet temperatures of 150/65 °C, is effective in terms of viability stabilization, both during prolonged aerobic storage and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal passage. Akkermansia muciniphila viability was maintained at around 107 CFU/g up to 28 days at 4 °C under aerobic conditions with viability losses inferior to 1 log reduction. This methodology provides the necessary conditions to efficiently deliver the recommended dose of live A. muciniphila in the human gut as a live biotherapeutic product.

International audience; Spray drying produces spherical agglomerates to obtain powders with good flowability. Three alumina powders of different size and/or specific surface area were spray-dried without any binder using either two-fluid or ultrasonic nozzle technology. Compared to the two-fluid nozzle, the ultrasonic one shows a better ability to form agglomerates from a coarse powder and increases the size of the agglomerates when spray drying is carried out under the same operating conditions. The redispersion of spray-dried agglomerates in solution was analysed by applying variable ultrasound durations during size measurement by wet laser diffraction. The initial state of the powder plays a predominant role in relation to the spray drying operating conditions both in terms of size characteristics and redispersion properties. Regardless of the alumina powders and spray drying conditions, a similar trend in deagglomeration behaviour was observed with first-order kinetics and a characteristic kinetic time depending on the initial powder properties.

Phenolic compounds in olive leaves have an excellent antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial properties. These bioactive molecules have beneficial properties for health, arousing great scientific and commercial interest. This study reports lyophilized olive leaf extracts (OLE) encapsulated by spray-drying using maltodextrins, maltodextrins–pectin and maltodextrins–gum Arabic as encapsulating agents. Lyophilized OLE were collected from two varieties cultivated in a harsh pedo-climatic conditions of the arid region of Tunisia. The effects of the genetic factor and the different encapsulating agents on the physicochemical properties of microcapsules and their behavior during storage, as well as their antimicrobial activities, were studied. Microcapsules successfully passed heat treatment and storage conditions and their antimicrobial activities were preserved. The encapsulating agent combination improved the encapsulation efficiency and the product yield in Zarrazi variety compared to Dhokar one. In addition, Dhokar variety microparticles showed the best heat stability at 4 and 25 °C after 90 days of storage and the higher inhibition percent against bacteria. The results of the present study evidenced that the best conditions for OLE encapsulation were obtained when the maltodextrins–pectin and maltodextrins–gum Arabic were combined to form a hybrid coating material.

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has potential to be used as clean label texture modifier in foods due to its structural and mechanical properties. These properties deteriorate upon drying of MFC dispersions due to aggregation of the microfibrils. In this study dried MFC particles were prepared by spray-drying MFC dispersions in a surplus of maltodextrin to prevent hornification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MFC particle concentration and MFC:maltodextrin ratio of dried MFC powders on rheological, tribological and sensory texture properties of liquid foods. Scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated that after spray-drying, MFC powders with polydisperse particle size distribution were obtained (1–30 μm). Upon suspension of spray-dried MFC powder in water, maltodextrin dissolved in the aqueous continuous phase whereas spherical MFC networks retained their shape and co-existed in a mixture with individual fibrils. Spray-dried MFC powders were added to skimmed milk and tomato soup at different concentrations. With increasing concentration of dried MFC particles, shear viscosity, consistency index K, storage and loss modulus of skimmed milks and tomato soups increased whereas flow index n decreased. Addition of spray-dried MFC particles to milks and soups significantly (p < 0.05) increased sensory thickness and creaminess. Milks displayed similar tribological properties irrespective of MFC particle concentration, which was presumably caused by exclusion of the MFC network from the tribological gap. Rheological properties, thickness and creaminess increased more effectively upon addition of low MFC:maltodextrin particles compared to particles with high MFC:maltodextrin ratio. We conclude that spray-dried microfibrillated cellulose particles can be used as thickener or fat replacer in liquid foods. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has potential to be used as clean label texture modifier in foods due to its structural and mechanical properties. These properties deteriorate upon drying of MFC dispersions due to aggregation of the microfibrils. In this study dried MFC particles were prepared by spray-drying MFC dispersions in a surplus of maltodextrin to prevent hornification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MFC particle concentration and MFC:maltodextrin ratio of dried MFC powders on rheological, tribological and sensory texture properties of liquid foods. Scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated that after spray-drying, MFC powders with polydisperse particle size distribution were obtained (1–30 μm). Upon suspension of spray-dried MFC powder in water, maltodextrin dissolved in the aqueous continuous phase whereas spherical MFC networks retained their shape and co-existed in a mixture with individual fibrils. Spray-dried MFC powders were added to skimmed milk and tomato soup at different concentrations. With increasing concentration of dried MFC particles, shear viscosity, consistency index K, storage and loss modulus of skimmed milks and tomato soups increased whereas flow index n decreased. Addition of spray-dried MFC particles to milks and soups significantly (p < 0.05) increased sensory thickness and creaminess. Milks displayed similar tribological properties irrespective of MFC particle concentration, which was presumably caused by exclusion of the MFC network from the tribological gap. Rheological properties, thickness and creaminess increased more effectively upon addition of low MFC:maltodextrin particles compared to particles with high MFC:maltodextrin ratio. We conclude that spray-dried microfibrillated cellulose particles can be used as thickener or fat replacer in liquid foods.

This work illustrates the development of a dry inhalation powder of cyclosporine-A for the prevention of rejection after lung transplantation and for the treatment of COVID-19. The influence of excipients on the spray-dried powder’s critical quality attributes was explored. The best-performing powder in terms of dissolution time and respirability was obtained starting from a concentration of ethanol of 45% (v/v) in the feedstock solution and 20% (w/w) of mannitol. This powder showed a faster dissolution profile (Weibull dissolution time of 59.5 min) than the poorly soluble raw material (169.0 min). The powder exhibited a fine particle fraction of 66.5% and an MMAD of 2.97 µm. The inhalable powder, when tested on A549 and THP-1, did not show cytotoxic effects up to a concentration of 10 µg/mL. Furthermore, the CsA inhalation powder showed efficiency in reducing IL-6 when tested on A549/THP-1 co-culture. A reduction in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero E6 cells was observed when the CsA powder was tested adopting the post-infection or simultaneous treatment. This formulation could represent a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of lung rejection, but is also a viable approach for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the COVID-19 pulmonary inflammatory process.

Volatile substances are in high demand, especially in cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. To prolong their shelf-life and prevent their degradation if exposed to air, these volatile substances are often encapsulated. Most frequently, matrix materials are composed of high-molecular-weight polymers because some of them can efficiently retain volatiles and meet the safety requirements these applications impose. However, these substances must be processed at high concentrations, resulting in viscous solutions that are difficult to spray or emulsify. To address this shortcoming, we employed a low-molecular-weight substance, succinic acid, as a matrix material to encapsulate a model volatile, vanillin. To facilitate the encapsulation of low-molecular-weight substances, such as volatiles, we produce these particles through surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based microfluidic spray-drying. This technique forms drops with diameters as small as 1-10 mu m that dry within a few hundred ms. Thereby, we can kinetically arrest or even suppress phase separations. We demonstrate that vanillin is most efficiently encapsulated and retained over a prolonged time if succinic acid is formulated from solutions initially containing succinic acid concentrations exceeding 10% of its saturation concentration. If appropriately formulated, these succinic acid based particles retain volatiles longer than the much more commonly employed high-molecular-weight dextrin. These results open up a new avenue to encapsulate volatiles in low-molecular-weight compounds that pack more densely than high-molecular-weight counterparts and therefore can retain volatiles for a prolonged time.

Yogurt is known as a healthy food, but some synthetic additives that are commonly added to it can be one of the factors that restricts yogurt’s consumption. The aims of this study were to prepare and evaluate yogurts with the addition of spray-dried, anthocyanin-rich colorant extracted from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Mart.) skin. The concentrated extract was spray-dried using maltodextrin (20 g/100 g w/w) as a carrier and added to yogurts in the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/100 g w/w. The yogurts were stored for up to 28 days under refrigeration and periodically evaluated. Except for the yogurts to which 1.5 g of extract was added, all samples had a slight pH reduction in the first 7 days of storage. Throughout the yogurts’ storage period, the anthocyanin and a* values were slightly reduced (p < 0.05), indicating some anthocyanin instability. The rheological behavior was typical for yogurts, but the casein gel network was probably disrupted by the jabuticaba extract incorporation, reducing the yogurt’s apparent viscosity. Panelists showed good acceptance for the attributes of taste, color, aroma, appearance, texture, and overall impression, indicating that this natural pigment has the potential to be a substitute synthetic color additive for the production of mixed berry yogurts, contributing to the reduction of waste.

Nanašanje zdravilnih učinkovin na biokompatibilne podlage s tehnologijo 2D tiskanja predstavlja inovativen in učinkovit način prilagajanja odmerka zdravilnih učinkovin vsakemu posamezniku. S takim načinom zdravljenja bi lahko uspeli rešiti izzive, ki se pojavljajo zlasti pri zdravljenju kroničnih bolezni, pri zdravljenju otrok in starostnikov ter pri visokopotentnih učinkovinah in/ali učinkovinah z ozkim terapevtskim oknom. Pomembna prednost tehnologije 2D tiskanja se kaže tudi v možnosti priprave farmacevtske oblike neposredno pred izdajo bolniku z dispergiranjem suhih delcev v osnovnem mediju črnila in njihovim tiskanjem na biokompatibilne podlage. Zato je bil cilj našega raziskovalnega dela pripraviti suhe delce s simvastatinom z metodo sušenja z razprševanjem, ki bi bili primerni za dispergiranje v mediju črnil in bi ostali fizikalno-kemijsko dovolj stabilni tekom celotnega obdobja uporabe. Izdelali smo tri različne emulzije z laktozo, kalcijevim silikatom in kombinacijo laktoze in nanoceluloze kot antiadhezivi. Delce smo pripravili z metodo sušenja z razprševanjem omenjenih emulzij, pri čemer je prišlo do pretvorbe simvastatina v amorfno obliko, kar smo potrdili z diferenčno dinamično kalorimetrijo in z infrardečo spektroskopijo s Fourierjevo transformacijo. Pripravili smo delce brez in z dodatkom askorbinske kisline, da bi preverili vpliv antioksidanta na kemijsko stabilnost simvastatina v delcih. Delce smo dispergirali v treh medijih, ki so vsebovali različne deleže propilen glikola in vode. Opravili smo enomesečno stabilnostno študijo pri čemer smo suhe in dispergirane delce shranili pri 25 °C in 40 % RV ter pri 40 °C in 75 % RV. Vzorce smo analizirali s tekočinsko kromatografijo ultra visoke ločljivosti ter določili vsebnost simvastatina v delcih. Ugotovili smo, da dodatek askorbinske kisline pomembno vpliva na kemijsko stabilnost delcev, ki smo jih pripravili z uporabo laktoze ter s kombinacijo laktoze in nanoceluloze. Omenjeni delci po enem mesecu shranjevanja izkazujejo zadovoljivo kemijsko stabilnost. Svežim in dispergiranim delcem smo z lasersko difrakcijo izmerili velikost ter z vrstičnim elektronskim mikroskopom ovrednotili njihove morfološke lastnosti. Zanimal nas je vpliv lokacije vzorčenja, uporabljenega antiadheziva, medija ter temperature shranjevanja na velikost dispergiranih delcev, saj je le-ta ključna, da ne prihaja do neželenega mašenja šob glave tiskalnika. Potrdimo lahko, da ustrezno velikost in fizikalno-kemijsko stabilnost izkazujejo predvsem delci s kombinacijo laktoze in nanoceluloze, ki vsebujejo antioksidant in so dispergirani v najbolj viskoznem mediju. Applying active pharmaceutical ingredients to biocompatible substrates using 2D printing technology is an innovative and effective way to customise the dosage of active pharmaceutical ingredients to each individual. This treatment modality could address the challenges that arise in particular in the treatment of chronic diseases, in the treatment of children and the elderly, and in the treatment of high-potency active substances and/or active substances with a narrow therapeutic window. Another important advantage of 2D printing technology is the possibility to prepare the dosage form immediately prior to dispensing to the patient by dispersing the dry particles in the base ink medium and printing them on biocompatible substrates. Therefore, the aim of our research work was to prepare simvastatin dry particles by spray-drying which are suitable for dispersion in the ink media and remain sufficiently physicochemically stable over the entire shelf life. Three different emulsions were produced with lactose, calcium silicate and a combination of lactose and nanocellulose as anti-adhesives. The particles were prepared by spray-drying of the emulsions and the conversion of simvastatin to an amorphous form which was verified by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Particles were prepared without and with the addition of ascorbic acid in order to verify the effect of the antioxidant on the chemical stability of simvastatin in the particles. The particles were dispersed in three media containing different proportions of propylene glycol and water. A stability study was carried out for one month, where both dry and dispersed particles were stored at 25 °C and 40 % RH and at 40 °C and 75 % RH. The samples were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and the particle content of simvastatin was determined. We found that the addition of ascorbic acid had a significant effect on the chemical stability of the particles prepared using lactose and a combination of lactose and nanocellulose. These particles show satisfactory chemical stability after 1 month of storage. The fresh and dispersed particles were measured for size by laser diffraction and their morphological properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. We were interested in the influence of the sampling location, the used anti-adhesive, the medium and the storage temperature on the size of the dispersed particles, since it is crucial to avoid unwanted lubrication of the printer head nozzles. It can be confirmed that the particles with the combination of lactose and nanocellulose, which contain an antioxidant and are dispersed in the most viscous medium, show the appropriate size and physico-chemical stability.

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are lipid-based colloidal systems used for the delivery of active compounds. Although SLNs have many benefits, they show important issues due to physical and chemical instability phenomena during storage. For these reasons, it is highly desirable to have a dried SLN formulation available. Therefore, the aim of the project was to identify suitable methods to obtain a dry powder formulation from an SLN suspension. The nanoparticle suspension was dried using both freeze- and spray-drying techniques. The suitability of these methods in obtaining SLN dry powders was evaluated from the analyses of nanotechnological parameters, system morphology and thermal behavior using differential scanning calorimetry. Results pointed out that both drying techniques, although at different yields, were able to produce an SLN dry powder suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Noteworthily, the freeze-drying of SLNs under optimized conditions led to a dry powder endowed with good reconstitution properties and technological parameters similar to the starting conditions. Moreover, freeze–thaw cycles were carried out as a pretest to study the protective effect of different cryoprotectants (e.g., glucose and mannitol with a concentration ranging from 1% to 10% w/v). Glucose proved to be the most effective in preventing particle growth during freezing, thawing, and freeze-drying processes; in particular, the optimum concentration of glucose was 1% w/v.

The impact of the encapsulation technology on the oxidative stability of fish-oil-loaded capsules was investigated. The capsules (ca. 13 wt% oil load) were produced via monoaxial or coaxial electrospraying and spray-drying using low molecular weight carbohydrates as encapsulating agents (e.g., glucose syrup or maltodextrin). The use of spray-drying technology resulted in larger capsules with higher encapsulation efficiency (EE > 84%), whilst the use of electrospraying produced encapsulates in the sub-micron scale with poorer retention properties (EE < 72%). The coaxially electrosprayed capsules had the lowest EE values (EE = 53–59%), resulting in the lowest oxidative stability, although the lipid oxidation was significantly reduced by increasing the content of pullulan in the shell solution. The emulsion-based encapsulates (spray-dried and monoaxially electrosprayed capsules) presented high oxidative stability during storage, as confirmed by the low concentration of selected volatiles (e.g., (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal). Nonetheless, the monoaxially electrosprayed capsules were the most oxidized after production due to the emulsification process and the longer processing time., CTQ2017-87076-R and PID2020-114137RBI00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, FPI grant PRE2018-084861 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

(1) Background: Eudraguard® Natural (EN) and Protect (EP) are polymers regulated for use in dietary supplements in the European Union and the United States to carry natural products, mask unpleasant smells and tastes, ameliorate product handling, and protect products from moisture, light, and oxidation. Moreover, EN and EP can control the release of encapsulated compounds. The aim of this work was the development, preparation, and control of Eudraguard® spray-drying microparticles to obtain powders with easy handling and a stable dietary supplement containing a polar functional extract (SOE) from Sorbus domestica L. leaves. (2) Methods: SOE was characterized using HPLC, NMR, FTIR, DSC, and SEM methods. Furthermore, the SOE’s antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, MTT assay effect on viability in normal cells, and shelf life were evaluated in both the extract and final formulations. (3) Results: The data suggested that SOE, rich in flavonoids, is a bioactive and safe extract; however, from a technological point of view, it was sticky, difficult to handle, and had low aqueous solubility. Despite the fact that EN and EP may undergo changes with spray-drying, they effectively produced easy-to-handle micro-powders with a controlled release profile. Although EN had a weaker capability to coat SOE than EP, EN acted as a substrate that was able to swell, drawing in water and improving the extract solubility and dissolution/release; however, EP was also able to carry the extract and provide SOE with controlled release. (4) Conclusion: Both Eudraguard® products were capable of carrying SOE and improving its antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities, as well as the extract stability and handling.

(1) Background: Eudraguard® Natural (EN) and Protect (EP) are polymers regulated for use in dietary supplements in the European Union and the United States to carry natural products, mask unpleasant smells and tastes, ameliorate product handling, and protect products from moisture, light, and oxidation. Moreover, EN and EP can control the release of encapsulated compounds. The aim of this work was the development, preparation, and control of Eudraguard® spray-drying microparticles to obtain powders with easy handling and a stable dietary supplement containing a polar functional extract (SOE) from Sorbus domestica L. leaves. (2) Methods: SOE was characterized using HPLC, NMR, FTIR, DSC, and SEM methods. Furthermore, the SOE’s antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, MTT assay effect on viability in normal cells, and shelf life were evaluated in both the extract and final formulations. (3) Results: The data suggested that SOE, rich in flavonoids, is a bioactive and safe extract; however, from a technological point of view, it was sticky, difficult to handle, and had low aqueous solubility. Despite the fact that EN and EP may undergo changes with spray-drying, they effectively produced easy-to-handle micro-powders with a controlled release profile. Although EN had a weaker capability to coat SOE than EP, EN acted as a substrate that was able to swell, drawing in water and improving the extract solubility and dissolution/release; however, EP was also able to carry the extract and provide SOE with controlled release. (4) Conclusion: Both Eudraguard® products were capable of carrying SOE and improving its antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities, as well as the extract stability and handling.

Nontoxic, all-inorganic perovskite light absorbers have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their potential to replace lead-containing perovskite materials in photovoltaics. Herein, the synthesis of the lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 as a powder, obtained via spray-drying, is reported to be capable of paving the way toward large scale production. Upon drying of the atomized precursor solution during spray-drying, the double-perovskite phase forms by in situ crystallization. The product that is obtained from spray-drying is compared to the one that is obtained from the so-called solution cooling method, which is often used for the absorber synthesis before dissolving the double perovskite powder for the thin film deposition. The absorber powder gained from the solution cooling method sets the benchmark for the spray-dried absorber powder. XRD and Raman analyses confirm the phase purity of the double perovskite, whereas UV-Vis spectroscopy confirms the desired bandgap. Furthermore, the absorber powders from both synthesis methods are successfully used to deposit and integrate absorber films in single-junction perovskite solar cells. Besides being introduced as an alternative synthesis route for the preparation of double perovskite absorber as dry powders independently from being applied onto a given substrate, the superior advantages of spray-drying compared to the conventional synthesis of the perovskite absorber via the solution cooling method are outlined: Spray-drying not only enables the synthesis of large amounts of perovskite absorber powders but also discards the usage of precarious solvents like concentrated hydrobromic acid and thus eliminates the need for extensive safety precautions. Hence, spray-drying may help the perovskite technology take the next step toward large-scale production and commercialization.

The aim of this work was to produce an inhalable dry powder formulation of a new anti-biofilm compound (SC38). For this purpose, chitosan was used as a polymeric carrier and l-leucine as a dispersibility enhancer. SC38 was entrapped by spray-drying into previously optimized chitosan microparticles. The final formulation was fully characterized in vitro in terms of particle morphology, particle size and distribution, flowability, aerodynamic properties, anti-biofilm activity and effects on lung cell viability. The SC38-loaded chitosan microparticles exhibited favorable aerodynamic properties with emitted and respirable fractions higher than 80 % and 45 % respectively. The optimized formulation successfully inhibited biofilm formation at microparticle concentrations starting from 20 μg/mL for methicillin-sensitive and 100 μg/mL for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and showed a relatively safe profile in lung cells after 72 h exposure. Future in vivo tolerability and efficacy studies are needed to unravel the potential of this novel formulation for the treatment of difficult-to-treat biofilm-mediated lung infections.

Nasal delivery of the anti-dementia drug donepezil hydrochloride (DH) presents an alternative route of administration directly to the brain. Nasal powders stand out as formulations with great potential for nose-to-brain delivery. However, due to close contact of powders and the mucosa, formulations can cause stinging, itching and/or burning (SIB) sensations. The slug mucosal irritation assay is a quick and accurate screening method for early prediction of nasal discomfort caused by powders. DH-loaded chitosan, chitosan/mannitol and chitosan/lactose microspheres were prepared by spray-drying (Büchi Mini Spray Dryer B-290, equipped with ultrasonic nozzle). Furthermore, DH-loaded chitosan microspheres were blended (Turbula® shaker mixer) with sieved (45-63 µm) or spray-dried mannitol and lactose, reaching the same constituent weight ratios as in spray-dried hybrid microspheres. The particle size distribution and morphology were determined by laser diffraction method (Malvern Mastersizer 3000) and scanning electron microscopy (Tescan Vega 3), respectively. The slug mucosal irritation assay was performed to screen the powders regarding their potential to cause SIB sensations. DH-loaded nasal powders were successfully prepared by spray-drying and/or powder blending. All spray-dried particles (Dv50 9.7±0.0-29.0±1.2 µm) were smaller than sieved lactose and mannitol. The tested nasal powders showed either no discomfort or mild discomfort. Statistically significant increase in irritability compared to negative control was observed only for DH-loaded chitosan microspheres and their mixture with sieved lactose. The obtained results indicate the superior sensory effects of hybrid microspheres compared to chitosan microspheres and reveal the possible combined impact of filler particle size and morphology on the powder blend irritability. Slug mucosal irritation assay proved to be a useful tool for evaluation of nasal discomfort early in the formulation development. Prepared DH powders generally showed low irritability, confirming the appropriate selection of excipients and suitability of the spray-drying process to adjust particle morphology.

Centella asiatica extract has low solubility in water. Material modification needs to be conducted to increase the dissolution rate of Centella asiatica extract. The particle size reduction to nano-size was carried out to increase surface contact with aqueous media. High surface contact was expected to increase the solubility and absorption rate. Nanoparticles were prepared with 34% maltodextrin and 6% β-cyclodextrin as a stabilizer and dried by a spray-drying method. High temperature in the spray drying process can affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the nanoparticles, so the inlet temperature in this study was observed as parameter variations, on 140oC, 150oC, and 160oC. The formed nanoparticles then being tested on several parameters, including physical appearance, moisture content, particle size, shape, and morphology. The chemical stability of the active ingredients during the drying process was assessed from the pH value changes and the content of quercetin as an antioxidant post drying process, compared to the initial content. The test results show that the nanoparticles have been formed. The inlet temperature of 160oC produced the most physically optimum spherical nanoparticles, with a particle size of 191.533 ± 18.791 nm and relatively homogeneous with a polydispersity index (PDI) value of 0.113 ± 0.057. However, temperatures that are too high indicate poor chemical stability. The poor chemical stability can be seen from the quercetin content that decreased significantly after the drying process, until the remaining 53.87 ± 0.55% and 49.52 ± 0.97% for temperatures of 140oC and 160oC, respectively. These results indicate that the combination of β-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin can not encapsulate and maintain the stability of the active ingredients during the spray drying process. A significant reduction of inlet temperature is needed to get dry nanoparticles with the most optimum physical mixture and chemical stability.

Tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) have many health benefits due to their abundance of polyphenols with antioxidant activity, most notably epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG). To protect those bioactive compounds, the spray‐drying technique of green tea‐extracted solution is conducted because of encapsulating. This study aimed to optimize the spray‐drying condition using the response surface methodology (RSM) with respect to the maximal polyphenol content of the product. Furthermore, the characterizations of resulting powder were determined. The results showed that optimal spray‐drying temperature, input flow rate, and whey protein isolate (WPI) content were evaluated at 136℃, 6.8 rpm, and 10.3% of dry basis, respectively. The obtained green tea powder products, which got from optimal spray‐drying process, achieved total polyphenol content (TPC), EGCG, and caffeine content of 322.06 mg GAE/g, 11.4%, and 2.8% of dry basis, respectively. This result revealed the feasibility of green tea leaves to produce tea powder rich in EGCG and polyphenols by spray‐drying technique, potentially contributing to the diversification of tea products., The spray‐drying process to make tea powder from the extract was optimized by RSM with response of total polyphenol. The tea powder product shows attractive characterization of remained total polyphenol, chlorophyll, EGCG, and caffeine.

In order to utilize the benefits of blackthorn flower polyphenols and provide their stabilization during processing and storage, and to facilitate their application in functional food products, this study aimed to evaluate the encapsulation parameters during the spray-drying process of blackthorn flower extract. The effect of the type of wall material (maltodextrin (MD) and its mixtures with gum arabic (GA) and inulin (IN)), its ratio to extract dry matter (0.5, 1, and 2) and drying temperature (120, 150, and 180 °C) on the concentration of different polyphenolic groups was studied. While the lowest applied amount of wall material at the lowest drying temperature enabled efficient encapsulation of all polyphenolic groups, the type of wall material applied caused significant differences in retention. The highest concentrations of both phenolic acids and flavonoids were achieved with the addition of 25% of GA in MD. Unlike the addition of GA, mixtures of MD with IN did not show a positive effect on the retention of polyphenols. Selected encapsulation parameters ensured the high retention of total phenolics, namely 87.87% of the content determined in the liquid extract prior to spray drying, thereby providing a polyphenol-rich product with great potential for application in functional food and the nutraceutical industry.

Tuning the morphology of supraparticles can crucially influence their final properties and is, thus, important for their application in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The present study reveals how varied nanoparticle sizes, concentrations, and weight ratios in multicomponent dispersions influence the morphology of supraparticles assembled by these nanoparticle building blocks via spray‐drying. In a droplet containing monodisperse nanoparticles, smaller nanoparticles form a coherent elastic shell due to lower cohesive forces. As the solvent enclosed in the shell evaporates less easily due to the narrow pores between the nanoparticles, this ultimately results in rather non‐spherical supraparticles, while larger nanoparticles tend to yield spherical supraparticles. When small nanoparticles outweigh large ones in binary or trinary dispersions, the small nanoparticles form the outer shell that shrinks into a mushroom cap‐like shape upon drying of the spray‐droplet, while larger nanoparticles stay in the center of the droplet, resulting in non‐spherical supraparticles. Furthermore, the findings give a more systematic insight into structures that potentially arise from multimodal‐sized building blocks, thus, paving the way to tune the supraparticle morphology upon spray‐drying, when working with more complex, multicomponent dispersions.

Background: Wine antioxidants are linked to cardiovascular disease prevention, thus are highly valued by the healthy food market. The dehydration process removes alcohol and water from wine and allows it to extend its shelf life, while encapsulation can help preserve physical-chemical and antioxidant properties. Moreover, information on the effect of wine drying and encapsulation on non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds is limited in the literature. Methods: Listan Prieto and Syrah (Vitis vinifera L.) wines were dehydrated and converted into powder by freezing and spray drying. Powdered wines were subjected to water activity, pH, soluble solids, color, and phenolic compounds analysis. Results: Freeze-drying process produced powdered wines with higher pH than the spray-drying process. Powdered wines made by these processes presented similar water activity and soluble solids. Powdered wines did not show statistical differences in trans-resveratrol, hydrocinnamic acids, phloretin, kaempferol, and quercetin content according to their dehydration process. In addition, powdered wines significantly concentrated hydrocinnamic acid and quercetin when compared to non-dealcoholized and dealcoholized wine samples. Conclusions: The results suggest that the dehydration process does not negatively modify the characteristics of the wine, and it retains a significant concentration of phenolic compounds. Therefore, powdered wines have an interesting potential to be used as a natural source of antioxidants for food supplementation.

The secondary structure of whey protein concentrate hydrolysate (WPCH), used as an emulsifier in oil delivery systems, was investigated using Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism (SRCD). The effect of pH on the conformation of peptides in solution and adsorbed at the oil/water interface, as well as the thermal stability of the systems was studied. Furthermore, oil-loaded microcapsules were produced by spray-drying or electrospraying to investigate the influence of encapsulating agents (glucose syrup, maltodextrin) and drying technique on the secondary structure of WPCH at the oil/water interface. Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in peptides with a highly unordered structure (~60% turns and unordered regions) in solution. However, WPCH adsorption onto the oil/water interface increased the α-helical content resulting in an improved thermal stability. The encapsulating agents and spray-drying process did not modify the conformation of WPCH at the oil/water interface. Nonetheless, electrospraying affected the SRCD spectra obtained for WPCH adsorbed at the oil/water interface., I + D + i project CTQ2017-87076-R MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 PRE2018-084861 730872, European Commission

Regular consumption of hen eggs can help to prevent deficiencies of essential nutrients, such as essential amino acids, vitamin A and E or trace elements zinc and selenium, for vulnerable populations. This study focused on assessing the nutritional value of spray-dried eggs, favored by their manufacturability, storability and ease of addition to (complementary) foods. Using a wide range of analytical techniques, we recorded and compared the nutrient profiles of commercially produced pasteurized whole eggs and their respective powder samples spray-dried at 160°C. Important nutrients that were not significantly affected by spray-drying include total fat content, several amino acids, α- and δ-tocopherol, lutein, zeaxanthin, essential trace elements and cobalamin. The most notable mean losses were found for unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., linoleic (by −38.7%, from 4.11 ± 0.45 to 2.52 ± 0.75 g/100 g DM) and linolenic acid (by −60.8%, from 0.76 ± 0.05 to 0.30 ± 0.04 g/100 g DM). Despite recording significant retinol losses in two out of three batches, the overall low reduction of −14% recommend spray-dried eggs as a valuable source of vitamin A. A daily intake of spray-dried egg powder corresponding to one medium sized egg meets dietary reference values for children, e.g., by 100% for vitamin E, by 24% for retinol, by 61% for selenium and by 22% for zinc. In conclusion, even though a dry weight comparison favors supplementation with pasteurized whole eggs, our results demonstrate a high potential for spray-dried eggs as nutritional supplement. However, the spray-drying process should be optimized toward higher retentions of unsaturated fatty acids and retinol.

Insulin is a protein hormone responsible for various functions at the metabolic level. The deficiency of this hormone is compensated by subcutaneous administration which can bring discomfort. The pulmonary pathway shows potential as an alternative route, using microparticles as transporters. Galactomannans are polysaccharides with potential to be used as base material for microparticles preparation. In this work, locust bean gum (LBG) was used as a source of galactomannans. However, the high viscosity can bring some problems to the microparticle preparation. To reduce the viscosity, it was performed a microwave treatment (MW). Depolymerized LBG was fractionated by ultrafiltration allowing to obtain fractions of molecular weight >300 kDa (R300), 300-100 kDa (R100), 100-50 kDa (R50), 50-30 kDa (R30), 30-10 (R10) and 300 kDa (R300), de 300-100 kDa (R100), 100-50 kDa (R50), 50-30 kDa (R30), 30-10 kDa (R10) e inferior a 10 kDa (P10). R300 e P10 foram as frações mais abundantes. A manose e a galactose foram os principais açucares identificados em todas as amostras de acordo com a composição em galactomananas. O rácio manose:galactose variou entre 3,3 e 4,0, evidenciando a manutenção do grau de ramificação. A insulina foi adicionada numa proporção de 1:10 (insulina:galactomanana, m/m) a cada uma das frações produzidas e atomizadas, formando partículas. Através da microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM) foram observadas estruturas semelhantes a “uva-passa” em todas as amostras com uma variação na distribuição de dimensões que permite a denominação de micropartículas. A utilização das frações de pesos moleculares mais elevados conduziu a micropartículas de 1-5 μm, consideradas dentro da gama respirável, enquanto a fração de menor peso (30-10 kDa) formou micropartículas em que 92% tinham dimensões entre 5-15 μm, fora da gama requerida para administração pulmonar. A libertação da insulina decorreu de forma linear até à totalidade no prazo de 40 min, exceto para as micropartículas com material de 30-10 kDa onde a libertação ocorreu em apenas 20 min. A combinação das técnicas de MW, ultrafiltração, e atomização, demonstram potencial para preparar micropartículas para administração pulmonar de insulina, em que a velocidade de libertação da mesma pode ser controlada pela dimensão da galactomanana. Mestrado em Bioquímica

In the present study, gastro-resistant microparticles (MPs) were produced using the spray-drying technique as controlled-release systems for some model liposoluble vitamins, including retinyl-palmitate, retinyl-acetate, β-carotene, cholecalciferol and α-tocopherol. The gastroprotective action of three different gastro-resistant excipients, the anionic methacrylic copolymer (Eudraguard®® Biotic, E1207), the cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) and whey proteins (WPs), was compared. The latter was used to produce a novel delivery system manufactured with only food-derived components, such as milk, and showed several improvements over the two synthetic gastro-resistant agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a quite homogeneous spherical shape of all microparticle batches, with an average diameter between 7 and 15 μm. FTIR analysis was used to evaluate the effective incorporation of vitamins within the microparticles and the absence of any degradation to the components of the formulation. The comparison graphs of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that the spray drying technique generates a solid in which the physical interactions between the excipients and the vitamins are very strong. Release studies showed a prominent pH-controlled release and partially a delayed-release profile. Ex vivo permeation studies of retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate and α-tocopherol revealed greater transmucosal permeation capacity for microparticles produced with the WPs and milk.

Kopriva predstavlja bogat izvor fenolnih spojeva koje karakterizira niska bioraspoloživost nakon oralne primjene. Cilj rada bio je istražiti utjecaj inkapsulacije na bioraspoloživost ekstrakata koprive pomoću in vitro testa probave koji se sastojao od tri faze: gastrične, apsorpcijske i intestinalne. Ekstrakti lista koprive inkapsulirani su tehnikom sušenja raspršivanjem, a razlikovali su se prema vrsti nosača te omjeru suhe tvari ekstrakta i nosača. Koncentracija fenolnih spojeva određena je Folin-Ciocalteu metodom, a antioksidacijski kapacitet FRAP metodom. Najviša koncentracija fenolnih spojeva izmjerena je u intestinalnoj, a najniža u apsorpcijskoj fazi. Nosač kombinacije β-ciklodekstrina i arapske gume (75:25) pri omjeru suhe tvari ekstrakta i nosača 1:2 omogućio je najveću apsorpciju fenolnih spojeva. Najviši antioksidacijski kapacitet zabilježen je u gastričnoj, a najniži u apsorpcijskoj fazi. Kombinaciji maltodekstrina i arapske gume (75:25) pri omjeru suhe tvari ekstrakta i nosača 1:3 određen je najviši antioksidacijski kapacitet. Inkapsulacijom se povećala bioraspoloživost fenolnih spojeva. Iz najboljeg inkapsuliranog uzorka apsorbiralo se 43,60 % fenolnih spojeva, a iz neinkapsuliranog ekstrakta 4,15 %. Nettle is a rich source of phenolic compounds characterized by low bioavailability after oral administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation on the bioavailability of nettle extracts using an in vitro digestion test consisting of three phases: gastric, absorption and intestinal. Nettle leaf extracts were encapsulated by the spray-drying technique and differed according to the type of carrier and the ratio of extract dry matter and the carrier. The concentration of phenolic compounds was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant capacity by the FRAP method. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds was determined in the intestinal and the lowest in the absorption phase. The carrier combination of β-cyclodextrin and gum arabic (75:25) at extract dry matter and carrier ratio 1:2 allowed the highest absorption of phenolic compounds. The highest antioxidant capacity was noted in the gastric and the lowest in the absorption phase. The combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic (75:25) at extract dry matter and carrier ratio 1:3 enabled the highest antioxidant capacity. Encapsulation increased the bioavailability of phenolic compounds. 43.60 % of phenolic compounds were absorbed from the best encapsulated sample compared to 4.15 % from non-encapsulated extract.

Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. Cocoa is a food rich in polyphenols, with high antioxidant properties, and is an important food in its fight. However, most polyphenols have low solubility, which impairs their biological action. Therefore, encapsulation through the spray drying technique can significantly improve these parameters by generating a protective layer using proteins and polysaccharides. Therefore, the objective of this work was to elaborate a cocoa-based product encapsulated with maltodextrin (CM) or goat milk whey (CW) and to evaluate the total phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity, as well as the particle size of the encapsulated product. Cocoa-based products were encapsulated using maltodextrin DE20 or goat whey using a B-290 mini spray dryer (Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland) in a 1:1 weight ratio. Subsequently, the antioxidant capacity was analyzed by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzoatiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method and total phenolic compounds using the phenol reagent Folin-Ciocalteu by spectrophotometry, as well as the size of the particle. The CW obtained a higher yield (33.11%) when compared to the CM (24.03%) in the spray dryer. Most of the particles (90%) present in the CM and CS had a size of 21.92 and 21.12 µM, respectively. CW had a higher content of phenolic compounds compared to CM (CM: 536 ± 8.0 vs. CW: 818 ± 77.0 mg GAE/100g dw, p = 0.05). No significant difference was observed in antioxidant capacity between samples (CM: 545 ± 26.0 vs. CW: 478 ± 18.0 µmol TE/100g dw, p = 0.114). The results showed that although CS has a higher content of phenolic compounds, both had the same antioxidant capacity. El estrés oxidativo está asociado con la patogénesis de varias enfermedades crónicas. El cacao es un alimento rico en polifenoles, con altas propiedades antioxidantes, y es un alimento importante en su lucha. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los polifenoles tienen una baja solubilidad, lo que perjudica su acción biológica. Por lo tanto, la encapsulación mediante la técnica de secado por aspersión puede mejorar significativamente estos parámetros al generar una capa protectora utilizando proteínas y polisacáridos. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar un producto a base de cacao encapsulado con maltodextrina (CM) o suero de leche de cabra (CW) y evaluar los compuestos fenólicos totales y su capacidad antioxidante, así como el tamaño de partícula del producto encapsulado. Los productos a base de cacao se encapsularon usando maltodextrina DE20 o suero de cabra usando un mini secador por aspersión B-290 (Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland) en una proporción de peso de 1:1. Posteriormente se analizó la capacidad antioxidante por el método del 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzoatiazolina-6-sulfónico) (ABTS) y compuestos fenólicos totales utilizando el reactivo fenólico Folin-Ciocalteu por espectrofotometría, así como el tamaño de la partícula. El CW obtuvo un mayor rendimiento (33,11%) al compararlo con el CM (24,03%) en el atomizador. La mayoría de las partículas (90%) presentes en el CM y CS tenían un tamaño de 21,92 y 21,12 µM, respectivamente. CW tuvo un mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos en comparación con CM (CM: 536 ± 8,0 vs CW: 818 ± 77,0 mg GAE/100g dw, p = 0,05). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la capacidad antioxidante entre las muestras (CM: 545 ± 26,0 frente a CW: 478 ± 18,0 µmol TE/100 g dw, p = 0,114). Los resultados mostraron que aunque el CS tiene un mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos, ambos tienen la misma capacidad antioxidante. O estresse oxidativo está associado à patogênese de várias doenças crônicas. O cacau é um alimento rico em polifenóis, com altas propriedades antioxidantes, sendo um alimento importante no seu combate. No entanto, a maioria dos polifenóis apresenta baixa solubilidade, o que prejudica sua ação biológica. Portanto, o encapsulamento através da técnica de spray dryer pode melhorar significativamente esses parâmetros ao gerar uma camada protetora utilizando proteínas e polissacarídeos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um produto à base de cacau encapsulado com maltodextrina (CM) ou soro de leite de cabra (CW) e avaliar os compostos fenólicos totais e sua capacidade antioxidante, bem como o tamanho de partícula do produto encapsulado. Os produtos à base de cacau foram encapsulados usando maltodextrina DE20 ou soro de leite de cabra usando um mini spray dryer B-290 (Büchi Labortechnik, Flawil, Switzerland) na proporção de peso de 1:1. Posteriormente, a capacidade antioxidante foi analisada pelo método 2,2'-azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzoatiazolina-6-sulfônico) (ABTS) e os compostos fenólicos totais utilizando o reagente fenol Folin-Ciocalteu por espectrofotometria, bem como o tamanho da partícula. O CW obteve maior rendimento (33,11%) quando comparado ao CM (24,03%) no spray dryer. A maioria das partículas (90%) presentes no CM e CW tinham um tamanho de 21,92 e 21,12 µM, respectivamente. O CW apresentou maior teor de compostos fenólicos em relação ao CM (CM: 536 ± 8,0 vs. CW: 818 ± 77,0 mg GAE/100g dw, p = 0,05). Não foi observada diferença significativa na capacidade antioxidante entre as amostras (CM: 545 ± 26,0 vs. CW: 478 ± 18,0 µmol TE/100g dw, p = 0,114). Os resultados mostraram que embora o CW tenha maior teor de compostos fenólicos, ambos apresentaram a mesma capacidade antioxidante.

Underexploited sources of bio-based wall materials for bioactive compounds (such as -carotene) encapsulation have gained increasing interest within the scientific community. In this study, the potential of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) grain starch and protein rich fractions as microcapsules wall materials to carrier -carotene was evaluated. Microcapsules were produced by spray-drying and their morphological and physicochemical characterization was carried out. The microcapsules presented a spherical shape (particle size distribution: 0.3 - 30 m) and encapsulation efficiencies ranging from 64 to 69%. Results showed that protein-based microcapsules had better -carotene storage stability as compared to starch-based microcapsules (at 8 and 25 ºC). -carotene release kinetics at 37 ºC and pH 7.4 could be mainly described by structural-relaxation phenomenon using the linear superposition model. Moreover, encapsulated -carotene exhibited higher bioaccessibility than its free form after simulated in vitro digestion tests. Microcapsules did not affect cell viability at 0.0625mg·L-1 of -carotene. Thus, amaranth grain biopolymers-based microcapsules were successfully developed as promising -carotene delivery systems to be added to food products and consequently, to improve their functionality., The authors acknowledge CNPQ-Brazil for IF/00300/2015 fellowship and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for SFRH/BPD/104712/2014 fellowship. This work was supported by: FCT/MCTES under the scope of UID/CTM/50011/2019; FCT under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and; LABBELS – Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems (LA/P/0029/2020). Also, this work is funded by NORTE2020 Funds through the Support System for Scientific and Technological Research - "Structured R & D & I Projects" - Horizon Europe under the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000070., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Maisto produktų gamybos metu susidarančios šalutinės atliekos, dažnai pasižymi įvairiomis naudingomis funkcinėmis savybėmis, kurios galėtų būtų panaudojamos funkcinių maisto produktų gamybai. Vienas iš gamybos sektorių, kuriame susidaro maisto šalutinių produktų, yra gėrimų sektorius. Uogos, tokios kaip juodieji serbentai ar spanguolės, vienos iš dažniausiai naudojamų žaliavų gėrimų gamybai. Gauti šalutiniai produktai iš tokių žaliavų, pasižymi dideliu skaidulinių medžiagų kiekiu bei sudėtyje turi įvairių biologiškai aktyvių komponentų. Pastarieji gali būti pritaikomi, kuriant pridėtinės vertės maisto produktus. Todėl šio baigiamojo magistro projekto tikslas – įvertinti sausų uogų išspaudų modifikavimą ir pritaikymą jogurto gėrimų gamybai. Atliktais tyrimais įvertinta pradinė juodųjų serbentų ir spanguolių išspaudų miltelių cheminė sudėtis, spalva, dalelių dydis, polifenolinių medžiagų kiekis. Taip pat vertintos miltelių savybės, t.y., brinkinimo, vandens sulaikymo, aliejaus sulaikymo gebos, tirpumas, putų sudarymas ir stabilumas. Gautais pradiniais duomenimis, apibendrinta uogų išspaudų miltelių cheminė sudėtis ir jų savybės prieš miltelių modifikavimą. Siekiant sukurti funkcinius uogų išspaudų miltelius, taikyta inovatyvi uogų išspaudų modifikavimo technologija, naudojant netirpių dalelių įkapsuliavimą ir purškiamąjį džiovinimą. Įkapsuliavimui pasirinktos šios kapsulės apvalkalų variacijos: išrūgų baltymai, maltodekstrino ir gumiarabiko bei maltodekstrino ir išrūgų baltymų mišiniai. Nustatyta, kad dalelių dydis yra esminis veiksnys limituojantis uogų išspaudų miltelių įkapsuliavimą (stabilios suspensijos suformavimui) ir džiovinimą (dėl mažo purkštuvinės galvutės skersmens). Naudojant polisacharidų apvalkalus (maltodekstrino ir gumiarabiko mišinį), po džiovinimo skaidulinių medžiagų kiekis milteliuose ypač sumažėja. Nustatyta, kad didžioji dalis išpurškiamos suspensijos, veikiant oro srautui neišdžiūva ir nusėda džiovinimo kameroje, todėl ši kapulės variacija yra netinkama. Tuo tarpu, tinkamas modifikavimas, gautas naudojant kapsules iš išrūgų baltymų. Atlikus tyrimus ir palyginus su pradiniais duomenimis, sukurti tinkami funkciniai uogų išspaudų milteliai (pakankamas skaidulinių medžiagų kiekis, tinkama spalva ir geras tirpumas). Sukurti geriamieji jogurtai be ir su modifikuotais išspaudų milteliais. Atliktais jusliniais ir fizikocheminiais tyrimais, nustatyti jogurtų gėrimų pH ir klampos vertės ir juslinio vertinimo parametrai. Jogurtai su nemodifikuotais išspaudų milteliais pasižymėjo ryškesnėmis spalvomis, tačiau nemaloniu „smėlėtumo“ skonio pojūčiu. Naudojant modifikuotus miltelius, spalva išlieka šviesesnė, tačiau skoninės savybės ypač pagerėja. Pagal juslinį vertinimą, jogurto gėrimas su modifikuotais juodųjų serbentų išspaudų milteliais, buvo įvertintas kaip priimtiniausias. Šie tyrimai parodė, kad modifikuoti uogų išspaudų milteliai ateityje galėtų būti taikomi ir kitų funkcinių pieno produktų gamyboje., By-products from food production often have a variety of useful functional properties that could be used in the production of functional foods. One of the manufacturing sectors where food by products are produced is the beverage sector. Berries, such as black currants or cranberries, are one of the most commonly used raw materials for the production of beverages. The by-products obtained from such raw materials are characterized by a high content of fibrous materials and contain various biologically active components. The latter can be adapted to create value-added foods. Therefore, the aim of this final master's project is to evaluate the modification and application of dry berry pulp for the production of yoghurt drinks. The initial chemical composition, color, particle size and polyphenolic content of blackcurrant and cranberry cake powder were evaluated. The properties of the powder, i.e. swelling, water holding, oil retention capacity, solubility, foaming and stability, were also evaluated. Based on the obtained initial data, the chemical composition of berry pulp powder and its properties before powder modification were summarized. Innovative berry pulp modification technology using encapsulation of insoluble particles and spray drying was used to create a functional berry pulp powder. The following capsule shell variations were selected for encapsulation: whey protein, mixtures of maltodextrin and gum arabic, and maltodextrin and whey protein. Particle size was found to be a key factor limiting the encapsulation of berry cake powder (to form a stable suspension) and drying (due to the small diameter of the spray head). The use of polysaccharide coatings (a mixture of maltodextrin and gum arabic) significantly reduces the amount of fiber in the powder after drying. It has been found that most of the sprayed suspension does not dry out and settles in the drying chamber under the action of the air stream, making this variation of the dowel unsuitable. Meanwhile, a suitable modification obtained using capsules from whey protein. After studies and comparison with the initial data, a suitable functional berry pulp powder (sufficient amount of fiber, suitable color and good solubility) was developed. Developed drinking yoghurts without and with modified pulp powder. Sensory and physico chemical tests were performed to determine the pH and viscosity values and sensory evaluation parameters of yoghurt drinks. Yoghurts with unmodified pulp powder had a brighter color, but an unpleasant "sandy" taste. When using a modified powder, the color remains lighter, but the taste properties are particularly improved. According to sensory evaluation, drinking yogurt with modified black currant cake powder was rated as the most acceptable. These studies have shown that modified berry pulp powder could be used in the production of other functional dairy products in the future.

Spray-drying is a widely used industrial technique and has shown an immense potential in the fields of nanoscience and technology. This is due to its ability to synthesize microgranules consisting of correlated nanostructures using evaporation induced assembly through bottom-up approach. Although the nature of correlation among the constituent nanoparticles and their size distribution could earlier be obtained by conventional Small-angle Scattering (SAS) technique, a statistically averaged quantitative measure of the shell thickness and hollowness of the formed granules remained a challenge. In this work, we have used Spin-echo Small-angle Neutron Scattering (SESANS) technique to characterize spray-dried nanostructured microgranules having different hollowness. It is shown that this non-destructive technique provided precise quantification of the granular sizes and hollowness by utilizing polarization property of neutrons in real space directly.

O processo de secagem por atomização ou spray-drying é uma das operações mais frequentes para a obtenção de extratos secos a partir de plantas medicinais. No entanto, durante o processo de preparação desses insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) de origem vegetal, uma série de fatores podem afetar a qualidade desses produtos intermediários. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico científico e da legislação brasileira sobre medicamentos fitoterápicos, vivências do grupo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) da Fiocruz e da realização de Brainstorming entre os integrantes da equipe, foi elaborado um diagrama de causa e efeito (Diagrama de Ishikawa). Tal pesquisa teve o objetivo de levantar pontos críticos no processo de produção desses IFA de origem vegetal, apontando aspectos do processo de spray-drying de ordem teórica e prática que poderiam afetar a qualidade do produto fitoterápico. Com base nas informações mencionadas no diagrama e na discussão desses pontos acerca de cada etapa até a preparação do extrato seco, foi possível racionalizar o processo de obtenção desse intermediário, com foco em transformá-lo em produto fitoterápico.

Tadalafil (TDL) is a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I), indicated for erectile dysfunction (ED). However, TDL exhibits poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, which may limit its application. This study aims to prepare amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) by spray-drying, using glycyrrhizin-a natural drug carrier. Particle and physicochemical characterizations were performed by particle size, polydispersity index measurement, yield, drug content estimation, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and dissolution study. In order to evaluate the aphrodisiac activity of the prepared ASD, sexual behavior study was performed in male rats. It is further considered for the stability study. Our results revealed that TDL-GLZ spray-dried dispersion was a successful drug-carrier binary mixture. XRD and SEM showed that ASD of TDL with GLZ presented in the amorphous state and dented-spherical shape, unlike the drug indicating crystalline and spiked shaped. The optimized ASD3 formulation with particle size (1.92 µm), PDI (0.32), yield (97.78%) and drug content (85.00%) showed 4.07 folds’ increase in dissolution rate compared to pure TDL. The results obtained from the in vivo study exhibit significantly improved aphrodisiac activity with ASD3. The stability study revealed that the prepared ASD3 did not show any remarkable changes in the dissolution and drug content for 1 month storage at room temperature.

The present study was aimed to develop the powder from Moldavian balm extract using a spray dryer to preserve the valuable phytochemicals such as hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids. In order to produce optimum Moldavian balm spray‐dried powder, response surface methodology was applied. The inlet air temperature (120–180°C), compressed airflow rate (5–10 L/min), and carriers’ concentration (10%–30%) were kept as independent variables, while moisture content, drying performance, porosity, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were selected as responses. The process was optimized with inlet air temperature of 140.36°C, compressed airflow rate of 9.13 L/min and carriers’ concentration of 18%, resulting in powder with moisture content of 7.68%, drying performance of 62.52%, porosity of 76.4%, total phenol content of 6.295 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content of 0.378 mg QUE/g, and antioxidant activity of 51.78%. The optimized process led to attain the powder having significantly better phytochemical properties compared with others., A powder from Moldavian balm plant extract successfully obtained using spray‐drying. Air temperature, airflow, and carriers were experimental independent variables. Optimum conditions of variables were 140.36°C, 9.13 L/min, and 18%, respectively. Spray‐dried optimized powder retained significant amount of phytochemical compounds.

To increase their stability, therapeutic (or monoclonal) antibodies (mAbs) are often formulated as solids by using a variety of drying techniques, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, or spray freeze-drying. The addition of excipients is required to preserve stability of the protein during the drying process and subsequent storage of the resulting solid form. The addition of low molecular weight excipients, such as amino acids, to sugar based spray- and freeze-dried formulations has been suggested to improve the storage stability of proteins in the dried state. In this study sugars (sucrose, trehalose), amino acids (Gly, Ala, Pro, Ser, Val, Leu, Ile, Gln, His, Lys, Arg, Phe, Trp) and combinations thereof were investigated for their stabilizing effect during spray-drying and subsequent storage and for their reconstitution time reducing effect. Two IgG4 mAbs were used as model antibodies. From an initial screening study, basic and small neutral amino acids, in combination with a sugar, such as sucrose or trehalose, showed reconstitution time reducing and stabilizing properties. Arg in particular displayed excellent reconstitution and stability enhancing properties. Moreover, Arg was the only amino acid providing stabilizing properties comparable to sucrose or trehalose. Previous work by the authors described a statistically substantiated comparison between the three basic amino acids in a sugar containing formulation, albeit limited to a single concentration level [5]. Therefore, a follow-up design of experiments (DoE) study was performed to determine the optimum trehalose/amino acid content required for an optimal protein stability and reconstitution time and to compare the effects of two basic amino acids, Lys and Arg, to those of two neutral amino acids, Gly and Pro. The conducted DoE covered a wide range of trehalose (30-120 mM) and amino acid (50-150 mM) concentrations. The concentration of trehalose was found to be the main contributor to a reduction in reconstitution time and an increase in stability. Here we show that the addition of amino acids such as Gly, Pro, and Lys does not improve stability nor does it reduce the reconstitution time. Of the tested amino acids, only Arg showed a marked reduction in reconstitution time and improvement in stability compared to a trehalose. Moreover, the properties displayed by Arg could justify its application as the main stabilizer in spray-dried mAb formulations, eliminating the need for a sugar matrix altogether. But the weight ratio of stabilizer to protein was found the factor exerting the strongest overall influence on the formulation's reconstitution time and stability. More specifically, sufficient physical stability and an acceptable reconstitution time could be obtained with a protein to stabilizer weight ratio of at least 1:1. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS vol:156 pages:131-142 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published

Background: Buccal delivery of drugs can be used as an alternative administration route to conventional oral route avoiding the liver first-pass effect and improving patient compliance. Objective: The goal of this work was to develop dry emulsions for buccal delivery of ketoprofen, used as a lipophilic model drug. The influence of two vegetable oils, olive oil or wheat germ oil, in the presence of α-cyclodextrin and different drying techniques on the dry emulsion properties was evaluated. Methods: Emulsions were prepared by adding olive oil or wheat germ oil to an aqueous solution of α-cyclodextrin and subsequently dried through an oven, freeze-dryer or spray-dryer. Dry emulsions were characterized in terms of yield, encapsulation efficiency, morphology and drug solid-state. In vitro drug release and permeation studies were carried out to evaluate dry emulsion ability to release the drug and to allow its permeation through the esophageal porcine epithelium. Results: The formation of stable and milky emulsion was assured by cyclodextrin ability to interact with oil components obtaining an inclusion complex with amphiphilic property able to act as a surfaceactive agent. The drying process influenced the yield and the encapsulation efficiency, while no significant differences were observed between olive oil and wheat germ oil. Freeze-dried emulsions, selected as the best formulations, resulted in fast release of drug thereby ensuring its permeation across the epithelium. Conclusion: Dry emulsions prepared with a simple and easy method, using natural ingredients and avoiding synthetic surfactants and organic solvents, could be used for buccal delivery of lipophilic drugs.

Xiao Hu,1 Feifei Yang,2 Yonghong Liao,2 Lin Li,1 Guoguang Zhao,3 Lan Zhang1 1Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guoguang Zhao; Lan Zhang Email ggzhao@vip.sina.com; lanizhg@126.comBackground and Aim: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention as promising carrier systems in lung cancer and brain metastases.Methods: Here, for the first time, we investigated the feasibility of using inhaled cholesterol-PEG co-modified poly (n-butyl) cyanoacrylate NPs (CLS-PEG NPs) of docetaxel (DTX) for sustained pulmonary drug delivery in cancer metastasis.Results: Spray-dried or freeze-dried NPs yielded sustained drug release in vitro. In vitro inhalation evaluation data indicated that the inhalation formulation had better inhalability. Compared with intravenous (IV) administration, pharmacokinetic data suggested that the inhalation formulation prolonged plasma concentration of DTX for greater than 24 h and is more quickly and completely absorbed into the rat lung after intratracheal (IT) administration. Furthermore, freeze-dried powders were found to increase the t1/2 and area under curve (AUC) by 2.3 and 6.5 fold compared to the free drug after IT administration, and spray-dried powders were found to increase the t1/2 and AUC by 3.4 and 8.8 fold, respectively. After pulmonary administration of the inhalation formulation, DTX appeared to prolong the pulmonary absorption time. In addition, the inhalation formulation was distributed to the brain in a sustained release manner.Conclusion: These experimental results demonstrated that freeze- and spray-dried powders have the potential for pulmonary sustained release, and they also have the potential to be used as a novel treatment for the delivery of drugs that pass through the air–blood barrier and enter the brain and are efficient carriers for the treatment of brain metastasis.Keywords: pulmonary delivery, docetaxel, lung cancer, spray-drying, dry powder

Xiao Hu,1 Feifei Yang,2 Yonghong Liao,2 Lin Li,1 Guoguang Zhao,3 Lan Zhang1 1Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Guoguang Zhao; Lan Zhang Email ggzhao@vip.sina.com; lanizhg@126.comBackground and Aim: Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention as promising carrier systems in lung cancer and brain metastases.Methods: Here, for the first time, we investigated the feasibility of using inhaled cholesterol-PEG co-modified poly (n-butyl) cyanoacrylate NPs (CLS-PEG NPs) of docetaxel (DTX) for sustained pulmonary drug delivery in cancer metastasis.Results: Spray-dried or freeze-dried NPs yielded sustained drug release in vitro. In vitro inhalation evaluation data indicated that the inhalation formulation had better inhalability. Compared with intravenous (IV) administration, pharmacokinetic data suggested that the inhalation formulation prolonged plasma concentration of DTX for greater than 24 h and is more quickly and completely absorbed into the rat lung after intratracheal (IT) administration. Furthermore, freeze-dried powders were found to increase the t1/2 and area under curve (AUC) by 2.3 and 6.5 fold compared to the free drug after IT administration, and spray-dried powders were found to increase the t1/2 and AUC by 3.4 and 8.8 fold, respectively. After pulmonary administration of the inhalation formulation, DTX appeared to prolong the pulmonary absorption time. In addition, the inhalation formulation was distributed to the brain in a sustained release manner.Conclusion: These experimental results demonstrated that freeze- and spray-dried powders have the potential for pulmonary sustained release, and they also have the potential to be used as a novel treatment for the delivery of drugs that pass through the air–blood barrier and enter the brain and are efficient carriers for the treatment of brain metastasis.Keywords: pulmonary delivery, docetaxel, lung cancer, spray-drying, dry powder

Introduction: In the recent years, attention to the use of probiotic drugs and probiotic food products, due to probiotic’s functional and health properties has been increased. The storage and the viability of the probiotics in the products and passing through the gastrointestinal tract was always a big challenge. Drying is one of the functional and important choices that can be used for stabilizing microbial species and makes the bacterial usage easy. Among different microencapsulation methods, spray drying is one of the important drying methods that can be used in industrial scale and size. Optimizing the effective parameters on the cultivation and separation of probiotic bacteria, the most important and challenging parameters of spray drying that have influence on probiotic products, and choose of the best wall materials for the cores, are the most important and challenging factors that are necessary for optimizing the microencapsulation in industrial scale. In this review article, in this review article, the factors affecting the survival and resistance of bacteria in the stage before entering the spray dryer and the factors affecting the survival of probiotic bacteria during the drying stage are discussed. In addition, the important criteria for selecting microfiber wall materials and the tests that are often performed on probiotic microfiber resulting from spray drying have been examined.

Akkermansia muciniphila is regarded as a promising next-generation probiotic or live biotherapeutic candidate. Effective delivery strategies must be developed to ensure high enough viability of the probiotic strain throughout its industrial formulation, distribution chain, shelf-life, and, ultimately, the host’s gastrointestinal tract, where it should exert its beneficial effect(s). Among the possible methodologies, spray-drying is considered industrially attractive regarding its costs, efficiency, and scalability, with the due parameter customization. In this study, spray-drying was explored as a one-step process to encapsulate A. muciniphila DSM 22959, testing the drying settings and three different dairy-based matrices. Microcapsule morphology and size was assessed, and viability throughout storage at 4 or 22 °C and simulated gastrointestinal passage was determined. Akkermansia muciniphila microencapsulation by spray-drying, using 10% skim milk and inlet/outlet temperatures of 150/65 °C, is effective in terms of viability stabilization, both during prolonged aerobic storage and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal passage. Akkermansia muciniphila viability was maintained at around 107 CFU/g up to 28 days at 4 °C under aerobic conditions with viability losses inferior to 1 log reduction. This methodology provides the necessary conditions to efficiently deliver the recommended dose of live A. muciniphila in the human gut as a live biotherapeutic product.

Manufactured egg powders can be formulated to produce food products that vary in their properties. The present study aims to determine the effect of egg white content on the physicochemical characteristics and on the functionality and nutritional value of dried whole egg (WE), egg white (W), and an egg yolk/white mixture in a 1:3 ratio (M1:3). These fresh egg products were spray-dried using sucrose—an agent recognized for its effect of protecting the protein in the egg during the drying process. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale spray dryer, operated under controlled conditions, with an air inlet temperature of 120 °C. In the dried products, water activity, water solubility index, color, and pH were affected significantly as a function of the fresh egg component ratio and the added sucrose. The wettability and dispersibility in water of egg powder were improved when sucrose was added to the WE. The water-holding capacity was highest in dried egg white, and higher in the M1:3 mixture without sucrose added than in the WE with 5% sucrose. The results suggest that modifying the ratio of fresh egg yolk to egg white could lend some control over the protein and fat contents of dried egg products and over their functional properties.

Immunoprophylaxis for bovine babesiosis has two presentations of a live attenuated vaccine (fresh and deep-frozen). Despite being effective, their durability, as well as the conditions necessary for their transfer and handling, make them impractical. The incorporation of a third presentation, using dehydrated merozoites as immunogens, constitutes an innovative alternative, which combines practicality and stability over time. The objective of this work was to test dehydration processes and cryopreservative and rehydrating substances. For this, erythrocytes highly parasitized with Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were subjected to two dehydration techniques: lyophilization and spray drying. In turn, for the lyophilization process, several lyoprotectants were tested: Dimethylsulfoxide, Glycerol, Dextrose and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The only one that achieved a properly dehydrated powder, crystalline in appearance and brittle to the touch was the PVP. Subsequently, the erythrocytes obtained by both techniques were reconstituted with sucrose solutions (0.25, 0.5, 1 M), 0.9% saline solution, Vega y Martínez solution, phosphate buffer and distilled water. Optical microscopy with an immersion objective showed that the best reconstituent for both lyophilized and spray-dried red blood cells was the 0.25 M sucrose solution, showing a high number of lyophilized and reconstituted red blood cells with preserved morphology. Extrapolating these results to the haemoparasites under study, their application as immunogens would be promising., La inmunoprofilaxis de la babesiosis bovina cuenta con dos presentaciones de una vacuna viva atenuada (fresca y ultracongelada). Pese a ser efectivas, su durabilidad, así como las condiciones necesarias para su traslado y manipulación, las hacen poco prácticas. La incorporación de una tercera presentación, utilizando merozoitos deshidratados como inmunógenos, constituye una innovadora alternativa, que combina practicidad y estabilidad en el tiempo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue ensayar procesos de deshidratación y sustancias criopreservadoras y rehidratantes. Con este fin, eritrocitos altamente parasitados con Babesia bovis y B. bigemina fueron sometidos a dos técnicas de deshidratación: liofilización y secado por aspersión. A su vez, para el proceso de liofilización se ensayaron varios lioprotectores: Dimetilsulfóxido, Glicerol, Dextrosa y Polivinilpirrolidona (PVP). El único que logró un polvo adecuadamente deshidratado, de aspecto cristalino y quebradizo al tacto fue la PVP. Posteriormente, los eritrocitos obtenidos por ambas técnicas fueron reconstituidos con soluciones de sacarosa (0.25, 0.5, 1 M), solución salina 0.9%, solución Vega y Martínez, buffer fosfato y agua destilada. La microscopía óptica con objetivo de inmersión evidenció que el mejor reconstituyente tanto para los glóbulos rojos liofilizados como para los secados por aspersión fue la solución de sacarosa 0.25 M, pudiéndose apreciar un alto número de glóbulos rojos liofilizados y reconstituidos con morfología conservada. Extrapolando este comportamiento a los hemoparásitos en estudio, resultaría promisoria su aplicación como inmunógenos.

The synergistic therapeutic benefits of resveratrol (RES) and piperine (PIP) have been proven for the treatment of various diseases. This study reports, for the first time, spray-drying of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) microcapsules for combined delivery of resveratrol and piperine. Phase solubility studies indicated that there was a strong interaction between the active ingredients and HP-β-CD, and both active ingredients can bind stably to HP-β-CD. The results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC demonstrated that RES-PIP/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were successfully formed, with the RES and PIP encapsulated into the hollow spherical cavity of HP-β-CD. The results of SEM showed that the spray-dried microcapsules displayed a smooth surface and uniform particle size. Upon the formation of the spray-dried microcapsules, both RES and PIP presented significantly enhanced solubility. The results of DPPH and ABTS+ scavenging activity assays showed that the spray-drying process did not adversely influence the antioxidant activity of the bioactives, and the addition of PIP increased the antioxidation performance of RES.

Consumer knowledge about pasta quality differs around the world. Modern consumers are more sophisticated compared to past times, due to the availability of information on pasta types and quality. Therefore, this study investigated the nutritional, physical, textural, and morphological quality of durum wheat pasta enriched with carrot waste encapsulates (10 and 20% freeze-dried encapsulate (FDE) and 10 and 20% spray-dried encapsulate (SDE)), as well as determining consumer preferences for this type of product. Replacement of semolina with FDE and SDE contributed to changes in the pasta nutritional quality, which was reflected in the increased protein, fat, and ash content. Additionally, changes in cooking quality, color, and texture were within satisfactory limits. The uncooked pasta enriched with 10 and 20% SDE was characterized by a lighter yellow intensity with color saturation, as well as an imperceptible waxy appearance compared to the control and enriched pasta with 10 and 20% FDE. After cooking, the yellow color was more intense in all the enriched pasta samples which can be linked to the raw cereal which was significantly greater in the control in comparison to the FDE and SDE containing samples. Overall, carrot waste can be a promising material for the food industry to produce high-quality pasta.

Calcium citrate (CaCi) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were renovated as edible granules by spray-drying and polymer (Eudragit) coating to develop bone-protective product. The granules were reinforced functionally with oligochitosan (Och). Characterizations of IR, DSC and XRD concluded that Ca and Och were concordantly incorporated into granules and embedded into the CS matrix. The Ca-loading CS granules achieved about 1.6% Ca loading and 25% of Ca recovery in encapsulation. CaCi and Och would chelate together during preparation of the granules. Eudragit coating enabled the granules smooth and compact, and resulted in slow Ca release in dissolution. In a 28-days of animal test, oral administration with Ca + Och/CS granules inhibited osteoporosis progression in OVX rats through increasing serum Ca/P and internal Ca retention, as well as enhancing bone density and major minerals. Therefore, the composite granules have some potential in sustaining bone health owing to its improvements in Ca protection and the multi-nutritious delivery.

Microencapsulation of extra virgin olive oil has been taken into consideration. Initially, emulsions were prepared using extra virgin olive oil and aqueous solutions of different proportions of maltodextrin (MD) having dextrose equivalent (DE) 19 and whey protein isolates (WPI), such as 100% MD, 100% WPI, 25% MD + 75% WPI, 50% MD + 50% WPI and 75% MD + 25% WPI. Subsequently, emulsions were used for dehydration by either spray-drying (SD) or freeze-drying (FD) to produce olive oil microcapsules. Emulsion stability, viscosity and droplet size influenced the characteristics of the microcapsules. The highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved using 50% MD + 50% WPI in the emulsions with subsequent SD. The moisture content of the microcapsules increased with increasing proportions of MD. The size of the microcapsules increased with increasing proportions of WPI. The bulk density and tapped density were reduced with higher proportions of MD in the microcapsules. Furthermore, microcapsules with a higher proportion of MD exhibited poor flowability and high cohesiveness. Microcapsules from the higher proportion MD emulsions, followed by SD were spherical with a smooth surface; however, microcapsules with dent structures were produced from 100% WPI in the emulsions with subsequent SD. Microcapsules, produced from emulsions with a higher proportion of WPI, followed by FD were flat flakes and had irregular surfaces.

Phage therapy is recognized to be a promising alternative to fight antibiotic-resistant infections. In the quest for oral dosage forms containing bacteriophages, the utilization of colonic-release Eudragit® derivatives has shown potential in shielding bacteriophages from the challenges encountered within the gastrointestinal tract, such as fluctuating pH levels and the presence of digestive enzymes. Consequently, this study aimed to develop targeted oral delivery systems for bacteriophages, specifically focusing on colon delivery and employing Eudragit® FS30D as the excipient. The bacteriophage model used was LUZ19. An optimized formulation was established to not only preserve the activity of LUZ19 during the manufacturing process but also ensure its protection from highly acidic conditions. Flowability assessments were conducted for both capsule filling and tableting processes. Furthermore, the viability of the bacteriophages remained unaffected by the tableting process. Additionally, the release of LUZ19 from the developed system was evaluated using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) model. Finally, stability studies demonstrated that the powder remained stable for at least 6 months when stored at +5 °C.

Two plant-based emulsifiers, soybean lecithin and pea protein isolate, were studied for their emulsifying and encapsulating capacities of an antimicrobial molecule, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), at two different pH values, three and seven, and after drying with two different techniques, spray-drying and freeze-drying. To characterize the obtained capsules, various physicochemical tests were conducted to examine particle size, encapsulation efficiency, thermal and moisture stability, and powder morphology. The spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) powders had an average particle size of 8.35 µm and 144.49 µm, respectively. The SD powders showed similar encapsulation efficiency (EE) for soybean lecithin and pea protein isolate with an average value of 95.69%. On the other hand, the FD powders had lower EE compared to SD powders, with an average of 58.01% for lecithin-containing powders and 83.93% for pea-protein-containing powders. However, the water content of FD powders (2.83%) was lower than that of SD powders (4.72%). The powders prepared at pH 3 showed better thermal stability. Morphological analysis showed spherical particles for SD powders and irregular shapes for FD powders. Nanoemulsions as well as dried powders showed interesting antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, confirming their potential use as natural preservatives in foods.

The encapsulation of the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DXA) red dye, extracted from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) leaves, was explored for food application. The extracts showed antioxidant activity at concentrations ranging from 803 to 1210 μg mL−1 and did not reveal anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic properties, indicating their potential for food application. Encapsulation was performed with two carrier agents (maltodextrin and Arabic gum) in different proportions (1:1, 2:1 and 1.5:2.5 (w/w)). The microparticles produced by freeze-drying and spray-drying were studied according to the concentration of the dye, the encapsulation efficiency, the process yield, the solubility and the colour of the powders. The dye extracts are released from the microparticles at different pHs. The variation in ratio composition of the 3-DXA encapsulation was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) using data from ten physicochemical parameters. The results indicated that the maltodextrin at the 2:1 ratio had a higher dye concentration and total phenolic content (TPC) at pH 6. This ratio was selected to produce the microparticles by freeze-drying and spray-drying, and the particles were used in the temperature stability tests at pH 6. The results suggest that the freeze-drying process offers better protection to 3-DXA, with a degradation percentage of 22% during the heating period (80 °C for 18 h), compared to the non-encapsulated dye (48%). However, there were no significant differences between the two polymeric agents. The non-encapsulated 3-DXA was evaluated as control and lost 48% of the total colour with the same treatment. Red dyes from sorghum leaf by-products may constitute promising ingredients for the food industry and increase the value of this crop.

Spray-drying is one of the most popular techniques in the food industry for converting liquid material from a fluid state into a form of dried particles to produce encapsulated or instant products. Instant products are considered as convenient foods; moreover, the goal of encapsulation is to close the bioactive compounds in a shell, preventing them from being affected by environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of spray-drying conditions, in particular three inlet temperatures, on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of powders obtained from Camelina Press Cake Extract (CPE). The CPE was spray-dried at 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C. The solubility, Carr and Hausner Indexes, tapped densities and water activity of the powders were analyzed. The structural changes were also detected using FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, the characteristics of the initial and reconstituted samples and their rheological properties were evaluated. The antioxidant potential, total polyphenols and flavonoids content, free amino acids, and the Maillard reaction products contents in the spray-dried powders were also evaluated. The results indicate a cascade of changes between the initial and reconstituted samples, and important changes in the bioactive potential of samples. The inlet temperature significantly influenced the solubility, flowability and particle sizes of the powders, as well as Maillard products formation. The results of the rheological measurements illustrate the changes after the reconstitution of extracts. This study indicates the optimal parameters of CPE spray-drying, those that yield favorable physicochemical and functional values, which may open up a promising path for CPE valorization, indicating its potential and the possibilities of its use.