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Food and energy are a global concern today due to climate change. Some countries are concerned about maintaining the chain of availability of food and energy supplies for the community, especially with the depletion of food supplies and the need for renewable energy. This study aims to analyze the dependence on food and energy and the religious concept of preserving and maintaining the environmental ethics of the depletion of food supplies and fossil energy for Muslim countries. As a system, Islamic economics is expected to be an alternative solution in the sustainability of maintaining the food and energy supply chain ecosystem, starting from raw materials, processing, certification, distribution, and marketing. The method used is through literature review. The results obtained that Muslim countries can play a role in handling food and energy scarcity, including by breaking away from fossil energy dependence by implementing renewable energy, green and blue economy, increasing production capacity and expanding agricultural areas, and providing agricultural and energy technology transfer, diversifying water products, training, and education in the agricultural sector. Although there are regulations on environmental care, the fact that some countries still ignore environmental preservation and sustainability is evident from a large amount of deforestation, drought, flood disasters, deforestation, changes in forest functions, extinction of flora and fauna ecosystems, and global warming. This shows that the process of maintaining environmental ethics is still not optimal. Serious efforts are needed from various parts of the world towards climate change.

The purpose of the present study is to comprehensively evaluate the present status of the Internet of Things (IoT) in fintech ecology and ahead. Study finds that the concept of communication between the devices and financial technology are not new yet only a considerable number of studies are done on IoT in fintech. Study highlights that both the IoT & fintech show an upward trend in the marketspace. Then study identifies that the increase in the demand for blockchain, internet, mobile network, cloud storage and IoT devices among the organization are the key drivers of IoT in fintech. Study also shows that the issues related to sustainable energy, digital payments and security are the current area of applications and challenges for IoT in Fintech. Thereafter study concludes that the growth of neurotech will influence the next generation IoT in fintech as the catalytic agent. Neurotech enabled IoT (NIoT) in Fintech will enhance the 3Ms (Man, Machine & Memory) relationship for business process innovation.

© 2023, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.It is becoming crucial to design/fabricate eco-friendly, sustainable electronic and photonic devices to minimize the carbon footprint for future systems. In this study, we have demonstrated a steady photoresponse enhancement of the self-powered GaN ultraviolet photodetector (GaN-UVPD) via sequentially deposited gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) under 254, 302, and 365 nm UV light exposure. The AuNP-deposited GaN-UVPD exhibited excellent responsivity of 0.65 A/W and detectivity of 6.51 × 1012 cm.Hz1/2 W−1 under 302 nm UV light without any external power. Moreover, the sensitivity of the device increased from 1.98 × 106% to 3.32 × 106% following Au nanoparticle deposition. Additionally, the plausible mechanisms for the self-powered and Au nanoparticle-induced photoresponse enhancement have been discussed. In brief, the high-performance photoresponsivity of our self-powered GaN-UVPD could find many useful applications in sustainable energy and eco-friendly optoelectronic devices.

We demonstrate the application of geomatics tools (remote sensing and geographic information systems) for spatial data analysis to determine potential locations for wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) energy plants in the Central North region of Namibia. In accordance with sustainable development goal 7 (affordable and clean energy) and goal 13 (climate action), the Namibian government has committed to reducing reliance on fossil fuels. In support of this, suitable locations for renewable energy plants need to be identified. Using multi-criteria decision-making and the analytical hierarchy process, sites were selected considering topographical, economic, climatic, and environmental factors. It was found that the highest potential for solar PV energy plants is in the northwest, southwest, and southern regions of the study area, whereas only the northwest region is highly suitable for wind power plants. These results were substantiated by comparison with global suitability maps, with some differences due to the datasets used. The findings can be used as a guide by governments, commercial investors, and other stakeholders to determine prospective sites for the development of renewable energy in Central North Namibia.

Batteries are a key resource in the quest for sustainable energy. Here, the theoretical basis is presented for a new type of electrochemical concentration cell that might contribute to this enterprise. The cell, which has been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory, incorporates a chemically asymmetric membrane to drive anisotropic diffusion between two solution chambers; the resulting concentration difference powers the cell. In this study, the membrane’s operation is validated via three theoretical approaches: (i) traditional equilibrium thermodynamics; (ii) balancing drift and diffusion current densities; and (iii) the time-independent diffusion equation. The physical criteria for its operation are developed and its dimensionless variables identified. The cell’s maximum instantaneous power density might exceed 107 W/m3. Its self-charging capability should confer multiple advantages over traditional concentration cells (as well as over some voltaics), including improved thermodynamic efficiency, economy, and compactness. Commonalities with other electrochemical systems (e.g., liquid chromatography, metal corrosion, and solid state diodes) are discussed, and a physical instantiation of the cell is reviewed. Recent numerical simulations corroborate its essential processes.

Solar irradiation (Rs) is the electromagnetic radiation energy emitted by the Sun. It plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth by providing light, heat, and energy. Furthermore, it serves as a key driver of Earth’s climate and weather systems, influencing the distribution of heat across the planet, shaping global air and ocean currents, and determining weather patterns. Variations in Rs levels have significant implications for climate change and long-term climate trends. Moreover, Rs represents an abundant and renewable energy resource, offering a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. By harnessing solar energy, we can actively reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the utilization of Rs comes with its own challenges that must be addressed. One problem is its variability, which makes it difficult to predict and plan for consistent solar energy generation. Its intermittent nature also poses difficulties in meeting continuous energy demand unless appropriate energy storage or backup systems are in place. Integrating large-scale solar energy systems into existing power grids can present technical challenges. Rs levels are influenced by various factors; understanding these factors is crucial for various applications, such as renewable energy planning, climate modeling, and environmental studies. Overcoming the associated challenges requires advancements in technology and innovative solutions. Measuring and harnessing Rs for various applications can be achieved using various devices; however, the expense and scarcity of measuring equipment pose challenges in accurately assessing and monitoring Rs levels. In order to address this, alternative methods have been developed with which to estimate Rs, including artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) models, like neural networks, kernel algorithms, tree-based models, and ensemble methods. To demonstrate the impact of feature selection methods on Rs predictions, we propose a Multivariate Time Series (MVTS) model using Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with a decision tree (DT), Pearson correlation (Pr), logistic regression (LR), Gradient Boosting Models (GBM), and a random forest (RF). Our article introduces a novel framework that integrates various models and incorporates overlooked factors. This framework offers a more comprehensive understanding of Recursive Feature Elimination and its integrations with different models in multivariate solar radiation forecasting. Our research delves into unexplored aspects and challenges existing theories related to solar radiation forecasting. Our results show reliable predictions based on essential criteria. The feature ranking may vary depending on the model used, with the RF Regressor algorithm selecting features such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and relative humidity for specific months. The DT algorithm may yield a slightly different set of selected features. Despite the variations, all of the models exhibit impressive performance, with the LR model demonstrating outstanding performance with low RMSE (0.003) and the highest R2 score (0.002). The other models also show promising results, with RMSE scores ranging from 0.006 to 0.007 and a consistent R2 score of 0.999.

Svalbard is a High Arctic Archipelago at 74–81°N and 15–35 °E under the sovereignty of Norway. All settlements in Svalbard, including the capital of Longyearbyen (population 2400), currently have isolated energy systems with coal or diesel as the main energy source. Geothermal energy is considered as a possible alternative for electricity production, as a heat source in district heating systems or harnessed for heating and cooling using geothermal heat pump installations. In this contribution we present the until now fragmented data sets relevant to characterize and assess the geothermal potential of Svalbard. Data sets include petroleum and deep research boreholes drilled onshore Svalbard, 14 of which have recorded subsurface temperature data at depths below 200 m. Geothermal gradients on Spitsbergen vary from 24 °C/km in the west to 55 °C/km in the south-east, with an average of 33 °C/km. Four deep research boreholes were fully cored and analyzed for thermal conductivity. These analyses were complemented by thermal conductivity calculated from wireline logs in selected boreholes and four measurements on outcrop samples. 1D heat flow modelling on five boreholes calibrated with the measured thermal conductivities offers insights into heat transfer through the heterogeneous sedimentary succession. Offshore petroleum boreholes in the south-western Barents Sea and marine heat flow stations around Svalbard provide a regional framework for discussing spatial variation in heat flow onshore Svalbard, with emphasis on the effects of erosion and deposition on the thermal regime. We conclude that Svalbard's geology is well suited for geothermal exploration and potential production, though challenges related to permafrost, the presence of natural gas, heterogeneous reservoir quality and strongly lateral varying heat flow need to be adequately addressed prior to geothermal energy production. Specifically for Longyearbyen, high geothermal gradients of 40–43 °C/km in the nearest borehole (DH4) suggest promising sub-surface thermal conditions for further exploration of deep geothermal potential near the settlement.

This article presents a cost-effective and reliable solution for meeting the energy demands of remote areas through the integration of multiple renewable energy sources. The proposed system aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote sustainable development by utilizing accessible energy resources in a self-contained microgrid. Using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software, the study examined the optimal combination of energy sources and storage technologies for an integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) in the Patiala location of Punjab. The total life cycle cost (TLCC) is the main objective of this manuscript. The HOMER result is taken as a reference, and the results are compared with the optimization hybrid algorithm (PSORSA). From this, it is clear that the proposed algorithm has less TLCC as compared to others. Two combinations of energy sources and storage technologies were considered, namely solar photovoltaic (PV)/battery and solar PV/fuel cell (FC). The results showed that the solar PV/FC combination is more cost-effective, reliable, and efficient than the solar PV/battery combination. Additionally, the IHRES strategy was found to be more economically viable than the single energy source system, with lower total life cycle costs and greater reliability and efficiency. Overall, the proposed IHRES model offers a promising solution for meeting energy demands in remote areas while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable development.

Indonesia as one of the countries that has a very large geothermal potential. Its utilization should be developed because this energy is classified as renewable and sustainable energy. Indonesia has geothermal potential of 28,910 MW, as the second largest country in the world. So far only 1,699 MW of installed capacity or 5.9% of its geothermal potential. The purpose of this study is to describe how the process of building a sustainable geothermal power plant on the slopes of Slamet Mount has not been successful. The study method used is qualitative with interview, observation and documentation techniques in data collection. The data analysis method uses interactive analysis. The results of the study show that the construction process of geothermal power plants on Slamet Mount has actually started since 2005. The initial plan was that in 2021 it could be exploited with 220 megawatts of electricity. In fact, it's not finished yet. One of these constraints is caused by environmental factors which include abiotic, biotic and social components. Abiotic components in the form of geological aspects and extreme land conditions that cause water pollution. The biotic component is the fishery and agriculture sectors of the population affected by the turbidity of the water. The social component is public unrest, resulting in demonstrations against the development process of sustainable geothermal power plant.

The transition to energy systems with a high share of renewable energy depends on the availability of technologies that can connect the physical distances or bridge the time differences between the energy supply and demand points. This study focuses on energy storage technologies due to their expected role in liberating the energy sector from fossil fuels and facilitating the penetration of intermittent renewable sources. The performance of 27 energy storage alternatives is compared considering sustainability aspects by means of data envelopment analysis. To this end, storage alternatives are first classified into two clusters: fast-response and long-term. The levelized cost of energy, energy and water consumption, global warming potential, and employment are common indicators considered for both clusters, while energy density is used only for fast-response technologies, where it plays a key role in technology selection. Flywheel reveals the highest efficiency between all the fast-response technologies, while green ammonia powered with solar energy ranks first for long-term energy storage. An uncertainty analysis is incorporated to discuss the reliability of the results. Overall, results obtained, and guidelines provided can be helpful for both decision-making and research and development purposes. For the former, we identify the most appealing energy storage options to be promoted, while for the latter, we report quantitative improvement targets that would make inefficient technologies competitive if attained. This contribution paves the way for more comprehensive studies in the context of energy storage by presenting a powerful framework for comparing options according to multiple sustainability indicators.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown a significant increment in power conversion efficiency recently with advantages such as flexibility and low-cost roll-to-roll production. Prior to the commercialization of PSCs, it is significant to investigate its environmental performance with life cycle assessment method. In this work, cradle to gate LCA of solution-based organo-lead iodide perovskite solar cell performed according to the one reported literature method that comprises flexible Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and hole transport layer (HTL) elimination. Environmental impacts from the generation of 1 m2 of cell area production are determined in six International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) categories. It is found that the major impact comes from the fabrication of the aluminum metal electrode layer due to the high electrical energy required in the vacuum deposition process. The life cycle global warming potential (GWP) that the most widely used environmental indicator has been calculated for per kWh electricity production to make a comparison with commercial photovoltaic technologies. It is found that the HTL-free flexible (HFF) PSC needs 15-20 years of device lifetime to reach competitive GWP value with commercial PVs.

Renewable energy sources have developed rapidly, decreased in cost, and proven to have the potential to limit global warming. Renewable energy in the form of solar energy can be collected through decentralized rooftop solar systems. Solar energy development in Qatar is still at an early stage. The abundance of solar radiation, high GDP, and plentiful access to rooftop spaces make rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems suitable. Unfortunately, the early development and adoption of residential rooftop solar PV systems are expected to face numerous constraints. This paper investigates the factors that impact the residential rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in Qatar. Through analyzing the response of a general public sample, we hope to prove the hypothesized factors by aiming at testing their solar systems knowledge and awareness. The result of the study will provide insights on how the public perceives solar panels, along with factors the government needs to address to ensure successful public adoption of residential solar rooftop systems in Qatar.

It is necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas because global warming resulting from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to serious social loss through global climatic shifts . Efforts for storing CO 2 deep in the ground and obtaining energy from sustainable method other than fossil resource are proceeding, but there are some problems associated with storage and transfer of CO2 and conversion of sustainable energy to stable energy carrier, for example, hydrogen and its compounds . In the present r eport, the technologies of solving the problems are introduced.

The use of renewable energy has been an important topic in the four Pacific Northwestern states for the last 30 years. Large, statistically designed public surveys were conducted in the region in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 to determine the perceived sustainability, future viability, and acceptance of the following ten energy sources: biomass, coal, geothermal, hydropower, natural gas, nuclear, oil, solar, tidal, and wind power. The survey questions were identical in all 4 years of the survey. These surveys were delivered by the US Postal Service to over 3500 randomly chosen residents in each survey year. The public response rate exceeded 50% in each survey year. Demographic data about age, gender, education level, community size, and state of residence of survey respondents were also collected. The survey data were statistically analyzed. In general, the public was literate identifying the renewable and nonrenewable energy sources as the majority of survey respondents correctly identified biomass, geothermal, hydropower, solar, and wind as renewable energy sources. Based on survey results, over 75% of Pacific Northwest residents considered it important or very important that their energy resources were renewable in 2020. The findings of this study were important because it shows that the public is in line with the scientific community with the goal of greatly reducing energy reliance on C containing nonrenewable energy sources including oil, coal, and natural gas. In summary, (1) the public strongly supports the transformation to a sustainable energy system using primarily renewable energy sources, (2) the use of traditional nonrenewable energy sources like natural gas should not be discouraged in the present; however, they should be phased out over the short and medium terms, (3) solar and wind energy should be significant sources to meet future energy needs in the region, and (4) the renewables including biomass and geothermal have a place in the future energy mix within the Pacific Northwest.

The renewable and sustainable energy resources gained greater importance in the current scenario to minimize the environmental pollution load and to compensate the energy demand worldwide. Biodiesel is one of the renewable biofuels which can be produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. The optimization of process variables and conditions for biodiesel production is one of the crucial steps in the process to achieve maximum yield with cost effective manner. Conventional optimization (one-factor at a time) method is well studied and, it possesses some disadvantages like more experimental runs, time and not illuminates the synergistic effect of the process variables. Use of response surface methodology (RSM) in optimization studies is increasing and, it provides the details of the interaction effect of chosen variables with fewer experiments. In this review, the application of RSM for biodiesel production using different oil sources was reported.

The worldwide emission of greenhouse gases combined with the lessening of crude oils is passionate about the research on sustainable energy conversion and storage devices. Further, the fast evolution of flexible and wearable opto-electronic systems, superior reliability, and ultra-long cycling lives of energy storage devices are of great importance. The poor kinetics of small reactions involved in next-generation energy devices are the main obstacles. The required electrode materials for these devices are emerging tasks for the betterment of these devices. Currently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have gained pronounced interest as emerging and potential applicants as electrode materials for fruitful results. Herein, we have discussed the recent design principles for the fabrication of SACs for rechargeable batteries (Metal-air battery (Metal = Zn, Al, Li), Metal-sulfur battery, (Metal = Na, Li) and Metal-CO2 battery (Metal = Zn, Li)) and fuel cells. Then, we have summarized the recent advances in assembling and performance of these batteries using SACs as electrode materials. Finally, we have elucidated the role of SACs to resolve the bottle-neck problems of these next-generation energy storage systems. Following the discussion on short-comings and comprehensive future perspectives.

Sustainability of energy supply has become a prime concern for energy producers and consumers alike. There is heightened awareness in the global community about the decreasing supply of conventional fossil fuels along with increasing fuel and energy demand and the consequent rise in unit energy cost. In addition to the sustainability aspect, the environmental impact of emissions from fossil fuel combustion is the focus of global targets for emissions reduction. In this context, the research and application of sustainable and non-polluting fuels become significant. Internal combustion (IC) engines are part of a significant energy-consuming sector, and the application of sustainable and non-polluting fuels within IC engines would be impactful. Biogas and hydrogen are viewed as sustainable and non-polluting alternatives to conventional fossil fuels. However, either of these used individually offer certain disadvantages. Experimental results and analysis of the performance and emissions characteristics of an IC engine fueled with biogas blended with 5, 10, and 15% hydrogen volume fractions are studied. An increase in hydrogen content increases the engine’s performance and power and reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THCs). However, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are found to increase due to higher combustion temperatures attributed to hydrogen. A 17.5% increase in brake power is observed for 15% hydrogen-enriched biogas, compared to plain biogas, at an equivalence ratio of 0.6. Similarly, a 17% increase in BTE, a 50% decrease in CO, a 68% decrease in UHC, but a 71% increase in NOx are observed for 15% hydrogen-enriched biogas.

Photovoltaic power plants are gaining in popularity and availability every year, resulting in a massive increase in their number and size. However, each such investment involves allocating large land areas, the cost of which may be high. For this reason, there has been an increasing interest in the use of post-industrial wastelands in the form of artificial water reservoirs which often occupy large areas. Because their use as places of recreation can be dangerous for people, it is a cheap alternative for the foundation of a floating photovoltaic power plant. In addition, it has an advantage over the land version in that it is possible to produce a more significant amount of energy by using the sun’s rays reflected from the water’s surface. Despite these undeniable advantages, such a structure poses several technological challenges. This article focuses on the aspect of lightning protection, which is particularly important due to the structure’s location in the open, and also a specific ground type with noticeably different mechanical and electrical characteristics than typical soil. Aspects such as the lightning hazard, arrangement of lightning rods, down conductors, lightning equipotential bonding, and various earthing configurations are discussed. The presented analysis is based on geometric models and simulations made in the Ansys/Maxwell 3D environment and is supplemented with calculations in Matlab/Simulink.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve the environment, and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, the transition from fossil energy to renewable energy is deemed essential. Several companies around the globe, especially big conglomerates, were pioneers in the use of renewable energy. For sustainable growth, Pakistani businesses are growing increasingly interested in the use of green sources in manufacturing and economic activities. In recent years, there has been a growth in the number of companies that are eager to use renewable energies to produce products that correspond to green standards, therefore boosting their competitiveness. Yet, the selection of an appropriate energy source for any industrially complex project is not a simple task, as numerous qualitative and quantitative characteristics must be considered. To arrive at a feasible conclusion, this research provides a multi-criteria paradigm for sustainable energy selection in a single-valued neutrosophic environment. This work developed an innovative aggregation operators approach that interprets the input evaluation using single-valued neutrosophic numbers. For this, a “single-valued neutrosophic prioritized interactive weighted averaging operator and single-valued neutrosophic prioritized interactive weighted geometric operator” has been introduced. Several additional appealing features of these aggregation operators are also discussed. The application of the recommended operators for sustainable energy related to the industrial complex is discussed. A comparison analysis proves the empirical existence of the suggested methodology’s consistency and superiority.

Energy performance analysis in buildings is becoming more and more highlighted, due to the increasing trend of energy consumption in the building sector. Many studies have declared the great potential of soft computing for this analysis. A particular methodology in this sense is employing hybrid machine learning that copes with the drawbacks of single methods. In this work, an optimized version of a popular machine learning model, namely feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is used for simultaneously predicting annual thermal energy demand (ATED) and annual weighted average discomfort degree-hours (WADDH) by analyzing eleven input factors that represent the building circumstances. The optimization task is carried out by a multi-tracker optimization algorithm (MTOA) which is a powerful metaheuristic algorithm. Moreover, three benchmark algorithms including the slime mould algorithm (SMA), seeker optimization algorithm (SOA), and vortex search algorithm (VSA) perform the same task for comparison purposes. The accuracy of the models is assessed using error and correlation indicators. Based on the results, the MTOA (with root mean square errors 2.48 and 5.88, along with Pearson correlation coefficients 0.995 and 0.998 for the ATED and WADHH, respectively) outperformed the benchmark techniques in learning the energy behavior of the building. This algorithm could optimize 100 internal variables of the FFNN and acquire the trend of ATED and WADHH with excellent accuracy. Despite different rankings of the four algorithms in the prediction phase, the MTOA (with root mean square errors 9.84 and 95.96, along with Pearson correlation coefficients 0.972 and 0.997 for the ATED and WADHH, respectively) was still among the best, and altogether, the hybrid of FFNN-MTOA is recommended for promising applications of building energy analysis in real-world projects.

This research aims to compare, from a technical and financial perspective, the application of biological (methane-capture) and thermal (incineration) treatments of waste in Mexico City in order to generate clean energy. For each alternative, pessimist (50%), realistic (80%), and optimistic (100%) scenarios were considered in terms of the efficiency collection rates of methane and the efficiency of the capacity conversion factor for incineration. For the methane project, the LandGEM model was used to evaluate the potential generation of methane. In order to calculate the electricity output that could be generated through incineration, we relied on two key factors: the total amount of heat that could be generated by burning the waste and the average level of moisture in the waste material. The evaluation resulted in an annual energy generation of 206.09 GWh for methane and 4183.39 GWh for incineration, both in the realistic scenario. Both projects reported positive financial indicators with a discount rate of 12%. Incineration resulted in a net present value of USD 706,377,303 and an internal rate of return of 23% versus USD 4,975,369 and 24% for the methane project. However, the incineration project only became feasible by omitting financing. Incineration resulted in a payback period that was lower by a ratio of 2:1 compared to methane, but the levelized cost of energy resulted in higher figures (USD 216.92). The aim of these findings is to support the decision-making process for the creation and implementation of sustainable energy strategies based on circular economy principles in Mexico and other similar regions across the globe.

The beginning of the 21st century for the fuel and energy complexes of most countries is characterized as a period of active restructuring and a fundamental shift in developmental priorities. The basis of these changes is technological development. Industry 4.0 technologies have particular importance in achieving maximum optimization of production processes. In the same way, they are applicable in establishing effective interaction between the energy sector and other sectors of the economy. The authors outline an approach to assessing the country’s fuel and energy balance state through the selected properties: sustainability, accessibility, efficiency, adaptability and reliability. Hence, a model of the fuel and energy complex was created on the example of the Russian Federation, considering the country’s territorial and functional division. The methodology is based on scenario modeling of the influence level of external challenges in conjunction with the accompanying technological development. The mathematical model allowed forecasting changes in the properties of the energy system. The scientific significance of the work lies in the application of a consistent hybrid modeling approach to forecast the state of the fuel and energy balance. The results of the study are useful in compiling scenarios for the regional and entire development of the fuel and energy complex. Further model improvements should include an expansion of the number of counted industries and their relations.

Presentatie van de cursus Systeemintegratie van de NEC.

[ES] La presente investigación se realizó en la localidad de Qollpana, municipio de Pocona, provincia de Carrasco del departamento de Cochabamba en Bolivia. Las variables fueron las características atmosféricas, el potencial eólico y la tecnología de aerogenerador utilizado en la zona de estudio, ubicada a una altura de 2.757 metros. Su propósito fue la realización de un arco analítico que permitiera evaluar la producción de energía eólica y la viabilidad para el montaje de un parque eólico en sitios ubicados a más de 2.500 metros sobre el nivel del mar, para lo cual fueron necesarias las mediciones en sitio de velocidad y dirección del viento, presión atmosférica, temperatura y humedad relativa durante tres años y tres meses, del uno de febrero de 2010 al uno de mayo de 2013, las mediciones de potencia generada en el mes de julio de 2014 y los datos técnicos del aerogenerador GOLDWIND modelo GW 77/1500, PMDD de 1.5 MW. Se describen las características de velocidad y dirección del viento y se determina la curva de potencia del aerogenerador y el costo de venta de la energía. El trabajo se justifica por la poca experiencia a nivel mundial de parques eólicos montados en emplazamientos ubicados a estas altitudes, y la limitada literatura que aborda esta temática. La investigación se realiza a partir de mediciones experimentales y se han empleado métodos cuantitativos para determinar la viabilidad del montaje de parques eólicos en sitios con estas características. Los resultados fueron: la densidad promedio del aire en la zona es de 0,8867 kg/m3 que corresponde al 72,38% de la densidad del aire en condiciones estándar (nivel del mar a 15º C); la curva de potencia real del aerogenerador montado en la localidad de Qollpana en función de la potencia real generada y la velocidad del viento, de acuerdo a lo indicado en la norma IEC 61400-12-1 tienen una elevada correlación con la curva de potencia proporcionada por el fabricante normalizada a la densidad de 0,8867 kg/m3, Se concluye que con una velocidad promedio anual del viento igual a 9,03 m/s, porcentaje del tiempo generando a potencia nominal igual a 15,50%, factor de planta de 43,17%; electricidad anual exportada a la red de 90.752 MWh y un coste de venta de la energía de 52,28 €/MWh, el montaje de parques eólicos en lugares a más de 2.500 metros de altitud sobre el nivel del mar es viable, teniendo un período de retorno del capital de 10,5 años para este caso en particular., [EN] This research was carried out in the locality of Qollpana, municipality of Pocona, province of Carrasco in the department of Cochabamba in Bolivia. The variables were the atmospheric characteristics, the wind potential and the wind turbine technology used in the study area, located at an altitude of 2,757 metres. Its purpose was to carry out an analytical arc to evaluate the production of wind energy and the feasibility of setting up a wind farm in sites located more than 2,500 metres above sea level, at an altitude of 2,757 metres above sea level. 500 metres above sea level, which required on-site measurements of wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity for three years and three months, from 1 February 2010 to 1 May 2013, measurements of power generated in July 2014 and the technical data of the GOLDWIND wind turbine model GW 77/1500, PMDD of 1.5 MW. The wind speed and wind direction characteristics are described and the power curve of the wind turbine and the cost of selling energy are determined. The work is justified by the limited experience worldwide of wind farms mounted on sites located at these altitudes, and the limited literature that addresses this issue. The research is based on experimental measurements and quantitative methods have been used to determine the feasibility of mounting wind farms at sites with these characteristics. The results were: the average air density in the area is 0.8867 kg/m3 which corresponds to 72.38% of the air density in standard conditions (sea level at 15º C); The real power curve of the wind turbine mounted in the locality of Qollpana in function of the real power generated and the wind speed, according to the IEC 61400-12-1 standard has a high correlation with the power curve provided by the manufacturer normalised to the density of 0.8867 kg/m3. It is concluded that with an average annual wind speed equal to 9.03 m/s, percentage of time generating at nominal power equal to 15.50%, plant factor of 43.17%; annual electricity exported to the network of 90. 752 MWh and an energy sales cost of 52.28 €/MWh, the installation of wind farms in locations at an altitude of more than 2,500 metres above sea level is feasible, with a payback period of 10.5 years for this particular case.

In the last few decades, hydropower production has been moving toward a new paradigm of low and diffused power density production of energy with small and mini-hydro plants, which usually do not require significant water storage. In the case of nominal power lower than 20 kW and ultra-low head H (H < 5 m), Archimedes screw or Kaplan type turbines are usually chosen due to their efficiency, which is higher than 0.85. A new cross-flow type turbine called Ultra-low Power Recovery System (UL-PRS) is proposed and its geometry and design criteria are validated in a wide range of operating conditions through 2D numerical analysis computed using the ANSYS Fluent solver. The new proposed solution is much simpler than the previously mentioned competitors; its outlet flow has a horizontal direction and attains similar efficiency. The costs of the UL-PRS turbine are compared with the costs of one Kaplan and one cross-flow turbine (CFT) in the case study of the main water treatment plant of the city of Palermo in Italy. In this case, the UL-PRS efficiency is estimated using a URANS 3D numerical analysis computed with the CFX solver.

The adverse impact of the energy production from fossil fuels is now well recognised globally. Therefore, the move towards renewable and sustainable energy has become integral to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. A comparative study considered a waste-to-energy plant to produce electricity in Oman. A research strategy including both qualitative and quantitative research methods was adopted to evaluate the municipal solid waste generation and emissions, electricity consumption and emissions, and public participation in waste segregation, and to estimate the reduction in emission considering a 5000 t/day waste-to-energy plant in Oman. The results showed that current emissions from fossil fuels to meet the electricity requirement of 71 GWh/year are 162 million tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)/year. Similarly, the emissions from 2.2 Mt/year of municipal solid waste are 3.4 MtCO2e/year. A 5000 t/day waste-to/energy plant would not only produce 2.93 GWh daily but would also enable an annual reduction of 2.46 MtCO2e. Such an initiative would help Oman improve its sustainability performance in energy, climate change, waste reduction and economic growth and will pave the road to achieve the relevant UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

There is growing international attention to the goal of universal energy access. Despite this, large financial gaps remain a major obstacle for realizing global energy justice for all communities. Drawing on political theories of global distributive justice, this article develops and applies a framework for how multilateral development assistance for energy projects can be evaluated in relation to three guiding principles. First, the global difference principle asserts that resources should be distributed to maximize the condition of the least well-off humans. Second, the local benefits principle asserts that resources should be distributed in ways that enhance the public goods of local communities, particularly those that are historically marginalized. Third, the global equality of opportunity principle asserts that all social groups and states have the capabilities to equitably access institutional structures relevant to the distribution of resources. We apply this framework to an analysis of finance for all energy projects within the Green Climate Fund (GCF) from 2015 to 2018. In doing so, we offer a nuanced understanding of the successes and failures regarding the performance of the GCF’s energy portfolio in relation to global distributive justice.

This study assesses the use of short wavelength radiative heating techniques such as near infrared (NIR), intense pulsed light (IPL) and ultraviolet (UV) heating for processing coatings in energy applications. It concentrates on the importance of investigating different radiative wavelengths to advance these technologies as scalable processes via reduced heating times. It illustrates the mechanisms by which these techniques can transform thin film materials: sintering, binder removal, drying and chemical reactions. It focuses on successful research applications and the methods used to apply these radiative mechanisms in solar energy, battery storage and fuel cells, while considering the materials suitable for such intentions. The purpose of this paper is to highlight to academics as well as industrialists some of the potential advantages and applications of radiative heating technologies.

Featured with high power density, improved safety and low-cost, rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have been revived as possible candidates for sustainable energy storage systems in recent years. However, the challenges inherent in zinc (Zn) anode, namely dendrite formation and interfacial parasitic reactions, have greatly impeded their practical application. Whereas the critical issue of dendrite formation has attracted widespread concern, the parasitic reactions of Zn anodes with mildly acidic electrolytes have received very little attentions. Considering that the low Zn reversibility that stems from interfacial parasitic reactions is the major obstacle to the commercialization of ZIBs, thorough understanding of these side reactions and the development of correlative inhibition strategies are significant. Therefore, in this review, the brief fundamentals of corrosion and hydrogen evolution reactions at Zn surface is presented. In addition, recent advances and research efforts addressing detrimental side reactions are reviewed from the perspective of electrode design, electrode–electrolyte interfacial engineering and electrolyte modification. To facilitate the future researches on this aspect, perspectives and suggestions for relevant investigations are provided lastly.

With the increased concern regarding the impact of conventional energy on global warming and climate change, solar photovoltaic (PV) cell technology has proliferated as a sustainable energy source. Technological development in Recent Research can be categorized according to various generations of solar cells. Generation and the current market influence one another covered in the first two-generation (GEN) solar cell, among other things. Medium and low-cost technologies lead to moderate market yields for the first generation (mono or polycrystalline silicon cells). GEN II (thin-film technologies) is built around lower-cost manufacturing processes that are nonetheless more efficient. The 3GEN exhibits novel materials and many novel designs, which all make use of the most efficient but costly cells. This concept, known as the 4GEN, comprises hybrid materials, including the flexible, inexpensive polymer films and the more stable, novel inorganic nanostructures such as nanomaterial and metal oxides, all of which are currently being looked into. To accomplish the main objective of this review, it's necessary to explore the various aspects of solar cell technology regarding materials, efficiency, and technological fabrication costs. The study includes fabrication, stability, and limitations as well as device architectures. Special attention has been paid to the “4th generation”, where the different roles of organic and hybrid components are discussed. Finally, the author summarizes his findings and possible future scenarios.

Development of long-term and sustainable energy economy is one of the most significant technical challenges facing humanity. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is regarded as the most attractive approach for conversion of solar energy to chemical energy, with H2 and O2 as the energy carriers. Defect engineering of photocatalytic materials has been proved effective in improving their performances in PEC water splitting process involving three basic steps, i.e., light absorption, charge transfer/separation, and surface catalytic reaction. In this paper, recent developments in using various techniques to introduce, characterize and regulate defects are summarized, based on which the important roles played by defects are highlighted in the development of high-performance defect engineered photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting application. Moreover, current challenges and future perspectives in the field of defect engineering of nanostructures for photoelectrodes are discussed.

Solar thermal systems play a pivotal role in the building sector. However, for the development of sustainable energy systems, different parameters should be taken into account. The present article sets out to present a multidimensional approach. To this end, the first part of the article discusses energy policies, placing emphasis on solar thermal applications. The second part of the article is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and evaluates the environmental performances of a thermal-energy-storage device and other components appropriate for solar thermal systems for buildings. The analysis has been based on global warming potential, cumulative energy demand, ReCiPe and USEtox. The results show that steel and copper are the materials which are responsible for the major part of the storage-device impact. Based on ReCiPe endpoint/with characterisation, steel and copper present 2.2E-03 DALY (damage to human health) and 5.9E-06 (species.yr) (damage to ecosystems). The results show that the metallic components have the highest environmental impacts. By involving recycling, a remarkable reduction in these impacts can be achieved. Issues related to building-integrated solar systems and future prospects are also discussed. Moreover, the avoided impacts due to the use of a solar thermal system instead of using a conventional electric heater for hot water production have been evaluated, considering multiple environmental indicators. The results based on the Spanish electricity mix have been compared with those based on the Italian electricity mix. In both cases, the findings verify that solar thermal systems offer considerable avoided environmental impacts.

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into valuable fuels and sustainable energy has a promising future, yet remains a challenge due to low charge separation efficiency and inadequate active sites. We find ZnIn2S4-loaded secondary amine-functionalized organic silica (ZnIn2S4/NH-SiO2) was effective for visible-light driven CO2 photocatalytic reduction. The ZnIn2S4/NH-SiO2 with 40% ZnIn2S4 content achieves CO production rate of 1304.8 μmol g-1 h-1 at room temperature, which is about 3 times higher than that of pristine ZnIn2S4. The thin ZnIn2S4 nanosheet accelerates the separation of photogenerated electron-pairs, and the amine groups on ZnIn2S4/NH-SiO2 act as active sites for adsorption and activation of CO2, hence facilitating photoreduction of CO2.

Aqueous Mg batteries are promising energy storage and conversion systems to cope with the increasing demand for green, renewable and sustainable energy. Realization of high energy density and long endurance system is significant for fully delivering the huge potential of aqueous Mg batteries, which has drawn increasing attention and investigations from researchers worldwide in the last years. Herein, a thorough insight into recent progress in aqueous Mg battery system is presented in terms of anode development and electrolyte tailoring. Accordingly, potential directions to move in the future for battery advances are proposed. Concomitantly, prospective application of computational methods assisted by machine learning for battery performance boosting is discussed. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding on self-discharge of Mg anodes in aqueous electrolytes is given based on recently published results. Overcoming this problem paves the way for achieving high-capacity anodes and consequently high-energy batteries.

Renewable energy plays an essential part in economic progress in today's societies. In this regard, West African countries have introduced ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy to promote the use of renewable energy sources. This study assessed the effects of ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy on primary energy supply using a sample of 15 West African countries from 2000 to 2018 with the difference-in-difference and the propensity score matching methods. Results show that the treatment effect of ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy has a significant and positive impact on primary energy supply in treated groups, resulting in a large percentage of the West African population having access to electricity. The results also demonstrate that the positive effect decreases in subsequent years after the policy implementation, implying further reforms and support would be necessary to achieve the collective long-term Sustainable Energy for All goals.

Sustainable energy tools are nowadays giving popularity in all the fields particularly in textiles due to their effective mode of action. The current study has been aimed to apply these tools (ultr...

The main technical challenges in the emerging concept of the micro-grid (MG) and integration of sustainable energy resources in the Distribution System (DS) is the low fault current phenomena in the islanded mode of the MG operation and change in the network topologies with frequent DG connection and disconnection. The existing protection schemes require modification as they may fail to operate because of their inability to adapt to the changes due to the integration of Distributed Generator (DG). Various new protection schemes have been introduced by many researchers for this new concept of Microgrid (MG) that is not only adaptive to the changes in the levels of fault current and network topologies in both grid-connected and islanded modes but also intuitive enough to determine and clear the fault with minimum disturbances in the supply. This paper gives a brief review of the challenges associated with Microgrid protection and presents a critical review of the existing Microgrid protection schemes. The limitations of the existing adaptive protection schemes that need to be overcome to make adaptive protection scheme a viable solution are also presented.

This study highlights the importance of financial technologies (“FinTech”) as a factor influencing renewable energy use across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Renewable energy development is motivated notably by reducing carbon dioxide emissions, growing energy security concerns, and oil price volatility. FinTech affects consumption, savings, and investment decisions in the renewable energy sector. Examples include cryptocurrencies such as NRGcoin, blockchain-based renewable energy certificates such as Origin from the Energy Web Foundation, and crowdfunding to raise funds for renewable energy projects. This study aims to quantitatively determine the influence of FinTech development on renewable energy consumption. To this end, it uses a balanced panel of 21 OECD countries for the period 2005–2018. The empirical model is estimated using the fixed-effects estimator with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors. The findings indicate the existence of a significant positive relation between FinTech development and renewable energy use. The results provide a platform for governments and policymakers to promote environmentally sustainable energy sectors by fostering and encouraging the use of FinTech.

Svetovne potrebe po energiji zaradi hitre rasti prebivalstva in napredka v tehnologiji hitro rastejo. Posledično je potrebno zagotoviti zanesljiv, neusahljiv in cenovno ugoden vir energije. Rešitev se kaže v obnovljivih virih energije. Sončna energija je med obnovljivimi viri dolgoročno ena najboljših opcij v boju proti energijski krizi. Glavni razlog je v tem, da je enostavno dostopna, je neizčrpen vir energije ter nima negativnih vplivov na ekosisteme in žive organizme. Trenutno svetovna fotovoltaična industrija sloni na proizvodnji silicijevih sončnih celic, katerih proizvodnja ekonomsko ni najbolj upravičena razvoj pa je usmerjen že v tretjo generacijo sončnih celic, kamor uvrščamo tudi perovskitne sončne celice. V svojem magistrskem delu sem se posvetil optimizaciji posameznih plasti v perovskitnih sončnih celicah. Okarakteriziral sem tako posamezne plasti kot celotno celico. Kristalizacija perovskitne plasti je eden izmed ključnih procesov pri uspešni proizvodnji perovskitnih sončnih celic. Primerjal sem, kako se razlikujejo sončne celice, pripravljene v dveh podobnih topilih: 2-propanolu in heksafluoroizopropanolu. Fluor v strukturi povzroči tvorbo vodikovih vezi, ki spremeni potek in hitrost reakcije iz PbI2 v MAPbI3. Primerjal sem tudi perovskitne sončne celice, pripravljene s HTM in zlato elektrodo, ter celice brez HTM in ogljikovo elektrodo. Global energy needs are growing because of rapid population growth and technological development. Preventing the energy crisis has become one of the primary goals of the twenty-first century. As a result, it is necessary to provide reliable, limitless, and affordable energy. Renewable energy is showing promising results against the energy crisis. Solar energy is, among many renewable sources, the best option for the future in the long run in the battle against the energy crisis. The main reason is that it is the world’s most accessible, is an inexhaustible source of energy and has no side effects on ecosystems and living organisms. Currently, the global photovoltaic industry relies on producing silicon solar cells, which is not justified economically. For this reason, governments have invested many resources in other types of photovoltaics. As a result of development, we have developed the third generation of solar cells. These also include perovskite solar cells. My thesis focused on optimising individual layers in perovskite solar cells. I characterized every layer and the entire cell. Crystallization of the perovskite layer is crucial to get good power conversion efficiency. In the thesis, I compared solar cells prepared in two similar solvents: 2-propanol and hexafluoroisopropanol. The fluorine in the structure causes the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds change the course and rate of the reaction from PbI2 to MAPbI3. I also compared perovskite solar cells prepared with HTM and a gold electrode and cells without HTM and a carbon electrode.

Civil Engineering Department, Haldia institute of technology, West Bengal, India email:payelce@gmail.com Electricity is the primary source of power generation in the society, generation of which has caused rapid depletion in the natural resources such as coal. Also emission of huge amount of greenhouse gas, mainly carbon dioxide due to the generation of electricity have led to the evolution of green technologies in the environment. Among some green technologies solar panels have emerged as sustainable power generators for the environment. Solar panels are seemed to be the next generation renewable energy sources in the world which can eliminate the use of coal. Solar panels are however seen as promising green energy sources to charge semi-active dampers of structures subjected to stochastic excitations. Advanced control based feedback devices are important for sustainable renewable energy systems especially in solar panels. Specifically, they can guarantee safe working conditions of the platform subject to various forms of environmental loads like wind and seismic wave. This work proposes sustainable energy chargers such as solar panels to charge the semi-active damper to eliminate the dependency on constant power sources, that will cut down the installation, operational, and maintenance costs for the control systems. The objective of the present study is to develop semi-active magnetorheological (MR) damper control systems to obtain the controlled response of structures subject to seismic loads and optimize the power requirement of the control systems using solar panels. A novel control algorithm with a new semi-active control algorithm consisting of Linear Quadratic Gaussian algorithm will be developed for performance improvement of solar panel charged control system. The coherence of the developed sustainably charged semi-active MR damper in reducing dynamic excitations of the structures is investigated considering the optimum location of the MR damper. The performance of the sustainable green energy harvesting mechanism along with proposed optimal control performance during excitation is evaluated. It may be noted here that use of conventional electricity is totally avoided from the consideration of Green technology i.e. solar panels.

A prototype of an indoor monoblock heat pump was tested at multiple ambient temperatures, to determine heat output, COP and the impact of defrosting events. Component efficiencies and the ice accumulation process were analysed. Options to improve performance were suggested.

A prototype of an indoor monoblock heat pump was tested at multiple ambient temperatures, to determine heat output, COP and the impact of defrosting events. Component efficiencies and the ice accumulation process were analysed. Options to improve performance were suggested.

The Paris Agreement’s objectives related to climate change put aviation under great pressure and environmental inspection. In particular, the aviation industry is committed to achieving a 50% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. A shift to alternative aviation fuels seems imperative. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has identified the production of drop-in sustainable liquid fuels (SAFs) as the most promising strategy, at least short term, to reduce the environmental impact of the sector. Within this review, a critical summary of the current alternative aviation fuels/pathways is presented and a comparative analysis of the dominant technologies is performed considering techno-economic assessment, environmental evaluation, and future projections. The impact of the ‘ReFuelEU Aviation’ initiative on the current dominant policies and market incentives is assessed. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis, alcohol-to-jet (AtJ) conversion, and e-fuel pathways are put under the microscope. A wide range of potential fuel selling prices (0.81–5.00 EUR/L) was observed due to the presence of multiple routes, while some pathways seem able to secure more than 90% emission savings compared to the fossil jet reference. The accelerated scale-up of SAF production is a reasonable demand for the aviation industry. The establishment of a sustainable scale-up framework and the alignment of all of the involved aviation stakeholders is an immediate challenge.

Energy security affects the functioning of countries politically, economically, and socially. Energy is an important factor in sustainable development efforts. Hence, countries are assessing their energy systems for compatibility with sustainable development goals by creating new concepts for energy development. Combining the concepts of energy security and sustainable energy consumption, an analysis of the differentiation of EU countries in terms of selected indicators indicated in Goal 7 of Agenda 2030 was carried out in dynamic terms. Two groups of indicators were distinguished. One group of indicators was selected to represent the changes in energy demand reported by final consumers, taking into account the use of energy obtained from renewable sources. The second group of indicators represents those relating to the security of supply of raw materials, i.e., energy dependency indicators broken down by major energy commodities and an energy productivity indicator. The analysis uses the coefficient of relative proximity of the facility to the ideal facility proposed in the TOPSIS method. The analyses carried out do not indicate that there is a relationship between the level of sustainable energy consumption and energy productivity or energy import dependency. A statistically significant correlation was observed between energy import dependency by oil and petroleum products and primary energy consumption, and between the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption and total energy import dependency.

Bezoek met rondleiding aan EnTranCe (Dick Pouwels en Jan-jaap Aué)

According to the early transposition of the EU directives by the Italian government, this paper presents some of the outcomes of the qualitative-led applied research titled Community Energy Map, aimed at identifying the main operational models and organisational frameworks put in place for the development of renewable energy communities (RECs). In this respect, the article discusses a threefold subdivision of organisational models to implement RECs: public lead, pluralist, and community energy builders’ model. Furthermore, the paper illustrates in detail three of the nine case studies dedicated to recently launched RECs, conducted through qualitative fieldworks, to investigate the social and local implications generated by these community-led initiatives. The article stresses the relevance of both the local scale and community-led initiatives in the pathway towards a fair and just energy transition, by discussing how RECs define new organisational models of distributed energy systems.