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Background:Globally, rotavirus infection, which results in gastroenteritis, is one of the major health problems. Millions of children are infected with the disease. Viral gastroenteritis must be recognized early because it causes wasteful antibiotic use and hospitalizations for kids. Objective: To investigate the frequency of rotavirus in stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study consisting of one hundred fifty-three fresh stool samples collected from children less than 5 years were admitted to Raparin pediatric hospital in Erbil city between November 2021 and April 2022. Rotavirus antigens were detected by Rapid test. Results: Rotavirus antigen was detected at an estimated rate of 61 (40%) in 153 studied cases. The frequency of rotavirus among male and female patients was 44.1% and 33.3% respectively. According to age of infants, rotavirus was detected most frequency in eight months of age. As well as the frequency rate among rural and urban patients was 40% and 39.8% respectively. Rotavirus was detected among vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients by the frequency 26.3% and 54.8% respectively. The highest frequency rate was detected in January 46.4%. Detection of rotavirus by age group was and vaccinations were significant in this study by p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in our area is rotavirus . Rotavirus infection is most frequently occurring during the winter season and among children between 6 months to 24 months. Conclusion: In this study we found cigarette smoking was more commonly practiced than water pipe .Nicotinic stomatitis is more prevalent in cigarette smoking and its incidence increased with duration and frequency of the habit.

The convective flows through different geometries have numerous applications in high-speed aerodynamics, nuclear cooling systems, fiber technology, and polymer engineering. In the present paper, we investigate the non-linear, mixed convective, boundary-driven, tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow through a cone. The flow takes place under nonuniform heat sink/source. Darcy-Forchheimer effects have also been taken into account in mathematical modeling and analysis. The Buongiorno model is implemented to examine the effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters. The governing equations are constructed through the laws of conservation. The modeled flow problem is converted into a set of ordinary differential equations with the help of proposed similarity transformations. To interpret the modified system of equations, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied. The roles of versatile parameters of interest are analyzed and sketched for better understanding. The velocity profile increases by increasing the Darcy number, and converse behavior is found by giving rise to the Forchheimer inertial drag parameter. The rise in temperature profile occurs by increasing a non-uniform heat source variable. The concentration profile enhances when the value of the thermophoresis parameter increases, and shows inverse behavior for the Brownian motion parameter. In the Buongiorno model, nanoparticle concentration has an inverse relation with the Brownian motion parameter. So, the concentration profile declines for greater Brownian motion parameter. To understand the behavior of flow through a cone, the values of Nusselt number and Sherwood numbers are examined.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Study (EPS) and Ablation procedures are definitive treatment for multiple common arrhythmias the major component of the cost of the procedure is the expense of the catheters. Many centres around the world used to reuse these catheters but few years ago started noticing Single Use Device (SUD) labelling appearing on them without any change in the catheters (1). This SUD labelling certifies that this can be safely used once but does not mean that it cannot be used again. Based on this the Federal Drug Authority of the United States shifted the liability of the reused device on the entity reprocessing it. Despite this, due to their high cost these catheters are reused not just in low income countries but also in many European and North American centres (1) (2). This reuse is supported by extensive literature showing safety in reusing these catheters. Currently there are no specific regulatory guidelines either at the federal or provincial levels for reuse of electrophysiology catheters in Pakistan. The Pakistan Heart Rhythm Society created this task force to review the literature and give recommendations to guide both the Heart Rhythm physician community as well as provide basis for discussion with regulatory authorities. This task force includes members from major public and private institutions performing cardiac electrophysiology procedures. The members included specialists in cardiac electrophysiology, infectious diseases and certified infection control staff. This literature review has been done to give recommendations for use of reprocessed electrophysiology catheters specifically for the patients in Pakistan. Since more than 90 percent of EP procedures in Pakistan are for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) ablations, costs and other measures in this document are calculated using SVT ablation for modelling. Moreover, connecting cables and other equipment that are located outside the body but in the sterile field are not addressed in this document as they do not have significant safety impact. Similarly, catheters with lumens or balloons are not addressed in this document due to paucity of studies to demonstrate safety. The following aspects of using SUD or reprocessed catheters were compared and reviewed before final recommendations of this committee at the end of this paper. Cost Safety Unused expired catheters International practices Ethics Hospital Policies and personnel Cleaning and sterilization procedures

This study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge by using social identity theory to investigate the function of shared leadership in teams. The study examines the impact shared leadership can have on creative work behavior. In addition, the study used positive social motivation as a mediator and moderating role of preparedness. In addition, the study suggests a change preparedness as a buffer for improving innovative work behavior among workers of information systems as a result of shared leadership. The material for this study came from the completion of questionnaires by 236 different people working in Pakistani information systems. The data-gathering process involved using a convenience sampling method, which is not a random sampling approach. The sample size was established using G*Power (Hair et al, 2014). To evaluate both direct and indirect impacts, the Model 4 specification of the process macros created by Hayes was employed. On the other hand, the Model 1 specification was applied to test the moderation hypothesis. For this study, the individuals working for information system firms served as the unit of analysis. According to the findings, shared leadership has a useful link that contributes positively to innovative workplace behavior. It was also determined that the willingness for change has a moderating function in the relationship between shared leadership and pro-social drive.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a pivotal component of modern technology, enabling the interconnection of numerous intelligent devices. It is envisioned to revolutionize various fields through the realization of numerous applications across industries, including healthcare, precision farming, transportation, and smart cities. However, the practical problem of node and link failures due to various constraints, such as low power backup, adverse environmental conditions, fragile metallurgy, and targeted attacks, can negatively impact the overall functionality of IoT networks. To address these challenges, soft and intelligent computing techniques, such as classical heuristic and genetic algorithms, can be utilized to improve the topology robustness of future IoT networks. In this study, we present a system model for a smart healthcare network and evaluate the effectiveness of optimization techniques, including the newly proposed Optimization of Topology for Efficient Convergence (OTEC), which combines a geometric approach in a genetic algorithm with two mechanisms, Efficient Edge Swap (EES) and Node Removal based on Threshold (NRT), to address key limitations in existing techniques. The metric of Schneider R is used to assess the robustness of the topology, with geographic information about IoT nodes and their neighbors stored on a central big data server. The OTEC approach utilizes a nested approach, demonstrating significant improvement over classical genetic algorithms by achieving a 21% increase in Schneider R. Additionally, OTEC effectively addresses limitations present in traditional heuristic algorithms such as ROSE, Simulated Annealing and Hill Climbing. The concept of trustworthiness is also considered from an overall perspective of system functionality. The optimized topology not only improves the robustness of the network but also enhances its trustworthiness, ensuring that the system can operate reliably and ethically. By leveraging soft and intelligent computing techniques, this study provides a valuable contribution to the development of future IoT networks that can handle the challenges of node and link failures while remaining trustworthy and dependable.

This research deals with the analysis of bioconvection caused by the movement of gyrotactic microorganisms. The multi-layer immiscible Newtonian fluid flowing through the vertical channel conveying tiny particles is accounted. The immiscible fluids are arranged in the form of a sandwich where the middle layer has a different base fluid that does not mix with the base fluid of the adjacent fluid layer. This separation of the fluid layers gives rise to the interface boundary conditions. Such flows have found applications in electronic cooling and solar reactors processes. Buongiorno’s model has been incorporated to design the mathematical model that describes the three-layer flows of Newtonian fluid conveying tiny (metal/oxide) particles under thermophoretic force and Brownian motion. The model thus formed is in the form of the ordinary differential system of equations that are solved using the DTM-Pade approximant after non-dimensionalization. The limited results have an excellent comparison with the existing literature results. The results are discussed through graphs and tables. It is seen that thermophoresis enhances the temperature and particle concentration of the fluid whereas, the Brownian motion is found to enhance the temperature and decrease the concentration. The presence of bioconvection helps in achieving enhanced energy and mass transportation. Moreover, the heat transfer occurring between the different base fluids helps to maintain the optimum temperature in the systems.

Objective Regenerative dentistry has developed a revolutionary advancement in dentistry worldwide. However, significant research still needs to be taken to overcome the challenges in Pakistan. The objective of this study is to evaluate the understanding of general and specialist dentists toward different grafts and their resources during surgical procedures. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was disseminated for our survey-based study, emailed the soft copy, and distributed the hard copies among 400 general dental practitioners (GDPs) and specialists throughout Pakistan to evaluate the types of grafts used to cover bone or soft tissue defects. Out of 400 GDPs and dental specialists, 200 participants returned the completed questionnaires. Results Nearly 200 dental surgeons participated from different regions of Pakistan. Most of the GDPs and specialists in Pakistan are not well aware of tissue-engineered grafts and their role in dentistry. The frequency of utilizing a patient's oral fibroblast to generate the collagen is 5.5%. Most of the GDPs are not aware of the resource of bony spicules if utilized which is 49.5%. Consequently, the use of regenerated tissue (oral) grafts is significantly overlooked in Pakistan (p Conclusion Tissue engineering is an extremely encouraging area of reparative biology that attracts the latest innovation in maxillofacial surgery, oral pathology, implantology, cellular and molecular biology, chemistry, and physiology.

The verification of the second law of black hole mechanics and the WCCC in the context of enthalpy as mass of the black hole and its related thermodynamic properties has not been tested through a vast number of literature in the recent past. Such studies are of great physical importance as they provide us with a large number of information regarding the thermodynamics and the dynamics of AdS black hole systems. We invest the prior limited surveys of such analysis to investigate the WCCC for the $D$- dimensional asymptotically AdS-charged black holes characterized by its mass ($M$), electric charge ($Q$), and AdS radius ($l$) under the absorption of scalar particles of charge $q$. We examine the WCCC by analyzing the energy-momentum condition of the electrically charged particles as absorbed by the black holes. We prove that the conjecture is well verified irrespective of whether the initial black hole configurations are extremal or non-extremal by changing its charge, the AdS radius, and their variations. We show that the first law and the WCCC are valid for all spacetime dimensions ($D$) independent of the choice of the parameters characterizing the black holes. But to verify the second law in the extremal and non-extremal configurations one has to be very cautious as it gets strongly affected by the choices of the values of the black hole parameters and their variations... In the context of the extended phase space, taking the grand canonical potential into account allow us to obtain the missing information about the variation of the cosmological constant necessary to construct the extended phase space, namely the notion of the black hole pressure, and which is absent in the previous literature so far., 51 pages and 32 figures. Text improved and references updated

Islam is a complete code of life and way of life. In which there is complete guidance in all spheres of life including trade, the most difficult issues of halal and haram in Islam have been explained in a very clear and unambiguous manner. For this, some rules and regulations have been laid down, which are the guiding principles. Islam encourages all these methods of trade, in which neither the seller nor the buyer is deceived, and it is forbidden in such ways. These great commercial principles of Islam have in fact been formulated for our own benefit. The Bima (insurance) contract is also one of the modern business contracts that did not exist in the early days of Islamic jurisprudence. He described all the vices in the bima (insurance) contract, which are prohibited by Islamic law and amended it to eliminate these vices and to clarify the legitimacy of insurance so that people can avoid the vices from which Sharia Islam forbids.

Al-Jassas (370 305) AH/917 AD-AH/981 AD. full name Abu Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAli al-Razi al-Jassas was a Hanafite scholar,mostly known as the commentator of Al-Hassafs work on Qadi (jurisprudence). Ahkam-ul-Quran is an important book of Imam Abu Bakr al-Jassas. Ahkam-ul-Quran's study is of great significance as it marks the first attempt to assess the terminology and the norms of the Usul with a scientific method. Al-Fusus is divided into one hundred and five sections and it comprises four volumes but different publishers have combined 4 vol in two volumes. Almost all topics later involved in Usul books are examined by Jassas with the rational and narrated evidence in this special book. He provides a lot of significant information about the importance, power, and usage of the reason (Aqal) in Islamic thought. By drawing on the concept of the Aqal he is seen to have agreed with Mu'tazili view. The different opinions of Usul scholars have been widely investigated by Jassas in this work using a plain language. Imam Jassas employs a dialectical method to explain the ideas he prefers about a matter in dispute. The methodological approach taken in this study is similar to Shafi's in al-Risalah. However, Imam Jassas heavily criticizes Shafi under the following title of al-Fusul: Dalil al-Khitab, Bayan, and Nasikh.

Glutathione S-Transferase is an enzyme that catalyzed the formation of thio-ether conjugates between the endogenous tripeptide glutathione and xenobiotic compounds. Imbalance of glutathione level is observed in a variety of disease including breast cancer. In the present study we observed the alteration in the glutathione level and variation in glutathione S-transferase enzyme supergene family to influence susceptibility to breast cancer disease. Our study include 50 breast cancer tissues sample along with 25 ANCT control. The experiments were performed through high performance liquid chromatography to determine the endogenous glutathione level and multiplex PCR was used to determine GSTM1 & GSTT1 genotypes. The relationship between breast cancer and disease progression and histological grade were estimated by one way ANOVA and descriptive statisctics followed by spearman correlation {S.D±SEM, 95% CI (P0.05) in breast cancer tissue sample when compared to control, while no significance difference was occurred in GST (P>0.05) concentration when compared to control. In addition significance difference was observed when correlated histological grades {(grade II P0.05)} with control subjects. We therefore, also investigated the role of GST genotypes to associate the role of this genotype in breast cancer. Genotyping study of GST show that the GSTM1 (P>0.05) null genotype was significantly associated with breast cancer and we found no association with breast cancer and GSTT1 (P

The initial COVID-19 vaccinations were created and distributed to the general population in 2020 thanks to emergency authorization and conditional approval. Consequently, numerous countries followed the process that is currently a global campaign. Taking into account the fact that people are being vaccinated, there are concerns about the effectiveness of that medical solution. Actually, this study is the first one focusing on how the number of vaccinated people might influence the spread of the pandemic in the world. From the Global Change Data Lab "Our World in Data", we were able to get data sets about the number of new cases and vaccinated people. This study is a longitudinal one from 14/12/2020 to 21/03/2021. In addition, we computed Generalized log-Linear Model on count time series (Negative Binomial distribution due to over dispersion in data) and implemented validation tests to confirm the robustness of our results. The findings revealed that when the number of vaccinated people increases by one new vaccination on a given day, the number of new cases decreases significantly two days after by one. The influence is not notable on the same day of vaccination. Authorities should increase the vaccination campaign to control well the pandemic. That solution has effectively started to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the world.

OBJECTIVE: To screen the females presenting with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) for underlying pre-diabetes and to correlate pre-diabetes with the various diagnostic criteria of PCOS. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan from March, 2020 till December, 2020. One hundred & fifty one cases of PCOS, ranging in age from 17-40 years, were selected through purposive sampling. The Rotterdam criterion was used to diagnose PCOS, the details of history, physical examination and biochemical investigations like luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), glycosylted hemoglobin (HBA1c), prolactin and pelvic ultrasound were recorded on a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 23.42±4.88 years. Mean BMI was 33.27±26.98 kg/m2. Pre-diabetes was detected in 19.2% (n=29) and overt diabetes in 4.0% (n=6) of the women with PCOS. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and hypothyroidism were reported by 11 (7.2%), 9 (5.9%) and 4 (2.6%) patients respectively. Delayed menstrual cycle was reported by 44.8% (n=52); 27.6% (n=8) & 33.3% (n=2) cases of normoglycemic, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus respectively. Oligomenorrhoea was present in 69.0% (n=20) of pre-diabetics. Moderate and severe hirsutism was present in 44.8% and 10.3% PCOS patients with pre-diabetes. There was no significant correlation between pre-diabetes and the criteria of PCOS diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Women with PCOS are at increased risk of pre-diabetes and other metabolic complications like obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia at an earlier age. However, there was no significant correlation between pre-diabetes and the criteria of PCOS diagnosis.

The increased usage of power-sensitive electronic devices has prompted interest in power conditioning solutions, which is no surprise. As a result, some type of compensation must be supplied if power output remains below the standards' prescribed limitations. The UPQC (Unified Power Quality Controller) is one of numerous AC Transmission System families that can control voltage, impedance, and phase angle among other factors (FACTS). This study focuses on modern UPFC systems that have increased power quality efficiency to help utilities reduce voltage concerns. One of the FACTS controls for lowering stress sales effects is a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). The quadrature voltage is specified using the UPQC series compensator. As a result, the compensator series never utilizes active power in a continuous scenario. As mentioned in the approach, a low power rating compensator injects voltage to remedy the system's power quality problem. The voltage is decreased and the power factor is raised when the fluid logic controller is used in conjunction with traditional UPQC. Furthermore, the load factor has been improved. The circuit is then imitated in MATLAB / SIMULINK using a fluctuating logo controller.

In this novel numerical investigation, the application of well-renowned numerical technique known as Galerkin finite element method on full form of Navier-Stokes equations presented peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian fluid confined by a uniformly saturated porous medium. The rheological aspects of non-Newtonian material are discussed by considering micropolar fluid. The flow model consists of system of nonlinear partial differential equations with mixed boundary condition. The flow also experienced an externally applied magnetic field. The effects of inertial forces and the results independent of wavelength are obtained by dropping the presumptions of lubrication theory in modelling the governing equations. The numerical solution for formulated problem in terms of partial differential expressions is worked out via Galerkin finite technique in view of six nodal triangular elements. The enhancement in the inertial forces gives impressive pressure enhancement against wavelength while opposed the fluid flow in the vicinity of peristaltic walls of the tube but supported the fluid flow in the central region of the tube. The present results are also compared with the available results after applying lubrication theory and found in reliable agreement.

Aims: To develop and validate a new, simple, rapid, precise, and accurate An Eco-friendly RP-HPLC and UV-Method Development and Validation for an estimation of Favipiravir in Bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form followed by Forced Degradation Studies. Study Design: This was employed for UV-visible (200-400 nm and 400-800 nm respectively) and RP-HPLC method development using C 18 inertsil column and optimization of variables for Favipiravir estimation in bulk and formulations. Place and Duration of the Study: The present work was carried out at Ali-allana College of Pharmacy, Akkalkuwa between the duration of November-2020 to February-2021. Methodology: UV-Spectroscopic method was developed for the estimation of Favipiravir in the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The solvent selected for the Favipiravir UV analysis was water, the solution in a range of 2-10µg/ml was scanned in the UV region from 200-400 nm and the λmax value was determined. The RP-HPLC method was developed on inertsil ODS-3V C18 150 mm x 4.6mm x 5μ column using buffer pH 3.5: acetonitrile [90:10] as mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 ml/min and PDA detection at 358 nm. Results: The maximum absorbance was observed at 358 nm. The wavelength 358 nm was selected for further analysis of Favipiravir. The calibration curve was determined using drug concentrations ranging from 2-10 µg/ml. The % recovery for accuracy was 100.50-100.76%. The method was to be precise with a % RSD value 0.51-1.37 and 0.77-1.78 for intraday and Interday respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.0723 &0.219 µg/ml respectively by UV method. The RP-HPLC method was shown to be linear in the 50-250 μg/ml concentration range. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 2.186 & 6.626 μg/ml respectively. The method was to be precise with a % RSD value 0.25-1.53 and 0.86-1.68 for intraday and inter-day respectively. Conclusion: Here we conclude that the developed UV and RP-HPLC methods are precise, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible for the quantitative estimation of Favipiravir bulk and its formulation. The developed method can be used by the pharmaceutical industries for the routine analysis of Favipiravir, in particular by UV and RP-HPLC. The main features of the proposed method are economic and eco-friendly with less retention time around 5.0 min.

Purpose: Liver diseases are uncommon in pregnant females but challenging to manage. The present study aimed to determine the etiologies and outcomes of liver disease in pregnancy in a developing country. Methodology: We included a total of 336 consecutive pregnant women with liver disease seen at the Department of Gastroenterology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center from August 2019 to August 2021. Patients’ baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and outcomes were collected on a pre-designed questionnaire. Results: Among all the pregnant females, the most common liver disease was acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection (37.2%), followed by preeclampsia/eclampsia, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes & low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). The most common maternal complications were a fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in 14.9% and placental abruption in 11.0%. Fetal complications included intrauterine death (IUD) in 20.8% and preterm birth in 8.6%. The maternal and neonatal mortality rates were 11.6% and 39.6%, respectively. Among the predictors, low maternal weight, low body mass index (BMI), low hemoglobin (Hb), were associated with the increased maternal mortality. Low fetal weight, height, low maternal systolic blood pressure (SBP), low maternal Hb were the independent predictors of fetal mortality. Conclusion: In our cohort of pregnant females in a tertiary care medical center, acute HEV was the most common liver disease, followed by preeclampsia/eclampsia, HELLP, and HG. Maternal and fetal deaths were alarming in this group of patients and demand careful management.

This research explored the influences of entropy generation on bioconvected nanoliquid flow through the porous cavity filled with nanofluid and gyrotactic microbes. The porosity term in the momentum equation is summarized by the implementation of Darcy’s formula through Boussinesq estimation. The novelty of this study is to investigate entropy generation in cavity by augmenting the convection generated by the phenomenon of Brownian motion, thermophoresis of nanofluid flow and the bioconvection due to swimming of microorganisms. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are highly nonlinear and are nondimensionalized through the suitable similarity constraints. The transformed PDEs are tackled via implementation of finite difference method (FDM). The reaction of entropy generation and Bejan number against various quantities like bioconvection Rayleigh number ([Formula: see text]–100), Rayleigh number ([Formula: see text]–100), Peclet number ([Formula: see text]–0.9) and ratio of buoyancy ([Formula: see text]–1) are reported and visualized. The entropies by theliquid friction, heat transportation, mass transmission and microorganisms are focused. Upsurge in Nr (0.3–0.5) and Pe (0.1–0.15) accelerated the maximum of entropy due to microorganism by 7% and 44%, respectively. Here, an increment in Ra, Rb, Pe and Nr affects the distribution pattern of total entropies and Bejan number consistently. The higher Lewis number caused a decrement in the total entropy by liquid friction.

Air quality has a significant influence on the environment and health. Instruments that efficiently and inexpensively detect air quality could be extremely valuable in detecting air quality indices. This study presents a robust deep learning model named AQE-Net, for estimating air quality from mobile images. The algorithm extracts features and patterns from scene photographs collected by the camera device and then classifies the images according to air quality index (AQI) levels. Additionally, an air quality dataset (KARACHI-AQI) of high-quality outdoor images was constructed to enable the model’s training and assessment of performance. The sample data were collected from an air quality monitoring station in Karachi City, Pakistan, comprising 1001 hourly datasets, including photographs, PM2.5 levels, and the AQI. This study compares and examines traditional machine learning algorithms, e.g., a support vector machine (SVM), and deep learning models, such as VGG16, InceptionV3, and AQE-Net on the KHI-AQI dataset. The experimental findings demonstrate that, compared to other models, AQE-Net achieved more accurate categorization findings for air quality. AQE-Net achieved 70.1% accuracy, while SVM, VGG16, and InceptionV3 achieved 56.2% and 59.2% accuracy, respectively. In addition, MSE, MAE, and MAPE values were calculated for our model (1.278, 0.542, 0.310), which indicates the remarkable efficacy of our approach. The suggested method shows promise as a fast and accurate way to estimate and classify pollutants from only captured photographs. This flexible and scalable method of assessment has the potential to fill in significant gaps in the air quality data gathered from costly devices around the world.

An acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), began spreading across China in late December 2019. The disease gained global attention as it spread worldwide. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, many studies have focused on the impact of the disease on conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disorders, and renal malfunction. However, few studies have focused on musculoskeletal disorders related to COVID-19 infection. In this review, we update the current knowledge on the coronavirus with special reference to its effects during and after the pandemic on musculoskeletal aliments, which may inform clinical practice.

High performance lightweight structures made of metal matrix composites (MMCs) are in demand for application in variety of industries such as aircraft, spacecraft, automobile, marine, sports equipment, etc. However, uniform distribution of the reinforcement phase to improve the mechanical properties and quality of MMCs has been the challenge for the manufacturing industries. Hence, researchers are focusing on the development of traditional low-cost method of producing metal matrix composites. In the view of above facts, an attempt is made to study the processing and characterization of Si-Al alloy reinforced with zirconium dioxide particulate composites in this paper. Hence, this paper concentrates on experimentally identifying the effect of stir cast and spray forming processing techniques followed by hot pressing on micro hardness, compressive strength, and tensile strength using Taguchi’s design of experiments for aluminum silicon matrix alloy reinforced with zirconium dioxide particulates. From the extensive experimentation on aluminum and silicon reinforced with the ZrO2 powder particulates, it was observed that there was an improvement in selected mechanical properties as the percentage of ZrO2 increased with 13 wt.% of silicon under spray forming processing technique compared to stir cast composites. This may be due to uniform distribution homogenous dispersion, larger work hardening rate, and structure of dislocation tangles around the ZrO2 particulates that occurred during spray forming processing technique. Further, results obtained from the interaction plot, contour plot, main effects plot, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) proved to be successful for identifying the optimum processing parameters for Si-Al alloy reinforced with zirconium dioxide particulate composites. Further, this paper also discusses wear study using pin on disc wear testing apparatus on spray forming processed aluminum and silicon (13.0 wt.%) alloy reinforced with the ZrO2 powder particulates based on Taguchi’s design of experiments followed by second order model generation for wear using response surface methodology. Finally, electrode wear study of spray forming processed aluminum and silicon alloy reinforced with the ZrO2 powder particulates using electric discharge machining by varying peak current (A), pulse on time (μs), and pulse off time (μs) using brass, copper, and graphite as electrode material based on L27orthogonal array. The understanding gained from the design of experiments in this paper can be used to develop future guidelines for processing and characterization of Si-Al alloy reinforced with zirconium dioxide particulate composites.

Turkey is within the region where the viticulture has been traditionally practiced since ancient times. The Cappadocia location, including the province of Kayseri, is an important grape production area with its autochthonous grape cultivars and unique tradition in history. Due to viticulture history, this region is rich in vine genetic resources. This survey study was carried out in vineyards areas and residential gardens in 23 different regions of Kayseri province between 2017 and 2019. A total of 174 local genotypes from different locations were determined and were further examined through molecular characterization with SSR markers. A total of 112 bands were amplified by 12 SSR primers, all of which were polymorphic with a 100% polymorphism. The highest number of polymorphic bands (18) was produced by the primer Scu8vv, while the lowest number of polymorphic bands (3) was found in VMC8D3 and VMC8E6. An UPGMA dendrogram was created via scoring the bands and the genetic similarity between the genotypes was determined between 0.63-1.0. In conclusion, a wide range of genetic diversity was determined in grapes of Kayseri indicating an ancient residential germplasm collection that could be used for breeding studies.

Background Event-based surveillance (EBS) is an essential component of Early Warning Alert and Response (EWAR) as per the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005. EBS was established in Sudan in 2016 as a complementary system for Indicator-based surveillance (IBS). This review will provide an overview of the current EBS structure, functions and performance in Sudan and identify the gaps and ways forward. Methods The review followed the WHO/EMRO guidelines and tools. Structured discussions, observation and review of records and guidelines were done at national and state levels. Community volunteers were interviewed through phone calls. Directors of Health Emergency and Epidemic Control, surveillance officers and focal persons for EBS at the state level were also interviewed. SPSS software was used to perform descriptive statistical analysis for quantitative data, while qualitative data was analysed manually using thematic analysis, paying particular attention to the health system level allowing for an exploration of how and why experiences differ across levels. Written and verbal consents were obtained from all participants as appropriate. Results Sudan has a functioning EBS; however, there is an underestimation of its contribution and importance at the national and states levels. The link between the national level and states is ad hoc or is driven by the need for reports. While community event-based surveillance (CEBS) is functioning, EBS from health facilities and from non-health sectors is not currently active. The integration of EBS into overall surveillance was not addressed, and the pathway from detection to action is not clear. The use of electronic databases and platforms is generally limited. Factors that would improve performance include training, presence of a trained focal person at state level, and regular follow-up from the national level. Factors such as staff turnover, income in relation to expenses and not having a high academic qualification (Diploma or MSc) were noticed as inhibiting factors. Conclusion The review recommended revisiting the surveillance structure at national and state levels to put EBS as an essential component and to update guidelines and standard operation procedures SOPs to foster the integration between EBS components and the overall surveillance system. The need for strengthening the link with states, capacity building and re-addressing the training modalities was highlighted.

Objective: To investigate the students’ perception of insomnia at the university level and to determine the effects of demographic factors on their perception. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Education and Department of English, International Islamic University, from Sept 2020 to Feb 2021. Methodology: This study involved twelve hundred and fifty (1250) university students. The insomnia questionnaire was developed after the exploratory factor analysis. Results: The findings of this study revealed that students at the university level suffer from a high rate of insomnia, but they did not take any steps to address it because they had a neutral perception toward the problem. There was no significant effect of semester-term and the type of department with insomnia (p=0.864 and p=0.648). Conclusion: Students were neutral about their insomnia problem at the university level.

This paper deals with the boundary element method solution of set of parabolic differential equations of heat conducting problems with continuous and discontinuous boundary conditions. Time-dependent terms have been used as a non-homogeneous forcing function by changing a parabolic differential equation into a Poisson's equation. The suggested approach for solving the Poisson equation has been modified which decreases the number of algebraic equations and reduces the computational time. The constant coefficient matrix and LU decomposition provide an economical means for the solution of the concern problem. The discretization of the boundary of parabolic differential equations with respect to (w.r.t.) time is one of the main features of this article. Direct determination of unknown at interior points is also trademark of the proposed method. The method has been supported by examples, which include discontinuous boundary conditions and non-homogeneous forcing terms to highlight its effectiveness and accuracy.

Purpose This study aims to use the thermal non-equilibrium approach to inquire the entropy production and conjugate natural heat exchange in a porous medium. Entropy generation is studied separately for the solid matrix and the hybrid nanoliquid. Design/methodology/approach The characteristic equations are unraveled by applying the finite element method. Mathematical relations are used to calculate the generated entropy for the hybrid nanoliquid and matrix structure. Findings Based on the results, the produced entropy and the viscous friction term associated with the hybrid nanoliquid phase are not affected by increasing the thermal conductivity ratio of the rigid wall to nanoliquid. Moreover, a higher amount of entropy is generated by the thermal gradients in the hybrid nanoliquid phase compared to the solid matrix. Originality/value No investigation in the literature has been reported in this context.

This study was undertaken to investigate depression and anxiety in students due to burdenized curriculum and shortage of time at university level. This study was descriptive in nature. 260 students were taken as a sample and it was drawn from three public universities of Islamabad through random sampling technique. Self-developed questionnaire was used and its reliability and validity had been estimated by Cronbach alpha and exploratory factor analysis respectively. Results of this study showed that majority of the students were agreed that they had depression and anxiety due to burdenized curriculum and shortage of time. They were not able to learn necessary skills that enhance their performance. Most of the students generally expressed anxiety when they were insulted by their parents and peers due to the bad performance in academics. Demographic factors (gender, age & qualification) had no significant effect over the students’ perception about their depression and anxiety at university level.

The main idea behind this study is to examine the impact of role ambiguity and role conflict on job satisfaction. This study also assesses the moderating effect of Islamic work ethics, role ambiguity, role conflict and also examine the mediating effect of job stress between role ambiguity, role conflict and job satisfaction. The questionnaire was used for data collection. 200 questionnaires were distributed among respondent out of which 175 were used for data analysis statistically descriptive statistics correlation and regression analysis were used for testing hypothesis. The finding of this study reveal that the role conflict has a negative relationship with job satisfaction and job stress has an insignificant relationship with the job satisfaction. This study also reveal that the role stressor should be controlled so that an increase in job satisfaction. When both role ambiguity and role conflict increase job stress also increase and the Islamic work ethics has a negative impact on job stress. Job stress significantly partially mediate the relationship between role conflict and job satisfaction.