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This research work focuses on augmenting the power conversion efficiency of the polycrystalline silicon solar cell with the aid of antireflection coating (ARC) of synthesized molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). The sol-gel technique and electrospraying method were preferred for synthesizing and depositing MoS2 as transparent thin films on the surface of the solar cells. The optical, electrical, structural, and thermal properties of the coated solar cells were analyzed for understanding the influence of the MoS2 coating. Five different samples (A-II, A-III, A-IV, A-V, and A-VI) were coated with varying coating time. Among them, 120 min coated sample experienced a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.96% and 18.82% under direct sunlight and neodymium light with resistivity as low as 2.79 × 10 − 3 Ω − cm . The investigation of optical properties of the coated solar cells revealed a maximum transmittance of 93.6% and minimum reflectance of 6.3%, achieved for A-IV sample in the visible UV spectrum. Sample A-IV showed prominent results in the temperature analysis with temperatures as low as 38.9°C in uncontrolled and 43.2°C in controlled source environments. The results from various analyses proved that MoS2 was an appropriate material for an antireflection coating to enhance the performance of polycrystalline solar cell.

The current article reviews the construction of thin films comprising carbon-based nanomaterials for application in electrical and electronic fields. Carbon-based materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerene are known to possess excellent electrical and electronic properties, which makes them desirable materials for the fabrication of micro- and nano-electromechanical devices. The fabrication process of thin films, including the deposition of several layers, removal of layers, solution processing methods, inkjet printing, micro-emulsion polymerization methods, deposition through filtration processes, spin coating, dip coating, pen lithography, vacuum-assisted flocculation, vacuum-assisted layer-by-layer assembly laser writing, etc., has been extensively reviewed. It is evident from the past findings that the fabricated thin films constituting carbon nanomaterials shows predominant alteration in electrical and electronic properties like sheet resistance, ionic transport, potential difference, conductivity, electro-rheological, transparency, trans-conductance, transmittance, bending stability, etc. In view of the referred properties, the developed materials find wide applications in charge-trap flash memories, flexible organic resistive memory devices, photovoltaic devices, flexible and transparent electronics, heat sinks in electronic materials, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), thin-film solar cells, flexible touch-screen panels, electronic papers, micro-batteries, electrochemical micro-capacitors, humidity sensors, optoelectronic devices, etc. We expect that the current review article will be a valuable asset for the researchers working in the field of carbon nanomaterials.

Wear and hardness behaviour of aluminium metal matrix composite is investigated. The matrix is aluminium LM4 and reinforcement is nano alumina and Molybdenum (Mo). The composites were fabricated in different composition by varying the weight fraction of matrix and reinforcement. The reinforcement nano alumina is nano size and Mo is micro sized. The reinforcement alumina varies with 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 5% of weight fraction and Mo was kept constant of 0.5% in all composition. Stir casting method is used to fabricate the composite. Wear test carried out on pin on disc wear testing machine under dry sliding conditions and constant sliding distance and hardness test carried out by Rockwell hardness testing machine. This work mainly emphasis on the variations of hardness and wear properties by varying the reinforcement composition by weight percentage. The wear resisting rate and hardness of the material increased gradually by adding the nano alumina and Mo. Observed that reinforcement 5% of nano alumina, 0.5% Mo with matrix showed that better in wear resistance and hardness.

In most of the optoelectronics or photovoltaic based devices, different kinds of anti-reflection coatings on the substrate is mainly developed by sol-gel based coating process includes spin, dip and spray pyrolysis coatings. This paper enumerates in details regarding fabrication of thin films with its essential chemical procedures using sol-gel technique. Further it outlines about structural characterization and influences of physical and chemical parameters on the antireflection coatings prepare by sol-gel practice procedure. The essential coating on the substrate mainly depends on the heat treatment process, solution preparation and coating types using sol-gel application. The coated layer behaviour mainly relies on the ration of solvent to additive substances, concentration of taken precursor agent, and aging time of the solvent, thickness and substrate material of the coating. Among various coatings mainly anti-refection coating by sol-gel technique holds much attractiveness towards implementation due to its feasibility, low cost and compactness.

Transparent zinc sulfide (ZnS)-aluminium sulfide (Al2S3) composite thin-films are deposited on silicon solar cells through radio frequency (RF) sputtering method at room temperature to investigate the structural, optical, electrical, and thermal characteristics. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the presence of the powder sample (ZnS-Al2S3) and its average crystallite size is 15.83 nm. The minimum electrical resistivity (ρ), maximum hall mobility (μ), and carrier concentration (N) of ZnS-Al2S3 nano-layer coated solar cells are measured to be 2.98 × 10−3 Ω cm, 14.89 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 24.88 × 1020 cm−3 respectively. For a time period of 25 min, ZnS-Al2S3 nano-layer sputter coating produces the maximum power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 19.38% and 21%, obtained at open and controlled atmospheric conditions, respectively. The influence of operating temperature at both these open and controlled atmospheric conditions for ZnS-Al2S3 nano-layer coated silicon solar cells is observed. The ZnS-Al2S3 composite demonstrates the properties of a desirable anti-reflection coating material for enhancing the PCE of solar cells.

In this work, the DEWE SOFT is the modelling software used to design the wheel rim. Modelling minimise the risk involved in design and manufacturing process. This research mainly focuses on the on comparison of the natural frequency of wheel rim in free and loaded condition along with vehicle. The efficiency of the vehicle is getting affected due to the free vibration and end vibration acts on the wheel, the analysis is done by both static and dynamic analysis method under free and loaded condition. The best material will be suggested after observing the results of both static and dynamic condition.

This research work primarily focuses on enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of polycrystalline silicon solar cells by using a single-layer and a double-layered antireflection coating deposited through the electrospraying technique. The usage of titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide as antireflection coating materials has shown a significant increase in the optical and electrical properties of solar cells under open and controlled light sources. The sample with TiO2 as a base layer and SiO2 as the top layer (sample B-IV) exhibited a maximum PCE of 18.90% in direct sunlight and 21.19% in a neodymium setup with cell temperatures of 40°C and 52.1°C, respectively. Sample B-IV has also shown the lowest resistivity of 3.1 × 10−3 Ω·cm among the coated samples. Also, an increase of 11.6% light transmittance and a reduction of 9.6% light reflectance were exerted by sample B-IV. The results obtained from different analysis proves that TiO2/SiO2 was an appropriate antireflection coating material for enhancing the PCE of the polycrystalline silicon solar cell.

Solar cells are capable of converting light energy into electrical energy and can completely replace the utilization of fossil fuel energy resources. The current research work majorly concentrates on the development and coating of antireflection materials over the front contact of silicon solar cells. Ferrous disulphide was one of the wide band gap semiconductors employed as a catalytic electrode (in DSSCs), counter electrode (in QDSSs), and solar energy harvester. FeS2 was synthesized through the hydrothermal method. The antireflective coating was performed over solar cells through the electrospraying technique. It was found that the antireflective material was distributed evenly over the coating substrate at 2 ml/h for 30 (F1), 60 (F2), 90 (F3), and 120 (F4) min. The coated solar cells were examined under neodymium light illumination mimicking sunlight. The effect of electrosprayed FeS2 films adhered over the front contact of solar cells was evaluated using various characterization techniques. The maximum efficiency attained by coated solar cells under indirect light was 19.6%. With the aid of electrospraying, hydrothermally synthesized FeS2 assists incoming photons with energy greater than the bandgap of a procured Si solar cell to take part in the photogeneration process. The maximum Isc and Voc of 38.08 mA/cm2 and 0.655 V were achieved for the F3 solar cell under neodymium irradiation.

The current research focuses on sol-gel derived synthesis and RF sputter deposition of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) over polycrystalline Si solar cell. Various coating layers were obtained under different sputter deposition at regular intervals. The influence of MoS2 sputter coating on optical, thermal chemical structural properties was examined through various characterisation techniques. 30 minutes coated solar cell reported maximum light transmittance of 95 % in the visible spectrum and minimum electrical resistivity of 2 × 10-3ohm-cm. 30 minutes coated solar cell exhibited maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.19 % (open source) and 21.01 % (controlled source). Thermal imaging data reveal that the optimal coating layer experiences a minimum temperature of 33.9 °C and 49.9 °C. From experimental results, sputter deposited MoS2 Si solar cells experience minimum light reflectance and enhanced cell performance.

Due to the recent surge in silicon demand for solar modules, thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules have a potential to penetrate the market in significant numbers. As an alternate candidate, thin film technologies in PVs have the ability to achieve better performance. The competing thin-film PV technologies have the flexibility to adapt to any sort of curvature compared to rigid solar cells (SCs). Due to the peculiar characteristics of newer solar materials, stability issues, reflection losses, advancements in electrode materials and dopant materials with a photoactive layer are current challenges driving the industrial-academic voyage of development of solar materials for the betterment of Photo-conversion Efficiency (PCE). Based on the photoactive materials used over time, SC evolution was broadly classified into first, second and third generation SCs. In this review, the basic working mechanisms, various materials used, drawbacks and stability issues of different SCs are discussed extensively. Thin film SCs tend to absorb certain elastic deformations due to their flexible nature and to a certain extent. According to the NREL efficiency chart, multi-junctional SCs exhibit enhanced efficiency as compared to the other SCs. Among the third-generation SCs, the perovskite/Si tandem architecture shows a maximum efficiency of approximately 29%. Thin film flexible SCs find application in various sectors such as automobile, defense and/or energy storage devices

The present paper deals with the study of hardness and wear characteristics of Al2O3 (Nano size) and TiB2(Nano size) reinforced aluminum LM25 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Matrix alloy with 1, 1.5 and 2, 5% of Al2O3 and TiB2 were made using stir casting technique. A pin on disc wear testing machine was used to find out the wear rate in which E24 steel disc under dry condition and Brinell hardness testing machine was used to find the hardness of the both material made by stir casting. This work mainly emphasis on the comparison of hardness and wear property of the casted material. The wear properties compared in both load and unload conditions. Wear resistance and hardness of the material will be increased when adding the Al2O3 and TiB2. The results shown properties of stir casting material having composition 2.5% Al2O3+ 2.5% TiB2 + 95%LM25 is good compared to the other composition. Because of good dispersion of Nano powders.

The purpose of this paper is to present the analysis of the efficiency and strength of 3D printed parts due to the variation shown in print orientation. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a widely used technique in which the melt extrusion method is used to deploy the thermal plastics as filaments in a specific pattern. In recent years, the revolutionary method has changed the field of rapid manufacturing. This has become one of the most common methods for printing polymer-based composite components. The investigation is done based on the print orientation effects on the macrostructure, the mechanical properties, and the strain field behavior of PLA (polylactic acid) filament. Based on the analysis, the properties of an object are optimized to increase mechanical strength when manufactured. By fixing the similar print properties across all different orientations helps to identify the differences in the structural and other mechanical properties, which projects a clear understanding of the impact received and thus provides a way to enhance the structural strength of the prints.

The present paper deals with the study of hardness and wear characteristics of SiC (microsize)-, B4C (microsize)- and graphite (microsize)-reinforced aluminium LM30 metal matrix composites (MMC). Matrix alloy with (5, 7 and 13%) of SiC and B4C, and (5, 7 and 10%) of graphite were made using stir casting technique. A pin-on-disc wear testing machine was used to find out the wear rate in which E24 steel disc under dry condition and Brinell hardness testing machine was used to find the hardness of the casted material. This work mainly emphasizes on the investigation of the hardness and wear property of the casted material. The wear properties are tested in both loading and unloading conditions. Wear resistance and hardness of the material are increased when adding the SiC, B4C and graphite. The result shows that properties of stir casting material are good due to the complete dispersion of micropowder.