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Problem: Newly qualified midwives in the Netherlands perceive the adaptation to new responsibilities as difficult due to the autonomous nature of- and required accountability for the work they face in practice.Background: All Dutch newly qualified midwives are accountable for their work from the moment of registration while usually working solistically.Aim: This paper explores the perceptions of experienced midwives regarding: (1) the performance- and transition into practice of newly qualified midwives, and (2) their supporting role in this transition.Methods: The design of this study is qualitative with focus groups. Experienced midwives’ perceptions were explored by means of seven semi-structured focus groups (N = 46 participants) with two meetings for each focus group.Findings: Community-based and hospital-based midwives perceived newly qualified midwives as colleagues who did not oversee all their tasks and responsibilities. They perceived newly qualified midwives as less committed to the practice organisation. Support in community-based practices was informally organised with a lack of orientation. In the hospital-based setting, midwives offered an introduction period in a practical setting, which was formally organised with tasks and responsibilities. Experienced midwives recognised the need to support newly qualified midwives; however, in practice, they faced barriers.Discussion: The differences in experienced midwives’ expectations of newly qualified midwives and reality seemed to depend on the newly qualified midwives’ temporary working contracts and -context, rather than the generational differences that experienced midwives mentioned. Dutch midwives prioritised their work with pregnant individuals and the organisation of their practice above supporting newly qualified midwives.

Additional file 4. Scenario analyses.

Additional file 3. Model’s risk factor cut-off values and corresponding transition probabilities.

Additional file 1. Within trial data.

Additional file 2. Specification of cost data.

Additional file 1. Detailed overview of different response enhancing strategies. p.p. = per patient, min = minute(s), RS = risk score * Average practice size of 2095 patient, approximately 375 patients eligible for prevention program. ** If 19% of patients with increased risk on RS order the box (17 patients).

Objective To contribute to the current knowledge on how a broad range of services offered by general practitioners (GPs) may contribute to the patient perceived quality and, hence, the potential benefits of primary care. Study Setting Between 2011 and 2013, primary care data were collected among GPs and their patients in 31 European countries, plus Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In these countries, GPs are the main providers of primary care, mostly specialized in family medicine and working in the ambulatory setting. Study Design In this cross-sectional study, questionnaires were completed by 7,183 GPs and 61,931 visiting patients. Moreover, 7,270 patients answered questions about what they find important (their values). In the analyses of patient experiences, we adjusted for patients’ values in each country to measure patient perceived quality. Perceived quality was measured regarding five areas: accessibility and continuity of care, doctor–patient communication, patient involvement in decision making, and compre- hensiveness of care. The range of GP services was measured in relation to four areas: (1) to what extent they are the first contact to the health care system for patients in need of care, (2) their involvement in treatment and follow-up of acute and chronic condi- tions, in other words treatment of diseases, (3) their involvement in minor technical procedures, (4) their involvement in preventive treatments. Extraction Methods Data of the patients were linked to the data of the GPs. Multilevel modeling was used to construct scale scores for the experiences of patients in the five areas of quality and the range of services of GPs. In these four-level models, items were nested within patients, nested in GP practices, nested in countries. The relationship between the range of services and the experiences of patients was analyzed in three-level multilevel models, also taking into account the values of patients. Principal Findings In countries where GPs offer a broader range of services patients perceive better accessibility, continuity, and comprehensiveness of care, and more involvement in decision making. No associations were found between the range of services and the patient perceived communication with their GP. The range of GP services mostly explained the variation between countries in the areas of patient perceived accessibility and continuity of care. Conclusions: This study showed that in countries where GP practices serve as a “one-stop shop,” patients perceive better quality of care, especially in the areas of accessibility and continuity of care. Therefore, primary care in a country is expected to benefit from investments in a broader range of services of GPs or other primary care physicians. (aut. ref.)

Background Mother-to-infant bonding is defined as the emotional tie experienced by a mother towards her child, which is considered to be important for the socio-emotional development of the child. Numerous studies on the correlates of both prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality have been published over the last decades. An up-to-date systematic review of these correlates is lacking, however. Objective To systematically review correlates of prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality in the general population, in order to enable targeted interventions. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsychINFO were searched through May 2018. Reference checks were performed. Case-control, cross-sectional or longitudinal cohort studies written in English, German, Swedish, Spanish, Norwegian, French or Dutch defining mother-to-infant bonding quality as stipulated in the protocol (PROSPERO CRD42016040183) were included. Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts, full-text articles and extracted data. Methodological quality was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional studies and was rated accordingly as poor, fair or good. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity were examined. Main results 131 studies were included. Quality was fair for 20 studies, and poor for 111 studies. Among 123 correlates identified, 3 were consistently associated with mother-to-infant bonding quality: 1) duration of gestation at assessment was positively associated with prenatal bonding quality, 2) depressive symptoms were negatively associated with postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality, and 3) mother-to-infant bonding quality earlier in pregnancy or postpartum was positively associated with mother-to-infant bonding quality later in time. Conclusion Our review suggests that professionals involved in maternal health care should consider monitoring mother-to-infant bonding already during pregnancy. Future research should evaluate whether interventions aimed at depressive symptoms help to promote mother-to-infant bonding quality. More high-quality research on correlates for which inconsistent results were found is needed.

BACKGROUND: Mother-to-infant bonding is defined as the emotional tie experienced by a mother towards her child, which is considered to be important for the socio-emotional development of the child. Numerous studies on the correlates of both prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality have been published over the last decades. An up-to-date systematic review of these correlates is lacking, however.OBJECTIVE: To systematically review correlates of prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality in the general population, in order to enable targeted interventions.METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsychINFO were searched through May 2018. Reference checks were performed. Case-control, cross-sectional or longitudinal cohort studies written in English, German, Swedish, Spanish, Norwegian, French or Dutch defining mother-to-infant bonding quality as stipulated in the protocol (PROSPERO CRD42016040183) were included. Two investigators independently reviewed abstracts, full-text articles and extracted data. Methodological quality was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional studies and was rated accordingly as poor, fair or good. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity were examined.MAIN RESULTS: 131 studies were included. Quality was fair for 20 studies, and poor for 111 studies. Among 123 correlates identified, 3 were consistently associated with mother-to-infant bonding quality: 1) duration of gestation at assessment was positively associated with prenatal bonding quality, 2) depressive symptoms were negatively associated with postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality, and 3) mother-to-infant bonding quality earlier in pregnancy or postpartum was positively associated with mother-to-infant bonding quality later in time.CONCLUSION: Our review suggests that professionals involved in maternal health care should consider monitoring mother-to-infant bonding already during pregnancy. Future research should evaluate whether interventions aimed at depressive symptoms help to promote mother-to-infant bonding quality. More high-quality research on correlates for which inconsistent results were found is needed.

Background: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are the number one cause of death. Selective prevention of CMDs by general practitioners (GPs) could help reduce the burden of CMDs. This measure would entail the identification of individuals at high risk of CMDs-but currently asymptomatic-followed by interventions to reduce their risk. No data were available on the attitude and the extent to which European GPs have incorporated selective CMD prevention into daily practice. Methods: A survey among 575 GPs from the Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Sweden was conducted between September 2016 and January 2017, within the framework of the SPIMEU-project. Results: On average, 71% of GPs invited their patients to attend for CMD risk assessment. Some used an active approach (47%) while others used an opportunistic approach (53%), but these values differed between countries. Most GPs considered selective CMD prevention as useful (82%) and saw it as part of their normal duties (84%). GPs who did find selective prevention useful were more likely to actively invite individuals compared with their counterparts who did not find prevention useful. Most GPs had a disease management programme for individuals with risk factor(s) for cardiovascular disease (71%) or diabetes (86%). Conclusions: Although most GPs considered selective CMD prevention as useful, it was not universally implemented. The biggest challenge was the process of inviting individuals for risk assessment. It is important to tailor the implementation of selective CMD prevention in primary care to the national context, involving stakeholders at different levels.

Background: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are the number one cause of death. Selective prevention of CMDs by general practitioners (GPs) could help reduce the burden of CMDs. This measure would entail the identification of individuals at high risk of CMDs-but currently asymptomatic-followed by interventions to reduce their risk. No data were available on the attitude and the extent to which European GPs have incorporated selective CMD prevention into daily practice.Methods: A survey among 575 GPs from the Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Sweden was conducted between September 2016 and January 2017, within the framework of the SPIMEU-project.Results: On average, 71% of GPs invited their patients to attend for CMD risk assessment. Some used an active approach (47%) while others used an opportunistic approach (53%), but these values differed between countries. Most GPs considered selective CMD prevention as useful (82%) and saw it as part of their normal duties (84%). GPs who did find selective prevention useful were more likely to actively invite individuals compared with their counterparts who did not find prevention useful. Most GPs had a disease management programme for individuals with risk factor(s) for cardiovascular disease (71%) or diabetes (86%).Conclusions: Although most GPs considered selective CMD prevention as useful, it was not universally implemented. The biggest challenge was the process of inviting individuals for risk assessment. It is important to tailor the implementation of selective CMD prevention in primary care to the national context, involving stakeholders at different levels.

In response to the growing populations of people with multiple chronic diseases, new models of care are currently being developed in European countries to better meet the needs of these people. This paper aims to describe the occurrence and characteristics of various types of integrated care practices in European countries that target people with multimorbidity. Data were analysed from multimorbidity care practices participating in the Innovating care for people with multiple chronic conditions (ICARE4EU) project, covering all 28EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. A total of 112 practices in 24 countries were included: 65 focus on patients with any combination of chronic diseases, 30 on patients with a specific chronic disease with all kinds of comorbidities and 17 on patients with a combination of specific chronic diseases. Practices that focus on a specific index disease or a combination of specific diseases are less extensive regarding the type, breadth and degree of integration than practices that focus on any combination of diseases. The latter type is more often seen in countries where more disciplines, e.g. community nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, work in the same primary care practice as the general practitioners. Non-disease specific practices put more emphasis on patient involvement and provide more comprehensive care, which are important preconditions for person-centered multimorbidity care.

In response to the growing populations of people with multiple chronic diseases, new models of care are currently being developed in European countries to better meet the needs of these people. This paper aims to describe the occurrence and characteristics of various types of integrated care practices in European countries that target people with multimorbidity. Data were analysed from multimorbidity care practices participating in the Innovating care for people with multiple chronic conditions (ICARE4EU) project, covering all 28 EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. A total of 112 practices in 24 countries were included: 65 focus on patients with any combination of chronic diseases, 30 on patients with a specific chronic disease with all kinds of comorbidities and 17 on patients with a combination of specific chronic diseases. Practices that focus on a specific index disease or a combination of specific diseases are less extensive regarding the type, breadth and degree of integration than practices that focus on any combination of diseases. The latter type is more often seen in countries where more disciplines, e.g. community nurses, physiotherapists, social workers, work in the same primary care practice as the general practitioners. Non-disease specific practices put more emphasis on patient involvement and provide more comprehensive care, which are important preconditions for person-centered multimorbidity care., published version, peerReviewed

Introduction: Chronic diseases and multimorbidity are common and expected to rise over the coming years. The objective of this study is to examine the time trend in the prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity over the period 2001 till 2011 in the Netherlands, and the extent to which this can be ascribed to the aging of the population. Methods: Monitoring study, using two data sources: 1) medical records of patients listed in a nationally representative network of general practices over the period 2002-2011, and 2) national health interview surveys over the period 2001-2011. Regression models were used to study trends in the prevalence-rates over time, with and without standardization for age. Results: An increase from 34.9% to 41.8% (p

Introduction: Chronic diseases and multimorbidity are common and expected to rise over the coming years. The objective of this study is to examine the time trend in the prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity over the period 2001 till 2011 in the Netherlands, and the extent to which this can be ascribed to the aging of the population. Methods: Monitoring study, using two data sources: 1) medical records of patients listed in a nationally representative network of general practices over the period 2002-2011, and 2) national health interview surveys over the period 2001-2011. Regression models were used to study trends in the prevalence-rates over time, with and without standardization for age. Results: An increase from 34.9% to 41.8% (p

Purpose Complex medication management in older people with multiple chronic conditions can introduce practice variation in polypharmacy prevalence. This study aimed to determine the inter-practice variation in polypharmacy prevalence and examine how this variation was influenced by patient and practice characteristics. Methods This cohort study included 45,731 patients aged 55 years and older with at least one prescribed medication from 126 general practices that participated in NIVEL Primary Care Database in the Netherlands. Medication dispensing data of the year 2012 were used to determine polypharmacy. Polypharmacy was defined as the chronic and simultaneous use of at least five different medications. Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed to quantify the polypharmacy prevalence variation between practices. Patient characteristics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, number, and type of chronic conditions) and practice characteristics (practice location and practice population) were added to the models. Results After accounting for differences in patient and practice characteristics, polypharmacy rates varied with a factor of 2.4 between practices (from 12.4% to 30.1%) and an overall mean of 19.8%. Age and type of conditions were highly positively associated with polypharmacy, and to a lesser extent a lower socioeconomic statusConsiderable variation in polypharmacy rates existed between general practices, even after accounting for patient and practice characteristics, which suggests that there is not much agreement concerning medication management in this complex patient group. Initiatives that could reduce inappropriate heterogeneity in medication management can add value to the care delivered to these patients.

The authors regret that the printed version of the above article contained a number of errors. A revised, correct and final version has been published online under the same title, with the following authors: Petra Hopman, Marianne J. Heins, Joke Korevaar, Mieke Rijken and François G. Schellevis. The printed version follows. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Objective: Evidence regarding the benefits of strong primary care has influenced health policy and practice. This study focuses on changes in the breadth of services provided by general practitioners (GPs) in Europe between 1993 and 2012 and offers possible explanations for these changes. Design: Data on the breadth of service profiles were used from two cross-sectional surveys in 28 countries: the 1993 European GP Task Profile study (6321 GPs) and the 2012 QUALICOPC study (6044 GPs). GPs’ involvement in four areas of clinical activity (first contact care, treatment of diseases, medical procedures, and prevention) was established using ecometric analyses. The changes were measured by the relative increase in the breadth of service profiles. Associations between changes and national-level conditions were examined though regression analyses. Data on the national conditions were used from various other public databases including the World Databank and the PHAMEU (Primary Health care Activity Monitor) database. Setting: A total of 28 European countries. Subjects: GPs. Main outcome measure: Changes in the breadth of GP service profiles. Results: A general trend of increased involvement of European GPs in treatment of diseases and decreased involvement in preventive activities was observed. Conditions at the national level were associated with changes in the involvement of GPs in first contact care, treatment of diseases and, to a limited extent, prevention. Especially in countries with stronger growth of health care expenditures between 1993 and 2012 the service profiles have expanded. In countries where family values are more dominant the breadth in service profiles decreased. A stronger professional status of GPs was positively associated with the change in first contact care. Conclusions: GPs in former communist countries and Turkey have increased their involvement in the provision of services. Developments in Western Europe were less evident. The developments in the service profiles could only to a very limited extent be explained by national conditions. A main driver of reform seems to be the changes in health care expenditure, which may indicate a notion of urgency because there may be a pressure to curb the rising expenditures. Key points Broad GP service profiles are an indicator of strong primary care in a country. It is expected that developments in the breadth of GP service profiles are influenced by various national conditions related to the urgency to reform, politics, and means. Between 1993 and 2012 the involvement of GPs in European countries in treatment of diseases increased and their involvement preventive activities decreased. The national conditions were found to be associated with changes in GPs’ involvement as first contact of care, treatment of diseases, and, to a limited extent, prevention. More specifically, in countries with a stronger growth in health care expenditures, service profiles of European GPs have expanded more in the past decades.

ObjectivesExposure to farm environments during childhood and adult life seems to reduce the risk of atopic sensitisation. Most studies have been conducted among farmers, but people living in rural areas may have similar protective effects for atopy. This study aims to investigate the association between residential proximity to livestock farms and atopy among non-farming adults living in a rural area in the Netherlands.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 2443 adults (20–72 years). Atopy was defined as specific IgE to common allergens and/or total IgE ≥100 IU/mL. Residential proximity to livestock farms was assessed as 1) distance to the nearest pig, poultry, cattle or any farm, 2) number of farms within 500 m and 1000 m, and 3) modelled annual average fine dust emissions from farms within 500 m and 1000 m. Data were analysed with multiple logistic regression and generalised additive models.ResultsThe prevalence of atopy was 29.8%. Subjects living at short distances from farms (527 m, third tertile) (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.98). Significant associations in the same direction were found with distance to the nearest pig or cattle farm. The associations between atopy and livestock farm exposure were somewhat stronger in subjects who grew up on a farm.ConclusionsLiving in close proximity to livestock farms seems to protect against atopy. This study provides evidence that protective effects of early-life and adult farm exposures may extend beyond farming populations.

With the publication of the document ‘Together we change: primary care now more than ever’ four leading professors of family medicine in Flanders send a strong message to health policy makers about their vision for the future of primary healthcare in Flanders (1). Obviously, the subtitle refers to the 2008 World Health Report, which not only emphasizes the firm basis of the document but also its relevance beyond Flanders. Likewise, the 28 contributors to the vision document, who all are well-known experts in family medicine and primary healthcare, underline the broad support for the presented vision within Flanders. In its vision of the future of primary healthcare, ‘Together we change’ includes many up-to-date concepts for primary care: integrated care models for the management of patients with chronic diseases, multidisciplinary primary care networks to meet the heterogeneous healthcare needs of patients, the gatekeeper’s role of family doctors for specialized care, the collaborative organization of out-of-hours care, regional budgets, pay-for-performance, monitoring of performance, quality systems, and the position of primary healthcare in innovation, research and education. The vision document considers experiences abroad, e.g. with the gatekeeping role of family doctors, with the UK Quality and Outcome Framework, and with regional budgets (2–4). And last but not least, the document provides many concretely formulated recommendations about how to move forward from the current situation to the envisaged future. In the view of ‘Together we change,’ the basis of future primary healthcare is an obligatory registration of each citizen with a family practice that is part of a primary healthcare organization. Family practices provide first-contact care for all listed patients and provide access to more specialized care through referral. For patients with chronic diseases who receive specialized care, models of primary and secondary care integration are in place. Primary healthcare is organized in regions with an average of 100 000 inhabitants. Within these regions, professional networks of multiple disciplines are responsible for providing primary healthcare. These networks include family doctors, nurses, psychologists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, social carers, midwives, occupational therapists, health educators, home carers, personal caregivers, and volunteers. Out-of-hours care, the collaboration with hospital care and palliative care are organized on the regional level. A (fictive) macro budget is allocated to each region. This budget is tailored to

Objective To investigate patients’ perceptions of improvement potential in primary care in 34 countries. Methods We did a cross-sectional survey of 69 201 patients who had just visited general practitioners at primary-care facilities. Patients rated five features of person-focused primary care – accessibility/availability, continuity, comprehensiveness, patient involvement and doctor–patient communication. One tenth of the patients ranked the importance of each feature on a scale of one to four, and nine tenths of patients scored their experiences of care received. We calculated the potential for improvement by multiplying the proportion of negative patient experiences with the mean importance score in each country. Scores were divided into low, medium and high improvement potential. Pair-wise correlations were made between improvement scores and three dimensions of the structure of primary care – governance, economic conditions and workforce development. Findings In 26 countries, one or more features of primary care had medium or high improvement potentials. Comprehensiveness of care had medium to high improvement potential in 23 of 34 countries. In all countries, doctor–patient communication had low improvement potential. An overall stronger structure of primary care was correlated with a lower potential for improvement of continuity and comprehensiveness of care. In countries with stronger primary care governance patients perceived less potential to improve the continuity of care. Countries with better economic conditions for primary care had less potential for improvement of all features of person-focused care. Conclusion In countries with a stronger primary care structure, patients perceived that primary care had less potential for improvement.

Item does not contain fulltext BACKGROUND: Information about the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antimicrobial drugs has mainly been obtained from invasive strains, although the commensal microbiota is thought to be an important reservoir of resistance. We aimed to compare the prevalence of nasal S aureus carriage and antibiotic resistance, including meticillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), in healthy patients across nine European countries. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, nasal swabs were obtained from 32,206 patients recruited by family doctors participating in existing nationwide family doctor networks in Austria, Belgium, Croatia, France, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the UK. Eligible patients were aged 4 years or older (>/= 18 years in the UK) and presented with a non-infectious disorder. Swabs were sent to national microbiological laboratories for identification and isolation of S aureus. Antibiotic resistance testing was done at one central microbiological laboratory. We established the genotypic structure of the isolated MRSA strains with the spa typing method. FINDINGS: S aureus was isolated from 6956 (21 . 6%) of 32,206 patients swabbed. The adjusted S aureus prevalence for patients older than 18 years ranged from 12 . 1% (Hungary) to 29 . 4% (Sweden). Except for penicillin, the highest recorded resistance rate was to azithromycin (from 1 . 6% in Sweden to 16 . 9% in France). In total, 91 MRSA strains were isolated, and the highest MRSA prevalence was reported in Belgium (2 . 1%). 53 different spa types were detected-the most prevalent were t002 (n = 9) and t008 (n = 8). INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of S aureus nasal carriage differed across the nine European countries assessed, even after correction for age, sex, and family doctor. Generally, the prevalence of resistance, including that of MRSA, was low. The MRSA strains recorded showed genotypic heterogeneity, both within and between countries. FUNDING: European Commission, 7th Framework Programme(grant agreement 223083).

Examining the extent to which the hospital criteria for referring patients with chronic renal failure from the GP to the specialist match the criteria in the Dutch National Transmural Agreement (LTA) for 'Chronic renal failure'. Descriptive study. Comparison of referral criteria in ZorgDomein ('Care Domain'), an Internet application available nationwide that facilitates referrals to medical specialists, with the criteria in the Dutch National Transmural Agreement (LTA) for 'Chronic renal failure'. More than half of the hospitals in the Netherlands use the referral application ZorgDomein. Thirty-one hospitals in ZorgDomein have criteria for referring patients with chronic renal failure. Four referral criteria are defined in the LTA. Depending on the criterion reviewed, they could be found in the referral agreements in 8-25 of the 31 hospitals. Referral criteria that were given often deviated from the content of the LTA. In nearly half of the hospitals, the limit values of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGRF) for referral were higher than the values included in the LTA. There is an undesirable variation in the referral criteria for chronic renal failure in the hospitals that use ZorgDomein. This can result in unnecessary referrals to the hospital. Medical and scientific associations, hospitals and ZorgDomein should adopt the referral criteria from the national guidelines.

Inspired by American examples, several European countries are now developing disease management programmes (DMPs) to improve the quality of care for patients with chronic diseases. Recently, questions have been raised whether the disease management approach is appropriate to respond to patient-defined needs.In this article we consider the responsiveness of current European DMPs to patients' needs defined in terms of multimorbidity, functional and participation problems, and self-management.Information about existing DMPs was derived from a survey among country-experts. In addition, we made use of international scientific literature.Most European DMPs do not have a solid answer yet to the problem of multimorbidity. Methods of linking DMPs, building extra modules to deal with the most prevalent comorbidities and integration of case management principles are introduced. Rehabilitation, psychosocial and reintegration support are not included in all DMPs, and the involvement of the social environment of the patient is uncommon. Interventions tailored to the needs of specific social or cultural patient groups are mostly not available. Few DMPs provide access to individualized patient information to strengthen self-management, including active engagement in decision making.To further improve the responsiveness of DMPs to patients' needs, we suggest to monitor 'patient relevant outcomes' that might be based on the ICF-model. To address the needs of patients with multimorbidity, we propose a generic comprehensive model, embedded in primary care. A goal-oriented approach provides the opportunity to prioritize goals that really matter to patients.

The syndrome diagnosis 'irritable bowel syndrome' (IBS) is often made on the basis of exclusion, but the question is how many diagnostic tests should be performed in order to establish this diagnosis with a degree of confidence. We present the diagnostic value of various IBS criteria for excluding IBS, based on a systematic review. The potential of the various criteria for distinguishing IBS from organic disease is extremely variable and disappointing. Patients fulfilling IBS criteria have, however, a lower risk of organic disease than patients with abdominal symptoms who do not fulfil the criteria. The same holds true for the diagnostic performance of individual alerting symptoms. These seem to be present frequently in IBS patients in whom there is no underlying organic bowel condition. An organic condition cannot be accurately excluded on the basis of symptom criteria. However, the low prior risk of organic conditions among patients who consult a primary care doctor and who meet IBS criteria argues against exhaustive diagnostic evaluation.

The syndrome diagnosis 'irritable bowel syndrome' (IBS) is often made on the basis of exclusion, but the question is how many diagnostic tests should be performed in order to establish this diagnosis with a degree of confidence. We present the diagnostic value of various IBS criteria for excluding IBS, based on a systematic review. The potential of the various criteria for distinguishing IBS from organic disease is extremely variable and disappointing. Patients fulfilling IBS criteria have, however, a lower risk of organic disease than patients with abdominal symptoms who do not fulfil the criteria. The same holds true for the diagnostic performance of individual alerting symptoms. These seem to be present frequently in IBS patients in whom there is no underlying organic bowel condition. An organic condition cannot be accurately excluded on the basis of symptom criteria. However, the low prior risk of organic conditions among patients who consult a primary care doctor and who meet IBS criteria argues against exhaustive diagnostic evaluation

Background: Although the vast majority of respiratory tract symptoms are self-limiting, many patients visit their GP for these symptoms and antibiotics are overprescribed. Aim: To explore determinants of patients visiting GPs for recent cough, sore throat, or earache; for being prescribed antibiotics; and for patients' satisfaction with visiting the GP. Design of the study: Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice (DNSGP-2) with a health interview and an additional questionnaire. Setting: A total of 7057 adult patients of 163 GPs in the Netherlands. Method: Characteristics of patients and GPs as well as morbidity data were derived from the DNSGP-2 and a health interview. Characteristics of the symptoms, GPs' management and patients' satisfaction were measured by an additional written questionnaire. Data were analysed by means of multivariate logistic regression. Results: About 40% of the responders (n = 1083) reported cough, sore throat, or earache in the 2 weeks preceding the interview and, of them, 250 visited their GP. Of this latter group, 97 patients were prescribed antibiotics. Apart from non-medical reasons, relevant medical factors played an important role in deciding to visit the GP. Smokers and patients with cardiac disease or diabetes mellitus were not especially inclined to see their GP. Smoking behaviour, fever, and views on respiratory tract symptoms and antibiotics of patients and GPs were associated with being prescribed antibiotics. Patients' perception of having been carefully examined was associated with their satisfaction, while receiving antibiotics was not. Conclusion: GPs should inform patients with clear elevated risk when to visit their GP in cases of cough, sore throat, or earache. There is still a need for GPs and patients to be better informed about the limited significance of single inflammation signs (for example, fever and green phlegm) as an indication for antibiotics. Careful examination of the patient contributes to patient satisfaction.

What is this chapter about? The guidelines of the Dutch College of General Practitioners were used to assess the adherence to pharmacotherapeutic advice in three diagnoses with a high prevalence: hypertension, depression and cystitis. Medication prescribed in 2001 was analysed for adherence to these guidelines. Adherence varies according to guideline across the diagnoses. General practitioners (GPs) adhered best to the cystitis guideline (70.4%), followed by the hypertension guideline (55.6%), the 2003 depression guideline (50.2%) and worst to the 1994 depression guideline (11.1%). One should be careful in interpreting these results in terms of rationality or quality. There are many reasons why GPs would consciously deviate from the guidelines.

This study aimed to assess the incidence of unintentional injuries presented in general practice, and to identify children at risk from experiencing an unintentional injury. We used the data of all 0-17-year-old children from a representative survey in 96 Dutch general practices in 2001. We computed incidence rates and multilevel multivariate regression analysis in different age strata and identified patient and family characteristics associated with an elevated injury risk. Nine thousand four hundred and eighty-four new injury episodes were identified from 105 353 new health problems presented in general practice, giving an overall incidence rate of 115 per 1000 person years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 113 to 118). Sex and residence in rural areas are strong predictors of injury in all age strata. Also, in children aged 0-4 years, a higher number of siblings is associated with elevated injury risk (> or =3 siblings odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.19 to 2.08) and in the 12-17-year-olds, ethnic background and socioeconomic class are associated with experiencing an injury (non-western children OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.81; low socioeconomic class OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.58). Unintentional injury is a significant health problem in children in general practice, accounting for 9% of all new health problems in children. In all age groups, boys in rural areas are especially at risk to experience an injury.

Background: Patients' attitudes towards the management of minor ailments influence help-seeking behaviour. Up-to-date information about patients' attitudes is valuable for understanding changes in help-seeking behaviour. Aim: To describe changes in patients' attitudes between 1987 and 2001, and to explain the relationship between patients' attitudes and attributes of practices, practitioners and patients. Design: Two cross-sectional, Dutch National Surveys of General Practice (1987 and 2001; n = 9579 and n = 8405 patients, respectively). Setting: General practice in the Netherlands. Method: Patients' attitudes were evaluated in health interviews. Data were analysed using multilevel regression analysis. Results: In 2001, patients' attitudes showed a shift away from consulting their GP for minor ailments. Attitudes are uniform across different types of practice, and mainly differ between patients, in 1987 as well as in 2001 the factors associated with firm beliefs about the benefits of GP's care in case of minor ailments were male, older age, lower educational level, a non-Western cultural background, and a visit to the GP in the past 2 months. Furthermore, the association between health status and beliefs about GPs dealing with minor ailments is more marked in 2001. Compared to 1987, the influences of GPs and the practice are more intertwined in 2001. Conclusions: Patients' attitudes towards the management of minor ailments have changed over the years, which implies that strategic action by the profession and the government has affected the way the public uses primary care. However, a marginal group of patients (elderly, less-educated, non-Western) is lagging behind this trend, and continuing to consult GPs for minor ailments.

Although much research has been done on the impact of chronic illness on quality of life, still relatively little is known about the role of comorbidity. Given the growing number of (older) people with multiple chronic conditions, more information is needed on the effects of specific disease combinations for preventive purposes. In a nationwide representative sample of 1673 non-institutionalized chronic disease patients (recruited in 56 general practices) in The Netherlands, we assessed the separate and joint effects of cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus, and thyroid dysfunction on physical and mental functioning. Data on medical diagnoses were provided by the general practitioners; data on physical and mental functioning were collected by a patient survey (SF-36). Compared to reference data of the general population, physical functioning appeared to be worse in all six diagnostic groups, whereas mental functioning was more or less comparable. Patients with arthritis or those suffering from comorbidity reported the lowest levels of physical functioning. Synergistic effects of combinations of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and/or chronic respiratory disease were found, indicating that patients suffering from these disease combinations run a higher risk of physical disability than could be expected from their separate effects.

Recent studies have highlighted the large contribution of agriculture to fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution, and the public health impact that may result from agricultural emissions.The aim of this thesis was to explore associations between air pollution from livestock farms and respiratory health of non-farming residents living in close proximity to farms in a rural area in the Netherlands. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 12,117 adult patients from 21 general practitioner practices in a rural area with the highest farm density of the Netherlands. In total, 2,494 questionnaire participants participated to a health examination which consisted amongst others of a lung function measurement and collection of serum. Exposure to livestock farms was computed for each subject based on their home address and the location of farms in their vicinity. Living in close proximity to livestock farms was associated with both positive and negative effects on respiratory health. Subjects living with more than 15 farms within 1 ,000 m had a reduced lung function. This reduction in lung function is possibly caused by pollutants from livestock production. Also, lung function was lower when measured after weeks with higher ammonia levels (the main source is livestock production). Our results indicate that the association with the number of livestock farms was especially apparent in patients with COPD, while the association with ammonia was observed in the whole population. This study also found positive health effects. Prevalence of self-reported asthma, COPD, and nasal allergies was lower among residents living at short distances from a farm compared to residents living further away. In addition, living at short distances from livestock farms seems to protect against atopy (based on levels of IgE antibodies in serum). The negative associations between atopy and livestock farm exposure were somewhat stronger in subjects who grew up on a farm. Nonetheless, COPD patients living in close proximity to farms reported more respiratory symptoms and medication usage. Respondents' attitude towards farming may be a source of bias in our study since concerns about environmental hazards may influence self-reported outcomes. A score was developed to measure the attitude towards farming. In general, the study population had a positive attitude towards farming, in particular if participants were more familiar with farming. Both self-reported symptoms and exposure to livestock farms were associated with a more negative attitude, which is a concern for our epidemiological study. Awareness bias might have played a role here. However, no indication was found that the associations between proximity to farms and respiratory health were confounded or modified by attitude. To protect neighbouring residents from potentially harmful farm emissions, the expansion of new livestock farms should be prevented, especially in areas with a high number of farms. Furthermore, it is important that livestock farms lower their emissions. Ammonia contributes to atmospheric secondary PM2.5, and has been identified as a major contributor to PM2.5 in urban areas as well. Therefore, reducing livestock farm emissions will positively contribute to respiratory health of both neighbouring residents and people living outside rural areas.

Recent studies have highlighted the large contribution of agriculture to fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution, and the public health impact that may result from agricultural emissions.The aim of this thesis was to explore associations between air pollution from livestock farms and respiratory health of non-farming residents living in close proximity to farms in a rural area in the Netherlands. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 12,117 adult patients from 21 general practitioner practices in a rural area with the highest farm density of the Netherlands. In total, 2,494 questionnaire participants participated to a health examination which consisted amongst others of a lung function measurement and collection of serum. Exposure to livestock farms was computed for each subject based on their home address and the location of farms in their vicinity. Living in close proximity to livestock farms was associated with both positive and negative effects on respiratory health. Subjects living with more than 15 farms within 1 ,000 m had a reduced lung function. This reduction in lung function is possibly caused by pollutants from livestock production. Also, lung function was lower when measured after weeks with higher ammonia levels (the main source is livestock production). Our results indicate that the association with the number of livestock farms was especially apparent in patients with COPD, while the association with ammonia was observed in the whole population. This study also found positive health effects. Prevalence of self-reported asthma, COPD, and nasal allergies was lower among residents living at short distances from a farm compared to residents living further away. In addition, living at short distances from livestock farms seems to protect against atopy (based on levels of IgE antibodies in serum). The negative associations between atopy and livestock farm exposure were somewhat stronger in subjects who grew up on a farm. Nonetheless, COPD patients living in close proximity to farms reported more respiratory symptoms and medication usage. Respondents' attitude towards farming may be a source of bias in our study since concerns about environmental hazards may influence self-reported outcomes. A score was developed to measure the attitude towards farming. In general, the study population had a positive attitude towards farming, in particular if participants were more familiar with farming. Both self-reported symptoms and exposure to livestock farms were associated with a more negative attitude, which is a concern for our epidemiological study. Awareness bias might have played a role here. However, no indication was found that the associations between proximity to farms and respiratory health were confounded or modified by attitude. To protect neighbouring residents from potentially harmful farm emissions, the expansion of new livestock farms should be prevented, especially in areas with a high number of farms. Furthermore, it is important that livestock farms lower their emissions. Ammonia contributes to atmospheric secondary PM2.5, and has been identified as a major contributor to PM2.5 in urban areas as well. Therefore, reducing livestock farm emissions will positively contribute to respiratory health of both neighbouring residents and people living outside rural areas.