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"Dolor y gloria" (2019) de Pedro Almodóvar es una obra autorreferencial de ficción. Nuestro objetivo es establecer a qué categoría pertenece, especialmente a partir de las tres formas más frecuentes: la autobiografía, la autoficción y la ficción autobiográfica. Partimos de los postulados de Philippe Lejuene y de la teoría de la autoficción para realizar un análisis fílmico, e igualmente hemos considerado algunos textos del propio Almodóvar y entrevistas que, como paratextos, nos ayudan a comprender qué hay de personal en sus películas. También tendremos en cuenta "La ley del deseo" (1984) y "La mala educación" (2004) como dos obras anteriores con las que "Dolor y gloria" formaría una trilogía. A partir de La ley del deseo, en la que el autor empírico aparece en escena, dejará de tener presencia en sus obras y los autorretratos anteriores desaparecerán, pero mantendrá la representación de algunas vivencias a través de personajes delegados. En esa primera etapa encontramos autorretratos y posteriormente veremos momentos autobiográficos y autoficciones en los que algunos de sus personajes adoptan esas experiencias. El resultado de nuestro estudio es que transforma vivencias propias, cercanas y ajenas en narraciones de ficción. Las conclusiones son que no existe relato autobiográfico, en algunos casos hallamos autoficción y, principalmente, ficción autobiográfica., "Pain and Glory" (2019) by Pedro Almodóvar is a self-referential work of fiction. Our objective is to establish which category it belongs to, especially from the three most frequent forms: autobiography, autofiction and autobiographical fiction. We start from the postulates of Philippe Lejuene and the theory of auto-fiction to carry out a filmic analysis, and we have also considered some texts by Almodóvar himself and interviews which, as paratexts, help us to understand what is personal in his films. We will also take into account "The Law of Desire" (1984) and "Bad Education" (2004) as two previous works with which "Pain and Glory" would form a trilogy. From "The Law of Desire", where the empirical author appears on the scene, he will no longer have a presence in his works and the previous self-portraits will disappear, but he will maintain the representation of some experiences through delegated characters. In this first stage we find self-portraits and later we will see autobiographical moments and autofictions in which some of his characters adopt those experiences. The result of our study is that it transforms own, close and of others experiences into fictional narratives. The conclusions are that there is no autobiographical account, in some cases we find autofiction and, mainly, there is autobiographical fiction.

Igor Stravinsky’s late style is usually considered in terms of the works’ structure. Following Joseph N. Straus, this article attempts to highlight expressive, semantic and self-referential dimensions in Stravinsky’s late compositions. These dimensions emerge there with particular clarity and partly contradict the usual assessments of this music as abstract and constructivist; as such, they also challenge the composer’s own statements. Касни стил Стравинског обично се разматра са становишта структуре композиција. Ослањајући се на Јозефа Н. Штрауса, овај чланак настоји да нагласи експресивне, семантичке и самореферентне димензије у касним композицијама, које се указују с посебном јасноћом и делом противрече уобичајеним одређењима ове музике као апстрактне и конструктивистичке, а такође преиспитују и композиторове личне изјаве. Чувена тврдња Игора Стравинског да његова музика не изражава ништа дуго је доминирала у аналитичкој перспективи музичког истраживања. Чињеница да се у касним делима – упркос строгоћи структуралних процедура, као што је ротација хексакорада (или можда због ње) – поново појављује више традиционалних елемената – на пример, октатонике и дијатонике (cf. Richard Taruskin) – и да је цео арсенал делимично конвенционалних топоса препознатљив (cf. Joseph N. Straus) – тек је недавно описана. Такви елементи, од којих су неки видљивији у скицама, показују да јасни семантички нивои испливавају нарочито у касним делима, а посебно у композицијама с религијским конотацијама. Сасвим супротно од идеје о апстрактној игри с тоновима, жеља за отвореним и скривеним порукама у делима тако је откривена. Ово такође укључује самореферирајуће аспекте. Чини се да алузије на Жар-птицу у делу Requiem Canticles затварају нешто што би се могло описати као биографски круг. Лирски его се тако изражава још јасније у касним делима Стравинског. Једна карактеристика овог стваралачког ега је тенденција да се успостављена правила (композиционе процедуре) третирају нарочито стриктно с једне стране, али да се намерно и крше с друге – тренутак уметничке слободе који истовремено спречава потпуну транспарентност музичке логике и спашава дело од потпуног декодирања. Овај став подудара се с парадоксалном политиком вербалних изјава Стравинског.

In this paper I argue that 1) Kant’s power of judgment is constitutively always reflecting, as its lawful employments involve a preliminary self-reference of the faculties the power of judgment itself is required to connect and let them match with each other. Accordingly, I claim that 2) the principle of purposiveness is the principle of the power of judgment as such, and not just of an allegedly self-standing reflecting branch of this faculty. I criticize the view that Kant draws a dichotomy between reflecting and determining judgments and argue that 3) Kant’s point in the third Critique is to rule out the amphiboly between the reflecting and the determining employment of the principle of purposiveness. The power of judgment is, as such, always reflecting: while in the case of cognition it also works in a determining way, in the case of both aesthetics and teleology it is only reflecting, i.e., self-purposive – as it sets its function as its own end.

Helmut Plesner’s philosophical anthropology introduces not only the division of the world of the living being into self and environment, but also a superstructure over the zip distribution: eccentric positionality. This reflexive ability of the self to relate to itself allows the formation of personal-relative, i.e., social life. The aim of the article is: to trace the possibilities of methodological renewal of sociotheoretical discourse, which opens for him the principle of eccentric positionality.The study uses historical-comparative and logical-analytical methods. Research results. H. Plesner in the idea of eccentric positionality unfolds the perspective and possible practical consequences of the establishment of human openness in the world, not stopping at the danger of finally breaking the anthropological framework of his philosophy, dissolving it in the concept of personal socialization.Conclusion. Plesner’s «social» is presented as a life phenomenon – it is the highest manifestation of life, and the process of personalization of life manifestations is a process of socialization. Taking the self beyond oneself in eccentric positionality is something more than separating oneself from the environment, opposing oneself to it and establishing an attitude towards it. In the course of establishing the relation to oneself, the self does not form it automatically – the positioning of eccentricity cannot be carried out directly – which enables a special space favorable for the «inter-self» existence of living beings, a specific sphere of «inter-self» relations – the sphere of social existence., Сформульований Г. Плеснером принцип ексцентричної позиціональності передбачає, що життєвий цикл ексцентрично позиціонованої живої істоти побудований на розриві між відцентруванням стосункової форми у світ (назовні) і зворотнім доцентруванням її у центральну організаційну форму живого тіла: світ поділено на самість і довкілля. Проте методологічно вагомим і плідним донині є не ця характеристика ексцентричної позиціональності (яка, до того ж, ріднить її з центричною позиціональністю живої істоти «тварина») і навіть не та обставина, що її довкілля має бути виготовлене штучно, як результат освоєння-відкривання світу. Найбільшу питому вагу тут має та риса, що у самому своєму ексцентричному позиціонуванні така істота змушена бути спроможною до співмірності з центричними формами організації. Відтак відкривається безмежне поле перформативного статусу ексцентричної позиціональності, коли її носій, напружений безперервно мерехтливою зміною ролей («автор»↔«твір») власною відносинною амбівалентністю заповнює порожнечу штучної природи. Ця рефлексивна здатність самості відноситися вже й до самої себе як момент «абсолютної самореференції» уможливлює (проте не гарантує!) становлення персонального-відносинного, тобто суспільного життя. Соціальне, отже постає як життєвий феномен, – як найвищий прояв життя, а процес індивідуалізації та персоналізації (уособлення) життєвих проявів є водночас процесом усуспільнення.

Die Konstruktion von Selbstreferenz ist eine Herausforderung für Studierende. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ich-Gebrauch gehört daher zur Ausbildung studentischer Schreibberater*innen. Ein sprachliches Mittel für die Konstruktion von Selbstreferenz ist der Gebrauch von ‚ich‘. Die Ich-Vorkommen werden auf der Basis der Typisierung von Steinhoff (2007a) – Verfasser‑, Forscher- und Erzähler-Ich – annotiert. Die Grundannahme ist, dass die Annotation durch eine Zielhypothese beeinflusst wird. Da die quantitative Auswertung nur eine mittlere Übereinstimmung in den Annotationen zeigt, werden im Rahmen einer exemplarischen qualitativen Analyse die Zielhypothesen der Annotator*innen rekonstruiert. Es zeigt sich, dass Zielhypothesen (text)diagnostisch oder auf eine Anschlusshandlung hin orientiert sein können. Diese Orientierung beeinflusst die Interpretation und Typisierung von Ich-Vorkommen.The construction of self-reference can be challenging for students. Therefore, the reflection on the use of ‘I’ is part of the writing tutors’ training. A linguistic tool for the construction of self-reference is the use of ‘I’. The tokens of ‘I’ are annotated by using Steinhoff’s (2007a) classification: author-I, researcher-I, and narrator-I. The basic assumption is that the annotation is influenced by target hypotheses. Since the quantitative evaluation indicates only a moderate agreement in the annotations, the target hypotheses of the annotators are reconstructed within the framework of an exemplary qualitative analysis. Findings suggest that target hypotheses can be oriented towards text diagnostic or follow-up actions. This orientation influences the interpretation and categorization of I-tokens.

As today, the evolution of the earliest life was an exploration of adaptive forms. The earliest life also undertook great leaps in the overall complexity of the molecular dynamic system. A theoretical framework for this form of evolution has not been resolved. This thesis builds upon the discoveries of early life chemistry and seeks to move towards understanding the organising principles that allowed life to evolve. In computer science novelty generation is often linked to universal computation, as the boundaries of complexity are found at the edge of undecidability where self-referential incomputable statements can be generated. At the intersection of early life chemistry and computer science, this thesis draws from the dominant RNA-world model and incorporates this into the constructions of automata theory to investigate the computational properties of a system of single-stranded RNA molecules. Limited to the plausible RNA-world operations of ligation and cleavage, RNA automata are constructed of increasing complexity; from the Finite Automaton (RNA-FA) to the Turing machine equivalent 2-stack Pushdown Automaton (RNA-2PDA) and ultimately a universal RNA-UPDA with the capacity to generate undecidability. A path forward from undecidable computation in RNA automata to novelty generation is mapped. The coupled phenotype-environment space is presented as a framework for biological system expansion. The framework draws on the discoveries of Alan Turing and Emil Post on the continual expansion of computational systems overcoming their undecidable boundaries. An analogue of these extensions, from the perspective of ecological developmental biology, offers a self-referential model of the organism coupled with its environment, which is capable of novelty generation. This thesis concludes by outlining future avenues of research to develop the coupled phenotype-environment space framework as well as identifying biological computational constructions in extant organisms.

The self is multifaceted. We sometimes bias information about ourselves over others and sometimes we bias information about others such as a friend over strangers, leading to a self-prioritization or friend-prioritization effect. However, it remains unknown how the shifting facet of the self supports such context-dependent social judgement. The self, serving as a navigational reference point, not only reflects an evolutionary pressure to evade threats but also plays a vital role in contemporary social interactions. The bodily self-representation is a cognitive and perceptual process through which individuals develop a sense of body ownership, agency, and awareness of their own bodies at a specialised location (Serino et. al., 2013). Research has shown that there is a self-prioritisation effect in near-space processing (Huang et. al., 2021) and that people have varied preferences for information related to different people in interpersonal spaces with a distorted perception of distance for their belonging needs (Bogdanova et. al., 2021; Knowles, Green & Weidel, 2014; Lenglart et. al., 2022; Perry et. al., 2013). In this study, we will investigate whether manipulating bodily self-consciousness in different spatial contexts (i.e., personal space, social space) can activate distinct aspects of the self, and how accessing specific facets of the self would influence judgement when comparing processing information related to different self-relevance (Self, Friend, and Stranger) within and across spatial dimensions. Three experiments will be conducted in this study. Experiment 1 examines how different facets of the self are activated when information is projected into different spaces (Personal, Social), and how this affects judgement when comparing processing information related to self or others (i.e., Self, Friend, Stranger). Experiment 2 will be a replication of Experiment 1 except that the sizes of personal and social spaces will be defined by participants individually, and Experiment 3 will examine the cultural effect (contact vs. non-contact culture) on the observed patterns in Experiments 1 and 2, given that everyday behaviour is subject to our cultural background. Prior to the experiments, a pilot experiment was carried out to estimate the sample size for the interest interaction between Space (Near-personal vs. Far-social) and three-dimensional objects embedded with different self-relevance (Self, Friend, Stranger) in a distance estimation task utilising virtual reality technology. Participants first conducted a shape-label matching task where three 3-D objects were paired with three people (Self, Friend, Stranger). Following the learning of object-person associations, they performed a distance estimation task. In this task, participants were displayed with multiple objects moving inside an imaginary cube, which was located at different distances (Near-personal Space and Far-social Space) in relation to the participants. They were instructed to use the keyboard to move a red dot to indicate the centre of the imaginary cube in the VR environment. Distance between the estimated and actual centre was recorded as the dependent variable to quantify the performance of spatial perception as a function of Object (Self, Friend, Stranger) and Space (Near-personal vs. Far-social).

В статье затрагивается вопрос о том, что именно является мифом. Рассматривается специфика современного мифа как объекта изучения и возможность построения теории современного мифа. Излагаются некоторые основные характеристики современных мифов, коренным образом отличающиеся от мифов традиционных, на базе которых построено большинство исследований, а именно: отсутствие истинного исторического измерения у современного мифа, которое резко контрастирует с традиционным мифом, нуждающимся в начальной точке отсчета как в необходимой предпосылке для самого своего существования. Также выделены три основные особенности современного мифа: потребность в конструировании, самореферентность, отношение ко времени, истории и прогрессу. Авторы выделяют главные черты современных мифов: их завуалированность – «мифы в камуфляже», сочетание сакрального и профанного – «неосмысленное известное» и универсальную значимость. В результате современные мифы воспринимаются как объективные универсальные принципы, правила квазинаучного характера, способные формировать реальность. Это становится самоисполняющимся пророчеством или судьбой., The article touches on the question “What exactly is a myth?”. The specifics of modern myth as an object of study and the possibility of constructing a theory of modern myth are considered. Some basic characteristics of modern myths, radically different from traditional myths, on the basis of which most studies are based, are described, namely: the absence of a true historical dimension in modern myth, which sharply contrasts with traditional myth, which needs a starting point as a necessary prerequisite for its very existence. Three main features of the modern myth are also highlighted: the need for construction, self-reference, attitude to time, history and progress. The authors highlight the main features of modern myths their veiled nature – “myths in camouflage”, a combination of the sacred and profane – “unthought known” and universal significance. As a result, modern myths are perceived as objective universal principles, rules of a quasi-scientific nature, capable of shaping reality. This gives them the property of becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy or destiny.

Experiencing an affective, emotional state upon encountering novel stimuli is dependent on the nature of the stimulus as well as the appraisal of the stimulus by the perceiving individual. Contemporary views on stimulus processing consider appraisal to be the underlying mechanism determining the subjective affective outcome, as it is experienced by the individual. This thesis had the objective of contributing to the understanding of appraisal processes in healthy participants, with a special focus on self- versus other-reference of the experienced stimuli. To this extent, the experimental His-Mine paradigm (Herbert, DFG HE5880/3-1) has been repeatedly employed, assessing the emotional evaluation of positive, negative, and neutral words, combined with self- or other-reference. In the first study, associations between genetic markers (OXTR polymorphisms rs53576 and rs2268498) and emotional evaluation have been investigated, demonstrating a possible relationship in the form of an interpretation bias in the appraisal of neutral words, i.e., ambiguous stimuli devoid of valence information (Meixner, Montag, & Herbert, 2019). While the usually found self-positivity bias did not interact with participants’ genotype, rs53576-A+/rs2268498-C+ carriers displayed a less positive, and more negative interpretation bias in the appraisal of neutral stimuli, depending on self- or other-reference of the stimuli. In the second study, romantic relationships have been examined as a possible factor changing the appraisal of self- and other-related emotional information, even in the absence of explicit partner-related instructions. It could be shown that the self-positivity bias persisted in a romantic relationship. However, participants in a romantic relationship evaluated positive, other-related stimuli more often in a valence-congruent fashion, and therefore akin to positive, self-related stimuli (Meixner & Herbert, 2018). In the third study, the influence of acute aerobic exercise with varying attentional focus on the evaluation of self- and other-related emotional stimuli has been tested. Results suggested that while aerobic exercise is an affective experience influencing mood and subjective exertion, this did not transfer into subsequent emotional evaluation, ruling out effects of mood-congruent processing. However, it could be shown that the attentional focus instruction led to slower reaction times in the subsequent emotional evaluation paradigm compared to the exercise condition without attentional focus instruction, possibly caused by the increased demands of the additional attention task. The direction of the self-reported attentional focus during exercise proved to be related to the self-positivity bias in subsequent emotional evaluation: An internal focus of attention on bodily stimuli during the aerobic exercise was associated with a larger difference between the number of valence-congruent answers in positive, self-related compared to positive, other-related words, and vice versa for an external focus of attention (Meixner & Herbert, 2022). Lastly, in the fourth study, the psychophysiological effects of acute aerobic exercise with different attentional focus have been examined. It could be shown that instructed attentional focus did not influence affective experience of exercise, perceived exertion, or physiological parameters, such as heart rate variability (HRV), and pre-ejection period (PEP). Follow-up analyses, however, hinted at a possible relationship between self-reported attentional focus and psychophysiological parameters (Meixner & Herbert, 2021). Taken together, the presented studies and their results illustrate associations of factors which differ on their time scale, on stimulus appraisal and affective experiences: Stable factors, such as genetics, long-term factors such as romantic relationships and short-term influences, such as acute aerobic exercise with varying attentional focus on stimulus appraisal have been investigated. In sum, these findings contribute to uncovering the relationship of biopsychological influences, emotional evaluation, and affective experiences in the appraisal process of verbal and bodily stimuli., Affektives, emotionales Erleben als Reaktion auf neuartige Reize wird beeinflusst von den Eigenschaften des Reizes, aber auch von der Bewertung der wahrnehmenden Person. Aktuelle Theorien zur Reizverarbeitung nennen die Bewertung eines Reizes als essenzielle Komponente, die dem subjektiven affektiven Erleben eines Individuums zugrunde liegt. Diese Dissertation wurde mit dem Ziel angefertigt, das Verständnis dieser Bewertungsprozesse in gesunden Stichproben zu verbessern, mit speziellem Augenmerk auf den Selbst- oder Fremdbezug der erlebten Reize. Dabei wurde das experimentelle His-Mine Paradigma (Herbert, DFG HE5880/3-1) mehrfach verwendet, mit dem die emotionale Evaluation positiver, negativer und neutraler Worte, gekoppelt mit Selbst- oder Fremdbezug erfasst werden kann. In der ersten Studie wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen genetischen Markern (OXTR Polymorphismus rs53576 und rs2268498) und emotionaler Evaluation untersucht. Die Ergebnisse stützen einen möglichen Zusammenhang in Form eines Interpretationsbias bei der Bewertung neutraler Worte, also ambiger Reize, die keine Valenzinformationen beinhalten (Meixner, Montag, & Herbert, 2019). Der übliche Befund eines Self-Positivity Bias war unabhängig vom Genotyp der Teilnehmenden nachzuweisen. Träger der rs53576- A+/rs2268498-C+ Allele zeigten jedoch einen weniger positiven, eher negativen Interpretationsbias in der Bewertung neutraler Reize, in Abhängigkeit von deren Selbst- und Fremdbezug. In der zweiten Studie wurden romantische Beziehungen als ein möglicher Einflussfaktor untersucht, der die Bewertung von selbst- und fremdbezogenen Reizen verändern könnte. Es wurde geprüft, ob sich dies sogar in Abwesenheit von expliziten, partnerbezogenen Instruktionen zeigen lässt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Self-Positivity Bias in einer romantischen Beziehung insgesamt erhalten bleibt, aber Teilnehmende in einer romantischen Beziehung positive, fremdbezogene Stimuli häufiger als valenzkongruent, und somit vergleichbar zu positiven, selbstbezogenen Stimuli bewerten (Meixner & Herbert, 2018). In der dritten Studie wurde der Einfluss von akuter sportlicher Aktivität im aeroben Bereich mit verschiedenem Aufmerksamkeitsfokus auf die Evaluation selbst- und fremdbezogener emotionaler Reize erforscht. Aerobe sportliche Aktivität erwies sich als eine affektive Erfahrung und beeinflusste Stimmung sowie die subjektive Anstrengung. Diese Effekte übertrugen sich jedoch nicht auf die Evaluation emotionaler Reize, was einer stimmungskongruenten Verarbeitung im verwendeten experimentellen His-Mine Paradigma widerspricht. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass eine Instruktion zur Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung zu langsameren Reaktionszeiten im nachfolgenden Evaluationsparadigma führte, was auf die erhöhten Anforderungen durch die parallele Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung zurückzuführen sein könnte. Die selbstberichtete Richtung der Aufmerksamkeit zeigte einen Zusammenhang mit dem Self-Positivity Bias in der emotionalen Evaluationsaufgabe: Je stärker Teilnehmende ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf internale Reize während der sportlichen Aktivität fokussierten, desto größer war die Differenz zwischen valenzkongruenten Antworten auf positive, selbstbezogene Worte und positive, fremdbezogene Worte. Je ausgeprägter Teilnehmende external fokussierten, desto geringer war diese Differenz (Meixner & Herbert, 2022). Zuletzt wurden in der vierten Studie zusätzlich die psychophysiologischen Effekte von sportlicher Aktivität mit verschiedenem Aufmerksamkeitsfokus untersucht. Es konnten hierbei keine Zusammenhänge von affektivem Erleben sportlicher Aktivität, der subjektiven Anstrengung und physiologischen Parametern, wie der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) und der Präejektionsperiode (PEP), und dem instruierten Aufmerksamkeitsfokus während der Aktivität gezeigt werden. Sekundäre Analysen deuteten jedoch auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen selbstberichtetem Aufmerksamkeitsfokus und psychophysiologischen Parametern hin (Meixner & Herbert, 2021). Zusammengefasst beleuchten die dargestellten Studien und Ergebnisse die Beziehungen diverser Einflussfaktoren der emotionalen Evaluation von Reizen und affektivem Erleben verschiedener zeitlicher Ausdehnung: Zeitstabile genetische Faktoren, Langzeitfaktoren, wie romantische Beziehungen, sowie kurzzeitige Einflüsse, wie akute sportliche Aktivität, wurden erforscht. Die berichteten Befunde leisten einen Beitrag, unser Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen biopsychologischen Einflüssen, emotionaler Evaluation und affektivem Erleben in den Bewertungsprozessen von verbalen und körperlichen Reizen zu verbessern.

Children who are involved in legal cases are often interviewed about events they witnessed or that might have happened to them. Occasionally, after such interviews, children are confronted with misinformation regarding their experiences. The question that arises is whether their earlier interviews may protect them from reporting misinformation. The goal of the present experiment was to assess whether empirically based interviewing by means of the National Institute for Child Health and Development (NICHD) Protocol would affect the reporting of misinformation in children. Children were involved in an interactive event (i.e., science demonstration). Following this, three experimental groups were created: one group was interviewed using the NICHD Protocol, one group had to freely recall what they experienced, and one group was not asked to retrieve any memories about the event. Next, all children received misinformation concerning the event and were then subjected to a final memory test. We found that children’s recall during the NICHD interview protected children against the incorporation of misinformation in their accounts of the event. This effect was absent in the other two conditions. The current experiment suggests that evidence-based investigative interviewing can inoculate children’s memory against the corrupting impact of misinformation.

The liar paradox is an ancient logical paradox (revisited by modern thinkers) which links truth with falsehood and falsehood with truth, and is based on a self-referential mechanism. It has been discussed by a variety of authors, from Aristotle to Bateson. The solution to that paradox, however, can be found by having recourse to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy, and by, so to speak, getting out of language (because true and false are words which belong to our language) to attain reality. This can be expressed through Wittgenstein’s idea that no proposition can say of itself whether it is true or false. However, experience is also expressible in words – and one can think of propositions which cannot be confirmed or disproved according to experience. Studying the paradox, therefore, leads one to Gödel’s theorem which offers a mathematical demonstration of the existence of undecidable propositions.

Рассматривается источник логических парадоксов, выявленных Б. Расселом в системе обоснования математики, предложенной Г. Фреге. Самореферентность выражений, предложенная Б. Расселом как объяснение возникновения парадоксов, рассматривается с точки зрения разработанной им простой и разветвленной теории типов. Обосновывается, что теория типов, предложенная Б. Расселом, основана на онтологических предпосылках. Онтологические предпосылки зависят от предпочтения семантическому перед синтаксическим подходом, который принимается Б. Расселом. Рассмотрены синтаксические подходы к логическому символизму, которые позволяют устранить парадоксы с точки зрения языка современной символической логики. Анализируется подход к решению парадоксов Л. Витгенштейна, который основан на синтаксическом подходе. Показано, что этот подход отличается от способов построения языка, принятых в современной логике.The article analyzes the source of logical paradoxes Bertrand Russell identified in the foundations of mathematics proposed by Gottlob Frege. Russell proposed self-reference of expressions as the source of paradoxes. To solve paradoxes, he developed the simple and ramified theory of types. Ontological presuppositions are well substantiated for his theory; they depend on semantic, but not syntactic, preference. Contemporary approaches in symbolical logic prefer syntactic methods. But Wittgenstein’s approach in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is more interesting, especially from the perspective of his picture theory of statements.

Changes in context across instances of memory retrieval have been shown to impair memory for acts of prior remembering. The present study examined how self-referential encoding influences memory for prior remembering that occurred with or without context change. At encoding, participants processed each target in cue-target word pairs in relation to themselves or another person. During an initial cued-recall test, targets were tested with either the studied cues or semantically related, but previously unseen cues. During a second cued-recall test, all targets were tested with the studied cues, and participants judged whether they remembered retrieving each target during the first test. Regardless of self/other-reference, semantic context change across the two tests impaired memory for prior remembering. Furthermore, the magnitude of this impairment was larger for strongly self-associated vs. other-associated targets. Our findings suggest that self-referential encoding does not benefit memory for prior remembering in the face of contextual change.

In this paper we examine various requirements on the formalisation choices under which self-reference can be adequately formalised in arithmetic. In particular, we study self-referential numberings, which immediately provide a strong notion of self-reference even for expressively weak languages. The results of this paper suggest that the question whether truly self-referential reasoning can be formalised in arithmetic is more sensitive to the underlying coding apparatus than usually believed. As a case study, we show how this sensitivity affects the formal study of certain principles of self-referential truth.

The article is devoted to the question of whether unknowable obligations are possible. According to the popular view (known as Access), an act is obligatory only if its agent can know that this act is obligatory. Sorensen (1995) argues against Access, and Sider and Wieland both defend Access by suggesting (S) - For any obligation O, individual X must refrain from making O unknowable. We consider various difficulties concerning the possibility of (S) - an infinite regress, self-referential nature of (S), unprovability of (S). It is argued that (S), from a certain perspective, is itself the unknowable obligation. RESUMO O artigo é dedicado à questão de saber se as obrigações desconhecidas são possíveis. De acordo com a visão popular (conhecida como Access), um ato é obrigatório somente se seu agente puder saber que esse ato é obrigatório. Sorensen (1995) argumenta contra Access, e Sider e Wieland defendem Access sugerindo (S) - Para qualquer obrigação O, o indivíduo X deve abster-se de fazer O sem conhecimento. Consideramos várias dificuldades em relação à possibilidade de (S) - um regresso ao infinito, natureza autorreferencial de (S), improbabilidade de (S). Argumenta-se que (S), de uma certa perspectiva, é em si a obrigação desconhecida.

Cet article souhaite montrer que les modèles spatiaux, physiques ou expérientiels, proposés généralement pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des particules verbales en anglais, posent de nombreux problèmes. En particulier, il s’avère impossible de réduire le signifié de UP (vs DOWN) à l’expression d’un « mouvement vertical vers le haut » et les valeurs non spatiales sont très nombreuses. L’alternative décrite ici, dans le cadre général de la Théorie de la Relation Interlocutive (Douay & Roulland 2014), consiste à rechercher dans le fonctionnement même du système linguistique les causes et les motifs à la fois de la structuration spatiale et non spatiale. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une définition systémique du langage fondée sur l’auto-référence et l’auto-organisation, plutôt que sur des stimuli environnementaux qui seraient plus ou moins « évidents ». Our aim in this article is to point out that mainstream spatial models (either world-based or experience-based) prove largely inadequate for the analysis of verbal particles in English. In particular the particle UP (vs DOWN) definitely cannot be confined to simply expressing “upward movement” and non-spatial uses are very frequent. We propose here an alternative model for UP in the general framework of the Theory of the Interlocutive Relation (Douay & Roulland 2014), based on systemic operations of language which can account for spatial and non-spatial structural patterns as well. The key-concept in this research is a systemic definition of language based on self-reference and self-organization rather than more or less “obvious” environment-induced stimuli.

Investigates if and how the self-prioritization effect (Sui et al., 2012) interacts with symbolic representations of numbers.

Objectives The role of self in veridical memory has been extensively studied, but what is the role of self in false memory development across the life span? The current study examined the impact of self-reference on associative false memory in children, younger adults, and older adults, and further investigated possible mechanisms concerning how self-reference might affect false memory in different age groups. Methods Combining a self-reference manipulation with the Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm, children, younger adults, and older adults encoded DRM word lists as paired with their own name, another person’s name, or a red square. Later their true and false recognition memory as well as recollection and familiarity were measured. Results A self-enhanced false memory effect was found in all age groups. That is, participants generated more false memories in the self-reference condition relative to the other-reference and neutral conditions. Furthermore, when examining its underlying memory mechanisms, we found that self-reference mainly increased false recollection in younger adults but facilitated familiarity of critical lures in older adults. Discussion Although self-reference increases false memory in both younger and older adults, the underlying mechanisms are different in that older adults have more self-relevant false familiarity while younger adults generate more self-relevant phantom recollection. The current study also has implications for eyewitness reports, suggesting that the self-relevance of memory may be one relevant factor to consider when evaluating potential risk factors of false memory.

In recent work, Sarah Robins, Gerardo Viera and Steven James have provided some insightful objections to the ideas offered in my book, Memory: A Self-Referential Account. In this paper, I put forward some responses to those objections. Robins challenges the idea that being a memory could be a matter of having a particular functional role within the subject’s cognitive economy. Viera challenges the idea that the content of a memory could explain some of its phenomenological properties. And James challenges the idea that our memories could be immune to error through misidentification. All three commentators are targeting, not tangential aspects of, but fundamental assumptions in the account of memory proposed in the book. For that reason, modifying some of those assumptions would amount to proposing a whole different account of memory. I hope to show, however, that such a radical move is not necessary. For there are possible responses to the objections from all three commentators which are available within the constraints of the account proposed in the book.

Music is widely used to regulate and accentuate one's emotions, both positive and negative. The music one engages with has a direct and indirect effect on the way one views themselves. Studies have shown that certain kinds of music affect one’s self-esteem and self-enhancement. This is a very intriguing connection, as there is a lot to understand about how this correlation plays out. This study aims to better understand the factor in between that causes this connection between music engagement and reference to the self. Prior research has shown that self compassion correlates with both music engagement and positive view of the self. Therefore, in this study we intend to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between music engagement and self-reference.

Obtaining pilot data regarding the AQ scale and potential score variability among CSUF psychology department participants, as well as how those scores may relate to basic cognitive task performances.

People remember events and materials better when these are congruent with their mood at retrieval; this is known as the mood-congruent memory bias. This effect is largest when the materials are self-referential and this is known as the self-reference effect. We present two word rating studies, to create a list of self-referential valenced words that may be used as stimuli to investigate the influence of valence on cognitive processing in depressive ruminators. Words selected from the Affective Norms for English Words pool were rated by an unselected sample for self-referentiality (Study 1) and validated with ratings provided by depressive ruminators. As hypothesized, depressive ruminators rated negative words as more self-referential than an unselected sample. Using this list, valence differentiated performance between depressive ruminators and healthy controls in a working memory updating task. We thus created a list of self-referential valenced words matched on factors that influence word processing.

Memory bias entails preferential recall of a certain kind of information over another. The present research explores the self-verification motive in memory bias to maintain self-esteem. It is hypot...

Recent evidence suggests that some simulations of future events are encoded in memory and later recalled as "memories of the future," but the factors that determine the memorability of future simulations remain poorly understood. The current research aimed to test the hypothesis that imagined future events are better memorized when they are integrated in autobiographical knowledge structures. Across two experiments, we found that future events that involved the self were better recalled than future events that involved an acquaintance (Experiment 1), and that future events that were related to personal goals were better recalled than future events that were unrelated to goals (Experiment 2). Although self-reference and personal goals influenced the phenomenological characteristics of future simulations (e.g., their vividness and the clarity of event components), the enhanced recall of self-relevant and goal-relevant simulations was not simply due to these differences in the characteristics of simulations. Taken together, these findings suggest that the integration of simulated events with preexisting autobiographical knowledge is an important determinant of memories of the future.

The article focuses on the intermedial relationship between cinema and painting, viewed as a self-referential process, and tries to determine various ways in which this type of signifying process can be used to “encode” various messages (within the work itself), or become an integral part of this (meta)communicative operation. Starting from a broad definition of intermedial references and continuing with a brief recontextualized detour through Gérard Genette’s taxonomy of transtextual instances, the author narrows down a specific technique that exemplifies this type of “codifying” procedure, namely the tableau vivant. In accordance with Werner Wolf’s proposed terminology, he attempts to determine the metareferential potential of this extra-compositional self-referential technique. The case studies focus on films by Peter Greenaway and Lars von Trier.

Culture plays a critical role in memory. Memory is also known to be constructive and prone to errors (e.g., false memories). However, little is known about how culture potentially shapes the formation of false memories. We examined the role of culture in shaping various aspects of false memory by comparing European (N = 33) and Chinese (N = 40) samples. In our study, we embedded the Deese-Roediger/McDermott (DRM) pictures in different contexts and paired them with participants’ own name or other people’s name (e.g., Adele) to create item-person-context memory episodes. We found that European participants had more phantom recollection for non-presented lure pictures while Chinese participants were more likely to form familiarity for lure pictures. Furthermore, we showed that European participants formed more self-related false memories of item-context bindings than Chinese participants. Our study is the first to show cultural differences in constructive false memories using the DRM paradigm.

Media theory usually foregrounds transmission, storage, and processing as elementary media operations, neglecting the role media play in protecting living beings. However, the biopolitical and discursive reactions to the spread of Covid-19 have evidenced how protection and establishing safe distances can be implicated in the media process of transmission, which viral infection is, basically. Takingthe window photos reacting to the pandemic-induced isolation in early 2020 as a starting point, I propose to examine the dynamics of distance and proximity by focusing on the protective functionalities of small networked screens. Today, networked screens such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, or television dominate our everyday and personal media use. Their omnipresence and our permanent attachment to them became even stronger during the Corona crisis, giving the screens new political significance. Placed between the self and the world, screens are able to cocreate protective topologies of distance and, thus, to fulfill immunitary functions in addition to their communicative and connective ones. In order to elaborate on this double operativity, I will draw on etymological, media archaeological, and media theoretical understandings of screens as protective ‘shields’, ‘barriers’, and ‘filters’ and combine them with the philosophical perspectives on immunization developed by Roberto Esposito and Peter Sloterdijk., img journal, No. 3 (2020): Remediating distances

This study analyzes the impact of customer segmentation, customer acquisition and retention, and customer behavior on entrepreneurial productivity and quality of the startup enterprises in Mexico. ...

The object of this research is the female victims’ first-person discourse. To describe the self-referential discourse of this type of a speaker, along with the notions of “self-reference” and “ino-reference” the author resorts to such notions as “one’s own circle” and “outer circle”. This expands the meaning of the notion of “self-reference”. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the fragments of the dynamic model of interacting self-referential and non-referential discourse components on the material of French-speaking female victims’ evidence. The speakers were subjected to domestic violence in their past. The author reveals lexical, grammatical and syntactic components, which are used in the victims’ discourse within the framework of “one’s own self-referential circle” and “outer ino-referential circle”, a complex set of their interaction is schematically demonstrated.

The present study examined the effects of processing based on the hierarchy of needs proposed by Maslow (1962), on incidental free recall performance. Word pairs were provided to the participants in either two type of self-choice or a forced-choice condition. In the self-choice condition, participants were asked to choose which of the words indicated an object needed to survive (survival condition) or an object related to themselves (self-reference condition). In the forced-choice condition, one of the paired words was underlined, and participants were asked to judge whether the underlined object was needed to survive or was related to themselves. Free-recall performance for words chosen according to the survival criterion was superior to that for the self-reference criterion, and the size of self-choice effect was larger for the survival criterion. These results show that the survival criterion led to more effective cognitive integration of words than the self-reference criterion, and also support the validity of the model proposed by Toyota (2016). Differences in the effectiveness of criteria are discussed in terms of model on the hierarchical structure of human needs.

The article considers the concept CUP as a special fractal-semiotic object in the field of the interaction of language and culture. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the increased interest in the application of a systematic approach to the study of a linguistic object, in particular to the use of a fractal approach to analyze the structure of a concept, including figurative and reflective components. The subject of the review is the fractal organization of the concept CUP in the speech-thought process. The mechanism of this concept, correlating between the mega-level (the spiritual semiosphere) and the micro-level (text), depends on the features of speech organizational patterns with which the synergistic principle of integrity is manifested. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that it reveals the experience of representing the structure of the concept CUP, reconstructed on the basis of Russian contexts with religious content. The fractality of this structure is due to the non-linear nature of the development by a number of symbolized values (LSW) cup . Quantitative data makes it possible to trace the features of symbolization (a movement from subject to symbol) and to justify the possibility of using the concept of fractal as a linguistic approach. The material for the analysis was religious texts that are distinguished by a pattern of implicit meanings and hierarchical internal organization, such as interpretations of scripture, instruction on spiritual life, patristic heritage, and sermons. The aim of the work is to present the structure of the concept CUP and to reveal its specifics of a dynamic nature by taking into account external and self-referential signs, as well as to consider the corresponding patterns of thinking that are repeatedly represented in religious contexts. The analysis showed that the semantics of the concept CUP incorporate a large volume of symbolic meanings. It has been established that at the lexical level, the language unit cup is formed over time and an abstract complex meaning or invariant meaning would be activated. These complex invariants are more likely open conceptual schemes that are given importance depending on contextual conditions, and this occurs as a result of cognitive operations at the conceptual level.

The ability of humans to self-monitor and control their memory processes is called metamemory and has been widely studied as a component of metacognition in cognitive psychology. Metamemory in non-human animals has also been investigated in recent years, although it had been regarded as a truly unique characteristic of human memory. We attempt to evolve artificial neural networks with neuromodulation, which have a metamemory function. Our constructive approach is expected to contribute, by introducing a novel dimension of evolutionary plausibility, to the discussion of animal experiments to detect metamemory. In this study, we demonstrate the evolution of neural networks that have a metamemory function based on the self-reference of memory, including the analysis of the evolved mechanism of metamemory. In addition, we discuss the similarity between the structure of the evolved neural network and the metamemory model defined by Nelson and Narens.

論文 Articles

All living entities are cognitive and dependent on ambiguous information. Any assessment of that imprecision is necessarily a measuring function. Individual cells measure information to sustain self-referential homeostatic equipoise (self-identity) in juxtaposition to the external environment. The validity of that information is improved by its collective assessment. The reception of cellular information obliges thermodynamic reactions that initiate a self-reinforcing work channel. This expresses as natural cellular engineering and niche constructions which become the complex interrelated tissue ecologies of holobionts. Multicellularity is collaborative cellular information management directed towards the optimization of information quality through its collective measured assessment. Biology and its evolution can now be re-framed as the continuous process of self-referential cellular measurement in the perpetual defense of individual cellular self-identities through the collective form.

This essay challenges some assumptions of prevalent theories of empathy. The empathizer, according to these theories, must have an emotion or a representation that matches the recipient’s emotion o...

Given a formal language, a metalanguage is a language which can express — amongst other things — statements about it and its properties. And a metatheory is a theory couched in that language concerning how some of those notions behave. Two such notions that have been of particular interest to modern logicians — for obvious reasons — are truth and validity. These notions are, however, notoriously deeply entangled in paradox. A standard move is to take the metalanguage to be distinct from the language in question, and so avoid the paradoxes. One of the attractions of a dialetheic approach to the paradoxes of self-reference is that this move may be avoided. One may have a language with the expressive power to talk about — among other things — itself, and a theory in that language about how notions such as truth and validity for that language behave. The contradictions delivered by these notions are forthcoming, but they are quarantined by the use of a paraconsistent logic. The point of this paper is to discuss this project, the extent to which it has been successful, and the places where issues still remain.

This research investigated associations between the lyrics of every song to have reached the weekly U.K. Top 5 singles chart from 1960 to 2015 and the number of people responsible for recording each song. Following computerized content analysis of the lyrics of the 4,534 unique songs, the results showed that the number of musicians involved was negatively related to use of cognitive terms, consistent with previous research on social loafing, and was also negatively related to instances of self-reference and use of language concerning social interaction, arguably in reflection of the inherent constraints on such that arise from collaborating with others.

This article investigates consumer reactions (punishing behavior) regarding corporate brands that engage in various types of transgressions (mild vs. severe) through a scenario-based experiment. The study adopts a 2 × 2 factorial design that examines the moderating role of self-referencing on the relationship between brand transgression severity and the punishing behavior of consumers. Before conducting the main study, the researchers carried out a pilot study to acquire insights about the severity levels of various brand transgressions as well as to determine the likelihood of individuals encountering them. The main study confirms that there is an interaction effect between self-referencing and transgression severity on consumer punishing behavior. More notably, this research highlights the fact that in cases of mild transgressions, having a point of self-reference in the transgression prompts individuals to punish the transgressor more harshly than in cases of severe transgressions. This finding may serve as a warning for corporate brands, demonstrating that they need to be careful about mild transgressions because even when they represent violations of minor rules, they can have deleterious effects on consumer–brand relationships.

This paper deals with the issue of interdisciplinarity in literature, tracing the mathematical influences — and particularly those of the incompleteness theorems by Kurt Gödel — on the literary works of Hans Magnus Enzensberger. Our attention is focused on Enzensberger’s publications in mathematics, on his poem Hommage à Gödel, and his montage epos The Sinking of the Titanic. This paper submits a new, interdisciplinary interpretation of the poem Hommage à Gödel as a kind of art manifesto, and comes to the conclusion that the reason Enzensberger finds the incompleteness theorems so interesting is that they offer a scientific basis for undecidable problems and paradoxes. He applies Gödel’s theorems to literature, where they enable a creative, playful oscillation between two positions or aspects of an undecidable problem and self-reference in literature.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the self-enhancement effect of voice attractiveness evaluation is due to general self-positivity bias and/or the familiarity effect. The participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of their own voice, a friend's voice and strangers' voices. In addition, a self-reference valence (SR-valence) task was adopted in the experiment. Significant self-enhancement effects in voice attractiveness ratings were demonstrated, regardless of whether the participants recognized their self-voice or not. However, the friend-enhancement effect was found in only those participants who successfully recognized their friend's voice. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between self-positivity bias in the SR-valence task and the self-enhancement effect (but not the friend-enhancement effect). Our findings suggest that both the familiarity effect and self-positivity bias account for the vocal self-enhancement effect, and the influence of self-positivity bias could be implicit. The present study thus provides empirical evidence to clarify the potential explanations for the self-enhancement of voice attractiveness assessment.

Adolescence is often defined as a period of social reorientation, characterized by increased engagement with, and reliance on, same-aged peers. Consistent with these shifting motivations, we hypothesized that communicating information about oneself to friends would be intrinsically valued during adolescence. We specifically examined behavioral and neural differences when sharing information of varying depth in intimacy. These questions were investigated in a sample of early adolescent girls (N = 125, ages 10.0-13.0 years) who completed a self-disclosure monetary choice task while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, adolescents gave up more money to share superficial self-referential information than intimate self-referential information with a (real-life) close friend. Neural analyses identified extensive engagement of regions that support social cognition and emotion regulation when engaging in intimate self-disclosure. Behavioral and neural valuation of sharing superficial information were related to individual differences in self-worth and friendship quality. Comparatively, across all levels of analyses, adolescents were less likely to share intimate information. Findings highlight both the value and costs associated with self-disclosure during this time of increased peer sensitivity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This article revisits the long perceived referential difficulty in the phrase “this sēper” in Deut 28:58. It introduces phraseology drawn from the 14th century BCE Hittite treaty of Šuppiluliuma I with Tette of Nuḫašši (CTH 53) parallel to the expression “all the words of this sēper written in this tôrâ” (Deut 28:58). In light of this comparative evidence it argues that it is probable that “this sēper” had a self-referential function: the expression “this sēper” in Deut 28:58 indicates for audiences the material text-object on which the verse was written, and does not merely point to a text-object that exists within the world of the narrative. Finally, it considers the analogy of treaty performance to understand how the spatial relationship created between audiences and physical text-objects through deictic self-reference functions within the literary context of the Deuteronomic source.

The article explores the system of self-reference expressions as an important structural element of A. Chciuk’s recollective dilogy «Atlantis» and «Lunar Land». The question of complex and multidimensional connections between literature, self-identity and place is considered. It is shown how and with what strategies the literature works with a complex experience of loss. Most of contemporary literary studies devoted to the mentioned dilogy focus mainly on the specifics of the narrated world, the issues of bałak, the characteristics of ethnocultural discourse or genre and style features. Instead, there is a lack of research on the self-reflexive dimension widely represented in the dilogy «Atlantis» and «Lunar Land». Research of this dimension as an important structural element of A. Chciuk’s texts will provide a better understanding of the peculiarities of the creation and functioning of a particular model of memoirs with the possibility of its further typology and contextualization, in particular in terms of a clearly signaled need to create new historical literary projects. One of the characteristic features common to both books by A. Chciuk can be considered a developed self-reference dimension, which covers various aspects of the creation and functioning of the recollective emigration narrative. The narrator of «Atlantis» and «Lunar Land» is interested not only in what and how to tell, but also in the very nature of writing. In narrator’s opinion, writing is always an anthropocentric act, a way of self-expression, work with individual experience, an attempt to discover self-constitution, the search for self-identity. The self-reference discourse of «Atlantis» and «Lunar Land» also reveals the relationships that are built between literature, self-identity and place. The narrativization of memory is a work with complex traumatic experience, complex frontier space, complex anthroposphere, burdened with destructive autostereotypes and heterostereotypes. The complex analysis of A. Chciuk’s recollective dilogy «Atlantis» and «Lunar Land» allows us to assert that self-reference is one of its important structural elements. It is important for the narrator to find out the compositional, thematic and genre features of writing about the past. In the center of narrator’s interest are such fundamental categories as memory, reminiscence and recollection. Writing, according to the subject of the narration, is always self-centered, (re)constructive, and meaningful. Writing about the past also means showing the complex interrelationships between self-identity, place, and experience. The self-reference dimension also focuses on the ways and strategies of writing about the phenomenology of the local community and cultural frontier’s functioning. The dilogy offers, therefore, a kind of methodology for modeling a recollective emigration self-narrative through overcoming the stereotype of multicultural idyll.