Search

Polarizers are ubiquitous components in current optoelectronic devices as displays or photographic cameras. Yet, control over light polarization is an unsolved challenge, since the main drawback of the existing display technologies is the significant optical losses. In such a context, organometal halide perovskites (OMHP) can play a decisive role given their flexible synthesis with tunable optical properties such as bandgap and photoluminescence, and excellent light emission with a low non-radiative recombination rate. Therefore, along with their outstanding electrical properties have elevated hybrid perovskites as the material of choice in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Among the different OMHP nanostructures, nanowires and nanorods have lately arisen as key players in the control of light polarization for lighting or detector applications. Herein, the fabrication of highly aligned and anisotropic methylammonium lead iodide perovskite nanowalls by glancing-angle deposition, which is compatible with most substrates, is presented. Their high alignment degree provides the samples with anisotropic optical properties such as light absorption and photoluminescence. Furthermore, their implementation in photovoltaic devices provides them with a polarization-sensitive response. This facile vacuum-based approach embodies a milestone in the development of last-generation polarization-sensitive perovskite-based optoelectronic devices such as lighting appliances or self-powered photodetectors.

The opto-electronic properties of small-molecules and functional dyes usually differ when incorporated into solid matrices with respect to their isolated form due to an aggregation phenomenon that alters their optical and fluorescent properties. These spectroscopic modifications are studied in the framework of the exciton theory of aggregates, which has been extensively applied in the literature for the study of molecular aggregates of the same type of molecules (homoaggregation). Despite the demonstrated potential of the control of the heteroaggregation process (aggregation of different types of molecules), most of the reported works are devoted to intramolecular aggregates, complex molecules formed by several chromophores attached by organic linkers. The intramolecular aggregates are specifically designed to hold a certain molecular structure that, on the basis of the exciton theory, modifies their optical and fluorescent properties with respect to the isolated chromophores that form the molecule. The present article describes in detail the incorporation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) and 800 (Rh800) into polymeric matrices of poly-(methyl methacrylate), PMMA. The simultaneous incorporation of both dyes results in an enhanced fluorescent emission in the near-infrared (NIR), originating from the formation of ground-state Rh6G–Rh800 intermolecular heteroaggregates. The systematic control of the concentration of both rhodamines provides a model system for the elucidation of the heteroaggregate formation. The efficient energy transfer between Rh6G and Rh800 molecules can be used as wavelength shifters to convert effectively the light from visible to NIR, a very convenient wavelength range for many practical applications which make use of inexpensive commercial detectors and systems. MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF (FEDER) PID2019-110430GB-C21 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF (FEDER) PID2019- 109603RA-I00 Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía (PAIDI- 2020) and FEDER US-1263142 Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía (PAIDI- 2020) and FEDER US-1381057 Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía (PAIDI- 2020) and FEDER AT17-6079 Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía (PAIDI- 2020) and FEDER P18- RT-3480 University of Seville and Ramon y Cajal Spanish National program VI PPIT-US EU H2020 program under the grant agreement 851929 (ERC Starting Grant 3DScavengers)

A well-established procedure for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) splitting of water relies on using porous electrodes of WO3 sensitized with BiVO4 as a visible scavenger photoanode semiconductor. In this work, we propose an evolved photoelectrode fabricated by a soft-template approach consisting of supported multishell nanotubes (NTs). These NTs are formed by a concentric layered structure of indium tin oxide (ITO), WO3, and BiVO4, together with a final film of cobalt phosphate (CoPi) co-catalyst. Photoelectrode manufacturing is easily implemented at large scale and combines thermal evaporation of single crystalline organic nanowires (ONWs), magnetron sputtering (for ITO and WO3), solution dripping, and electrochemical deposition processes (for BiVO4 and CoPi, respectively) plus annealing under mild conditions. The obtained NT electrodes depict a large electrochemically active surface and outperform by more than one order of magnitude the efficiency of equivalent planar-layered electrodes. A thorough electrochemical analysis of the electrodes under blue and solar light illumination demonstrates the critical role of the WO3/BiVO4 Schottky barrier heterojunction in the control of the NT electrode efficiency and its dependence on the BiVO4 outer layer thickness. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance was maximized with the CoPi electrocatalyst, rendering high photocurrents under one sun illumination. The reported results demonstrate the potential of the soft-template methodology for the large area fabrication of highly efficient multishell ITO/WO3/BiVO4/CoPi NT electrodes, or other alternative combinations, for the photoelectrochemical splitting of water., Comment: Manuscript: 39 pages, 8 figures and 1 table. SI: 15 pages, 9 figures and 1 table

We introduce herein the advanced application of low pressure plasma procedures for the development of piezo and triboelectric mode I hybrid nanogenerators. Thus, plasma assisted deposition and functionalization methods are presented as key enabling technologies for the nanoscale design of ZnO polycrystalline shells, the formation of conducting metallic cores in core@shell nanowires, and for the solventless surface modification of polymeric coatings and matrixes. We show how the perfluorinated chains grafting of PDMS provides a reliable approach to increase the hydrophobicity and surface charges at the same time that keeping the PDMS mechanical properties. In this way, we produce efficient Ag/ZnO convoluted piezoelectric nanogenerators supported on flexible substrates and embedded in PDMS compatible with a contact separation triboelectric architecture. Factors like crystal-line texture, ZnO thickness, nanowires aspect ratio, and surface chemical modification of the PDMS are explored to optimize the power output of the nanogenerators aimed for harvesting from low-frequency vibrations. Just by manual trigger-ing, the hybrid device can charge a microcapacitor to switch on an array of color LEDs. Outstandingly, this simple three-layer architecture allows for harvesting vibration energy in a wide bandwidth, thus, we show the performance characteristics for frequencies between 1 Hz to 50 Hz and demonstrate the successful activation of the system up to ca. 800 Hz, 17 pages, including Supporting Information Section, one Schematic, six figures

The eventual exploitation of one-dimensional nanomaterials needs the development of scalable, high yield, homogeneous and environmentally friendly methods capable of meeting the requirements for fabrication of functional nanomaterials with properties on demand. In this article, we demonstrate a vacuum and plasma one-reactor approach for the synthesis of fundamental common elements in solar energy and optoelectronics, i.e. the transparent conducting electrode but in the form of nanotube and nanotree architectures. Although the process is generic and can be used for a variety of TCOs and wide-bandgap semiconductors, we focus herein on indium doped tin oxide (ITO) as the most previously researched in previous applications. This protocol combines widely applied deposition techniques such as thermal evaporation for the formation of organic nanowires serving as 1D and 3D soft templates, deposition of polycrystalline layers by magnetron sputtering, and removal of the templates by simply annealing under mild vacuum conditions. The process variables are tuned to control the stoichiometry, morphology, and alignment of the ITO nanotubes and nanotrees. Four-probe characterization reveals the improved lateral connectivity of the ITO nanotrees and applied on individual nanotubes shows resistivities as low as 3.5 ± 0.9 × 10–4 Ω cm, a value comparable to that of single-crystalline counterparts. The assessment of diffuse reflectance and transmittance in the UV-Vis range confirms the viability of the supported ITO nanotubes as random optical media working as strong scattering layers. Their further ability to form ITO nanotrees opens a path for practical applications as ultra-broadband absorbers in the NIR. The demonstrated low resistivity and optical properties of these ITO nanostructures open a way for their use in LEDs, IR shields, energy harvesting, nanosensors, and photoelectrochemical applications. AEI-MICINN (PID2019-110430GB-C21 and PID2019-109603RA-I0) Junta de Andalucía (PAIDI-2020 through projects US-1263142, ref. AT17- 6079, P18-RT-3480) EU H2020 program 715832 and 851929

Polarizers are ubiquitous components in optoelectronic devices of daily use as displays, optical sensors or photographic cameras, among others. Yet the control over light polarization is an unresolved challenge as the main drawback of the current display technologies relays in significant optical losses. In such a context, organometal halide perovskites can play a decisive role given their flexible synthesis with under design optical properties . Therefore, along with their outstanding electrical properties have elevated hybrid perovskites as the material of choice in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Among the different organometal halide perovskite nanostructures, nanowires and nanorods have lately arise as key players for the control of light polarization for lighting or detector applications. Herein, we will present the unprecedented fabrication of highly aligned and anisotropic methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite nanowalls by Glancing Angle Deposition of PbI2 under high vacuum followed by CH3NH3I deposition at normal angle. Our approach offers a direct route for the fabrication of perovskite nanostructures virtually on any substrate, including on photovoltaic devices. The unparalleled alignment degree of the perovskite nanowalls provides the samples with strong anisotropic optical properties such as light absorption and photoluminescence, the latter with a maximum polarization ratio of P=0.43. Furthermore, the implementation of the MAPI nanowalls in photovoltaic devices provides them with a polarization-sensitive response, with a maximum photocurrent difference of 2.1 % when illuminating with the near-infrared range of the solar spectrum (>700 nm). Our facile vacuum-based approach embodies a milestone in the development of last generation polarization-sensitive perovskite-based optoelectronic devices such as lighting appliances or self-powered photodetectors., 29 Pages, 6 Figures, Supplementary Information with 4 Figures and 1 Note

Máster en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos

[ES] El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo final la descripción detallada del estudio y cálculo de una planta solar fotovoltaica de 3 MW de potencia nominal, conectada a red situada en el término municipal de Tabernas, Almería. Se ha escogido esta ubicación debido a las características climáticas de la zona, favorables tanto por horas de luz diarias como por las propiedades del terreno sobre el cual se sitúa la central, árido, poco fértil y sin estar ocupado. Contará con 12 bloques generadores conectados cada uno a un inversor trifásico de red. Se ha implementado en el desarrollo del presente trabajo conocimientos adquiridos en asignaturas como Tecnología Eléctrica, Máquinas Eléctricas, Proyectos o Ingeniería Gráficas, entre otras. Se ha hecho uso del software Autodesk AutoCAD 2019 para la realización de los planos de la central tanto para la dis-tribución de los paneles fotovoltaicos sobre la parcela real obtenida del catastro, como para diseñar la dirección del cableado a lo largo de la planta fotovoltaica. Cabe destacar que ante cada decisión tomada a lo largo del proyecto se han barajado siempre diferentes alternativas las cuales se han descartado, o escogido, después de valorarlas tanto econó-mica como funcionalmente todas ellas. El principal objetivo de la central es la venta de la energía producida en ella, vertiéndola a la red eléctrica de distribución, intentando que el proyecto sea rentable en el menor intervalo de tiempo posible. Por lo que, se ha buscado aquella opción que presente una mejor relación coste-ingresos, ya que los ingresos, por ser mayores no significarán mayores beneficios., [EN] The final objective of this project is the detailed description of the study and calculation of a photovoltaic solar plant of 3 MW of nominal power, connected to a network located in the municipal area of ¿¿Tabernas, Almería. This location has been chosen due to the climatic characteristics of the area, favorable both for daily light hours and for the properties of the land on which the plant is located, arid, not very fertile and without being occupied. It will have 12 generator blocks each connected to a three-phase grid inverter. In the development of this work, knowledge acquired in subjects such as Electrical Technology, Electrical Machines, Projects or Graphic Engineering, among others, has been implemented. Autodesk AutoCAD 2019 software has been used for the realization of the plans of the plant both for the distribution of the photovoltaic panels on the real plot obtained from the cadastre, and for designing the direction of the wiring along the photovoltaic plant . It should be noted that each decision made throughout the project has always been shuffled different alternatives which have been discarded, or chosen, after assessing both economically and functionally all of them. The main objective of the plant is the sale of the energy produced in it, by pouring it into the distribution network, trying to make the project profitable in the shortest time possible. Therefore, we have looked for that option that presents a better cost-income ratio, since the income, because it is higher, will not mean greater benefits

El éxito o fracaso de un modelo universitario depende de su capacidad, flexibilidad y rapidez para ajustarse a los cambios del entorno socioeconómico. Así, la actual demanda de titulados está marcada por el cambio tecnológico y la globalización.

Aves - Orden Passeriformes - Familia Turdidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/. Versiones anteriores: 13-01-2012, A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Canary Islands stonechat Saxicola dacotiae in Spain.

Presentación oral, en el "X Congreso Ibérico de Mirmecología (Taxomara)", del 15 al 17 de julio de 2015 en Lisboa (Portugal)., El patrón de distribución biogeográfica de un conjunto de especies puede ser útil para conocer cómo interactúan entre ellas y con el ambiente, así como para anticipar cómo les afectarán cambios futuros como los climáticos. En concreto, el patrón altitudinal de las comunidades de hormigas en pastizales de la Sierra de Guadarrama permite conocer mejor esos aspectos de la ecología de estas hormigas. Para determinar ese patrón se realizaron dos muestreos entre finales de mayo y finales de julio de 2014, mediante la captura indirecta de hormigas con trampas pitfall, situadas en mallas regulares en pastizales de diferentes altitudes, desde los 768m hasta los 2351m de altitud. Los ejemplares recogidos fueron identificados hasta nivel de especie, resultando un total de 43 especies de hormigas. Con esos datos se realizaron los pertinentes análisis estadísticos para determinar si el patrón de distribución espacial es aleatorio, de reemplazamiento o de anidamiento. El resultado fue que el patrón encontrado es una combinación de los patrones de reemplazamiento y de anidamiento, con una mayor influencia del primero. Además se pudo dividir el gradiente altitudinal en tres rangos de altitud caracterizados por diferencias en la riqueza y la incidencia de las especies de hormigas. Se prevé que en un escenario futuro, contemplando el calentamiento climático, los rangos de distribución de las especies se desplacen ascendiendo por el gradiente altitudinal, y provocando alteraciones en los pastizales por la desaparición de algunas especies y la aparición de otras nuevas en las diferentes cotas altitudinales. En particular, cinco de las especies encontradas están restringidas a las altitudes superiores, de manera que son las más susceptibles a desaparecer por completo de la zona; estas especies son: Lasius flavus, Myrmica lobicornis, Myrmica sulcinodis, Myrmica xavieri y Temnothorax albipennis.

We studied bias in density estimations derived from strip transects in dry open–country in the Canary Islands. We also present some critical remarks on García–del–Rey’s (2005) paper regarding strip transects and the validity of comparisons based on population densities of birds in scrublands on Tenerife island using two different methods: territory mapping and strip transect sampling. Although strip transects with census belts of 25 m do not account for detectability, this method only slightly undervalues true density estimates, and allowed to detect more than 85% of birds present in poorly vegetated environments in the Canary Islands. Previously published works on distribution and abundance of terrestrial birds in the Canary Islands using the strip transect sampling with belts of 25 m on both sides of the observer, thus provide reliable information that only slightly underestimates true densities. Key words: Birds, Canary Islands, Census methods, Strip transects, Open–country environments, Population density, Territory mapping., Se estudian los sesgos derivados del empleo del método del taxiado (transectos lineales con bandas de 25 m a cada lado del observador) para obtener densidades en ambientes estepáricos de las Islas Canarias. También se presentan algunos comentarios críticos al trabajo de García–del–Rey (2005) que compara estimas de densidad obtenidas en Tenerife utilizando dos métodos diferentes: mapeo de territorios y transecto lineal. Aunque el método del taxiado estima densidades relativas no corregidas por la detectabilidad de las especies, este método proporciona valores de densidad muy parecidos a los reales, ya que permite detectar en ambientes con poca cobertura vegetal a más del 85% de los individuos dentro de bandas de 25 m a cada lado del observador. Por tanto, los trabajos previamente publicados sobre densidades de aves en Canarias proporcionan estimas fiables sólo ligeramente infravaloradas. Palabras clave: Aves, Islas Canarias, Métodos de censo, Transecto lineal, Ambientes estepáricos, Densidad de población, Mapeo de territorios.

[EN]In the last two decades there has been a growing interest in modelling wildlife-habitat relationships. This is due to the necessity of basic information for land management and conservation, and to the fundamental interest of ecology in studying the distribution and abundance of organisms. However, wildlife-habitat models relay on several asumption, and have some limitations that must be known. This work offer first a brief summary of the type of models that can be found in ecological studies. The focus is on monoespecific models of species distribution, that is, in those that relate habitat characteristics with the presence/absence of a single species, bu the discussion can be extended to other model types, in particular those which deal with several species at a time. Second, a commented synthesis on both statistical and biological limitations of the distribution models is given in detaiñ, with an analysis of the underlying assumptioms and ethodological problems. In conclusion, distribution models have numerous shortcomings but their development may provide a worthy tool for land management, [ES] En las últimas dos decadas se ha despertado un enorme interés en el modelado de la relación entre las especies y su hábitat, que responde tanto a la demanda de información aplicable a la gestión del territorio y a la conservación como al fundamento básico de la eología en estudiar la distribución y abundancia de los organismos. Sin embargo, los modelos predictivos de distribución de epecies descansan en ciertas presunciones y tienen unas limitaciones que conviene conocer antes de desarrollarlos.En este trabajo se ofrece primero un breve sumario de los tipos de modelado que pueden encontrarse en estudios de ecología, centrandose en los modelos monoespecíficos de distribución, es decir, en aquellos que relacionan las característica del hábiat con la presencia de una especie en particular. Posteriormente, se presenta una síntesis comentada de las limitaciones de carácter biológico y estadístico de los modelos predictivos, analizando en detalle las presunciones en que se sostienen y los problemas metodológicos que dificultan su aplicación. Se concluye que los modelos de distribución de especies están sujetos a numerosos defectos, pero en su desarrollo pueden ofrecer una interesante herramnienta complementaria en la gestión del territorio.

X Congreso Nacional de Teledetección, Cáceres, 17-19 de Septiembre 2003. Más información en http://www.aet.org.es/?q=xcongreso., El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo principal de elaborar una cartografía de hábitat potencial de diferentes especies de aves en las sierras de Aracena y Grazalema. Los modelos de selección de hábitat se basan en las preferencias de las aves sobre determinados tipos estructurales de vegetación. Así se utilizaron los mapas disponibles de vegetación para las áreas de estudio. Además, con objeto de incorporar la estructura forestal y comparar los resultados en función de las fuentes de datos, se llevó a cabo una cartografía de vegetación mediante el empleo de imágenes Landsat TM y ETM+. La metodología empleada utilizó 1144 puntos de muestreo como verdad terreno. En cada punto se anotaron diversos parámetros forestales que posteriormente fueron combinados en 2 componentes principales responsables de la máxima variabilidad mediante análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Los componentes se interpretaron como 2 gradientes de cobertura: arbórea y de matorral. Tales componentes fueron empleados como variables respuesta en un modelo aditivo generalizado (GAM) en él que las variables predictoras empleadas fueron los valores de reflectividad de las bandas 1-7 y de NDVI de escenas Landsat TM y ETM+ para dos fechas de cada área de estudio. Los resultados muestran valores de acierto global mayores para las cartografías generadas a partir de imágenes de satélite

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología. Fecha de lectura: 25-11-2002

The occurrence of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, hereafter PPM) in Mediterranean pine forests and plantations is of increasing concern as processes such as global warming and forest cover expansion have amplified the frequency and virulence of outbreaks. This study attempts to provide as complete an overview as possible of the different factors involved in pine forest susceptibility to PPM in 98 pine stands in Central Spain. A large study area (∼3,000 km2) was considered, including three different spatial scales (, This work was supported by the European Social Fund managed by the Regional Government of Madrid (Remedinal TE-CM: S2018/EMT-4338)

208 páginas y 7 capítulos.- Tesis Doctoral defendida en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid el 3-12-2013. Calificada de Sobresaliente cum laude, [EN] Aim To disentangle the subtleties of the relationship between the thermal environment and the distribution of wintering birds, at multiple spatial scales. Specifically, to analyze the relative influence of temperature on species distributions, its interaction with various thermal and non-thermal factors, and the context-dependence of these relationships (i.e., species, season and geographical location). Location Iberian Peninsula and Guadarrama Mountain range (central Spain). Methods I use observational and experimental field approaches to control for habitat structure, topography, food abundance and predation risk, from forest patches to landscape, regional and peninsular scales. Fieldwork is carried out with woodland passerines inhabiting mountain oakwoods of Quercus pyrenaica, and subtle variations in temperature and wind are precisely measured with data loggers. Main results and conclusions Wintering birds respond to natural variations in temperature at multiple scales, selecting the warmest forest patches to forage and the warmest mountain areas and peninsular regions to overwinter. However, temperature per se accounts for a relatively small proportion of the variation in species distribution patterns. Indeed, a sudden extreme drop in temperature is not enough to alter species abundances, or to promote their general redistribution to minimize wind chill. Other non-thermal environmental factors like vegetation structure, predation risk and availability of predictable food resources, seem to be more deterministic in driving winter species distribution than direct measurements of temperature. On the other hand, the influence of the thermal environment goes far beyond average temperature: minimum night temperature, incident sun radiation and altitude related with snow cover are key drivers of species distributions. The relative relevance of all these factors depends on the ecological scenario, varying across species, seasons and geographical locations. I conclude that if we disregard other environmental effects, we will overestimate the influence of temperature on species abundance and underestimate the plasticity of these to respond to temperature changes. Applications and prospects Fine-grained approaches, based on direct measures of the study organisms and carried out through precise local measurements of environmental variables, are needed to understand the functional mechanisms driving species distribution patterns at wider scales. At all scales, we need to control for other environmental factors when predicting the responses of birds to temperature, under either current or future scenarios of global warming. Otherwise, we are at risk of generating strongly biased predictions that will inflate the magnitude of climate change effects., [ES] Objetivo: Desentrañar los pormenores de la relación entre el ambiente térmico y la distribución de aves invernantes a múltiples escalas espaciales. En concreto, analizar la influencia relativa de la temperatura en la distribución de especies, su interacción con varios factores térmicos y no térmicos, y cómo tales relaciones dependen del contexto ecológico (i.e., especies involucradas, estación del año y localización geográfica). Localización Península Ibérica y Sierra de Guadarrama (centro de España). Métodos: He utilizado tanto aproximaciones observacionales como experimentales de campo para controlar el efecto de la estructura del hábitat, la topografía, la abundancia de alimento y el riesgo de depredación, en escalas que varían desde el parche hasta el paisaje forestal, la región de Guadarrama y la Península Ibérica. El trabajo de campo se ha llevado a cabo con paseriformes forestales de robledales montanos de Quercus pyrenaica, y las variaciones de temperatura y viento se han medido de forma precisa y local con registradores de datos. Resultados y conclusiones principales: Las aves invernantes responden a variaciones naturales en la temperatura a múltiples escalas, seleccionando los parches forestales más cálidos para forrajear y las áreas de la sierra y de la península más cálidas para pasar el invierno. Sin embargo, la temperatura “per se” explica una proporción relativamente pequeña de la variación en los patrones de distribución de especies. De hecho, una caída extrema y repentina de la temperatura no es suficiente para alterar la abundancia de las especies, ni para promover su redistribución general hacia las áreas con una sensación térmica más alta. Otros factores ambientales como la estructura de la vegetación, el riesgo de depredación y la disponibilidad de fuentes predecibles de alimento, son más deterministas en la distribución invernal de especies que las medidas directas de temperatura. Por otro lado, la influencia del ambiente térmico va más allá de la temperatura promedio: la temperatura mínima nocturna, la radiación solar incidente y la altitud relacionada con la cobertura de nieve son determinantes clave en la distribución de las especies. La importancia relativa de todos estos factores depende del escenario ecológico, variando a través de las especies, las estaciones del año y de las localizaciones geográficas. Mi conclusión es que si no consideramos otros efectos ambientales, estaremos sobreestimando la influencia de la temperatura en la abundancia de especies y subestimando la plasticidad de estas para responder a cambios de temperatura. Aplicaciones y perspectivas: Las aproximaciones de detalle, basadas en medidas directas de los organismos de estudio y en medidas locales precisas de las variables ambientales, son necesarias para entender los mecanismos funcionales que dirigen los patrones de distribución de especies a escalas mayores. A cualquier escala, necesitamos controlar la influencia de otros factores ambientales sobre la respuesta de las aves a la temperatura, bajo escenarios tanto actuales como de cambio global futuros. En caso contrario, corremos el riesgo de generar predicciones fuertemente sesgadas que inflen la magnitud de los efectos del cambio climático., This thesis has been supported by a Formación de Personal Investigador grant (FPI; BES- 2009-029386) associated to the project CGL2008-02211/BOS of the Spanish Ministry of Economía y Competitividad.