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To analyze the change of serum C1q in the course of multiple myeloma (MM) and its correlation with clinical characteristics.A total of 138 newly diagnosed MM patients in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from June 2016 to December 2019 were selected as research objects, during the same period 50 age-matched anemia patients, 50 lymphoma patients, 50 leukemia patients, and 50 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients were selected as control groups. All the patients met WHO disease classification, and were definitely diagnosed by pathology or bone marrow smear/biopsy. The changes of C1q between MM patients and control group, as well as in different therapeutic responses of MM patients before and after treatment were compared, also the difference of clinical characteristics among MM patients with different C1q level, so as to analyze risk factors which led to C1q decline.The average value of C1q in MM patients was (128.18±51.24) mg/L, which was significantly lower than control group (P0.01). The levels of white blood cell, platelet (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), serum calcium, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in newly diagnosed high C1q group were significantly higher than those in low C1q group (P0.05). Logistic analysis showed that the levels of PLT, Hb, albumin, and LDH in newly diagnosed high C1q group were higher than those in low C1q group (r=0.248, r=0.394, r=0.405, r=0.295). After treatment, the levels of C1q in MM patients with complete remission and very good partial remission were significantly higher than before treatment (P0.05), while those with partial remission and stable disease also increased but not significantly (P0.05).The C1q level in MM patients is significantly lower than that in patients with other hematologic system diseases, and it increases with the remission of the disease after treatment.多发性骨髓瘤患者血清补体C1q的变化.探讨多发性骨髓瘤（MM）病程中患者血清补体C1q的变化，及其与临床特征间的关系.选取2016年6月至2019年12月武汉大学中南医院收治的138例初诊MM住院患者为研究对象，另根据年龄匹配同期入院的贫血患者及非MM血液肿瘤患者，包括淋巴瘤、白血病及骨髓增生异常综合征各50例为对照（所有患者均符合WHO疾病分类标准，病理或骨髓涂片/活检明确诊断），比较MM患者与对照组间及MM患者治疗前后不同疗效组C1q水平的变化，比较不同C1q水平时MM患者临床特征间的差异，进而分析导致C1q下降的风险因素.MM患者C1q平均值为（128.18±51.24）mg/L，明显低于贫血及非MM血液肿瘤患者（P0.01）。初诊高C1q组患者的白细胞、血小板、血红蛋白、血清钙离子、白蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶水平均明显高于低C1q组（P0.05）。进一步Logistic分析显示，初诊高C1q组患者的血小板、血红蛋白、白蛋白及乳酸脱氢酶水平均高于低C1q组（r=0.248，r=0.394，r=0.405，r=0.295）。治疗后疗效评估达到完全缓解、非常好的部分缓解的MM患者C1q水平均较治疗前明显升高（P0.05），而部分缓解、病情稳定患者虽亦升高但无明显统计学意义（P0.05）.MM患者C1q水平明显低于血液系统其他疾病患者，且随着治疗后病情的缓解C1q表达较治疗前升高.

Objective The aim of this multicentre randomised controlled trial was to investigate the contribution of de qi to the immediate analgesic effect of acupuncture in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and the specific traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis cold and dampness stagnation. Method Eighty-eight patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and cold and dampness stagnation were randomly assigned to de qi (n=43) or no de qi (n=45) groups and underwent 30 min of SP6 acupuncture. The de qi group received deep needling at SP6 with manipulation using thick needles; the no de qi group received shallow needling with no manipulation using thin needles. In both groups the pain scores and actual de qi sensation were evaluated using a visual analogue scale for pain (VAS-P) and the acupuncture de qi clinical assessment scale (ADCAS), respectively. Results Both groups showed reductions in VAS-P, with no signficant differences between groups. ADCAS scores showed 43/43 and 25/45 patients in de qi and no de qi groups, respectively, actually experienced de qi sensation. Independent of original group allocation, VAS-P reductions associated with actual de qi (n=68) were greater than those without (28.4±18.19 mm vs 14.6±12.28 mm, p=0.008). Conclusions This study showed no significant difference in VAS-P scores in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea and cold and dampness stagnation immediately after SP6 acupuncture designed to induce or avoid de qi sensation. Both treatments significantly reduced VAS-P relative to baseline. Irrespective of group allocation, patients experiencing actual de qi sensation demonstrated larger reductions in pain score relative to those without, suggesting greater analgesic effects. Trial registration number Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-TRC-13003086); Results.

To explore the effects of prenatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on placental size and birth outcomes.Based on the perspective Wenzhou Birth Cohort, this nested case-control study included 101 fetal growth restriction (FGR) and 101 healthy newborns. Maternal serum samples were collected during the third trimester and measured for PBDEs by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The basic information of mother-newborn pairs was collected from questionnaires, whereas the placental size and birth outcomes of newborns were obtained from hospital records.A total of 19 brominated diphenyle ether (BDE) congeners were detected in maternal serum samples. Higher concentrations of BDE-207, -208, -209, and ∑A negative association was found between PBDE levels in maternal serum and placental size and birth outcomes. Prenatal PBDE exposure may be associated with elevated risk of the incidence of FGR birth.

Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain injury is a detrimental disease, which results in high mortality and long-term neurological deficits. Nevertheless, the treatment options for this disease are limited. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the role of liraglutide in neonatal HI brain injury in rats and investigate the associated mechanisms. The results showed that treatment with liraglutide significantly reduced infarct volume and ameliorated cerebral edema, decreased inflammatory response, promoted the recovery of tissue structure, and improved prognosis following HI brain injury. Moreover, treatment with liraglutide inhibited apoptosis and promoted neuronal survival both in the rat model and following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) insult. LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), partially reversed these therapeutic effects, suggesting that the PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway was involved. In conclusion, our data revealed that treatment with liraglutide exerts neuroprotection after neonatal HI brain injury via the PI3K/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) pathway and may be a promising therapy for this disease.

In recent years, karst water has been polluted by emerging pollutants such as antibiotics. In this study, the bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in antibiotics contaminated karst river was studied in summer and winter. The concentration of antibiotics in winter karst river is higher than that in summer, and there are significant differences in structure of bacterial community and ARGs between karst river water samples. Aminoglycoside, beta-lactamase and multidrug are the main types of ARGs, and transposons play an important role in the spread of ARGs. The horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs between bacteria mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) would cause the spread of ARGs and bring potential ecological risks. In addition, we found that the risk of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria (ARPB) in winter was possibly higher than that in summer. It was suggested that the discharge of antibiotics, water amount and seasonal occurrence time of human intestinal diseases affect the risks caused by antibiotics contaminants. This study helps us to understand the transmission mechanism of ARGs and their potential seasonal ecological risks in complex karst water systems.

Background This study aims to provide guidance for clinical work through analysis of the clinical characteristics, endoscopic and pathological manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of an 18-day-old neonate with exfoliative esophagitis. Case presentation The patient presented with vomiting but the parents did not pay too much attention. The pathological report revealed numerous fibrinous exudative necrotic, and inflammatory cells, as well as a small amount of squamous epithelium. Furthermore, milk allergy factors were considered. Conservative treatments, such as fasting, acid suppression, mucosal protection, parenteral nutrition, and the replacement of anti-allergic milk powder were given. Thereafter, endoscopic examination revealed that the patient returned to normal, and was discharged after 21 days. Conclusions Exfoliative esophagitis has multiple causes; and has characteristic clinical and endoscopic manifestations. Endoscopic examination after 18 days presentation and conservative therapy revealed that the esophagus had returned to a normal appearance and the patient was discharged. Following discharge, the parents were advised to feed the patient ALFERE powder. Attention should be given to the timely detection of complications and corresponding treatment.

A versatile method for synthesis of chiral furopyran-β-one analogues starting from 1,4:3,6-dianhydrofructose has been developed. The target compounds were acquired by treatment of 1,4:3,6-dianhydrofructose with benzaldehydes in the presence of KF/Al2O3 and subsequent ring expansion of furanones induced by TMSOTf (trimethylsilyl triflate). The ring expansion involves an unprecedented nucleophilic 1,2-migration of a keto-carbonyl as a key step. In vitro antifungal activity of all compounds obtained were evaluated against five human pathogenic fungi (Candida parapsilosis ATCC22019, Candida albicans ATCC10231, Trichophyton rubrum CMCC(F)T1f, Epidermophyton floccosum CMCC(F)E1d, and Microsporum canis CMCC(F)M3d). We found that the furopyran-β-one analogues bearing chloro or fluoro group showed significant inhibitory activity against dermatophytes, especially M. canis.

The temperature and humidity on the lawn and brick underlying surface at differnet distances from the bank of Yellow River in Lanzhou, Gansu province, China (Lanzhou reach of Yellow River) were continuously monitored from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. for 5 days in August and September 2013, respectively. With increasing distance, the temperature gradually increased, but the humidity remarkablely declined. The influence of Lanzhou reach of Yellow River on the temperature-humidity effect on the two underlying surfaces was dependent on the distance from the bank of Yellow River. The relationship between the temperature on the lawn or brick underlying surface and the distance was a significant positive correlation, but the humidity in this thesis and the distance showed the remarkable negative correlation relationship. The maximum distance of the temperature and humidity effect from the water of Lanzhou reach of Yellow River was calculated, and their range was 236.4-317.1 m and 248.8-289.2 m, respectively

In the present study the Solanum tuberosum, was used as the raw material to further exploitation and utilization and carry out the intensive processing of it. After cleaning and grinding into sauce and mixing with the supplementary material , and sterilizing the Solanum tuberosum jam was bottled and the nutritional of the ingredient of the jam was analysised by chemical and instrumental method. The results indicated that the Solanum tuberosum jam's color was bright and light red brown. Its flavor was tasty and the nutrition was rich. The protein content was 26.0mg g-1, including 18 kinds of amino acids and 8 kinds of essential amino acids needed by the human body. The fat was 3.0 mg g-1, as well as the rich mineral substances and the vitamin. For example Vitamin C content is the highest: 212.0 ×10-3mg g-1, The calcium content is as high as 24.3×10-2mg g-1. The Solanum tuberosum jam was one of the nutritional condiments for the old and the young. This study provided a theoretical and practical foundation for further exploitation and utilization of the Solanum tuberosum.

The isothiocyanates were isolated from different organize of wasabi with extraction and distillation methods for the development of its’ medical value. An experiment of isothiocyanates anti-cancer cells of the liver was designed. The results showed that the contents of the isothiocyanates were 0.53 mg ml-1in the root, 0.80 mg ml-1in the stem, and 0.27 mg ml-1in the leaf of the wasabi, respectively. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and (2-isothiocyanatoethyl)-benzene were the major volatile compounds of wasabi stem. The wasabi distillate inhibited the liver cancer cells and caused the death of liver cancer cells in 90 min treatment. The results of this study provided a scientific basis for the anti-cancer medical value and isolation of isothiocyanates from wasabi.

In order to find the best synthetic jet model for active flow control numerical simulation study, exit velocity model, simply connected domain model and moving boundary model were researched through solving the two dimensional transient Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations under consistent grid and boundary conditions. Velocity and vortex characteristics of flow field were got. Three models were all able to capture the velocity characteristics compared with experiment data. The moving boundary model can capture the distribution of vortices accurately and was the ideal model for applications, because it considered the spatial distribution and time distribution of diaphragm motion, also because it included the volume change rate of actuator cavity.

Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro, jam , nutrition , process, analysis Abstract: In the present study the Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro was used as the raw material to further exploitation and utilization and carry out the intensive processing of it. After cleaning and grinding into sauce and mixing with the supplementary material , and sterilizing the Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro jam was bottled and the nutritional of the ingredient of the jam was analysised by chemical and instrumental method. The results indicated that the Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro jam's color was bright and light red brown. Its flavor was tasty and the nutrition was rich. The protein content was 3.35%, including 17 kinds of amino acids and 8 kinds of essential amino acids needed by the human body. The fat was 1.81%, as well as the rich mineral substances and the vitamin. The Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro jam was one of the nutritional condiments for the old and the young. This study provided a theoretical and practical foundation for further exploitation and utilization of the Dioscorea batatas F.flablla.Makiro.

In order to clarify the initial growth of the truffle environmental conditions, the use of PDA plus rich liquid medium, shaking method, its growth temperature, pH, humidity, moisture, illumination and the several other ecological factors is tested. The results show that the optimum temperature of the growth stage is 22-24 °C,Mycelium biomass is 1.45-1.56 g•L-1 .but the latter part of truffle formation temperature can be appropriately higher, at 25-30 °C, which is consistent with the natural temperature. PH at 6.8-7.5 in conditions is comparetively suitable for truffle growth , Mycelium biomass is 1.57-1.58 g•L-1,but alsobetter in the slightiy alkaline conditions than in the acidic environment ,which is different from the other fungi.It is suitable for its growth at about 35% moisture content and humidity of 80-85% mycelium growth is 90.1% , too much water is not conducive to truffle growth and development, so the truffle needs to loose and slightly moist soil in the growth and development. Truffle needs not too much illumination a day, 2h scattering light is enough, mycelium growth is88.7%, too long ilumination , especially in direct sunlight is not conducive to truffle growth. . And citric acid and glucose as the carbon sources, urea and tartaric acid as the nitrogen sources, the amenit of truffle growth, is respectively2.92 g•L-1、2.61 g•L-1，2.35g•L-1、2.26 g•L-1. This further research on the development as well as artificial truffle cultivation provides a theoretical reference.

The aim of this multicentre randomised controlled trial was to investigate the contribution ofEighty-eight patients with primary dysmenorrhoea andBoth groups showed reductions in VAS-P, with no signficant differences between groups. ADCAS scores showed 43/43 and 25/45 patients inThis study showed no significant difference in VAS-P scores in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea andChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-TRC-13003086); Results.

In order to solve the dynamics and kinematics highly coupled problem which exists in missile separating from cavity and in order to acquire accurate trajectory parameters and import control system, a parallel collaborative simulation platform was established. The data interface between FLUENT and SIMULINK was developed by the way of share data file, which use the Journal file of FLUENT and S-function of SIMULINK. The missile’s rudder control model was established. The aerodynamics characters and trajectory characters during missile separating from cavity were simulated under uncontrolled and closed-loop controlled conditions. The simulation results verify the feasibility of parallel collaborative simulation and show that rudder control method can effectively improve the characteristics of missile separating from cavity.

As a means of developing and utilizing Chinese yam, the tuburous roots, as the primary ingredient, underwent processing. They were first peeled, cleaned and boiled, then mashed into a jam-like substance along with additional materials. The process was complete after bottling and sterilization. Chemical and instrumentation tests were conducted on the jam to identify the nutritional components. The results showed that the jam was a bright gold color with delicious taste and many nutrients. Protein content was 4.21%, and there were 17 types of amino acids and 8 types of amino acid essential to humans. Fat was measured at 1.82% and numerous vitamins and minerals were identified. Chinese yam jam is a condiment rich in nutrients and taste and suitable for old and young alike. This article provides a scientific basis for the manufacture and usage of the Chinese yam.

For seeking the method of reproduction of organic garbage, the organic garbage is handled by using the enzymes of the microorganisms, and the alcohol is produced from the organic garbage fermentation. The result shows that alcohol0-9 ml can be produced from organic garbage fermentation/100 g and alcohol/70～90 L from organic garbage fermentation/1000 kg. The wast materials are changed into treasure. The problems of the energy resources is resolved and the environment is improved. lt provide a new method of reproducing the organic garbage to new energy in the city.

The core category of cultural industry determination is an important research topic for decision-making in the cultural industry development. However, because of the insufficiency of statistics data and the difference in measurement, objective analysis on category correlation of cultural industry is difficult. This paper presents a cultural industry category correlation model with the empirical analysis using ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling Method). Based on experts’ judgment and knowledge, this approach can generate the reachability matrix and construct the directed digraph to analyze the correlation degree of different culture industry categories. Through this analysis model, some convincing recommendations are also provided in the end.

As there are physical differences exist in the different factors of production, and have different relationship with the economic growth, so they have different impact on economic growth. The various factors of production play the inequality role in producing, leading to the inequality social relationship between owners of various factors of production. In this context, this article systematic combing the theoretical that endowments of the factors of production in domestic and foreign literature and the empirical research literature, it provides overview for domestic control segmentation of the social production units, and also for the development of theory which social patterns deductive and the practice patterns study to carried out.

As the requirements for industrial operation and military work, the frequency characteristics should be changed artificially sometimes. Active control is a good choice, but the current active control mainly focuses on time domain for vibration control. In this paper, the structural active control on frequency domain is studied through theory and experiment. Firstly, multivariable wavelet finite element method with two kinds of variables (TWFEM) which is suitable for modeling of great and complex structures with high efficiency and precision is used to construct the mathematical model for the controlled structure and do static and dynamic analysis. Then the control algorithm based on neural network including two parts, identification implement and controller is constructed. The present study takes frequency response as control objective, and can not only do vibration control but also change the vibration frequency characteristics, providing a new perspective for active control.

To find out the high yield cultivation measures for Arctii Fructus.Completely randomized block experiment design method was used in the field planting, to analyze the effect of different cultivation way on agronomic characters, phenological phase,quality and quantity of Arctii Fructus.Arctium lappa planted on August 28 had the best results of plant height, thousand seeds weight and yield. The highest yield of Arctii Fructus was got at the density of 1,482 plants/667 m2. Arctiin content was in an increase trend with the planting time delay and planting density increasing. The plant height, thousand seeds weight, yield and arctiin content by split application of fertilizer were significantly higher than that by one-time fertilization. Compared with open field Arctium lappa, plant height, yield, arctiin content and relative water content of plastic film mulching Arctium lappa was higher by 7.74%, 10.87%, 6.38% and 24.20%, respectively. In the topping Arctium lappa, the yield was increased by 11.09%, with 39. 89% less branching number. Early planting time and topping shortened the growth cycle of Arctium lappa plant.The high-yield cultivation measures of Arctii Fructus are: around August 28 to sowing, planting density of 1 482 plants/667 m2, split application of fertilizer for four times, covering film on surface of the soil and topping in bolting.

Rotavirus gastroenteritis, a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, is a vaccine-preventable disease. New safe and effective candidate rotavirus vaccines are needed to replace the withdrawn rhesus rotavirus-based oral vaccine.We evaluated a monovalent human rotavirus vaccine, serotype G1, strain RIX4414, for efficacy, immunogenicity and safety in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial in Finland. We randomly allocated 405 healthy infants to receive 2 doses of vaccine or placebo (ratio 2:1) at approximately 2 and 4 months of age. The infants were followed during 2 rotavirus epidemic seasons (2000-2002) for acute gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses in diarrheal stool samples were primarily detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed and G-typed by reverse transciption-polymerase chain reaction.The vaccine was well-tolerated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were observed during the study period. Rotavirus IgA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) seroconversion rate was 80% after 2 doses. Thirty-eight cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were detected during the entire follow-up period; 35 of these were of the G1 type. RIX4414 vaccine significantly decreased the occurrence of any rotavirus compared with placebo. Efficacy during the first rotavirus epidemic season was 73% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 27-91%] and 90% (95% CI 10-100%) against any and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, respectively, and during the entire follow-up period 72% (95% CI 42-87%) against any and 85% (95% CI 42-97%) against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (P0.05 for all comparisons).RIX4414 strain of G1 human rotavirus vaccine was well-tolerated, immunogenic and efficacious in infants against rotavirus gastroenteritis during a 2-year period. To further increase vaccine "take" and efficacy, a higher dose of this vaccine may be considered for future efficacy trials.

OPTICA APPLICATA; 1/2015; ISSN 1429-7507

The longevity risk of individuals has been underestimated for many years. With the deepening of aging degree, the management of longevity risks has become a serious problem to government pension fund. This paper investigates the hedging strategies for longevity risk management using securitized products. Longevity bond is one of the most representatives of a series of the products. The paper designs a longevity bond and improves the pricing methodology. Compared with the existing results, the pricing model in this paper further reduces the impacts of stochastic mortality and incomplete markets. And the longevity bond can meet the demands of investors with different risk preferences. The result in this paper is more in line with the objective reality of the financial markets.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, particularly to multiple drug resistant antibiotics, is becoming cause for significant concern. The only really viable course of action is to discover new antibiotics with novel mode of actions. This review focuses on antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Enterococcus and Campylobacter, and new antibacterial agents against Enterococcus and Campylobacter through de novo or semi- synthesis in the period from 2003 until mid- 2013.

To investigate the effect of baicalein on proliferation and migration of multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and its molecular mechanism.The MM cell line RPMI-8226 and U266 cells were used as the model, and treated with different concentration and time of baicalein the effect of baicalein on the MM cells proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. With or without baicalein or Interleukin-6 (IL-6) treatment, the β-catenin protein level was analyzed by immunofluorescence assay and western blot assay and mRNA levels of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1 and integrin 7 gene by RT-PCR. Transwell chamber migration assay was used to detect the cells migration ability with different concentration of baicalein cultured.Baicalein inhibited the MM cell line RPMI 8226 and U266 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It simultaneously inhibited β-catenin protein level to resist the effect of IL-6 on inducing MM cell proliferation, and resulted in decrease of β-catenin, c-myc, cyclinD1 and integrin β7 mRNA levels. Baicalein also decreased migration ability of MM cells in a dose-dependent manner by SDF-1.Baicalein can inhibit MM cells proliferation and migration, and its molecular mechanisms are associated with inhibition of proliferation related genes β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1 and integrin β7 expression.

To investigate the incidence of nosocomial infections of newborn infants in neonates and to explore the risk factors and strategies of infection control.There were 433 confirmed cases of nosocomial infection in the neonatal ward of the authors' hospital from January 2007 to December 2009. Their data of epidemiological and clinical characteristics, results of etiological examinations and antibiotic resistance were retrospectively analyzed.During the study, the number of hospitalizations were 6437. Nosocomial infection occurred in 433 patients 513 times. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 6.82%. The overall hospitalization days were 73 663 and nosocomial infection patient-day rates were 6.96‰. The VAP infection rate was 28.7‰. The CRBSI rate was 3.5‰. Gestational age (OR = 1.049), mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.810), umbilical vein catheter (OR = 1.106), hospitalization days (OR = 1.081), premature rupture of membrane (OR = 1.433) were the risk factors for the development of nosocomial infection. There were 197 (38.4%) cases of pneumonia, which was the most common nosocomial infection in Neonatal Ward. There were 129 cases of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which accounts for 65.5% of pneumonia and 24.4% of cases treated with ventilator. The next was sepsis, 124 cases (24.2%) and 64 cases of diarrheal disease (12.7%). One hundred and eighty two (54.4%) strains of isolates were Gram-negative bacteria, which accounted for the highest proportion. The predominant pathogens of Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (19.6%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (8.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.2%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4.8%) and Escherichia coli (4.8%). The isolation rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with positive extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were 91.4% and 75%, respectively. Those two bacteria were universally resistant to cephalosporins. The rate of resistance to imipenem of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1.5%, 11.1% and 41.7%. The isolation rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were 28.6% and 95.5%.It is important to identify the high risk factors for nosocomial infections in newborn infants. To shorten time for mechanical ventilation and hospitalization days, removal of the central venous catheter as early as possible would be conducive to reducing the morbidity of nosocomial infection. The main pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria. The multidrug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and Non-fermenters is serious.

With a view to develop medicinal value of Wasabi Japonica Matsum, isothiocyanate, the active ingredient, were extracted by extraction and distillation methods, the extracted isothiocyanate had then been tested on effects against influenza virus by resorting to hemagglutination test and animal experiment methods in getting the content and effects of isothiocyanate in Wasabi Japonica Matsum. The results show that the content of isothiocyanate in Wasabi Japonica Matsum were 0.53mol·mL−1 in fibrous root, 0.80mol·mL−1 in rhizome and 0.27mol·mL−1 in petiole. Moreover isothiocyanate in Wasabi Japonica Matsum had remarkable effects in killing influenza virus. When the proportion of isothiocyanate and virus was O.1SmL +0.05mL, it enabled virus to lost activity completely after being treated for 90min, let alone diseases could be caused. This study provides scientific basis for isothiocyanate extraction in Wasabi Japonica Matsum and its medicinal value

To study the risk factors for neonatal ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the changes of isolated pathogens in the last eight years.The clinical data of 230 neonates who were admitted into the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and received mechanical ventilation for equal to or longer than 48 hrs in 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The isolated pathogens were compared with those of eight years ago.The incidence of VAP (25.2%) in the year 2008 was lower than that of eight years ago (36.1%; P0.05). The development of VAP was negatively correlated with the gestational age and the birth weight, but positively correlated with the duration of mechanical ventilation, intubation times, duration of hospitalization, presence of gastrointestinal bleeding and need for blood products transfusion. The main isolated pathogens were opportunistic antibiotics resistant bacteria, and the majority was gram negative bacilli (77%). The most frequently detected gram negative bacilli were Klebsiella (20%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (18%) and Acinetobacter (13%). Streptococcus mitis was the most frequently detected gram positive bacilli (14%). The distribution pattern of pathogens isolated in the same NICU eight years ago was somewhat different: Klebsiella (23%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17%), Acinetobacter (16%), Streptococcus mitis (11%), Fungi (1%) and Candida albicans (1%).The incidence of VAP is correlated with gestational age, birth weight, duration of mechanical ventilation and hospitalization, intubation times, presence of gastrointestinal bleeding and need for blood products transfusion. The main isolated pathogens are usually antibiotic resistant opportunistic bacteria. The detection rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia increased and that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreased when compared with eight years ago.

To investigate the effects of CD45 expression on induction of apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells.Melphalan was used to induce myeloma cell line U266 apoptosis. Serum-free culture was used to induce CD45RB gene or empty plasmid transfected U266 apoptosis. The glucose-free culture was used to induce high CD45 (CD45(hi)) or low CD45 (CD45(low)) expression AMO1 apoptosis. Intraperitoneal inoculation was used to compare the survival of CD45(-) or CD45(+) U266 cells in mice. The number of apoptotic cells and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the cytochrome C release from mitochondrial and caspase-9 activation.Melphalan treatment induced 45% of CD45(+) and 30% of CD45(-) U266 cells apoptosis. Compared with the CD45(low) AMO1 cells, CD45(hi) cells were more susceptible to apoptosis. In serum-free culture for five days, 60% of CD45RB transferred U266 cells underwent apoptosis, while in the empty plasmid transfected ones, apoptotic cell number was not significantly increased. The survival time of CD45(-) U266 cells in the SCID-hIL-6 mice was 5 times that of CD45(+) cells. After melphalan treatment, 60% of the CD45(+) U266 cells lost MMP, while only 30% of CD45(-) U266 cells, and 10% of control cells did so. After UV irradiation, CD45(+) U266 cells mitochondria released more cytochrome C, leading to more caspase-9 activation.CD45 expression is involved in mitochondria-mediated apoptotic process and increases apoptotic sensitivity of myeloma cells under a variety of stimulation.

Longevity risk pose a major challenge for life insurers and pension funds around the world. As a new risk management tool, securitization can offer great opportunities for hedging this risk. The purpose of this paper is to improve the design of longevity bonds in an incomplete market framework. The paper develops a stochastic survival model suitable for financial pricing and risk management applications. The model captures the stochastic trends in survival improvement at different ages and includes multiple stochastic risk factors. This paper also provides a method to price longevity bonds using tranche techniques. This method can meet different risk preferences of investors. Based on this, the empirical study is conducted using data of China.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter coli isolated from swine in China. A total of 190 C. coli isolates obtained from two slaughter houses and ten conventional pig farms in Shandong (SD, n=95) and Ningxia (NX, n=95) provinces were tested for their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials. A high prevalence (95%) of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline-resistant strains was observed in both SD and NX. The erythromycin and clindamycin resistance rates of C. coli from NX (ERY: 54.7% CLI: 43.2%) were higher than those from SD (ERY: 37.9%, CLI: 35.8%). A significant difference (P0.05) was observed in erythromycin resistance rate, but not (P0.05) in clindamycin resistance rate. while the resistance rates of ampicillin and kanamycin in NX (AMP: 34.7%, KAN: 43.2%) were significantly lower (P0.05) than those in SD (AMP: 51.6%, KAN: 71.6%). None of the tested isolates were resistant to phenicols. The majority of the isolates from both provinces (SD: 80% and NX: 73.7%) showed multi-drug resistance profiles. The point mutations of A2075G in the 23S rRNA and C257T in the gyrA gene were detected in 98% (87/89) of macrolide resistant isolates and all ciprofloxacin resistant isolates, respectively. In addition, all tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored the tet(O) gene. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in C. coli strains derived from pigs in China was observed and was likely due to the extensive use of various antimicrobials. Prudent use of antimicrobial agents on farms should be further emphasized to control the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant C. coli.

We explored whether human rotavirus vaccine had any efficacy against norovirus (NV)-associated gastroenteritis in young children. In an efficacy trial of rotavirus vaccine, 405 infants were immunized with a human rotavirus vaccine or placebo at a ratio of 2:1, and prospectively followed for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) from approximately 2 months to 2 y of age. Multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Mrt RT-PCR) assays were used for detection and quantitation of NVs of genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII) in stool specimens. NVs were detected in 155 (32%) of 485 episodes of AGE. Of these, NV was the only gastroenteritis virus detected in the stools in 142 (29%) episodes. GI and GII NVs were found in 12% and 88% of the cases, respectively. NV as the only gastroenteritis virus was detected in 36% of the infants in the rotavirus vaccine group and 27% in the placebo group. The clinical severity of NV-associated AGE in the vaccine and placebo recipients was not different. NVs were the most common etiologic agents of AGE in children under 2 y of age. Human rotavirus vaccine did not protect against NV gastroenteritis.

Intra-ventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most serious complications of preterm infants. Significant numbers of the surviving infants with severe IVH go on to develop post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). The management of PHH remains a very challenging problem for both neonatologists and pediatric neurosurgeons. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of Ommaya reservoirs and serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage in the management of a series of neonates with PHH.Between January 1, 2003 and December 30, 2005, 15 consecutive newborn infants with IVH grades III to IV, complicated with progressive ventricular dilatation, underwent placement of an Ommaya reservoir. CSF was intermittently aspirated percutaneously from the reservoir. The amount and frequency of CSF aspiration were based on the clinical presentation and the follow-up results of serial cranial ultrasonograms or CT scans. The changes of CSF cell counts and chemistries were also followed. Patients whose progressive ventricular dilatation persisted despite serial CSF aspiration through Ommaya reservoir eventually had ventriculo-peritoneal shunts (V-P shunt) placed. All the patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic after discharge from the hospital and the neurodevelopmental outcomes were evaluated through 18-36 months of age.A total of 15 infants were included in this series. Of them, 11 were preterm infants who were at gestational ages of 29 to 34 weeks and 4 infants were full-term. All of the 4 full term infants presented with progressive ventricular dilatation after suffering from the intra-cranial hemorrhage (3 infants were due to vitamin K deficiency and 1 was due to birth trauma). Thirteen infants had grade III IVH, and 2 had grade IV IVH based on initial cranial ultrasonographic and CT scans. The mean age when IVH was diagnosed was (9 +/- 1) days in preterm infants and (22 +/- 7) days in full-term infants; the mean age when Ommaya reservoir was placed was (18 +/- 11) days in preterm infants and (31 +/- 7) days in full-term infants. All the infants tolerated the surgical procedure well. The Ommaya reservoir was tapped for an average of (21.5 +/- 4.6) times per patient. The mean CSF volume per tap was (10.2 +/- 1.3) ml/kg. The values of CSF protein, glucose and cell counts slowly reached normal levels at approximately 3 - 5 weeks after the placement of the reservoir. The velocity of head circumference increase per week was less than 1 cm in 13 patients in 1 - 4 weeks after the placement of the reservoir and the size of ventricles decreased gradually. By 12 - 18 months, 12 infants had normal size ventricles, and 1 patient still had mild ventricular dilation at 36 months. Two infants developed progressive hydrocephalus after serial CSF aspiration through Ommaya reservoir. One infant had a V-P shunt placed at 2 months of age and another infant died at 3 months of age at home after parents refused further therapy. Complications consisted of reservoir leaking and CSF infection at 16th day of placement in one patient after repeated tapping. By the end of 18 - 36 months of follow-up, 11 of 14 infants were considered normal, two patients had mild impairment in neurodevelopmental outcome (both had spastic bilateral lower limbs paresis, and one of whom also had amblyopia) and the other had seizure disorder.The results from this series indicate that the placement of an Ommaya reservoir is relatively safe in newborn infants and is useful in the initial management of neonates with PHH and may be beneficial in improving their neurodevelopmental outcomes. A multicenter randomized trial may be needed to further validate the results of this report.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of ultrasound-guided thrombin injection on femoral pseudoaneurysm (FPA) as compared to ultrasound-guided local oppression. Eleven cases of FPA were enrolled and 7 cases received ultrasound-guide thrombin injection (injection group), and the remaining 4 cases were treated with local oppression (oppression group). Efficiency and safety were analyzed by ultrasound and subsequent follow-up. The results showed that 1 case relapsed in oppression group while no relapse occurred in thrombin injection group. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is better for treatment of FPA in terms of effectiveness and safety.

The standard diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis is based on the demonstration of rotavirus antigen in stools using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In this study, a one-step quantitative RT-PCR (Q-PCR) was used for sensitive detection of rotavirus in diarrheal stools. The primers and TaqMan probe for the Q-PCR were selected from a highly conserved region of the non-structural protein 3 (NSP3) of rotavirus. After validation, the test was applied to study rotavirus EIA positive (N=25) and EIA negative (N=143) stool specimens from cases of acute gastroenteritis of all degrees of severity in a prospective follow-up cohort of infants from 2 months to 2 years of age. Q-PCR detected all 25 EIA positive rotavirus antigens and seven additional cases that were rotavirus EIA negative, i.e. 28% more rotavirus positive cases than identified by EIA. It is concluded that Q-PCR using primers targeted at NSP3 is a rapid and sensitive method for diagnosing acute rotavirus gastroenteritis.

Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease frequently showing a relapsing-remitting disease course. Clinical manifestations of 25 inpatients with MS were summarized and analyzed so that the clinical features and therapeutic approaches to childhood multiple sclerosis (MS) were investigated in order to improve its diagnosis and management.Clinical features and information during following-up of 25 cases with MS from June 1993 to May 2006 were collected and analyzed.Among the 25 cases, 16 were female and the F:M ratio was 1.78:1. The relapsing-remitting type was seen in 21 cases, the secondary progressive MS in 3 cases and the classification was impossible in one case. The mean age of onset was 6.7 years (2-12) with various initial symptoms including visual loss (11 cases), cortical symptoms (8 cases with seizures, consciousness disturbance, aphasia and apraxia, etc.), myeleterosis (3 cases), symptoms of brainstem (2 cases) and cerebellar ataxia (1 case). Fever was present in 10 cases at the onset. Nine cases were monosymptomatic, while the other 16 had multiple symptoms. Visual loss occurred in 19 cases during the course of MS and 22 were found to have abnormal visual evoked potential (88%). The mean course of disease was 8.5 years (1.2-17.2) and 0-4 times of recurrences (0 means no new clinical attack occurred during following-up period).MS is increasingly recognized as a disease affecting children though it is uncommon. Childhood MS possesses some manifestations different from those of adults. There was a female predominance. The most common finding at the onset of disease was optic neuritis. Other features include acute onset and shorter course of disease. Atypical demyelinating symptoms were often seen. White matter lesions on MRI are required for the diagnosis. CSF oligoclonal bands could be found less commonly than in adults. Neurological sequelae were less often seen than in adults MS even though optic nerve atrophy and visual loss were relatively common. Steroid and IVIG are effective in acute period treatment.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of mild hypothermia via selective head cooling as a neuroprotective therapy in term infants with perinatal asphyxia.Full-term newborns who had 5 min Apgar scores6, first arterial blood gas pH7.10 or BD15 mEq/l, and with the clinical signs of encephalopathy were enrolled within 6 h after birth. Patients were randomized to receive mild hypothermia treatment via selective head cooling for a total of 72 h or receive routine treatment as a control. Brain hypoxic-ischemic injury was quantified based on the head computed tomographic scan (CT scan) at postnatal age 5-7 days and a Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA) score at 7-10 days of life.A total of 58 patients (30 hypothermia, 28 control) completed the study. Hypothermia was well tolerated in this study and attenuated the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Head CT scan demonstrated moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic changes in only 4/30 cases from the hypothermic group. In contrast, 18/28 cases in the control group showed moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic changes (chi (2)=15.97, P0.01). Brain hypothermia also significantly improved the NBNA score (32+/-2 in the hypothermic group vs 28+/-3 in the control group, P0.01).Our results suggest that selective head cooling may be used as a neuroprotective therapy in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. A long-term follow-up study is needed to further validate the results of this study.

Live oral rhesus-rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant tetravalent (RRV-TV) vaccine was efficacious against rotavirus gastroenteritis but was withdrawn because of a rare association with intussusception. A corresponding tetravalent (types G1, G2, G3, and G4) reassortant vaccine based on bovine-human (UK) rotavirus reassortant tetravalent (BRV-TV) vaccine was developed concurrently.Before the withdrawal of RRV-TV vaccine, parallel placebo-controlled trials of BRV-TV vaccine (observer blinded) versus RRV-TV vaccine (double blinded) with a 2 : 1 ratio of vaccine : placebo were conducted in Finland in a total of 510 infants. Two doses of study vaccine or placebo were administered at ages 3 and 5 months.The first dose of RRV-TV vaccine was followed by a significant excess rate of febrile reactions (36%), whereas the rate of fever after the administration of BRV-TV vaccine did not differ significantly from that in the placebo group. Neither vaccine induced diarrhea. A seroresponse was detected in 97% of BRV-TV vaccine recipients and 94% of RRV-TV vaccine recipients. Both vaccines were equally effective, with 68%-69% efficacy against any and 88%-100% efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first epidemic season.BRV-TV vaccine is a promising new candidate rotavirus vaccine, with low reactogenicity and high efficacy. Two doses of BRV-TV or RRV-TV vaccine are sufficient for the induction of protection against severe rotavirus disease.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to investigate the frequency, morbidity and cause of acute gastroenteritis in children attending day-care centers in Denmark. METHODS Children with acute diarrhea (> or =2 consecutive loose stools in 24 hours, with duration of < or =7 days), recruited from 19 day-care centers, were included. Gastroenteritis viruses, group A rotavirus, sapoviruses, noroviruses and astroviruses were detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, stool specimens were cultured for bacterial pathogens. Children who were brought to the clinic with acute diarrhea underwent a medical evaluation, including an estimation of dehydration. RESULTS Two hundred seven children (median age, 20.1 months; range, 9-44 months) were enrolled. During the 6-month study period, 98 diarrheal episodes in 95 children were reported. Of these, 48 were reported retrospectively in telephone interviews. The incidence of acute diarrheal episodes was 0.08 episode per child per month. A viral etiologic agent was identified in 69% of cases. Rotaviruses were identified in 17 cases (40%), sapoviruses in 8 (19%) and astroviruses in 3 (7%). One patient had a coinfection with rotavirus and astrovirus. Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 2 patients and Clostridium difficile was found in 5 patients, all coinfected with a virus. In clinical assessments, 9 patients (18%) showed signs of dehydration and were given oral rehydration solution; 6 of these were hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS Acute diarrhea among children attending day-care centers was common in wintertime. Rotaviruses were, expectedly, the most common causative agents, but sapoviruses were second to rotaviruses as etiologic agents in this population.

Background Sapporo-like viruses (SLVs) occur worldwide, but there is limited information about the SLV-associated gastroenteritis outside Japan. Methods Stool specimens from 1,432 episodes of gastroenteritis that occurred in children between 2 months and 2 years of age during a rotavirus vaccine trial (776 episodes in placebo-vaccinated and 656 in rotavirus-vaccinated infants) were examined for SLVs using a reverse transcription-PCR assay. The reverse transcription-PCR took advantage of new primers specific for Sapporo virus genetic clusters I, II and III; SV/SV82 (SV/Sapporo virus 82); SV/Lond92 (SV/ London 92); and SV/PV (Parkville virus). Results SLVs were detected in association with 132 (9.2%) of all episodes; in 80 (5.6%) episodes SLV was the only gastroenteritis virus detected. The epidemic season of SLVs peaked from March to May concurrently with rotaviruses and astroviruses and overlapping withNorwalk-like viruses. Clinically SLV gastroenteritis was characterized by a mild diarrheal disease, being sharply different from the Norwalk-like virus-associated "winter vomiting disease." Rotavirus vaccination did not have any effect on the number of SLV episodes, but the intensity and duration of SLV-associated diarrhea were reduced in rotavirus-vaccinated children compared with placebo-vaccinated children (P = 0.0008). Conclusions SLVs are common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young Finnish children. SLV disease is characterized by diarrhea, which is usually mild but can be severe. By an unknown mechanism rotavirus vaccine seems to reduce the severity of SLV-associated diarrhea.