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The search for wearable electronics has been attracted great efforts, and there is an ever-growing demand for all-solid-state flexible energy storage devices. However, it is a challenge to obtain both positive and negative electrodes with excellent mechanical strength and match positive and negative charges to achieve high energy densities and operate voltages to satisfy practical application requirements. Here, flexible MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite film negative electrodes (MCNF) were fabricated with a vacuum filtration method, as well as positive electrodes (CP) by combining polyaniline (PANI) with carbon cloth (CC) using an in-situ polymerization method. Both positive and negative free-standing electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical behavior and bendable/foldable flexibility. As a result, the all-pseudocapacitance asymmetric device of MCNF//CP assembled with charge-matched between anode and cathode achieves an extended voltage window of 1.5 V, high energy density of 30.6 Wh·kg−1 (1211 W·kg−1), and 86% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles, and the device maintains excellent bendability, simultaneously. This work will pave the way for the development of all-pseudocapacitive asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) with simultaneously preeminent mechanical properties, high energy density, and wide operating voltage window.

A micro/nano-multiscale hierarchical structure strategy is used to fabricate films. A leaf-like structure with AgNWs and MXene results in a conductive 3D network. TOCNFs in the middle layer endow the films with excellent mechanical properties.

The issue of white pollution has gained more attention in recent years on a global scale. Using fast-growing wood and plastic waste to produce wood-plastic composites can effectively increase the plastic recovery rate while relieving the pressure of structural shortage of wood resources in many countries. Hence, this study demonstrates an innovative approach to prepare a good-quality wood-plastic laminates based on wood-plastic composites. Poplar veneer was first pretreated with microwave-assisted acetic acid followed by a one-step thermal forming process with powdered polyethylene (PE) to produce the glue-free wood-plastic laminates. It was found that the pretreated composite has a tensile strength of up to 280 MPa and specific strength of up to 205.98 kNm/kg. The excellent mechanical properties can be attributed to the mechanical interlock between wood fibre and polyethylene, plus the closer bond among the fibres induced by cell wall collapses during hot-pressing. Furthermore, the water contact angle of the composite surface remains at about 84° after 10 s. That suggests its good surface waterproof performance which is attributed to the partial degradation of hemicellulose during the pretreatment and the coating of wood fiber with polyethylene. Overall, we have developed glue-free, high-strength, and heat-resistant wood-plastic laminates applicable to interior furniture and outdoor building facilities. This is imperative for protecting the ecological environment and reducing the pressure on structural shortages of wood resources worldwide.

Poplar is an important wood bioresource and is one of the most dominant plantations in the world with high content of cellulose (52.99%). However, the pyrolytic products produced from poplar pyrolysis are not well studied and applied. In this study, pyrolysis of poplar mixed with different types and the ratio of nanometal oxide catalyst (NiO: 0.50 g, NiO–Ag: 0.25 + 0.25 g, Ag: 0.50 g, Fe2O3: 0.50 g, and Fe2O3–Ag: 0.25 + 0.25 g) were performed to identify the catalyst showing desirable performance in poplar pyrolysis. The thermogravimetry (TG) analysis revealed that adding Fe2O3 in pyrolysis has enhanced the decomposition of poplar where most of the weight loss (71.61 wt%) was in the temperature range of 25–780 °C. The results of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the primary components of the produced bio-oil are acetaldehyde, methyl glyoxal, furfural, d-allose, and acetic acid, which can be used as raw materials in pharmaceuticals, industrial processes, and agricultural endeavours.

Traditional disposal of animal manures and lignocellulosic biomass is restricted by its inefficiency and sluggishness. To advance the carbon management and greenhouse gas mitigation, this review scrutinizes the effect of pyrolysis in promoting the sustainable biomass and manure disposal as well as stimulating the biochar industry development. This review has examined the advancement of pyrolysis of animal manure (AM) and lignocellulosic biomass (LB) in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operability. In particular, the applicability of pyrolysis biochar in enhancing the crops yields via soil remediation is highlighted. Through pyrolysis, the heavy metals of animal manures are fixated in the biochar, thereby both soil contamination via leaching and heavy metal uptake by crops are minimized. Pyrolysis biochar is potentially use in soil remediation for agronomic and environmental co-benefits. Fast pyrolysis assures high bio-oil yield and revenue with better return on investment whereas slow pyrolysis has low revenue despite its minimum investment cost because of relatively low selling price of biochar. For future commercialization, both continuous reactors and catalysis can be integrated to pyrolysis to ameliorate the efficiency and economic value of pyrolysis biochar.

The recalcitrant structure of raw poplar limited the production of fermentable sugars when applied as the material in the pretreatment of biochemical conversions. Phosphoric acid pretreatment is an efficient method to destroy the compact lignocellulose matrix presence in the poplar. In this study, phosphoric acid pretreatment of poplar was optimised by an orthogonal experimental design [L9(33)] to improve enzymatic digestibility through investigating the effects of reaction temperature, time duration, and phosphoric acid concentration. The optimal conditions were selected based on the variance of chemical compositions, hemicellulose removal ratio, and delignification of the woody material after pretreatment. The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis yield of up to 73.44% was obtained when the phosphoric acid pretreatment performed at 190°C for 150 min under 1.5% of v/v phosphoric acid concentration.

Adsorption capacity, selectivity and adsorption rate are all important indicators to judge the performance of an adsorbent. At present, most of the studies on gold recovery with adsorbents have weakened the consideration of adsorption efficiency. Therefore, there is a need to develop an adsorbent with fast adsorption rate for gold ions to ensure high adsorption capacity and selectivity. Here, we report two humic acid-derived sulfonated resins (SHAR and NSHAR) using sulfuric acid and sodium sulfite as sulfonating agents respectively, which were prepared by a simple two-step method using water as solvent. They can recover Au(III) quickly and efficiently from mixed metals (Fe(III), Mn(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), Cr(III), Mg(Ⅱ), Ni(Ⅱ), Sn(Ⅱ), Co(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and Zn(Ⅱ)). Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Au(III) on SHAR and NSHAR were studied. The Freundlich isotherm model and the Pseudo-second-order kinetic model are suitably for the description of Au(III) behavior meaning that the process belongs to multi-molecular chemical adsorption. Furthermore, adsorption thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption of Au(III) on SHAR and NSHAR is endothermic and spontaneous. Different from conventional adsorbents, Au(III) are reduced to element gold and deposited on the adsorbent. NSHAR takes only 10 min to reach adsorption equilibrium, and the adsorption capacity is up to 927 mg·g− 1 (SHAR needs 50 min with capacity of 1440 mg·g− 1). This research provides a new scheme and idea for quickly and efficiently recovering gold.

Developing novel biocomposites from waste paper and plastic products contributes to achieving global sustainable development goals. In this paper, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) powder and paper floc were mixed in different proportions and subjected to dry hot molding (180 ℃, 73.8 MPa, 1 h) to prepare waste PVC/paper biocomposites with excellent performance. The characterisation results show that the paper flocs treated with 3% NaOH had the best comprehensive mechanical properties (both tensile and flexural strengths of up to 183.98 MPa and 66.60 MPa, respectively). PVC/paper biocomposites generally show a downward trend in water absorption as the proportion of PVC powder in the composite increases. It was found that the rate of water absorption was only 8.29% when the ratio of PVC powder to 3% sodium hydroxide treated paper floc was 7:3. As can be seen from the SEM image of the PVC/paper biocomposite, the PVC powder fills the gap between the multiple paper fibres, thus resulting in a higher mechanical strength for the biocomposite. Based on the findings, a novel and practical method for recycling paper and plastic product wastes is demonstrated, which is in line with the development concept of low-carbon environmental protection and sustainable economic growth advocated globally.

Energy is indispensable in human life and social development, but this has led to an overconsumption of non-renewable energy. Sustainable energy is needed to maintain the global energy balance. Lignocellulose from agriculture or forestry is often discarded or directly incinerated. It is abundantly available to be discovered and studied as a biomass energy source. Therefore, this research uses

Biomass energy has attracted widespread attention due to its renewable, storage, huge production and clean and pollution-free advantages. Using

Traditional wood-based panels are usually made from large-diameter trees and rely on adhesives for compactness, which negatively impacts the environment and human health. However, the widely distributed small-diameter shrubs are good raw materials for wood-based panels with abundant fibers, but are often under-exploited. This research reports the preparation of self-bonding biocomposites from

Worldwide, 45 million tons of waste cotton textiles are produced annually, of which 75% is burned and buried, leading to serious environmental pollution. In this study, a method for directly preparing colored regenerated cellulose fibers (CRCFs) from dyeing cotton textile waste (DCTW) was demonstrated. The tensile strength of CRCFs reached 226 MPa, which was equivalent to that of commercial viscose fibers. CRCFs exhibited excellent color fastness and hydrophilicity. In addition, CRCFs can be reprocessed into secondary CRCFs. The tensile strength of secondary CRCFs was 14.64% less than that of the primary CRCFs due to the reduction in the polymerization degree of secondary CRCFs; However, it also can be woven into fabrics. The exploration of the secondary utilization of CRCFs provides an experimental basis for prolonging the service life of DCTW. This approach of preparing CRCFs achieves closed-loop recycling of waste colored cellulose textiles and prevents environmental pollution caused by decoloring and dyeing.

One-step thermoforming represents an effective approach to preparing glue-free biocomposites. This study aimed to produce glue-free biocomposites with high-temperature resistance and mechanical properties using phosphoric acid pretreatments combined with thermoforming. Due to the hot-moulding process, the cell wall was destroyed, which allowed the fibres to adhere closely together. Most hemicelluloses were hydrolysed through pretreatment with phosphoric acid, and the contact area between the cellulose and lignin was significantly increased. The biocomposites prepared by ball milling demonstrated remarkable flexural strength (49.03 MPa) and tensile strength (148.23 MPa). Moreover, they had excellent thermal stability, with the maximum temperature for pyrolysis rate at 374 °C, which was much higher than that of poplar (337 °C). In addition, the material released no formaldehyde during the preparation process, which is in line with the concept of green production.

Most biomass is composted into low-grade biofertilizer or processed into energy fuel for burning. At the same time, waste palm shell is potentially converted into highly porous biochar for dechlorination in water treatment. A single-mode microwave activation was developed to perform microwave activation that incorporated the application of steam, KOH, and a physiochemical process. The single-mode microwave activation was performed at the activation temperature ranging from 550–600 °C and recorded a short process duration of 5 min. The steam-activated biochar showed a mass yield of 88.3 wt%, a surface area of 527.4 m2/g, and a dechlorination efficiency of 25.5 mg/g. KOH-activated biochar showed a mass yield of 90.5 wt%, a surface area of 301.1 m2/g and a dechlorination efficiency of 24.0 mg/g. The physiochemical activated biochar showed the highest pores surface area of 717.8 m2/g and dechlorination efficiency of 35.8 mg/g but the lowest mass yield of 77.6 wt%. The results demonstrate that the greater the surface area, the higher the dechlorination efficiency. Using microwave heating and physiochemical activation technology demonstrates a promising way to produce activated biochar for the dechlorination of drinking water.

Although applications of wood-plastic composites (WPC) have rapidly increased, the raw materials used for producing WPC are still sound wood until now. The decayed wood usually is discarded or used as fire wood, which causes a serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. However, the decayed wood contains high lignin content which can be used for producing polymeric materials. In this study, decayed wood plastic composites (DWPC) with nano calcium carbonate (NCC), activated carbon (AC) and chitosan (CS) were fabricated and sound wood plastic composites (SWPC) without any additive were prepared. Compared to the results of physical and chemical properties of DPWCs with SWPCs, it was found that the mechanical properties, chemical structure, thermal stability, degree of crystallinity (Cr) and flame retardancy of DWPC with CS were better than DWPC without any additive, and even better than SWPC. The addition of CS (4%) to decayed wood powder (about 30%) and PVC (about 70%) could improve the physical, chemical, and bonding properties of DWPC, which could reach the level of sound wood plastic composites. The results of this work proposed a novel green strategy for utilizing decayed wood for making polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites.

The behavior and characteristics of phenol adsorption by activated carbon produced from co-pyrolysis of coal tar pitch and vinasse were investigated. Coal tar pitch and vinasse (mass ratio of 1:3) were firstly co-pyrolyzed and carbonated at 400 °C for 2 h. The carbonized material produced was then soaked with saturated KOH solution and activated at 800 °C for 1 h to form activated carbon. Results from the phenol wastewater adsorption experiments suggest that pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Weber-Morris model could reflect the time-dependent adsorption behavior of phenol wastewater by the activated carbon, revealing that internal diffusion represents the rate-limiting procedure and dominant process to control the adsorption rate in the early stage of the adsorption. Monolayer adsorption played the key role during the phenol adsorption. The adsorption was an endothermic reaction in temperature ranging from 15 °C to 35 °C, indicating that the adsorption speed could be stimulated by the increasing temperature. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for the usage and the potential application of the activated carbon derived from coal tar pitch and vinasse in wastewater treatment.

Elliptical Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) is a popular fruit among consumers. It has abundant nutrition. And it also has medicinal value and economic value. In our research, we detected and analyzed the chemical components by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technologies. In FT-IR analysis, we known that there it main had O-H stretching vibration, C-H stretching vibration, CC stretching vibration, benzene ring stretching vibration, C-H C-O stretching vibration and anomeric carbon vibrational frequency absorption peak attribution. The types of compound that may be in this band is cellulose, carboxylic acid, alcohol, phenol, amine and ester. In GC–MS analysis, we known that the main chemical compounds were 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 1,2,3,5-cyclohexanetetrol, quinic acid, d-alanine, N-propargyloxycarbonyl-, isohexyl ester, 4H-Pyran-4-one, cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl- and furfural. And these organic components can be used at food processing, medical treatment and light industry fields. Keywords: Elliptical Kiwifruit, FT-IR, GC–MS, Chemical composition, Application

Taxus chinensis is a National level protected plant and has been for a long time, since it grows slowly and has low regenerative capacity. Consequently, no large base of raw material forest of taxus was formed. This study used Taxus chinensis as the study object, for analyzing the chemical composition of T. chinensis extract via fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 37 types of chemical components were detected. These were mainly ethers (asarone, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate), alcohols (nerolidol, Myo-inositol, 4-C-methyl-, trans-Sinapyl alcohol), acids (3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, palmitic acid, oleic Acid), flavonoids (macckiain, formononetin), ketone (4-hydroxy-.beta.-ionone, pseudobaptigenin), phenols (methyleugenol), esters (triacetin), aldehydes (sinapinaldehyde), and pyridines (alpha-methylstyrene). This chemical component could be directly or indirectly used for bioengineering, pharmaceutical engineering, the cosmetic industry, and other chemical industries. Keywords: Taxus chinensis, Extract, Function, FT-IR, GC/MS

Dalbergia granadillo?s human health components were studied using PY-GC-MS, TDS-GC-MS, and GC-MS. The composition of known human health functions was studied by reviewing available literature. The 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-olacetate has the effect of removing heat and relieving cough in the human body and effectively treat both dry cough and sore throat caused by fire; 1,2-Benzene dicar boxy licacid, bis (2-methyl propyl) ester hasacertainanti-cancer activity, pharmaceutical applications can be used for the synthesis of cancer drugs.

Biodegradable composites were prepared by adding ZnO, Si3N4, and bamboo charcoal (BC) based on biodegradable plastic Poly (butylene succinate) (PBS). The results show that different filling rates have an effect on the mechanical properties of the composites. When the bamboo powder filling amount reaches 40%, the mechanical properties of the composite material are the best. Overall, The mechanical and chemical structure as well as the thermal data showed that the best condition for the production of decayed wood plastic composite was 150 °C for 10 min, while TiO2, Si3N4, and BC accounting for 3%, 3%, and 5% of PBS weight, respectively, and the proportions of bamboo powder and PBS of 40% and 60%. The most important thing is that TD-GC–MS found that the composite has less organic volatiles, indicating that it is a green and healthy composite. Keywords: Bamboo plastic composites, Si3N4, Chemical structure, Thermal properties, Biodegradable

A popular approach to select optimal adsorbents is to perform parallel experiments on adsorbents based on an initially decided goal such as specified product purity, efficiency, or binding capacity. To screen optimal adsorbents, we focused on the max adsorption capacity of the candidates at equilibrium in this work because the adsorption capacity of each adsorbent is strongly dependent on certain conditions. A data-driven machine learning tool for predicting the max adsorption capacity (Q

Water pollution has spurred the development of membrane separation technology as a potential means of solving the issue. In contrast to the irregular and asymmetric holes that are easily made during the fabrication of organic polymer membranes, forming regular transport channels is essential. This necessitates the use of large-size, two-dimensional materials that can enhance membrane separation performance. However, some limitations regarding yield are associated with preparing large-sized MXene polymer-based nanosheets, which restrict their large-scale application. Here, we propose a combination of wet etching and cyclic ultrasonic-centrifugal separation to meet the needs of the large-scale production of MXene polymers nanosheets. It was found that the yield of large-sized Ti3C2Tx MXene polymers nanosheets reached 71.37%, which was 2.14 times and 1.77 times higher than that prepared with continuous ultrasonication for 10 min and 60 min, respectively. The size of the Ti3C2Tx MXene polymers nanosheets was maintained at the micron level with the help of the cyclic ultrasonic-centrifugal separation technology. In addition, certain advantages of water purification were evident due to the possibility of attaining the pure water flux of 36.5 kg m−2 h−1 bar−1 for the Ti3C2Tx MXene membrane prepared with cyclic ultrasonic-centrifugal separation. This simple method provided a convenient way for the scale-up production of Ti3C2Tx MXene polymers nanosheets.

We analyzed the problematic textile fiber waste as potential precursor material to produce multilayer cotton fiber biocomposite. The properties of the products were better than the current dry bearing type particleboards and ordinary dry medium-density fiberboard in terms of the static bending strength (67.86 MPa), internal bonding strength (1.52 MPa) and water expansion rate (9.57%). The three-layer, four-layer and five-layer waste cotton fiber composite (WCFC) were tried in the experiment, the mechanical properties of the three-layer WCFC are insufficient, the five-layer WCFC is too thick and the four-layer WCFC had the best comprehensive performance. The cross-section morphology of the four-layer WCFC shows a dense structure with a high number of adhesives attached to the fiber. The hardness and stiffness of the four-layer cotton fiber composite enhanced by the high crystallinity of cellulose content, and several chemical bondings were presence in the composites. Minimum mass loss (30%) and thermal weight loss rate (0.70%/°C) was found for the four-layer WCFC. Overall, our findings suggested that the use of waste cotton fiber (WCF) to prepare biocomposite with desirable physical and chemical properties is feasible, and which can potentially be used as building material, furniture and automotive applications.

Energy is indispensable in human life and social development, but this has led to an overconsumption of non-renewable energy. Sustainable energy is needed to maintain the global energy balance. Lignocellulose from agriculture or forestry is often discarded or directly incinerated. It is abundantly available to be discovered and studied as a biomass energy source. Therefore, this research uses Staphylea holocarpa wood as feedstock to evaluate its potential as energy source. We characterized Staphylea holocarpa wood by utilizing FT–IR, GC–MS, TGA, Py/GC–MS and NMR. The results showed that Staphylea holocarpa wood contained a large amount of oxygenated volatiles, indicating that it has the ability to act as biomass energy sources which can achieve green chemistry and sustainable development.

Biomass energy has attracted widespread attention due to its renewable, storage, huge production and clean and pollution-free advantages. Using Robinia pseudoacacia bark (RPB) as raw material, biogas and bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of RPB were detected and analyzed by TG-DTG, TG-FTIR and PY-GC-MS under the action of nanocatalysis. TG results showed that CH4 and CO flammable gases were produced by pyrolysis. PY-GC-MS results showed that RPB was rapidly pyrolyzed to obtain alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and acids bio-oil. The content of phenolic substances was the highest, accounting for 32.18% of all substances.Nanocatalysis has a certain effect on RPB, accelerating the precipitation of pyrolysis products and improving the over-oxidation of bio-oil. In addition, the extracts of RPB were identified and analyzed by FTIR, NMR, GC-MS and LC-Q-TOF-MS, and more than 100 active ingredients, such as Betaine, Epicathin and β-sitosterol, were detected. Their applications as additive energy in other fields were explored. Therefore, Robinia pseudoacacia bark constitutes a fine biofeedstock for biofuels and biochemicals.

The conversion of agricultural and forestry waste biomass materials into bio-oil by mild hydro-thermal technology has a positive effect on extending the agricultural industry chain and alleviating the world energy crisis. The interaction investigation of biomass components during bio-oil formation can be significant for the efficient conversion of lignocellulose when different raw materials are fed together. In this paper, a bio-oil pyrolysis behavior (thermogravimetric analysis, TG) perspective component interaction investigation of cotton stalks under low-temperature hydro-thermal conversion (220 °C) was studied. Cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and protein were used as lignocellulose model components, by their simple binary blending and multi-variate blending and combined with thermo-gravimetric analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization and analysis. The interaction of different model components and real biomass raw material components in the hydro-thermal process was explored. Results showed that the components of hydro-thermal bio-oil from cotton stalks were highly correlated with the interactions between cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and protein. During the hydro-thermal process, cellulose and hemi-cellulose inhibit each other, which reduces the content of ketones, aldehydes, ethers, and alcohols in bio-oil. Interaction between cellulose and lignin was obvious, which promotes the formation of oligomers, such as ketones, aldehydes, esters, phenols, and aliphatic, while inhibiting the production of aromatic and multi-hybrid compounds. Otherwise, there was no obvious interaction effect between hemi-cellulose and lignin or between lignin and protein. This research will guide the industrialization of lignocellulose, especially the possible co-feed hydro-thermal conversion technology.

Dilute acid pretreatment of biomass decomposes hemicelluloses but cannot effectively remove lignin. Here we investigate the adding of add five nucleophilic derivatives including 2-naphthol, 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (6H2NA), 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2H1NA), 6-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (6H1NA), and 3-hydroxylic-2-naphthoic acid (3H2NA) to enhance the efficiency of lignin removal. The 72-h hydrolysis yield of pretreated substrates was increased from 30.9% to 34.7%, 38.3%, 36.0%, 36.0%, and 53.2%, respectively. The chemical composition, cellulose accessibility, and surface chemistry of pretreated materials with or without additives showed the improved hydrolysis yield with 3H2NA addition being related to lower surface lignin content, higher cellulose accessibility, and delignification ratio. Furthermore, the analysis of HSQC and 31P NMR spectra of the residual lignin reflects the influence of naphthol derivatives on lignin structure. The results showed that the 3H2NA additive increased the content of lignin carboxyl groups and enhanced the helping fractionation and suppression of lignin repolymerization. These improvements through 3H2NA addition reduce lignin inhibition of fermentable sugar production from pretreated biomass.

Torreya grandis is a unique tree species in China. Although full use has been made of the timber, the processing and utilization of the bark has not been effective. In order to explore a new way to utilize the bark of Torreya grandis, a powder of T. grandis bark was prepared and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Differential scanning calorimetry (TG) and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) revealed many bioactive components in the bark of T. grandis, such as acetic acid, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, D-mannose, and furfural. These substances have potential broad applications in the chemical industry, biomedicine, and food additives. The chemical constituents of the bark of T. grandis suggest a theoretical basis for the future development and utilization of the bark of T. grandis. Keywords: Torreya grandis bark, TG, Py-GC/MS