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Advances in research such as quantum information and quantum chemistry require subtle methods for trapping particles (including ions, neutral atoms, molecules, etc.). Here we propose a hybrid ion trapping method by combining a Paul trap with optical tweezers. The trap combines the advances of the deep-potential feature for the Paul trap and the micromotion-free feature for the optical dipole trap. By modulating the optical-dipole trap synchronously with the radio frequency voltage of the Paul trap, the alternating electrical force in the trap center is fully counteracted, and the micromotion temperature of a cold trapped ion can reach the order of nK while the trap depth is beyond 300K. These features will enable cold collisions between an ion and an atom in the $s$-wave regime and stably trap the produced molecular ion in the cold hybrid system. This will provide a unique platform for probing the interactions between the ions and the surrounding neutral particles and enable the investigation of new reaction pathways and reaction products in the cold regime.

Cats harbor many important viral pathogens, and the knowledge of their diversity has been greatly expanded thanks to increasingly popular molecular sequencing techniques. While the diversity is mostly described in numerous regionally defined studies, there lacks a global overview of the diversity for the majority of cat viruses, and therefore our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of these viruses was generally inadequate. In this study, we analyzed 12,377 genetic sequences from 25 cat virus species and conducted comprehensive phylodynamic analyses. It revealed, for the first time, the global diversity for all cat viruses known to date, taking into account highly virulent strains and vaccine strains. From there, we further characterized and compared the geographic expansion patterns, temporal dynamics and recombination frequencies of these viruses. While respiratory pathogens such as feline calicivirus showed some degree of geographical panmixes, the other viral species are more geographically defined. Furthermore, recombination rates were much higher in feline parvovirus, feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus and feline foamy virus than the other feline virus species. Collectively, our findings deepen the understanding of the evolutionary and epidemiological features of cat viruses, which in turn provide important insight into the prevention and control of cat pathogens.

Human pose estimation is one of the key technologies in action recognition, motion analysis, human–computer interaction, animation generation etc. How to improve its performance has become a current research hotspot. Lite-HRNet establishes long range connections between keypoints and exhibits good performance in human pose estimation tasks. However, the scale of this method to extract features is relatively single and lacks sufficient information interaction channels. To solve this problem, we propose an improved lightweight high-resolution network based on multi-dimensional weighting, named MDW-HRNet, which is implemented by the following aspects: first, we propose global context modeling, which can learn multi-channel and multi-scale resolution information weights. Second, a cross-channel dynamic convolution module is designed, it performs inter-channel attention aggregation between dynamic and parallel kernels, replacing the basic convolution module. These make the network capable of channel weighting, spatial weighting and convolution weighting. At the same time, we simplify the network structure to perform information exchange and information compensation between high-resolution modules while ensuring speed and accuracy. Experimental results show that our method achieves good performance on both COCO and MPII human pose estimation datasets, and its accuracy surpasses mainstream lightweight pose estimation networks without increasing computational complexity.

RNA viruses are diverse components of global ecosystems. The metagenomic identification of RNA viruses is currently limited to those with sequence similarity to known viruses, such that highly divergent viruses that comprise the "dark matter" of the virosphere remain challenging to detect. We developed a deep learning algorithm – LucaProt – to search for highly divergent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) sequences in 10,487 global meta-transcriptomes. LucaProt integrates both sequence and structural information to accurately and efficiently detect RdRP sequences. With this approach we identified 180,571 RNA viral species and 180 superclades (viral phyla/classes). This is the broadest diversity of RNA viruses described to date, including many viruses undetectable using BLAST or HMM approaches. The newly identified RNA viruses were present in diverse ecological niches, including the air, hot springs and hydrothermal vents, and both virus diversity and abundance varied substantially among ecological types. We also identified the longest RNA virus genome (nido-like) observed so far, at 47,250 nucleotides, and expanded the diversity of RNA bacteriophage to more than ten phyla/classes. This study marks the beginning of a new era of virus discovery, with the potential to redefine our understanding of the global virosphere and reshape our understanding of virus evolutionary history.

This study investigated the changes in aroma composition and perception of sunflower oils induced by seed roasting using sensory-oriented flavor analysis. Volatile compounds were extracted by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation and headspace solid-phase microextraction. Odorants were characterized by gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry and aroma extract dilution analysis. The cold-pressed and roasted sunflower oils contained 13 and 50 odorants, respectively, with the flavor dilution factors between 1 and 256. Fifty-six odorants were newly identified in sunflower oils. Quantification of 26 important odorants by the external standard method revealed apparent changes induced by seed roasting in loss of terpenes, formation of Maillard reaction products, and the increase in lipid oxidation products. The most important odorants (odor active values, OAVs = 1-1857) in the cold-pressed sunflower oil included α-pinene (11,145 µg/kg), β-pinene (4068 µg/kg), linalool (56 µg/kg), hexanal (541 µg/kg), octanal (125 µg/kg), α-phellandrene (36 µg/kg), and (E)-2-octenal (69 µg/kg), contributing to the raw sunflower seed, woody, green, earthy, and sweet aromas of the oil. The most important contributors (OAVs = 1-884) to the roasted, smoky, and burnt aromas of the roasted sunflower oil were 2- and 3-methylbutanal (6726 and 714 µg/kg), 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (2329 µg/kg), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (12,228 µg/kg), 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (238 µg/kg), 2,3-pentanedione (1456 µg/kg), 2-pentylfuran (1332 µg/kg), 2,3-dimethyl-5-ethylpyrazine (213 µg/kg), and 1-pentanol (693 µg/kg). Aroma recombination of the key odorants in odorless sunflower oil adequately mimicked the general aroma profiles of sunflower oils. This study provides an important foundation for understanding the relationship between oil processing and aroma molecules of sunflower oils. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The clear changes observed in the composition and concentrations of key aroma compounds explained the changes in sensory characteristics of sunflower seed oils induced by seed roasting on a molecular basis. Characterizing the key aroma-active composition of sunflower oil and investigating its relationship with oil processing could provide important practical applications for the sunflower oil industry in flavor regulation, quality control, product development, and process optimization.

Autophagy including mitophagy serves as an important regulatory mechanism in the heart to maintain the cellular homeostasis and to protect against heart damages caused by myocardial infarction (MI). The current study aims to dissect roles of general autophagy and specific mitophagy in regulating cardiac function after MI. By using Beclin1

A convenient method for the synthesis of cyclopropyl boronates via visible-light photoredox-catalyzed borocyclopropanation of alkenes has been established. This protocol is characterized by its wide substrate scope and mild reaction conditions.

The films of FeSe on substrates have attracted attention because of their unusually high-temperature (Tc) superconducting properties whose origins continue to be debated. To disentangle the competing effects of the substrate and interlayer and intralayer processes, we present here results of density functional theory (DFT)-based analysis of the electronic structure of unsupported FeSe films consisting of 1 to 5 layers (1L-5L). Furthermore, by solving the Bardeen-Schrieffer-Cooper (BCS) equation with spin-wave exchange attraction derived from the Hubbard model, we find the superconducting critical temperature Tc for 1L-5L and bulk FeSe systems in reasonable agreement with experimental data. Our results point to the importance of correlation effects in superconducting properties of single- and multi-layer FeSe films, independently of the role of substrate.

In this paper, we study the processes of $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilation into two body final states, either two pseudoscalar mesons or one meson with a photon. The hadronic vacuum polarization form factors are calculated within the framework of resonance chiral theory in the energy region of $E \lesssim 2$ GeV, with final state interactions taken into account. A joint analysis on the processes of $e^{+}e^{-} \rightarrow \pi^{+}\pi^{-}$, $K^{+}K^{-}$, $K_{L}^{0}K_{S}^{0}$, $\pi^{0}\gamma$, and $\eta\gamma$ has been performed, and the latest experimental data are included. Based on the vacuum polarization form factors of these processes, we estimate their contributions to the lowest order of anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $(g-2)_\mu$. Combined with other contributions from hadronic vacuum polarization and other interactions from the standard model, the discrepancy between theoretical prediction and experimental measurement is $\Delta a_{\mu}=(24.1\pm5.4)\times 10^{-10}$, i.e., 4.5$\sigma$., Comment: 45 pages, 6 figures, to be the same as the published version

We present here a formalism based on time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) to describe characteristics of both intra- and inter-valley excitons in semiconductors, the latter of which had remained a challenge. Through the usage of an appropriate exchange-correlation kernel (nanoquanta), we trace the energy difference between the intra- and inter-valley dark excitons in monolayer (1L) WSe2 to the domination of the exchange part in the exchange-correlation energies of these states. Furthermore, our calculated transition contribution maps establish the momentum resolved weights of the electron-hole excitations in both bright and dark excitons thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of excitonic properties of 1L WSe2. We find that the states consist of hybridized excitations around the corresponding valleys which leads to brightening of the dark excitons, i.e., significantly decreasing their lifetime which is reflected in the PL spectrum. Using many-body perturbation theory, we calculate the phonon contribution to the energy bandgap and the linewidths of the excited electrons, holes and (bright) exciton to find that as the temperature increases the bandgap significantly decreases, while the linewidths increase. Our work paves for describing the ultrafast charge dynamics of transition metal dichalcogenide within an ab initio framework.

Background: The purpose of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to assess the causal relationship between circulating cytokines and periodontitis.Materials and methods: Based on the aggregated statistics of the largest publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS), we applied a bidirectional two-sample MR. MR analyses were conducted using Inverse variance weighted (IVW), Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS), Maximum likelihood (ML), Weighted median and MR-Egger, and results obtained from IVW served as the primary outcome. Cochran Q test was used to test the heterogeneity. MR-Egger intercept test and MR polymorphism residual and outlier test (MR-PRESSO) were used for polymorphism analysis. Leave-one-out sensitivity and funnel plots were used for sensitivity analysis.Results: The IVW method indicated that interleukin 9 (IL9) had a positive causal relationship with periodontitis [odds ratio (OR) = 1.199, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.049–1.372, p = 0.008], and interleukin 17 (IL17) had a negative causal relationship with periodontitis (OR = 0.847, 95% CI = 0.735–0.976, p = 0.022). In bidirectional MR, periodontitis was not causally related to any of the cytokines in our study.Conclusion: Our findings provided evidence in support of potential causal associations between circulating IL9/IL17 and periodontitis.

IntroductionNeutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is a novel defense strategy of neutrophils and found to be induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or high glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles and mechanisms of NET formation in high glucose inflammatory microenvironment.MethodsNETs induced by 1 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS and/or 25 mM glucose were visualized using a fluorescence microscopy and the levels of extracellular DNA were determined by a microplate reader. The bactericidal efficiency of NETs was assessed by quantifying the survival P. gingivalis in neutrophils. The levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β in THP-1 derived-macrophages, and the expressions of p-PKC βII, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, ORAI1 and ORAI2 in neutrophils were detected by Western blot. Moreover, levels of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils were explored by flow cytometry.ResultsP. gingivalis LPS enhanced the formation of NETs and increased the levels of extracellular DNA in high glucose microenvironment (p < 0.05). Compared with normal glucose inflammatory microenvironment, quantities of extra- and intracellular viable P. gingivalis in neutrophils exposed to NETs induced in high glucose inflammatory one were increased (p < 0.05) and the expressions of NLRP3 and IL-1β were dramatically increased in macrophages co-cultured with NETs from high glucose inflammatory microenvironment (p < 0.05). In addition, levels of ROS, intracellular Ca2+, p-PKC βII, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, ORAI1 and ORAI2 were increased in neutrophils stimulated with both high glucose and P. gingivalis LPS compared with the single stimulus groups (p < 0.05).DiscussionIn high glucose inflammatory microenvironment, formation of NETs was enhanced via oxidative stress, which failed to reverse the decreased bactericidal capacity in high glucose microenvironment, and instead aggravated the subsequent inflammatory responses.

In this paper, a THMC multi-field coupling triaxial cell was used to systematically study the evolution of gas permeability and the deformation characteristics of sandstone. The effects of confining pressure, axial pressure and air pressure on gas permeability characteristics were fully considered in the test. The gas permeability of sandstone decreases with increasing confining pressure. When the confining pressure is low, the variation of gas permeability is greater than the variation of gas permeability at high confining pressure. The gas injection pressure has a significant effect on the gas permeability evolution of sandstone. As the gas injection pressure increases, the gas permeability of sandstone tends to decrease. At the same confining pressure, the gas permeability of the sample during the unloading path is less than the gas permeability of the sample in the loading path. When axial pressure is applied, the axial stress has a significant influence on the permeability evolution of sandstone. When the axial pressure is less than 30 MPa, the gas permeability of the sandstone increases as the axial pressure increases. At axial pressures greater than 30 MPa, the permeability decreases as the axial pressure increases. Finally, the micro-pore/fracture structure of the sample after the gas permeability test was observed using 3D X-ray CT imaging.

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Recent studies on biphenyl-containing compounds, a type of PD-1/PD-L1 blocker which binds to PD-L1 and induces dimerisation, have focussed on its immune function. Herein, 10 novel biphenyl derivatives were designed and synthesised. The results of the CCK-8 showed that compounds have different anti-tumour activities for tumour cells in the absence of T cells. Particularly, 12j–4 can significantly induce the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 = 2.68 ± 0.27 μM). In further studies, 12j–4 has been shown to prevent the phosphorylation of AKT by binding to cytoplasmic PD-L1, which induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells through non-immune pathways. The inhibition of AKT phosphorylation restores the activity of GSK-3β, ultimately resulting in the degradation of PD-L1. Besides, in vivo study indicated that 12j–4 repressed tumour growth in nude mice. As these biphenyls exert their anti-tumour effects mainly through non-immune pathways, they are worthy of further study as PD-L1 inhibitors. 10 novel biphenyl derivatives were designed and synthesised. 12j–4 can cause the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 value of 2.68 ± 0.27 μM in the absence of immune cells. 12j–4 prevents the phosphorylation of AKT by binding to cytoplasmic PD-L1 to induce apoptosis through non-immune pathways.

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