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Keywords -- 1 Prelude to Dissolution -- 2 A Storm in Portugal -- 3 A Spanish Quarrel -- 4 Pious and Persistent Rivals -- 5 Dénouement in France -- 6 The Iberian Empires: Expulsion and Imprisonment -- 7 Exile, Internal and External -- 8 A Sojourn in White Russia -- 9 Hanging On in China -- 10 Survival in India -- 11 The British Isles -- 12 Peaceful England, Possible Bohemia -- 13 A Legacy Not Easily Discerned -- 14 Conclusion: Rebirth, but at a Distance -- Bibliography. The forty-one years between the Society of Jesus’s papal suppression in 1773 and its eventual restoration in 1814 remain controversial, with new research and interpretations continually appearing. Shore’s narrative approaches these years, and the period preceding the suppression, from a new perspective that covers individuals not usually discussed in works dealing with this topic. As well as examining the contributions of former Jesuits to fields as diverse as ethnology—a term and concept pioneered by an ex-Jesuit—and library science, where Jesuits and ex-Jesuits laid the groundwork for the great advances of the nineteenth century, the essay also explores the period the exiled Society spent in the Russian Empire. It concludes with a discussion of the Society’s restoration in the broader context of world history.

This paper presents a method for optimizing the performance of a real-time, long term, and accurate accelerometer based displacement measurement technique, with no physical reference point. The technique was applied in a system for measuring machine frame displacement. The optimizer has three objectives with the aim to minimize phase delay, gain error and sensor noise. A multi-objective genetic algorithm was used to find Pareto optimal estimator parameters. The estimator is a combination of a high pass filter and a double integrator. In order to reduce the gain and phase errors two approaches have been used: zero placement and pole-zero placement. These approaches were analysed based on noise measurement at 0g-motion and compared. Only the pole-zero placement approach met the requirements for phase delay, gain error, and sensor noise. Two validation experiments were carried out with a Pareto optimal estimator. First, long term measurements at 0g-motion with the experimental setup were carried out, which showed displacement error of 27.6 ± 2.3 nm. Second, comparisons between the estimated and laser interferometer displacement measurements of the vibrating frame were conducted. The results showed a discrepancy lower than 2 dB at the required bandwidth.

The encounter between Jesuits and Muslims in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had as a point of connection the shared engagement with the spoken and written word. But Jesuit efforts both to convert and to understand this “people of the Book” were hampered by the Jesuits’ lack of deep theological understanding of Muslim sacred texts, and by the fact that this faith was not at a sufficient distance from the European Catholic heartland to receive the “longer view” that Jesuits could apply to the religious traditions of India and the Far East. The overstretched commitments of the Jesuits, and the European Society’s emphasis on polemical strategies, which did not prove workable in predominantly Muslim cultures, significantly limited the successes of Jesuits seeking to convert Muslims. The modest gains Jesuits made in the Ottoman and Mughal Empires and in other Muslim societies nevertheless provided narratives of achievement, heroism, and sacrifice that added elements to Jesuit self-presentation and to the narrative of the Society’s progress. Jesuit contacts with Islam continued during and after the Suppression and are still an aspect of the Society’s program today., El encuentro entre jesuitas y musulmanes en los siglos XVII y XVIII tuvo como punto de conexión el compromiso compartido con la palabra hablada y escrita. Pero, los esfuerzos de los jesuitas por convertir y entender a este grupo de la “gente del Libro” se vieron obstaculizados por su falta de conocimiento teológico profundo de los textos sagrados musulmanes. Igualmente, fue un obstáculo el hecho de que la fe musulmana no estaba a suficiente distancia del centro del catolicismo europeo como para recibir una “visión lejana” que se aplicaba a las tradiciones religiosas de la India y el Extremo Oriente. Los compromisos de los jesuitas, así como el énfasis que la Compañía ponía en Europa a las estrategias polémicas, que ya se había probado como poco efectivo en zonas de cultura islámica, limitaron mucho los éxitos de los jesuitas para convertir musulmanes. Sin embargo, los modestos avances conseguidos en los imperios Otomano y Mugal –y en otros lugares-, produjeron algunas narrativas de logros, heroísmo y sacrificio que añadieron elementos a la autorepresentación jesuita y a las narrativas de los progresos de la Compañía. Los contactos jesuitas con el Islam continuaron durante y después de la supresión y siguen siendo una parte del programa de la Compañía en la actualidad.

Diamond tools play a critical role in ultra-precision machining due to their excellent physical and mechanical material properties, such as that cutting edge can be sharpened to nanoscale accuracy. However, abrasive chemical reactions between diamond and non-diamond-machinable metal elements, including Fe, Cr, Ti, Ni, etc, can cause excessive tool wear in diamond cutting of such metals and most of their alloys. This paper reviews the latest achievements in the chemical wear and wear suppression methods for diamond tools in cutting of ferrous metals. The focus will be on the wear mechanism of diamond tools, and the typical wear reduction methods for diamond cutting of ferrous metals, including ultrasonic vibration cutting, cryogenic cutting, surface nitridation and plasma assisted cutting, etc. Relevant commercially available devices are introduced as well. Furthermore, future research trends in diamond tool wear suppression are discussed and examined.

Figure S4. HIF activation by hypoxic and mimetic culture. A. Western blot was first labelled for HIF (Left), then washed and re-blotted for Tubulin (right). This unedited western shows MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 parental cells cultured in 21% and 1% oxygen for 48 hours before lysis. B. Western blot was cut at approximately 80kDa and the top was labelled for HIF1 whilst the bottom was labelled for Tubulin. This unedited western shows MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 parental cells exposed to varying concentrations of CoCl2. (PPTX 1037Â kb).

A novel concept for improving machine dynamic performance was developed and realised, a virtual metrology frame, for a small size CNC machine with flexible frame. Its implementation in a simplified linear motion system shows a reduction in the magnitude of the first resonance in the plant frequency response function by 12 dB. Realising the concept required developing a real -time accelerometer-based measurement technique. It shows a low sensor noise σ=30 nm with optimal phase delay of

The Cranfield University Precision Engineering Institute team has created a unique plasma figuring capability to correct large optical surfaces at atmospheric pressure. In the context of ever increasing dimensions of optical components, there is a need for improving the robustness and securing the performance of our Plasma Delivery System (PDS). The current PDS is based on an inductive output L type RF circuit, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch and computer numerically controlled (CNC) motion system. The combination of optical component surface areas and the nature of the sub-aperture plasma tool lead to significant processing duration. This atmospheric pressure processing environment is more cost-effective than vacuum chamber based ones which are often used by competitors. However it requires deep awareness and fine understanding of technologies used. Based on the knowledge acquired for the past eight years, we have created a smart control system for our unique PDS that equips a machine called Helios1200. This novel control system aims at securing the process determinism and assisting the machine operator by tuning some key electrical components of the RF network and monitoring some processing parameters. Furthermore, specific assistance is provided during the different phases of the plasma processing. This paper describes the main design aspects.

To satisfy the worldwide demand for large ultra-precision optical surfaces, a fast process chain - grinding, polishing and plasma figuring- has been established by the Precision Engineering Institute at Cranfield University. The focus of Cranfield Plasma Figuring team is the creation of next generation of highly collimated energy beam for plasma figuring. Currently, plasma figuring has the capability to shorten processing duration for the correction of metre-scale optical surfaces. High form accuracy can be achieved (e.g. 2.5 hours and 31 nm RMS for 400mm diameter surface). However, it is known that Mid Spatial Frequency (MSF) surface errors are induced when the plasma figuring process is carried out. The work discussed in this paper deals with the characterisation of highly collimated plasma jets delivered by the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torches. Also a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is introduced. This model is used to assess the behaviour of the plasma jet within the best known processing condition. Finally temperature measurement experiments were performed to determine the energy dissipated values that characterise best the ICP torch coil and its De-Laval nozzle.

The following study is realised within the frame of the PACMAN project: a study on Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale, which is a Marie Curie program supported by the European commission and hosted by CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research). The aim of this program is to develop and build a pre-alignment bench on which each component is aligned to the required level in one single step using a stretched wire. During the operation, the centre of the stretched wire is aligned with the magnetic axis of the magnet. Then, the position of the wire is measured to the highest possible accuracy using a 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Leitz PMM-C Infinity from HEXAGON Metrology. The research described in this paper is two-fold: on one hand we apply a strong magnetic field to the head of the CMM and evaluate its influence on the measurement accuracy; on the other hand we measure the position

L’étude suivante est réalisée dans le cadre du projet PACMAN (a study on Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale) : une étude sur la métrologie et l’alignement à l’échelle nanométrique des composants d’un accélérateur de particules. C’est un programme Marie Curie supporté par la Commission Européenne et hébergé par le CERN. Le but de ce programme est de faire travailler en équipe de jeunes chercheurs sur le développement d’un banc de pré-alignement pour l’accélérateur linéaire CLIC (Compact Linear Collider). Sur ce banc, chaque composant sera aligné au niveau requis en une seule opération basée sur l’utilisation d’un fil tendu. Pendant cette opération, le fil matérialisera les axes magnétiques et électriques des composants, c’est-à-dire qu’il sera à la position théorique du faisceau de particules. Puis il servira de référence et la position de son axe sera mesurée avec autant de précision que possible par une machine de mesure tridimensionnelle. La recherche présentée dans ce papier est en deux parties : la première vise à présenter les propriétés du fil nécessaires au projet qui ont été mesurées, tandis que différents capteurs potentiels pour le banc final se trouvent dans la seconde.

The following study is realised within the frame of the PACMAN project: a study on Particle Accelerator Components Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale, which is a Marie Curie program supported by the European commission and hosted by CERN (European Organisation for Nuclear Research). The aim of this program is to develop and build a pre-alignment bench on which each component is aligned to the required level in one single step using a stretched wire. During the operation, the centre of the stretched wire is aligned with the magnetic axis of the magnet. Then, the position of the wire is measured to the highest possible accuracy using a 3D Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Leitz PMM-C Infinity from HEXAGON Metrology. The research described in this paper is two-fold: on one hand we apply a strong magnetic field to the head of the CMM and evaluate its influence on the measurement accuracy; on the other hand we measure the position

We discuss the creation of an Integrated Knowledge Centre, a unique collaboration between academia and industry, which is delivering to UK industry 'disruptive' technologies based on ultra precision engineering. The partners include Cranfield University, the University of Cambridge, University College London, and the OpTIC Technium. This paper concentrates on the development of Knowledge Transfer systems and the successful implementation of processes for the delivery of postgraduate taught courses, short courses for industry, and distance learning packages. In order to retain competitive advantage, UK precision engineering industry requires a regular supply of technically proficient and organizationally prepared graduates. This paper explains the approach taken by Cranfield University and its partners to increase the size of the pool of postgraduate precision engineers and to enhance the skills of industrially based engineers. The approach involves the design of a multi-level system, which draws on increased connectivity between the University, UK Engineering companies, and the student. The main vehicle for providing the technical training is the postgraduate Masters degree in "Ultra Precision Technologies". We explain how this course has been designed for broad appeal, whilst incorporating world class technical teaching and an external focus on the needs of participating companies.

A Coriolis mass flow meter (CMFM) measures the rate of fluid flow from the effect of forces induced by the Coriolis effect on a vibrating tube. This work considers scaling a CMFM to measure small mass flow rates. The effect of the tube dimensions on the measured response, the pressure drop and the resonance frequency is analysed. It is shown that these properties cannot be tuned independently by scaling the tube's dimensions, posing a fundamental limit on the performance of a small flow CMFM.

The fields of astronomy science have presented significant precision engineering challenges. Numerous solutions for these fields of science have achieved unprecedented levels of accuracy, sensitivity and sheer scale. Notwithstanding of their importance to science understanding, many of these precision engineering developments have become key enabling technologies for wealth generation and other human well-being issues. This paper provides a brief historical overview of astronomy instruments. Later, details of critical precision engineering developments that supported the establishment of leading European astronomical instruments are illustrated. Finally, significant precision engineering demands to enable future sciences programmes are introduced.

Recently established the Helios 1200 (RaptTM ) is a unique facility designed for the figuring of large optical surfaces [1]. It combines a CNC machine tool with a reactive atom plasma (RAP) process. This provides a unique rapid surface figuring capability with tool size and tool path motion flexibility. RAP is a proven technology for processing silicon based optical materials [2]. The aim with this technique is to achieve figuring correction of metre size optical components in 10 hours - a much reduced process time compared to the 100 hours currently needed. This paper focuses on key technical tasks to achieve a cost-effective figuring method using RAP. Classically a figuring process is carried out iteratively by analyzing surface figure error and removing material using an optimum tool path algorithm. In this work, the material removal is achieved by decomposing the compound SF6 in a plasma jet to obtain free fluorine radicals which etch away silicon based material. In this paper, measurements of the specific material removal rate and footprint of the plume over a range of substrate temperatures are presented. Then the authors present a base-line process for the neutral removal of material over a large area. Various tool path algorithms are investigated some of which include time-dwell adaptation based on substrate temperature. Finally, the issue of heat transfer is discussed, and both experimental and finite element analysis results are presented. The processed surfaces are analyzed using coherence probe and phase-shifting interferometers for surface morphology and 3D surface form respectively. Surface roughness (Sq) is reported within the 2-3 nanometre range on fused silica and surface flatness is within the +/-50 nanometre range after 0.5 micrometre deep material neutral removal (Typical processed area: 70x200millimetre).

Investigations of machining optical surfaces into brittle materials using an ultra precision machine tool are presented. The newly developed ultra precision NION machine is evaluated to gain a good appreciation of its operating performance. The machining accuracy capability of this machine is established by careful measurement of its; motion accuracy, thermal and dimensional stability and loop stiffness. Corroboration of these measurements are provided by assessment of surfaces which were produced in soft "easily machined" metal materials. It was found that surfaces smooth to -1 nm Ra could be produced on the NION machine and with a form error of less than 100 nm P-V. The main source of figure error, approximately 80 nm, was found to be caused by the synchronous axial error motion of the workhead spindle. Other elements of the machine, including thermal effects, incurred less than 25 nm of additional figure error. Assessment of the diamond turning process for the producing optical surfaces made in a number of important optical materials, which are ostensibly brittle, were undertaken. Turning tests were carried out to establish the relative difficulty for machining optical surfaces in these materials and to define the most important parameters which affect the attained surface quality. Assessment of the produced surfaces was based on their roughness quality, surface morphology and residual stress condition. It was found that diamond tool edge quality degraded with total cut distance. Tool cut distance was found to be a major influence on achievable material removal rate before micro- fractures became present at the surface. Surface quality and residual stress condition were also greatly influenced by the overall tool cut distance. Diamond grinding trials were also carried out using the NION machine tool. These grinding trials were carried out using a mode of grinding which permits complex shape optical surfaces to be produced. Various grinding technologies were employed to establish the optimum methods. Selected grinding trials were carried out to establish the dominate parameters affecting the optical quality. Assessment of the machined surfaces was in regard of their surface roughness, residual stress and severity of sub-surface micro cracking. It was found that grinding wheel specification was a major influence on surface quality and sub-surface damage. The level of residual stress associated with "ductile" mode grinding was not found to prohibit its application toward the direct manufacture of optical elements. Selection of grinding parameters which ensured the grain depth of cut, GDOC, ., allowed glass surfaces to be parameter did not exceed the materials critical depth, d, ground to 1-2 nm Ra. These ground glass surfaces appeared free of any surface fractures. Sub-surface assessments did however reveal small levels of micro-fractures hidden below the surface. Discussion of both machining processes is provided. Available material removal rates for each process is given when cutting a number of important optical materials. Conclusions regarding the production of both Infrared and visible wavelength optics using the NION machine tool are provided. Recommendations for future work to improve both; the understanding of the processes and the effectiveness of applying the processes are suggested.

This paper presents a novel concept, a virtual metrology frame, for enhancing the dynamic performance of a machine tool with a flexible structural frame. The dynamic properties of a machine are directly affected by the stiffness of its frame, and its reference system; thus, by having an unstressed metrology frame, superior dynamic capabilities can be achieved. The developed concept does not require physical components associated with metrology frame; hence it is ideal for machine tools with requirements for small footprint and ultra-precision performance. The concept relies on an accelerometer based dynamic displacement feedback technique, where the accelerometer is used as a precision frame displacement sensor. The concept does not require a complex controller, and was realized in an off-the-shelf CNC controller. The concept was demonstrated on a linear motion system, a simplified version of a compact size CNC machine, and its servo bandwidth and dynamic stiffness were improved by 36% and 70% respectively, which are the key parameters for improving the machining accuracy.

The increasing demand for recombinant therapeutic proteins coupled with advances in technologies allow research to develop approaches to improve the efficiency, yield, and quality of biopharmaceutical products from CHO cells. CHO DG44 cells used in this study were engineered to express erythropoeitin (EPO) as the model recombinant protein in a DHFR-based selection system. From a series of CHO-DG44 cell lines derived from a polyclonal population, one cell line expressed a notable change in growth phenotype during prolonged culture (10 weeks). This cell line (IJ4) exhibited prolonged growth, reached a greater density, and delayed cell death. The change in growth was reflected in an increased total yield of EPO, whilst the specific productivity of cell line IJ4 remained similar. The increased total yield of EPO presents a desirable goal for production and hence detailed ‘omics studies were performed to identify factors associated with better cell growth and survivability.Two different ‘omics analyses were performed (microarray transcriptomic and GC-MS metabolic profiling) to identify potential target genes and key metabolites associated with changes in growth profile. The -omics analyses identified a subset of genes (MMP20, PLA1A, POSTN, SLC46A3, and TOP2A), and a metabolic marker (farnesal) strongly associated with changes in cell growth and nutrient uptake. The use of complementary ‘omics approaches to identify molecular markers has allowed an integrated model to be built, which explains how CHO cell phenotype can adapt to long-term culture, and this defines molecular approaches for cell line screening and engineering.

The histone variant H2A.Z is an evolutionarily conserved variant which is an essential chromatin component for many organisms. H2A.Z plays a pivotal role in a diverse array of chromatin-based processes such as gene transcription and chromosome segregation. In yeast, H2A.Z is acetylated at four N-terminal lysine residues (K3, K8, K10 and K14). Previous studies have shown that these acetylation sites are critical for H2A.Z function. My research aim was to examine how these four acetylatable lysines act to regulate the function of H2A.Z. Genome mapping of the acetylated K8, K10, K14 isoforms revealed that these acetyl marks are co-localised across the budding yeast genome, indicating that acetylation is a common feature of H2A.Z. Examinations of individual acetylation sites using mutational and phenotypical analyses did not reveal any distinct phenotypes between individual lysine residues. These findings indicated that individual acetylation sites are functionally redundant. Intriguingly, H2A.Z is mis-regulated when all four lysine were mutated to arginine (H2A.Z K3, 8, 10, 14 R) by showing sensitivity to a variety of agents. The global distribution profiles of H2A.Z, however, were unaffected by N-terminal lysine mutations. In fact, unacetylatable H2A.Z alleles perturbed H2A.Z chromatin abundance. Biochemical evidence showed that the altered chromatin level was severely defective when combined unacetylatable allele with mutations of SWR-C components. Together, the data presented here suggested that the N-terminal acetylation of H2A.Z regulates its genome abundance independent of its deposition pathway by SWR-C complex.

Freeform surfaces find wide application, particularly in optics, from unique single-surface science programmes to mobile phone lenses manufactured in billions. This thesis presents research into the mathematical and algorithmic basis for the generation and measurement of smooth freeform surfaces. Two globally significant cases are reported: 1) research in this thesis created prototype segments for the world’s largest telescope; 2) research in this thesis made surfaces underpinning the redefinition of one of the seven SI base units – the kelvin - and also what will be the newly (and permanently) defined value for the Boltzmann constant. Theresearchdemonstratestwounderlyingphilosophiesofprecisionengineering, the critical roles of determinism and of precision measurement in precise manufacturing. The thesis presents methods, and reports their implementation, for the manufacture of freeform surfaces through a comprehensive strategy for tool path generation using minimum axis-count ultra-precision machine tools. In the context of freeform surface machining, the advantages of deterministic motion performance of three-axis machines are brought to bear through a novel treatment of the mathematics of variable contact point geometry. This is applied to ultra-precision diamond turning and ultra-precision large optics grinding with the Cranfield Box machine. New techniques in freeform surface representation, tool path generation, freeform tool shape representation and error compensation are presented. A comprehensive technique for very high spatial resolution CMM areal scanning of freeform surfaces is presented, with a new treatment of contact error removal, achieving interferometer-equivalent surface representation, with 1,000,000+ points and sub-200 nm rms noise without the use of any low-pass filtering.

In 2012, plasma figuring was proven to be an alternative solution for the fabrication of large scale ultra-precise optical surfaces. Indeed, plasma figuring was successfully demonstrated on a metre class glass surface. The process was exceptionally rapid but residual errors were observed. This thesis addresses this issue by proposing an enhanced tool that provides a highly collimated plasma jet. The enhanced tool is characterized by a targeted material removal footprint in the range 1 to 5 mm FWHM. The energy beam is provided by an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch equipped with a De-Laval nozzle. This thesis focuses on characterization and optimisation of the bespoke plasma torch and its plasma jet. Two research investigations were carried out using both numerical and experimental approaches. A novel CFD model was created to analyse and understand the behaviour of high temperature gas in the De-Laval nozzle. The numerical approach, that was based on appropriate profiles of temperature and velocity applied to the nozzle inlet, led to a significant reduction of computational resources. This model enabled to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena observed from the nozzle inlet up to the processed surface. Design rules and the effect of changing nozzle parameters were identified. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the throat diameter is the most critical parameter. A challenging power dissipation analysis of the plasma torch was carried out. Temperature and flow rate in key components of the torch were measured. Experimental results enabled to calculate the power dissipation values for RF power up to 800 W and for the entire series of designed nozzles. This work enabled to scientifically understand the power dissipation mechanism in the bespoke ICP torches. In addition, by comparing the intensity of the power dissipation values, one nozzle was clearly identified as being more capable to provide a highly efficient plasma jet.

In the UK, 12,000 patients die from metastatic breast cancer annually. There is therefore an urgent need to identify the molecules that cause metastasis. Recent work has revealed a role for the RUNX family of transcription factors in the development of metastatic breast cancer. The RUNX proteins form active transcription factor complexes when bound by the heterodimeric partner CBFβ to regulate the expression of metastatic genes. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that knockdown of CBFβ resulted in a decreased invasion capacity of the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Three-dimensional culture of MDA-MB-231 cells revealed that loss of CBFβ induces a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). The aim of this project was to determine the role of the RUNX/CBFβ complex in maintaining the mesenchymal phenotype of metastatic breast cancer cells. The data presented show that the phenotype changes were accompanied by changes in EMT marker-gene expression, including Snai2, MMP9, and MMP13. Induction of CBFβ in the CBFβ-knockdown cells remarkably restored both the invasive capacity and the mesenchymal phenotype. Further analysis revealed that maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype was dependent upon both CBFβ-partner proteins, RUNX1 and RUNX2. Taken together the data presented in this thesis demonstrate that RUNX/CBFβ complexes drive the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. These findings are likely to be important in the development of potential therapies to inhibit the metastatic spread of breast cancer. More than 1.3 million women worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. It is the most common cancer in female, accounting for one quarter of all cancers in women. In the UK, 12,000 patients die from breast cancer every year. More than 98% of patients of localized breast cancer survive beyond five years after diagnosis. However, this drops to 23.8% in patients with distance breast cancer. The leading cause of breast cancer deaths is not the primary tumour itself but the diseases caused by spreading. Therefore it is very important to stop breast cancer from spreading to other tissues. A group of proteins named RUNX is essential for invasive capacity of breast cancer cells. It forms a complex with another protein called CBFβ when activates target genes. Without CBFβ, breast cancer cells look normal. However, there was no enough information about the role of this complex in breast cancer spreading. This project was to find out how the complex worked in breast cancer cell spreading. The data presented show that the “normal-like” breast cancer cells restored aggressive capacity when CBFβ was re-introduced in these cells. Further analysis revealed that this change was dependent upon both CBFβ-partner proteins, RUNX1 and RUNX2. Taken together the data presented in this thesis demonstrate that RUNX/CBFβ is essential for breast cancer cells to spread. These findings are likely to be important in the development of potential therapies to inhibit the spreading of breast cancer.

Roll-to-roll printing on continuous plastic films could enable the production of flexible electronics at high speed and low cost, but the granularity of feature sizes is limited by the system accuracy. Technologies such as gravure printing and nanoimprint lithography demand a level of rotary motion precision that cannot be achieved with rolling element bearings. Manufacturing tolerances of the rotating parts, thermal drift and process forces in combination with structural compliance add up to additional error motions. In this master by research an active magnetic bearing (AMB) solution is designed for a new, super-sized roll-to-roll flexible electronics production machine, which was so far based on hydrostatic bearings. The magnetic bearing could actively compensate the accumulated synchronous error and maintain high accuracy under all conditions. However, the asynchronous error of a conventional AMB with the required size and power is a problem. In order to reduce the relatively high positioning uncertainty of active magnetic bearings an innovative radial position measurement based on linear, incremental encoders with optical conversion principle is proposed. A commercial encoder scanning head faces a round scale with concentric, coplanar lines on its face. By counting these lines the radial position can be measured. Because such a scale is not readily available, it is made by micro-machining. In experiments, different machining methods are compared. Then a magnetic bearing is built to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed sensor. As a result, the best measurement noise is 3.5nm at 10kHz and a position uncertainty of approximately 0.25µm has been achieved for the magnetic bearing. These promising results are especially interesting for applications with high precision requirements at low speed of rotation.

The aims of this MSc research project are to investigate the application of aluminium for the main components of an ultra-precision spindle defined for use in R2R production systems and to produce a reel to reel rotary aluminium hydrostatic bearing system of high accuracy to meet the demand of manufacturing the flexible displays with an effective production capability for this special kind of film-based product. The original concept design was already finished to manufacture the bearing components and the objective of this project was to test the functionality of this new hydrostatic bearing system. Firstly, theoretical were performed to work out the output responses, including temperature rise, flow rate, load capacity etc., of the hydrostatic bearing system under different input design parameters, including supply pressure, fluid viscosity, the rotational speed etc. Then ANSYS software was used to build a FEA model to simulate the actual working conditions of the hydrostatic bearing system and to obtain the theoretical output parameters, especially the deflection conditions of the bearing shaft. Finally the experimental validation tests were conducted to verify the actual output responses to check correlation with the modelled results.

Breast cancers frequently metastasise to the skeleton where they cause osteolytic bone destruction. Effective treatment of bone metastasis remains a considerable clinical challenge. In the UK around 70% of the 12,000 patients that die from breast cancer annually have bone metastasis. Whilst existing therapies provide some pain relief, by limiting the tumour-mediated bone degradation, bone metastases are presently incurable. There is therefore an urgent need to develop therapies to prevent bone metastatic breast cancer. The transcription factor complex Runx2/CBFβ is a key regulator of bone development and is aberrantly expressed in breast cancer, leading to up-regulation of bone metastasis-associated genes. Previous work has demonstrated that Runx2/CBFβ determines the invasive phenotype of metastatic breast cancer cells and is required for the expression of metastatic genes. The Runx2/CBFβ complex also has a role in normal breast gene expression, activating expression of the milk protein β-casein in response to hormones. However, little is known about the normal role of Runx2/CBFβ in breast cells. The overarching aim of this project was to determine the role of Runx2/CBFβ in metastasis and identify the target genes that determine the metastatic phenotype. In order to understand the role of Runx2/CBFβ in breast cancer, initial experiments were performed to determine the role of Runx2/CBFβ in normal breast cells. A 3D culture system was established to examine the role of Runx2/CBFβ in regulating gene expression in non-cancerous differentiated epithelial breast cells. Attempts were also made to determine the Runx2/CBFβ target genes after lactogenic hormone stimulation. Unfortunately siRNA knockdown of Runx2 was incompatible with hormonal stimulation. However, 3D cell culture of normal mammary gland cell line HC11 showed Runx2 was expressed throughout the development of mammary acini structures. In addition the expression of CBFβ was confirmed in these cells.Having established the 3D culture system, experiments were subsequently performed to examine the role of CBFβ in the metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. These experiments demonstrated that depletion of CBF has a remarkable effect on the phenotype of the cells, leading to the development of mammary acini structures normally formed by non-cancerous breast cancer cell lines. Thus, depletion of CBF results in a reversion to an epithelial phenotype, suggesting that CBF is required to maintain the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). RT-PCR analysis also revealed changes in the expression of EMT marker genes. We also demonstrated that the EMT reversion could be rescued by re-expressing an inducible form of CBFβ. These data suggest that CBFβ is required to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype of metastatic breast cancer cells. Finally, a microarray analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells was performed to identify Runx2/CBFβ target genes that might contribute to the mesenchymal phenotype. Cells depleted of CBFβ and grown in 3D revealed reduced expression of IL11. This is known to be involved in bone remodelling. Inspection of the IL11 promoter revealed potential DNA binding sites which confirmed binding to Runx2 using EMSA.

Achievable cutting distance of a diamond tool during turning is finite and is a limiting factor in the size of component that can be turned. This limit is particularly problematic when attempting to turn brittle materials, such as those used in infra-red optics. Natural diamond tools have been used for this application. However natural diamond introduces problems: the gems can contain possible contamination with a range of impurities and strong residual stresses from formation. Cutting distance is therefore inconsistent when using natural diamond. Industry is keen to increase possible cutting distance and to increase the consistency of cutting distance. One possible solution is synthetic diamond materials. New CVD single crystal synthetic diamonds possess high purity and consistent growth conditions and therefore have the potential to be a superior tool-material that provides longer achievable cutting distance and extremely consistent cutting behaviour. This new material is compared against natural and HPHT synthetic diamonds in machining tests against silicon workpieces in a selection of tool-orientations. Aluminium workpieces are machined with MCC and natural diamond tools to assess the performance of the new material against this commonly diamond turned material. While analysing the results from these cutting trials the failure modes of diamond tools were examined closely, resulting in discovering the existence of two separate failure modes and the development of a new wear-model. Natural diamond tools were carefully tested using a range of techniques hoping to find a root cause of the wide variability seen. FTIR offered a strong clue as to the defect within natural diamond tools that leads to occasional high cutting life.

In this thesis, the research and development of a novel rapid figuring procedure for large ultra-precise optics by Reactive Atom Plasma technology is reported. The hypothesis proved in this research is that a metre scale surface with a form accuracy of ~1 μm PV can be figure corrected to 20 – 30 nm RMS in ten hours. This reduces the processing time by a factor ten with respect to state-of-the-art techniques like Ion Beam Figuring. The need for large scale ultra-precise optics has seen enormous growth in the last decade due to large scale international research programmes. A bottleneck in production is seen in the final figure correction stage. State-of-the-art processes capable of compliance with requisites of form accuracy of one part in 108 (CNC polishing, Magneto-Rheological Finishing and Ion Beam Figuring) have failed to meet the time and cost frame targets of the new optics market. Reactive Atom Plasma (RAP) is a means of plasma chemical etching that makes use of a Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch operating at atmospheric pressure. It constitutes an ideal figuring alternative, combining the advantages of a non-contact tool with very high material removal rates and nanometre level repeatability. Despite the rapid figuring potential of this process, research preceding the work presented in this manuscript had made little progress towards design and implementation of a procedure for metre-class optics. The experimental work performed in this PhD project was conducted on Helios 1200, a unique large-scale RAP figuring facility at Cranfield University. Characterisation experiments were carried out on ULE and fused silica surfaces to determine optimum process parameters. Here, the influence of power, surface distance, tool speed and surface temperature was investigated. Subsequently, raster-scanning tests were performed to build an understanding on spaced multiple passes ... [cont.]. SAS Prize winner

The goal of this study is to investigate the capability of electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID)-grinding for achieving high material removal rate (MRR) on hardened steels without adversely affecting the surface quality of the workpiece. Grinding experiments with wheels of ~50μm grits on a cylindrical grinder (Studer S20) indicate that the best achievable roughness is mainly determined by the abrasive grit size and depends very little on the grinding technique (ELID versus conventional grinding), nor on the bonding type of the wheel. With higher material removal rate chattering was observed in ELID-grinding. Experiment results also showed that the grinding ratios of ELID-grinding with 50 μm cBN abrasives can be 5 to 10 times higher than that in conventional vitrified grinding with the same grit size. ispartof: pages:237-241 ispartof: Proceedings of the 12th euspen International Conference vol:2 pages:237-241 ispartof: 12th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering & Nanotechnology location:Stockholm date:4 Jun - 8 Jun 2012 status: published

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) and popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS) are autosomal dominant disorders characterized by combinations of cleft lip and cleft palate (CLP), lip pits, skin-folds, syndactyly and oral adhesions. VWS and PPS are caused by mutations in the transcription factor Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6). IRF6 belongs to a family of transcription factors that share a highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Mutation analysis reveals a general genotype-phenotype correlation between the distribution of mutations and the manifestation of either VWS or PPS. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these mutations affect IRF6 function are still unknown. Therefore the aim of this project was to characterize the molecular function and regulation of IRF6 and subsequently determine the effects of VWS and PPS mutations on IRF6 function. DNA binding site-selection showed that the IRF6-DBD exhibited optimal binding site selectivity for the consensus sequence AACCGAAACC/T. This sequence was used to investigate the effects of VWS and PPS mutations in the DBD. Almost all mutations abrogated DNA-binding. It was subsequently demonstrated that a VP16AD-IRF6-DBD fusion protein was able to activate transcription from a promoter containing the derived binding site. However, wildtype IRF6 was shown to be autoinhibited and compartmentalized in the cytoplasm. To determine what signals are involved in the nuclear translocation of IRF6, internal signals that facilitate nucleocytoplasmic trafficking were mapped. The cytoplasmic localization of IRF6 suggested that the identified nuclear export signal (NES) 159IQDTFPFLNI168 is constitutively active and dominant over the nuclear localization signal 5PRRVRLK11. Disruption of the NES leads to nuclear retention; however nuclear localization alone is insufficient for functional activation of IRF6. Therefore, the role of phosphorylation in the regulation of IRF6 was assessed. Five novel phosphorylation sites were identified in IRF6 at residues S47, S131, S153, S424 and T425. Phosphorylation at S424/S425 was necessary for combinatorial phosphorylation at the serine/threonine rich region to induce nuclear retention, whereas, phosphorylation in the DBD at S47 abrogates DNA-binding. The understanding of IRF6 molecular function and mechanisms of regulation provides further insight into the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of VWS and PPS.

Multi Axis Robots have traditionally been used in industry for pick and place, de-burring, and welding operations. Increasing technological advances have broadened their application and today robots are increasingly being used for higher precision applications in the medical and nuclear sectors. In order to use robots in such roles it is important to understand their performance. Thermal effects in machine tools are acknowledged to account for up to 70% of all errors (Bryan J. , 1990) and therefore need to be considered. This research investigates thermal influences on the accuracy and repeatability of a six degree of freedom robotic arm, which forms an integral part of a smoothing cell. The cell forms part of a process chain currently being developed for the processing of high accuracy freeform surfaces, intended for use on the next generation of ground based telescopes. The robot studied was a FANUC 710i/50 with a lapping spindle the end effector. The robot geometric motions were characterised and the structure was thermally mapped at the latter velocity. The thermal mapping identified the key areas of the robot structure requiring more detailed analysis. Further investigation looked into thermal variations in conjunction with geometric measurements in order to characterise the robot thermal performance. Results showed thermal variations of up to 13ºC over a period of six hours, these produced errors of up to 100μm over the 1300mm working stroke slow. Thermal modelling carried out predicted geometric variation of 70μm to 122μm for thermal variations up to 13ºC over a period of six hours. The modelling was 50% to 75% efficient in predicting thermal error magnitudes in the X axis. With the geometric and modelling data a recommendation for offline compensation would enable significant improvement in the robots positioning capability to be achieved.

The University of Manchester, Cesar Lopez Camacho PhD in Molecular BiologyThesis title: A new role for Filamin A as a regulator of Runx2 functionJanuary 2011Filamin A is a well-characterised cytoskeletal protein which regulates cell shape and migration by cross-linking with actin. Filamin A mutations cause a number of human developmental disorders, many of which exhibit skeletal dysplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Filamin A affects skeletal development are unknown. The transcription factor Runx2 is a master regulator of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation. Data presented in this thesis show that Filamin A forms a complex with Runx2 in osteoblastic cell lines. Moreover, it is demonstrated that Filamin A is present in the nucleus in several cell lines, including those of osteoblastic origin. The data presented show that the Filamin A/Runx2 complex suppresses the expression of the gene encoding the matrix-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), which is an important osteoblastic differentiation marker. ChIP assays were employed to demonstrate that endogenously expressed Filamin A associates with the promoter of the MMP-13 gene. In addition, Filamin A is not only located in the nucleus but also in the nucleolus, an important nuclear compartment involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. Ribosomal DNA promoter-driven reporter assays, Filamin A-knockdown experiments and exogenous Filamin A transfections demonstrated that Filamin A and Runx2 can repress ribosomal gene expression activity. Importantly, Filamin A is recruited to the human ribosomal DNA promoter, suggesting its direct involvement in the regulation of rRNA transcription. These findings reveal a novel role of Filamin A in the direct regulation of ribosomal gene expression. Finally, by using microarray technology, changes in gene expression were identified when Filamin A was downregulated. Some of the differentially expressed genes were known orchestrators of bone development. The data presented in this thesis strengthen the link between Filamin A and bone development and provide a molecular rationale for how Filamin A, acting as a regulator of gene expression, might influence osteoblastic differentiation.

The Reactive Atom Plasma® (RAP) process is a plasma chemical etching process. RAP was developed at RAPT Industries as a process for removing subsurface damage from silicon carbide optics. The process is being investigated at Cranfield University as a novel method for the fine surface correction of large optics, with the aim of shortening the manufacturing period of the next generation of large telescopes. RAP offers material removal rates that are up to 10 times higher than those of ion beam figuring, the current state-of-the-art technique and the convenience in that it can be operated at atmospheric pressure. Cont/d.

A dynamically optimal design is essential for a motion system to perform high speed operation without compromising its accuracy, settling time and vibration specification. Good design practice which accounts for dynamic characteristics in the modelling of a motion system warrants higher performance precision machines and cuts down redevelopment effort to ‘patch’ inherent shortcoming of the machine dynamics. This research aimed to accurately describe the non-linear dynamics of a non-mechanical contact aerostatic guideway system in order to achieve an accurate FEA model of the design stage. The single axis aerostatic guideway is comprised of several machine in¬terfaces that impact the dynamic behaviour of the guideway. Modelling each air bear¬ing pad by a single stiffness element is not adequate to predict the guideway modal behaviour accurately. The aerostatic guideway has been broken down into several key machine interface elements. In-depth investigation of the air film and the air bearing mounting mechanism was carried out. A dedicated air film test rig was designed and built to acquire insight of the air film dynamic characteristics. It is observed that the mounting mechanism of the air bearing constitutes to a signifi-cant dynamic effect to the entire air bearing setup. Based on the findings of the mount-ing mechanism’s stiffness properties, a method was developed to estimate ‘true’ air gap heights which cannot be easily assessed and measured directly in most aerostatic guideway carriages. The estimation method enables a more rigorous FE model of the aerostatic guideway system. The comprehensive dynamic analysis methodology pro-posed in this research greatly increases the confidence and accuracy of the aerostatic guideway’s FE model.

Large scale nuclear fusion and astronomy scientific programmes have increased the demand for large freeform mirrors and lenses. Thousands of one metre class, high quality aspherical optical components are required within the next five to ten years. Current manufacturing process chains production time need to be reduced from hundred hours to ten hours. As part of a new process chain for making large optics, an efficient low damage precision grinding process has been proposed. This grinding process aims to shorten the subsequent manufacturing operations. The BoX R grinding machine, built by Cranfield University, provides a rapid and economic solution for grinding large off-axis aspherical and free-form optical components. This thesis reports the development of a precision grinding process for rapid manufacturing of large optics using this grinding mode. Grinding process targets were; form accuracy of 1 m over 1 metre, surface roughness 150 nm (Ra) and subsurface damage below 5 m. Process time target aims to remove 1 mm thickness of material over a metre in ten hours. Grinding experiments were conducted on a 5 axes Edgetek high speed grinding machine and BoX R grinding machine. The surface characteristics obtained on optical materials (ULE, SiC and Zerodur) are investigated. Grinding machine influence on surface roughness, surface profile, subsurface damage, grinding forces and grinding power are discussed. This precision grinding process was validated on large spherical parts, 400 mm ULE and SiC parts and a 1 m Zerodur hexagonal part. A process time of ten hours was achieved using maximum removal rate of 187.5 mm 3 /s on ULE and Zerodur and 112.5 mm 3 /s on SiC. The subsurface damage distribution is shown to be "process" related and "machine dynamics" related. The research proves that a stiffer grinding machine, BoX, induces low subsurface damage depth in glass and glass ceramic.

Machine tools are made up of many different parts connected together. In order to understand and create more accurate thermal and deformation numerical models the heat transfer characteristics of machine tool interfaces need to be understood. Previously heat transfer across interfaces has not been incorporated in finite element models in thermal and deformation analysis of machine tools. To a varying degree the issue of interfaces will have an effect on the overall performance of machine tools, and clearly if not considered and resolved at the strategic design stage they may be difficult and expensive to correct, once machine tools are operational. An inability to adequately understand and model the interfaces in machine tools is therefore a major limitation to current knowledge. In this research programme heat transfer and corresponding thermal deformation of metal blocks in contact having pre-defined interface geometries, were experimentally and numerically investigated. Factors such as the contact pressure, the contact conformance, and the interface material were investigated. It was found that the most influential factors were contact pressure and contact conformance. Interface material was also found to have a bigger influence if the contact area was non-conforming. When interface material was thicker than the surface roughness, the heat flow across the interface was reduced as fewer contact asperities came into contact. In order to optimise modelling it was necessary to optimise the convection coefficient - this was found to have an effect on overall heat transfer across the interface. It was also found that the overall contact area is important and not the spread of contact regions for the same overall contact. This was investigated using two different contact geometry arrangements. The numerical prediction of heat transfer across an interface is accurate if the contact is conforming. However, if the contact is non-conforming an accurate prediction is not possible. This is due to the fact that direct modelling of non-conformance is not achievable. It was found that the most influential factor on thermal deformation is contact pressure, on the other hand factors such as interface material and interface geometry showed very little effect. PhD

Driven by a requirement to extend the lifespan of self-aligning lined spherical bearings, this research investigates the use of Elid (electrolytic in-process dressing) as a method of improving ball surface finish. Elid is a continuous and self-regulating electrochemical dressing process that modifies the surface of a grinding, lapping, or superfinishing wheel. It provides improved grit protrusion, impedes wheel loading / glazing and promotes effective cutting. The characteristics of the newly-developed Elid superfinishing process are in many ways fundamentally different to conventional superfinishing. The main difference is that the use of super-abrasives prevents the wheel from self-sharpening; the normal mechanism by which dulled conventional abrasives are removed and a wheel’s surface refreshed. Because the wheel’s performance and condition is continually maintained inprocess by the Elid system, metal resin bonded (MRB) wheels containing very small super-abrasives can be used. It is the utilization of these fine abrasives (30 to 0.12 μm) that enables surface roughness values below 5 nm Ra to be consistently produced on the spherical surface of corrosion-resistant steel balls. This research provides an in-depth understanding of the Elid spherical superfinishing process; investigating the most effective use of the Elid system, wheel dressing requirements and process performance. Optimisation is provided in terms of evaluating the critical operating parameters, the most effective superfinishing cycle and the implications to the complete ball production chain. A range of techniques are used to evaluate processing performance and ball output quality. These include in-process monitoring of Elid and wheel spindle power levels, analysis of wheel condition, rates of ball surface generation and material removal, ball finish and form. Although predominantly concentrated on corrosion-resistant steel, testing is also conducted on titanium and various ball coatings. In investigating various ways of using the Elid system, this work considers electrodischarge truing, pre-process dressing, Elid 1, Elid 2, Elid 3, and Elid combined with electrolytically assisted superfinishing. The initial process solution of Elid 3 (electrodeless) superfinishing provides the capability of working on all standard size balls, however the dressing system lacks stability. The development of a fixturing system that has a small separate electrode enables Elid 1 (conventional) to be used on the majority of ball sizes. Elid 1 allows more aggressive and consistent dressing, a faster rate of ball material removal and thus a substantially reduced processing time. Results with a #12,000 wheel show that surface quality is vastly improved through the use of Elid whilst maintaining current production standards of form accuracy. Surface finishes of 2nm Ra are achieved, which is an order of magnitude better than balls currently produced using barrelling / polishing. Processing times are equivalent or faster when using Elid 1. Alternatively, consistently sub 10 nm Ra finishes can be reached with a #2,000 wheel using Elid 2 (interval dressing). Generally MRB-CBN wheels provide a more effective carbide cutting action than conventional superfinishing wheels. Controlling wheel condition and achieving full and even ball to wheel conformity are the two most significant contributory factors to the success of Elid spherical superfinishing. Insufficient control of these factors results in poor output quality. Monitoring of wheel spindle and Elid power usage provides useful information in assessing the condition of the wheel and identifying potential problems. High spindle power correlates with fast material removal and is a result of high loads and a free cutting action. Elid processing can be employed for improving surface finish after the conventional honing stage, or after cylindrical grinding for improving both ball form and finish.

This thesis presents a conceptual design, for a single point diamond fly-cutting system. This design is based on the performance of an existing, diamond facing lathe. The design requirements for a precision machine tool have been considered, and a deterministic design philosophy has been adopted. The error motions within the diamond facing lathe are considered as effects, generated by defined causes. These causes include geometric, kinematic and dynamic sources. Diamond turning and flycutting processes have been compared and consideration has been given to the process influences, including variations in; diamond tool geometries, cutting forces, rotational error motions and the process characteristics required for an optimal surface finish. A single point diamond facing lathe has been refurbished and the dynamic error motions of this machine tool have been analysed, using different techniques. The stiffness properties have also been investigated, which indicate how the performance of the machine tool has been affected over time and during the refurbishment process. The dynamic error motions have been used to generate a set of technical specifications, governing the design of the fly-cutting system. A design concept has been presented and optimised. This includes a fly-cutting head, with a quick release tool holder based on a kinematically located side locking clamp. A design concept for a dynamic workpiece holder has also been presented, which monitors the error motions of the machine tool and orientates the workpiece accordingly. A three pair flexure system has been simulated to orientate the workpiece. Consideration has been given to mounting the workpiece, feedback transducers and the design of the control system. This thesis has provided the initial steps in the design of a single point diamond flycutting system. A further stage of development work is required to complete a detailed design. MRes

Metal-bonded wheels have a few advantages over normal grinding wheels, including higher stiffness, better thermal conductivity for removing process heat and high tool durability. This means grinding of hard materials like ceramics can be done more accurately; the tool life is longer; reshaping of the tool is delayed; and higher G-ratios can be achieved. To keep the super-abrasive metal-bonded grinding wheels sharp and to ground mirror-like surfaces, in ELID-grinding the wheels are dressed continuously and in-process through electrolytic passivation. An electric current between the anodic wheel and an external electrode can lead to the formation of an insulating layer covering the wheel. The goal of this study is to investigate the fundamentals in the growth of the layer in order to have a better understanding in the process. By analyzing the evolution of the voltage and current pulses generated by the power supply (Fuji ELIDER ED921) the layer growth can be monitored. At the start of pre-dressing, the cast iron bond (CIB) is purely metallic. The impedance of the electrolytic cell has a high capacitance and a small resistance. The current dissolves the iron which is then recombined with oxidizers of the electrolyte to form dense and insulating hydroxides. Measurements of the passivation layer resistance for different parameter settings show a steady rise until the insulation is completed. The results for different parameter settings are consistent with Faraday‟s law which states that the accumulated charge governs the layer growth. From these experiments an equivalent electrical model is derived. ispartof: pages:225-229 ispartof: Proceedings of the 12th euspen International Conference vol:12 pages:225-229 ispartof: 12th International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering & Nanotechnology location:Stockholm date:4 Jun - 8 Jun 2012 status: published