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An allergist is a physician who has successfully completed both a specialized training period in allergy and immunology and a training period in either internal medicine, or a sub-specialty of internal medicine such as dermatology, pneumology, or otorhinolaryngology, and/or pediatrics. Subject to national training requirements, allergists are also partially or fully trained as clinical immunologists, because of the immune basis of the diseases that they diagnose and treat. In most countries, the approved period of specialty training in allergy and immunology will be two to three years of specific, intense training. Depending on national accreditation systems, completion of this training will be recognized by a Certificate of Specialized Training in Allergy, in Allergy and Immunology, or in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, awarded by a governing board. In some countries this will follow successful completion of a certification test, and in other countries by competencies being signed-off by a training supervisor. Fully trained allergists make an important contribution to designing local care systems and delivering the necessary care for patients with allergic diseases. Allergists act as advocates for patients, and support and argue the case for better education of the primary and secondary care physicians and other health care professionals who also care for allergic patients. Allergists should be available to provide care for the more complicated problems that are beyond the purview of well-trained primary and secondary care physicians and other health care professionals. The main defining characteristics of an allergist are the appreciation of the importance of external triggers in causing disease, and the knowledge of how to identify and manage these diseases, together with ex-pertise in appropriate drug and immunological therapies. This approach to diagnosis and therapy is a core value of the allergy specialist, and contrasts the allergist with many of the organ-based specialists whose patient bases may overlap with the specialty. The unique training requirements for an allergist are detailed in "Requirements for Physician Training in Allergy: Key Clinical Competencies Appropriate for the Care of Patients with Allergic or Immunologic Diseases: A Provisional Position Statement of the World Allergy Organization."[1] In that document, the levels of allergy training required of first-, second-, and third-level physicians are documented, differentiating the training and knowledge base of an allergy specialist from that of primary care physicians and organbased specialists. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology has also published guidelines: "Consultation and Referral Guidelines Citing the Evidence: How the Allergist/Immunologist Can Help."[2] The European Union of Medical Specialists Allergy Training Syllabus [3,4] is available online at the World Allergy Organization Web site:http://www.worldallergy.org/allergy_certification/index.shtml.