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Neem has also been called “Heal all”, “Divine Tree”, “Village Pharmacy” and even “Nature’s drugstore”. The ancient Indian found many therapeutic uses for the tree and also observed that the tree could survive in very dry and arid conditions. In due course of time, the name and fame of neem spread, not only in the remote areas of the Indian subcontinent but also in the adjoining countries in Asia, now known as Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Since ancient times, India has had cultural and commercial relations with the people of these countries. Whereas in folklore mainly the leaves and to some extent the oil was used in Ayurveda (the Indian system of medicine), Siddha (the system of medicine practiced in some parts of south India) and Unani Tibb (the Greco-Persian system of medicine), polyherbal preparations containing one, two or all five parts of the plant, i.e. leaves, bark, flower, fruit and root, called panchang in Ayurveda, were used. In the traditional systems of medicine, some of the preparations were for internal administration, while others such as nasal drops, medicated oils or fats were for external application.

The genetic quality of the nursery stock used in windbreaks has been a concern of many people responsible for windbreak planting for about as long as other people have been concerned about the genetic quality of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). In 1923 Johnson (1923) cautioned tree planters in the Great Plains of North America to use only tree species proven to be hardy in their area. He also described within-species variation in Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila L. ) noting that "strains" coming from different localities in China were quite variable in hardiness when grown in the northern Great Plains. Progress in improving trees and shrubs for windbreaks has not been as dramatic as the gains have been with timber species. The benefits of windbreaks are substantial, but they are often indirect and long-term. There has been little pressure on government and university research administrators to devote more of their resources to the genetic improvement of windbreak species. Private industry has not become involved in producing genetically-improved seed of windbreak species because of the limited market for such seed.

High glucose (HG), a hallmark of the tumour microenvironment, is also a biomechanical stressor, as it exerts hyper-osmotic stress (HG-HO), but not much is known regarding how tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG-HO. Therefore, this study aimed to delineate the novel molecular mechanisms by which tumour cells mechanoadapt to HG/HG-HO and whether phytochemical-based interference in these mechanisms can generate tumour-cell-selective vulnerability to cell death. Mannitol and L-glucose were used as hyper-osmotic equivalents of high glucose. The results revealed that the tumour cells can efficiently mechanoadapt to HG-HO only in the normoxic microenvironment. Under normoxic HG/HG-HO stress, tumour cells polySUMOylate a higher pool of mitotic driver pH3(Ser10), which translocates to the nucleus and promotes faster cell divisions. On the contrary, acute hypoxia dampens HG/HG-HO-associated excessive proliferation by upregulating sentrin protease SENP7. SENP7 promotes abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10), thereby restricting its nuclear entry and promoting the M-phase arrest and cell loss. However, the hypoxia-arrested cells that managed to survive showed relapse upon reversal to normoxia as well as upregulation of pro-survival-associated SENP1, and players in tumour growth signalling, autophagy, glycolytic pathways etc. Depletion of SENP1 in both normoxia and hypoxia caused significant loss of tumour cells vs undepleted controls. SENP1 was ascertained to restrict the abnormal SUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in both normoxia and hypoxia, although not so efficiently in hypoxia, due to the opposing activity of SENP7. Co-treatment with Momordin Ic (MC), a natural SENP1 inhibitor, and Gallic Acid (GA), an inhibitor of identified major pro-tumourigenic signalling (both enriched in Momordica charantia), eliminated surviving tumour cells in normal glucose, HG and HG-HO normoxic and hypoxic microenvironments, suggesting that appropriate and enhanced polySUMOylation of pH3(Ser10) in response to HG/HG-HO stress was attenuated by this treatment along with further dampening of other key tumourigenic signalling, due to which tumour cells could no longer proliferate and grow.

Given that it serves as the fundamental underpinning for the global digital society, web security presents a significant challenge to businesses. This essay examines the several flaws in web security, including passwords, encryption, authentication, and integrity. It also examines a variety of defence strategies for dealing with these group of dangers and evaluates why they have not been more effective. Additionally, the level of web page security in educational systems is assessed, and the variations in web application security between academic institutions are explored. Finally, a suggestion for safeguarding websites is discussed.

Numerous qualities of blockchain technology are available, such as decentralisation, dependability, trackability, and immutability. But by itself, this technology is unable to ensure cybersecurity. This study seeks to present a thorough analysis of the methods and components proposed to achieve cybersecurity in blockchain-based systems. Our research investigates the many potential forms of assaults before making recommendations for how to defend against them. Our findings demonstrate that fresh blockchain applications can benefit from the Internet of Things (IoT), networks and machine visualisation, public key cryptography, online apps, certification systems, and safe keeping of personally identifiable information (PII). Blockchain has steadily grown in popularity as one of the best ways to protect data storage and transmission using decentralised, trustless, and transparent mechanisms. However, recent research on the security and privacy of blockchain technology has revealed that effective attacks have been launched against a number of apps.

Complete and partial restriction in the access to the laboratories in many countries has imposed a long-term lockdown to safeguard the citizens from the corona virus/omicron pandemic. Hence, e-teaching is in force effectively to teach theoretical as well as experimental courses. Unfortunately, undergraduate and postgraduate students of doing chemical sciences are missing their one-time opportunity for doing project during their course work. In this report, we discuss the feasibility of doing final year projects in chemical sciences at home. We suggest some themes, and concepts on which the students can take-up and carryout with the supervision of their professors. The resources and tools that is available online for executing the final year project is identified and explained. The practical approaches, directions for fruitful outcomes are discussed with the understanding on the limitations of such projects. This report would serve the chemical science students and teachers as one point reference material to identify a suitable theme for completing the final year project.

Attention to intercropping for sustainable agriculture is increasing, and scientific studies on intercropping have also grown in recent years. Agroforestry Systems, which combine annual crops with trees, are used widely in semiarid regions to reduce wind erosion and improve the efficiency of resources such as water and nutrients. Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited Farm, Mondipatty, Tamil Nadu, to study the compatibility of intercropping systems in the Dalbergia sissoo-based Horti-silvicultural system for two years during 2016 and 2017. The experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with four replications.The main plot treatments were M1: Cassava M2:Chillies and the subplot treatments were five nutrient management packages viz., S1: Untreated control, S2: 100 % Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (Cassava: 90: 90: 240 and Chillies: 60: 80: 80),S3: 125 % Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (Cassava: 112.5: 112.5: 300 and Chillies: 75: 100: 100), S4:150 % (Cassava: 135: 135: 360 and Chillies: 90: 120: 120) Recommended Dose of Fertilizers, S5: Soil Test Crop Response studies - Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System -based recommendation (as per soil test value). The results indicated that the Horti-Silvicultural system of growing Cassava and Chillies along with D. sissoo performed well. It was observed that statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher yields of 17.8 tha-1 and 1.6 tha-1 were recorded in Cassava and Chillies, respectively, in treatment S5, where the fertilizer was applied based on the Soil Test Crop Response studies - Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System. In addition, the soil fertility status was also sustained in this plot. The fertilizers applied to the intercrops have contributed to the nutrient requirement of the tree crop and thereby reduced the cost of cultivation in the agroforestry system.

Plant root-mediated green synthesis of nanomaterials has been increasingly gaining popularity due to its eco-friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. Current work describes the green synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles using Murraya koenigii roots extract as a capping agent. This study was conducted for the synthesis of nanoparticles using two exclusive salts (silver nitrate and copper sulfate) with the aid of Murraya koenigii root extract. We did comparative study of synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles using about 10 g of Murraya koenigii root. Roots were weighed separately and transferred into 250 ml beakers containing 100 ml distilled water and boiled for about 25 minutes. Solutions were then filtered to get clear extracts. The extract was taken for the reduction of Ag+ and Cu2+ ions, 10 ml of Murraya koenigii root extract was added drop wise to 10 ml of silver nitrate and copper sulphate solution (1:1ratio). The reduction reaction was studied by observing the colour change. Confirmation of silver and copper nanoparticles formation and plasmonic resonance can be found by analyzing the absorbance data of UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), which were used to determine the functional groups on the cell surface that may be involved in the nanoparticle synthesis. Morphology and size of silver and copper nanoparticles were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) experiments.

A real square matrix $A$ of order $n \times n~ (n \geq 3)$ is called an $F_0$-matrix, if it is a $Z$-matrix (off-diagonal entries nonpositive), all of whose principal submatrices of orders at most $n-2$ are $M$-matrices while there is at least one principal submatrix of order $n-1$, which is an $N_0$-matrix. An $M$-matrix is a $Z$-matrix with the property that the real parts of all its eigenvalues are nonnegative. An $N_0$-matrix, in turn, is characterized by the fact that it is an invertible $Z$-matrix whose inverse is (entrywise) nonpositive. The first aim of this article is to present a short survey of some subclasses of $Z$-matrices, pertinent to the second objective, where new results concerning $F_0$-matrices are presented., Comment: 25 pages

In the setting of real square matrices, it is known that, if $A$ is a singular irreducible $M$-matrix, then the only nonnegative vector that belongs to the range space of $A$ is the zero vector. In this paper, we prove an analogue of this result for the Lyapunov and the Stein operators.

The identity of a stranded cetacean from the Palk Bay has been confirmed as a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) by the partial sequencing of mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit-I (COI). The specimen was unambiguously discriminated from the COI sequence of Kogia sima by matching exactly with the sequence of K. breviceps. Stranding events of the pygmy whales are considered to be uncommon. The sequence developed for K. breviceps is the first of its kind attempt from Indian waters.

The complexity of modernizing the healthcare industry's journey toward processing huge health data and accessing them for analysis and action will be considerably increased. Health research breakthroughs have resulted in a substantial quantity of data being generated from enormous electronic health records, high-throughput genomic data, for example as well as the collection of clinical information. The healthcare business confronts several obstacles, emphasizing the significance of data analytics development. In biosciences, machine learning and data mining methods are becoming more crucial in attempts to effectively convert all available data into valuable information. This is the goal of these approaches. mining techniques in today's medical studies. An overview is the goal of this work. The condition known as Diabetic Mellitus affects millions of individuals worldwide (DM). There were a lot of clinical datasets that were utilised. New hypotheses targeted at greater understanding and future study in DM may be derived from the title applications in the chosen works. According to the findings, this strategy is an effective method to treat and care for patients while also improving outcomes like as cost and availability.

Field investigations were conducted to assess the effect of conservation agricultural practices on soil biological properties and yield of cotton during the kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The experiments were laid out in a split plot design with four main factors viz., conventional tillage with irrigation schedule of 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (M1), conventional tillage with irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW/CPE ratio (M2), minimum tillage with irrigation schedule of 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (M3) and minimum tillage with irrigation schedule of 0.6 IW/CPE ratio (M4). Sub plot had six treatments of weed and nutrient management viz., crop residue mulch with 100% RDF (S1), crop residue mulch with 75% RDF (S2), pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb one hand weeding with 100% RDF (S3), pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb one hand weeding with 75% RDF (S4), mechanical weeding twice with 100% RDF (S5) and mechanical weeding twice with 75% RDF (S6). Total microbial populations viz., bacteria, fungal, and actinobacteria were higher in cotton rhizosphere soil with the minimum tillage of irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (M3) in the main plot treatments. Cotton rhizosphere soil with crop residue mulch with 100% RDF (S1) recorded a higher microbial population and it was statistically similar with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb one hand weeding with 100% RDF (S3) in the sub plot treatments. Among the treatment combination, minimum tillage with irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (M3) and crop residue mulch with 100% RDF (S1) recorded a higher microbial population. Similarly, a higher seed yield of cotton was also recorded with minimum tillage and irrigating the crop at 0.8 IW/CPE ratio and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin fb one hand weeding along with application of 100% RDF (M3S3)

Comment in Does HIV-1 virulence matter in the ART era? Lewitus E, Rolland M. Med (N Y). 2022 Apr 8;3(4):217-219. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.03.003. PMID: 35590149; International audience; We discovered a highly virulent variant of subtype-B HIV-1 in the Netherlands. One hundred nine individuals with this variant had a 0.54 to 0.74 log 10 increase (i.e., a ~3.5-fold to 5.5-fold increase) in viral load compared with, and exhibited CD4 cell decline twice as fast as, 6604 individuals with other subtype-B strains. Without treatment, advanced HIV—CD4 cell counts below 350 cells per cubic millimeter, with long-term clinical consequences—is expected to be reached, on average, 9 months after diagnosis for individuals in their thirties with this variant. Age, sex, suspected mode of transmission, and place of birth for the aforementioned 109 individuals were typical for HIV-positive people in the Netherlands, which suggests that the increased virulence is attributable to the viral strain. Genetic sequence analysis suggests that this variant arose in the 1990s from de novo mutation, not recombination, with increased transmissibility and an unfamiliar molecular mechanism of virulence.

Hydrocephalus is the excess accumulation of cerebral spinal uid. The appropriate management option for an individual still remains a dilemma in many situations. We discuss a case series of 10 patients with who presented with abdominal pseudocyst, to arrive at a conclusion which treatment option will be best for the individual

While the immunomodulatory pathways initiated in immune cells contribute to therapeutic response, their activation in cancer cells play a role in cancer progression. Also, many of the aberrantly expressed immunomodulators on cancer cells are considered as therapeutic targets. Here, we introduce host defense peptide (HDP), a known immuomodulator, as a therapeutic agent to target them. The cationic host defense peptides (HDPs), an integral part of the innate immune system, possess membranolytic activity, which imparts antimicrobial and antitumor efficacy to it. They act as immunomodulators by activating the immune cells. Though their antimicrobial function has been recently reassigned to immunoregulation, their antitumor activity is still attributed to its membranolytic activity. This membrane pore formation ability, which is proportional to the concentration of the peptide, also leads to side effects like hemolysis, limiting their therapeutic application. So, despite the identification of a variety of anticancer HDPs, their clinical utility is limited. Though HDPs are shown to exert the immunomodulatory activity through specific membrane targets on immune cells, their targets on cancer cells are unknown. We show that SSTP1, a novel HDP identified by shotgun cloning, binds to the active IL6/IL6Rα/gp130 complex on cancer cells, rearranging the active site residues. In contrast to the IL6 blockers inhibiting JAK/STAT activity, SSTP1 shifts the proliferative IL6/JAK/STAT signaling to the apoptotic IL6/JNK/AP1 pathway. In IL6Rα-overexpressing cancer cells, SSTP1 induces apoptosis at low concentration through JNK pathway, without causing significant membrane disruption. We highlight the importance of immunomodulatory pathways in cancer apoptosis, apart from its established role in immune cell regulation and cancer cell proliferation. Our study suggests that identification of the membrane targets for the promising anticancer HDPs might lead to the identification of new drugs for targeted therapy.

In this report, the biomass derived silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles composite with titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductors used as efficient photocatalyst for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye molecules under UV-visible light irradiation is proclaimed. At first SiO2 derived from Arundo donax L. ash and TiO2 synthesized using titanium (IV) isopropoxide by co-precipitation method and then their different compositions prepared by wet impregnation method were exampled to various optical and atomic level fundamental studies. The amorphous and crystalline nature of SiO2 and TiO2 ratify from XRD and here it is found that the crystalline nature decreased in their compositions as compared to TiO2. 293 nm UV photons harvesting SiO2 observed which could be due to more impurity states presence on surface is further accomplished red shift after composition with TiO2 lead to moving photons harvesting nature towards visible region. The band gap increases in SiO2/TiO2 composites as for TiO2 composition is rapport well with the aforementioned redshift value. Out of all samples the low recombination rate is procured in 50 wt% SiO2/50 wt% TiO2 composite sample. The separated ~ 100–200 nm sized TiO2 nanoparticle and aggregated tiny SiO2 nanoparticles availability in composite sample is authentically substantiated from electron microscopic studies. The presence of Si, O and Ti elements in composite samples probed by XPS. Following the fundamental studies, the photocatalytic degradation ability of the as-prepared samples has been scrutinized against the degradation of Rh B dye in which the pronounced photocatalytic degradation efficiency 93.7% is successfully achieved on 50 wt% SiO2/50 wt% TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst.

The present study validates the antidiabetic potential of Andrographis echioides leaf extract (AeLE) on high fat diet-fed diabetic C57BL/6J mice. The male C57BL/6J mouse (age 6-8 weeks) were divided into 2 groups (lean control group and diabetic group). The lean control group (6 animals) was fed with standard diet pellets. The diabetic group animals (24 animals) were made diabetic by feeding a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. This group was then further divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each and treated orally (for 28 days) with vehicle (0.5%carboxymethyl cellulose), metformin 100mg/kg body weight and 2 different concentrations of test drug viz., 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight. The results show a significant reduction in blood glucose and other biochemical parameters. After 28 days, the metformin and AeLE (200 mg/kg b.w) treated animals had an average serum glucose value of 129.69±1.97 mg/dl and 109.6±3.92 mg/dl, respectively. Also, the liver markers were positively affected by AeLE. In conclusion, A. echioides leaf extract was found to reduce hyperglycemia and significantly improve the biochemical profile of the mice.

The evolutionary potential of a species mainly depends on the level of genetic variation in their populations. Maintenance of gene variation enables populations to adapt more quickly to environmental changes. The geographical gaps also influence the distribution and evolutionary history of many mountain frogs in the world. Hence, a sound knowledge in population genetic structure of a species will help understand its population dynamics and develop conservation strategies. In the context of facing threats to the amphibian fauna of Western Ghats due to habitat loss, we used both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers to investigate the genetic structure of an endemic frog species of the Western Ghats (

Feasibility in Manufacturing of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles at low cost allows the UAV developers to bring it out with numerous applications for society. Civil domain is a widely developing platform which initiated the development of UAV for civilian applications like bridge inspection, building monitoring, life or strength estimation of historical places and also outdoor and indoor mapping of buildings. These autonomous UAVs with high resolution camera fly over and around the construction sites, buildings, mines and captures images of various locations and point clouds in all sides of the building and creates a 3D map by using photogrammetry techniques. The software auto generates the report and updates it to the cloud which can be accessed online. Autonomous operations are quite difficult in new environments which requires SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) to operate the UAV between open spaces. This paper describes the technique of mapping a construction site using a quadcopter and determine the completion of such constructions using image processing and machine learning techniques. Obstacle avoidance during the autonomous flight using ultrasonic sensors provide greater flexibility of the vehicle to move around the buildings.

We address the question as to when it is true that $(A+B)^{\dagger}=A^{\dagger}+B^{\dagger},$ where $\dagger$ denotes the Moore-Penrose inverse. A similar question is addressed for the group inverse.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis when phagocytosed by macrophages is not cleared completely and many of the bacteria remain in phagosomes indefinitely. In this study we considered abnormal retention of filamentous actin on early phagosomes contributing to defective phagosome acidification. Phosphocofilin1, the inactive form of actin depolymerizing protein cofilin1, which leads to retention of filamentous actin, and the total filamentous actin itself were found upregulated in macrophages infected with virulent M. tuberculosis. Over expression of constitutively active cofilin1 in macrophages was found to increase phagosome acidification when infected with virulent M. tuberculosis. The anticancer drug sorafenib which activates cofilin1 in PI3K dependent manner was also found to increase phagosome acidification. Cofilin1, known to be positively regulated by superoxide was found to be downregulated by ESAT-6 of M. tuberculosis where the latter is known to reduce ROS in macrophages. Ectopic expression of ESAT-6 in macrophages was found to increase filamentous actin and to transform the macrophages more spindle shaped. ESAT-6 was also found to decrease phagosome acidification in macrophages infected with an avirulent M. tuberculosis strain. Finally, this study proposes a role for the amino acid methionine in resisting ROS by creating M93 mutants of ESAT-6.

Isoniazid (INH), one of the first-line drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis, is a pro-drug which is converted into its active form by the intracellular KatG enzyme ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. The activated drug hinders cell wall biosynthesis by inhibiting InhA protein. INH resistant strains ofM. tuberculosisusually have mutations inkatG,inhA,ahpC,kasA, andndhgenes. However, INH resistant strains which do not have mutations in any of these genes are reported, suggesting that these strains may adopt some other mechanism to become resistant to INH. In the present study we characterized Rv2170, a putative acetyltransferase inM. tuberculosis, to elucidate its role in inactivating isoniazid. The purified recombinant protein was able to catalyze transfer of acetyl group to INH from acetyl CoA. HPLC and LC-MS analyses showed that following acetylation by Rv2170, INH is broken down into isonicotinic acid and acetylhydrazine. Drug susceptibility assay and confocal analysis showed thatM. smegmatis, which is susceptible to INH, is not inhibited by INH acetylated with Rv2170. RecombinantM. smegmatisandM. tuberculosisH37Ra overexpressing Rv2170 were found to be resistant to INH at minimum inhibitory concentrations that inhibited wildtype strains. In addition, intracellularM. tuberculosisH37Ra overexpressing Rv2170 survived better in macrophages when treated with INH. Our results strongly indicate that Rv2170 acetylates INH, and this could be one of the strategies adopted by at least someM. tuberculosisstrains to overcome INH toxicity.

A real square matrix $A$ is called a $Q$-matrix if the linear complementarity problem $LCP(A,q)$ has a solution for all $q \in \mathbb{R}^n$. This means that for every vector $q$ there exists a vector $x$ such that $x \geq 0, y=Ax+q\geq 0$ and $x^Ty=0$. A well known result of Karamardian states that if the problems $LCP(A,0)$ and $LCP(A,d)$ for some $d\in \mathbb{R}^n, d >0$ have only the zero solution, then $A$ is a $Q$-matrix. By relaxing the condition on $d$ and imposing a condition on the solution vector $x$ in the two problems as above, the authors introduce a new class of matrices called Karamardian matrices, requiring that these two modified problems have only zero as a solution. In this article, a systematic treatment of Karamardian matrices is undertaken. Among other things, it is shown how Karamardian matrices have properties that are analogous to those of $Q$-matrices. A subclass of a recently introduced notion of $P_{\#}$-matrices is shown to possess the Karamardian property, and for this reason we undertake a thorough study of $P_{\#}$-matrices and make some fundamental contributions.

Let $H$ be a real Hilbert space. In this short note, using some of the properties of bounded linear operators with closed range defined on $H$, certain bounds for a specific convex subset of the solution set of infinite linear complementarity problems, are established.

We address the question as to when it is true that $(A+B)^{\dagger}=A^{\dagger}+B^{\dagger},$ where $\dagger$ denotes the Moore-Penrose inverse. A similar question is addressed for the group inverse.

Due to the development in science field which gives not only benefit but also introducesundesirable pollution to the environment. This pollution is due to poor discharge activities of industrial effluents into the soil and water bodies, surface run off from fields of agricultural lands, dumping of untreated wastes by municipalities, and mining activites, which deteriorates the cardinal virtue of our environment and causes menace to human health and life. Heavy metal(s), a natural constituent on earth's crust and economic important mineral, due to its recalcitrant effects creates heavy metal pollution which affects food chain and also reduces the quality of water. For this, many researchers have performed studies to find efficient methods for wastewater remediation. One of the most promising methods from economic point of view is adsorption, which is simple in design, but leads to use of a wide range of adsorbents and ease of operations. Due to advances in nanotechnology, many nanomaterials were used as adsorbents for wastewater remediation, because of their efficiency. Many researchers have reported that nanoadsorbents are unmitigatedly a fruitful solution to address this world's problem. This review presents a potent view on various classes of nanoadsorbents and their application to wastewater treatment. It provides a bird's eye view of the suitability of different types of nanomaterials for remediation of wastewater and Backspace gives up-to-date information about polymer based and silica-based nanoadsorbents.

INTRODUCTION: Binocular single vision (BSV) is one of the hallmarks of the human race that has bestowed on it the supremacy in the hierarchy of the animal kingdom. BSV is accomplished by a perfect sensorimotor coordination of the two eyes both at rest and during movement. The two dimensional images of an object formed at the fovea of each eye, transmitted to the respective visual cortex are processed and perceived as three dimensional percept. This requires constant and controlled activity of the appropriate muscles to maintain fixation on the object. It also requires the accomodational mechanism to maintain clear view even as the object moves closer or farther. HISTORICAL REVIEW: Hippocrates, the father of medicine differentiated between concomitant and paralytic squint and stressed the hereditary aspects. 1743-George.L.deBuffon recommended occlusion of the normal eye to force the squinting eye to use. 1900 Worth and Black invented the amblyoscope 1914 Ettles introduced synoptophore 1978 Campbell introduced CAM treatment for stimulating the macula of the eye with eccentric fixation. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the efficiency of transposition of the horizontal and the oblique muscle surgeries in correction A-V pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 25 cases A-V patterns that underwent surgery at the regional institute of ophthalmology, Chennai were studied. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Primary non paralytic heterotropia with A&V pattern. 2. 2-25yrs age group with A&V pattern. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Paralytic exotropia 2. Severe Amblyopic cases 3. Restrictive syndrome 4. Cases that had undergone previous surgery 5. Cases associated with congenital anomalies. A routine ophthalmic examination and a thorough orthoptic evaluation were carried out in all the patients. The deviation at different distances and different gazes was quantitated. using the prism bar cover test. The status of binocular single vision was assessed using the synoptophore, Worth four-dot. The type of fixation as to whether it was central or eccentric was assessed. Refraction was done using atropine 1% or cyclopentolate 0.5% drops. Pre-operative orthoptic treatment was given when considered necessary. SUMMARY: Analysis of the efficiency of transposition surgery of horizontal and oblique muscle in correction A-V pattern yielded the following inferences. A-V pattern with no oblique overaction Vertical upshifting and downshifting of medial and lateral recti along with recession – resection had a favourable outcome in A-V patterns with no oblique overaction. A-V patterns with minimal oblique overaction Vertical upshifting and downshifting of horizontal recti along with recession – resection was also effective in patients with A-V patterns with minimal obliqure over action. For whom weakening of oblique muscle was not needed. A-V pattrns with severe oblique overaction Weakening of oblique muscle in A-V Patterns with severe oblique overaction along with recession – resection surgery had a favourable outcome. Improvement in visual acuity: Transposition of horizontal oblique muscle surgeries yielded an improvement in visual acuity postoperatively in both A-V patterns with and without oblique over action. Improvement of amblyopia: Transposition of horizontal and oblique muscle surgeries also yielded an improvement of vision in amblyopic cases in both A-V patterns with and without oblique over action. Gain in binocular single vision: Transposition of horizontal and oblique muscle surgeries showed gain in BSV in patients with A-V patterns with and without oblique over action. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Vertical transposition of horizontal muscle along with recession and resection was effective in A-V patterns in no oblique muscle over action. 2. Vertical transposition of horizontal muscle along with recession-resection was also effective in A-V patterns with minimal oblique muscle over action. 3. Oblique muscle weakening was not necessary in A-V patterns with minimal oblique muscle overaction. 4. Weakening of oblique muscle was effective in patients with A-V patterns with severe oblique muscle overaction along with recession – resection surgery. 5. Patients who underwent transposition of horizontal and oblique muscle surgeries for AV patterns had an improvement in visual acuity. 6. Patients who underwent transposition of horizontal and oblique muscle surgery for AV patterns also had an improvement in amblyopia. 7. Patients who underwent transposition of horizontal and oblique muscle surgery for AV patterns also had a gain in BSV.

BACKGROUND Techniques for treating complex proximal humeral fractures vary and include fixations using tension bands, percutaneous pins, bone suture, T-plates, intramedullary nails, double tubular plates, hemiarthroplasty, plant tan humerus fixator plates, Polaris nails and blade plates. Complications of these techniques include cutout or back out of the screws and plates, avascular necrosis, nonunion, malunion, nail migration, rotator cuff impairment and impingement syndromes. Insufficient anchorage from conventional implants may lead to early loosening and failure, especially in osteoporotic bones. In general, nonoperative treatment of displaced three and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus leads to poor outcome due to intraarticular nature of injury and inherent instability of the fragments. Comminuted fractures of the proximal humerus are at risk of fixation failure, screw loosening and fracture displacement. Open reduction and internal fixation with conventional plate and screws has been associated with unacceptably high incidence of screw pull out. PHILOS (the proximal humeral internal locking system) plate is an internal fixation system that enables angled stabilisation with multiple interlocking screws for fractures of the proximal humerus. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 patients with proximal humerus fractures who were admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics, Government General Hospital, Kakinada, during the period November 2014 - November 2016 were taken up for study according to inclusion criteria. All patients were treated with PHILOS plate. These proximal humerus fractures were classified according to Neer’s classification. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months’ interval. Functional outcomes for pain, range of motion and muscle power and function were assessed using the Constant-Murley scoring system. Collected data analysed with independent t-test and ANNOVA test. RESULTS The outcome of the study was 1 case (3.33%) had excellent result, 12 cases (40%) had good results, 12 cases (40%) had moderate results and 5 cases (16.66%) had poor results. Collected data analysed with independent t-test and ANNOVA test. In our study, T-test value was 8.529. Probability (P value) was

BACKGROUND Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain for which professional care is sought. Initially thought of as an inflammatory process, plantar fasciitis is a disorder of degenerative changes in the fascia and maybe more accurately termed plantar fasciosis. Traditional therapeutic efforts have been directed at decreasing the presumed inflammation. These treatments include icing, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), rest and activity modification, corticosteroids, botulinum toxin type A, splinting, shoe modifications and orthosis. Other treatment techniques have been directed at resolving the degeneration caused by the disease process. In general, these techniques are designed to create an acute inflammatory reaction with the goal of restarting the healing process. These techniques include autologous blood injection, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injection, nitroglycerin patches, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) and surgical procedures. Recently, research has focused on regenerative therapies with high expectations of success. The use of autologous growth factors is thought to heal through collagen regeneration and the stimulation of a well-ordered angiogenesis. These growth factors are administered in the form of autologous whole blood or Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP). Platelets can be isolated using simple cell-separating systems. The degranulation of the alpha granules in the platelets releases many different growth factors that play a role in tissue regeneration processes. Platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-P, vascular-derived endothelial growth factor, epithelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor are examples of such growth factors. Injections with autologous growth factors are becoming common in clinical practice. The present study was an attempt to compare the efficacy of autologous blood injection in plantar fasciitis by comparing it with the local corticosteroid injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 patients who attended Orthopaedic OPD at Government General Hospital, Kakinada, during the time spanning January 2015 to December 2015, who were suffering from plantar fasciitis were randomly allocated either autologous blood injection or corticosteroid injection as treatment. Both groups were analysed with VAS and Nirschl pain staging at presentation, 1 st week, 4 th week, 12 th week and at six-month intervals. Results were tabulated and analysed statistically. All patients were treated on OPD basis. No inpatient care was needed in any patient. RESULTS In this study, slight male preponderance was seen in both the groups (53.33%). The mean in group A was 41.80±10.96 years and in group B the mean age was 40.68±10.47 years. Most of the patients in group A and B presented with right foot involvement (51.67% and 65.00%). The mean duration in group A was 10.88 weeks compared to 8.62 weeks in group B. The mean VAS scores at the beginning were comparable in both the groups (7.55±1.40 vs. 7.70±1.14). At fourth week, the mean VAS score in group A significantly reduced to 3.18±2.38 and at 12 weeks and six months to 0.3±1.37 suggesting significantly less pain in group A compared to group B. Similar trend of reduction among patients is group A was observed with Nirschl staging scores. No patient in group A reported complications and recurrence was not observed in patients with group A. CONCLUSION Based on the results of our present study, it maybe concluded that autologous blood injection significantly reduced the pain based on VAS and Nirschl staging without complications there by lowering the recurrence rate up to six months in patients with plantar fasciitis. It also provided complete relief of pain for the period of six months without any complication. Autologous blood is simple to acquire and prepare, easy to carry out. Hence, autologous blood provides intermediate and long-term results in term of pain relief when compared to corticosteroid injection, which gives early and short-term relief of pain from plantar fasciitis.

Object detection and tracking is important operation involved in embedded systems like video surveillance, Traffic monitoring, campus security system, machine vision applications and other areas. Detecting and tracking multiple objects in a video or image is challenging problem in machine vision and computer vision based embedded systems. Implementation of such a object detection and tracking systems are done in sequential way of processing and also it was implemented using hardware synthesize tools like verilog HDL with FPGA, achieves considerably lesser performance in speed and it does support lesser atomic transactions. There are many object detection and tracking algorithm were proposed and implemented, among them background subtraction is one of them. This paper proposes a implementation of detecting and tracking multiple objects based on background subtraction algorithm using java and .NET and also discuss about the architecture concept for object detection through atomic transactional, modern hardware synthesizes language called Bluespec.

This article investigates emotions related to early numerical cognition. We review the available data on the numbers sense in human children and show that natural curiosity is constantly used to study foundational mathematics in infancy. We conclude this article by outlining recommendations for improving the number sense at an early age and underline future directions of study.

Background Inclusion body myositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and the most common myopathy affecting people older than 50 years. To date, there are no effective drug treatments. We aimed to assess the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of bimagrumab-a fully human monoclonal antibody-in individuals with inclusion body myositis. Methods We did a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (RESILIENT) at 38 academic clinical sites in Australia, Europe, Japan, and the USA. Individuals (aged 3685 years) were eligible for the study if they met modified 2010 Medical Research Council criteria for inclusion body myositis. We randomly assigned participants (1:1:1:1) using a blocked randomisation schedule (block size of four) to either bimagrumab (10 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg) or placebo matched in appearance to bimagrumab, administered as intravenous infusions every 4 weeks for at least 48 weeks. All study participants, the funder, investigators, site personnel, and people doing assessments were masked to treatment assignment. The primary outcome measure was 6-min walking distance (6MWD), which was assessed at week 52 in the primary analysis population and analysed by intention-to-treat principles. We used a multivariate normal repeated measures model to analyse data for 6MWD. Safety was assessed by recording adverse events and by electrocardiography, echocardiography, haematological testing, urinalysis, and blood chemistry. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01925209; this report represents the final analysis. Findings Between Sept 26, 2013, and Jan 6, 2016, 251 participants were enrolled to the study, of whom 63 were assigned to each bimagrumab group and 62 were allocated to the placebo group. At week 52, 6MWD change from baseline did not differ between any bimagrumab dose and placebo (least squares mean treatment difference for bimagrumab 10 mg/kg group, 17.6 m, SE 14.3, 99% CI -19.6 to 54.8; p=0.22; for 3 mg/kg group, 18.6 m, 14.2, -18.2 to 55.4; p=0.19; and for 1 mg/kg group, 1.3 m, 14.1, -38.0 to 35.4; p=0.93). 63 (100%) participants in each bimagrumab group and 61 (98%) of 62 in the placebo group had at least one adverse event. Falls were the most frequent adverse event (48 [76%] in the bimagrumab 10 mg/kg group, 55 [87%] in the 3 mg/kg group, 54 [86%] in the 1 mg/kg group, and 52 [84%] in the placebo group). The most frequently reported adverse events with bimagrumab were muscle spasms (32 [51%] in the bimagrumab 10 mg/kg group, 43 [68%] in the 3 mg/kg group, 25 [40%] in the 1 mg/kg group, and 13 [21%] in the placebo group) and diarrhoea (33 [52%], 28 [44%], 20 [32%], and 11 [18%], respectively). Adverse events leading to discontinuation were reported in four (6%) participants in each bimagrumab group compared with one (2%) participant in the placebo group. At least one serious adverse event was reported by 21 (33%) participants in the 10 mg/kg group, 11 (17%) in the 3 mg/kg group, 20 (32%) in the 1 mg/kg group, and 20 (32%) in the placebo group. No significant adverse cardiac effects were recorded on electrocardiography or echocardiography. Two deaths were reported during the study, one attributable to subendocardial myocardial infarction (secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding after an intentional overdose of concomitant sedatives and antidepressants) and one attributable to lung adenocarcinoma. Neither death was considered by the investigator to be related to bimagrumab. Interpretation Bimagrumab showed a good safety profile, relative to placebo, in individuals with inclusion body myositis but did not improve 6MWD. The strengths of our study are that, to the best of our knowledge, it is the largest randomised controlled trial done in people with inclusion body myositis, and it provides important natural history data over 12 months. Copyright (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

It is evident that the future energy demand can be compensated by using solar energy. The technological improvements are needed to trap the sunlight and have to be utilized in an efficient way. It mainly depends on the type of material which is to be used for this purpose. Solar energy can be effectively captured and utilized to heat the heat transfer fluids. Therefore the usage of solar energy is a right choice as it has the ample availability in countries like India.Solar cavity collector [SCC] is a kind of improvised, modified and redesigned construction of a solar Flat Plate Collector (FPC). In short, SCC is an upgraded and advanced version of FPC. A Copper pipe has been positioned concentrically fitted to a radius (outer) of 16 mm and placed into a metal box like structure having a size of 50 mm. In a similar way, five numbers of such cavities are formed. It has a provision for inlet and outlet water pipes. It has been designed, fabricated and experimented for its optimized level of performance. This paper explains about the usage of materials and solar selective surface coatings that are applicable to Solar Cavity Collector (SCC). The following experimental modifications are carried out in the SCC which are 1.Reciever materials of the SCC have been changed as aluminum and copper. 2. Cavity materials as Galvanized Iron (G.I) material and Mild Steel (M.S) material, both are experimented. 3. Solar selective coatings (SSC) of Black nickel have been used in SCC for the heat transfer improvement.

Intensive investigation was made on certain ponds of Chidambaram taluk. The present studies are confined to Chlorophyceae and Bacilariophyceae. Studies revealed that the Chlorophyceae is represented by 6 orders i.e., Chlorococcales (19 genera and 41 species), Volvocales (3 genera and 3 species), Chaetophorales (2 genera), Oedogoniales (Oedogonium; 2 species, Bulbochaete; 1 species), 2 Zygnemales (Spirogyra; 4 species) and Conjugales (6 genera and 18 species), constituting 35 genera and 76 species. Chloroccales is most dominant group, representing 35 genera and 76 species. Chloroccales is most dominant group, representing 40% of the total reported green algal population were more followed by Bacilariophyceae members. It has been observed that the green algal population exhibited remarkable variations and fluctations both qualitatively and quantitatively during different seasons and months of year. The ecological characteristics of habitat water ranged remarkably i.e., pH (9-10), temperature (38-40 i‚°C), dissolved oxygen (5-11mg/l), carbondioxide (6-12mg/l), HCO3– (80-100mg/l), Ca++ (15-25mg/l), Mg++ (4-15mg/l) and Cl– (0.70-1.75mg/l).

This is a survey on certain results which bring about a connection between Fibonacci sequences on the one hand and the areas of matrix theory and quantum information theory, on the other., Comment: 35 pages

Semipositive matrices (matrices that map at least one nonnegative vector to a positive vector) and minimally semipositive matrices (semipositive matrices whose no column-deleted submatrix is semipositive) are well studied in matrix theory. In this short note, we study the structure of linear maps which preserve the set of all semipositive and minimal semipositive matrices.

Background and Aims: Studies in South Asian population show that low maternal vitamin B12 associates with insulin resistance and small for gestational age in the offspring. Low vitamin B12 status is attributed to vegetarianism in these populations. It is not known whether low B12 status is associated with metabolic risk of the offspring in whites, where the childhood metabolic disorders are increasing rapidly. Here, we studied whether maternal B12 levels associate with metabolic risk of the offspring at birth. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 91 mother-infant pairs (n = 182), of white Caucasian origin living in the UK. Blood samples were collected from white pregnant women at delivery and their newborns (cord blood). Serum vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine as well as the relevant metabolic risk factors were measured. Results: The prevalence of low serum vitamin B12 (&lt, 191 ng/L) and folate (&lt, 4.6 μg/L) were 40% and 11%, respectively. Maternal B12 was inversely associated with offspring’s Homeostasis Model Assessment 2-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, homocysteine and positively with HDL-cholesterol after adjusting for age and BMI. In regression analysis, after adjusting for likely confounders, maternal B12 is independently associated with neonatal HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine but not triglycerides or HOMA-IR. Conclusions: Our study shows that low B12 status is common in white women and is independently associated with adverse cord blood cholesterol.

Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is widely used for machining conductive materials which are of great importance in several industrial applications. In this work, process variables optimization of Powder Mixed Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (PMWEDM) of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) is studied using molybdenum wire as the tool material. This work illustrate the implementation of Taguchi technique and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify the optimal process variables of WEDM using dielectric medium mixed with Silicon Carbide(SiC) powder. Selection of optimum process variables for obtaining higher cutting efficiency and accuracy is a difficult task in WEDM due to presence of large number of control variables and complicated stochastic process mechanisms. In general, there is no perfect combination that can simultaneously result in both the maximum material removal rate (MRR) and the minimal surface roughness (Rq). The present work attempts to develop an appropriate machining strategy for a maximum process yield. MRR and Rq have been considered as measure of the machining performance with four different control parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, current and voltage. Experiments were conducted by Taguchi L18 mixed orthogonal array. A multiple linear regression model is developed to relate the input and output variables and GA is used to optimize WEDM process variables. The optimized results for maximum MRR and minimum Rq are compared with and without powder mixed dielectric and confirmation tests were conducted.

Double-doped skutterudite Co

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of CuO nanoparticles on lubricating oil and vibration reduction in angular contact ball bearing. CuO nanoparticles are synthesized by using chemical method and characteristic studies done in XRD and TEM. CuO nanoparticles size achieved in the range 26 - 30 nm. The nanoparticles concentration of 0.2 wt. % added into the lubricant (ISO VG 68). The testrig setup consists of angular contact ball bearing operated by AC motor with speed controller. The bearing (New and outer defect) vibrations measured using base oil and CuO mixed oil.