Search

The species of the Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bonsdorff, 1785) group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) treated here, are characterized by their unusually high phenotypical variation, which often caused taxonomic problems and controversies. Molecular markers COI and EF1-$\alpha$, karyological analysis, as well as morphological, biogeographical and ecological data are used to study weevils collected in the Alps, Carpathians, Sudetes and different areas of Germany. In the investigated populations of the flightless species O. fagi Gyllenhal, 1834 and O. clavipes, we detected an interspecific genetic distance of 11.3-15.8% (COI) and 3.1-3.7% (EF1-$\alpha$) depending on geographical distance. The phylogenetic trees indicate that both species are monophyletic and that they were correctly delimited from each other. Both species have also separate geographical ranges in Central Europe. Male specimens differ in the morphology of the aedeagus and the last abdominal sternite. Our study supports the legitimacy of species delimitation of O. fagi and O. clavipes as separate species, which can be treated as stable taxonomic hypotheses. The determination of the species status required the re-examination of spe cies ranges and allowed together with data on biology and altitudinal preferences a better biogeographical and ecological characterization of the species.

Andrion regensteinense (Herbst, 1794) (FIgS 27–29A) Body. LeNgTH: 3.0–4.4 MM, WIDTH: 2.0–2.8 MM, HeAD WIDTH: 0.85–0.90 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH: 1.0–1.2 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS RelATIVelY bIg, eVeNlY cONVeX. BODY elONgATe, SleNDeR, WHITe OR gRAYISH. PRONOTUM TRAPeZIUM-SHAPeD, WITH IRRegUlAR SURFAce, APPROXIMATelY AS 1.75 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM AlMOST TWIce THe leNgTH OF MeSONOTUM. AbD. I–IV OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. V –VII DIMINISHINg gRADUAllY, AbD. VIII SeMIcIRcUlAR, AbD. IX DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN THe PReceDINg SegMeNTS. UROgOMPHI RelATIVelY elONgATe, cURVeD AND Well ScleROTIZeD. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, YellOW OR bROWN; ON HeAD, ROSTRUM AND THORAX HAIR-lIke, bASeD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, ON AbDOMINAl SegMeNTS HAIR-OR THORN-lIke, THe lATTeR bASeD ON DISTINcT PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH THRee PAIRS OF rs 1-3; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 2 sos 1-2, 2 os 1-2 AND 2 pas 1-2. TWO PAIRS OF mts 1-2 POORlY ObSeRVeD (FIgS 27A, 29A). PRONOTUM WITH 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, ls, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28A, 29A). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX MODeRATelY elONgATe, PlAceD ON PROTUbeRANceS. Ls AND pls 2 A lITTle SMAlleR THAN THe ReMAININg SeTAe. CHAeTOTAXY OF MeSOTHORAX cONSISTINg OF 4 PAIRS OF SHORT d 1-4 (DORSAl S.), PlAceD MeDIAllY (FIg. 28A). MeTATHORAX WITH 4 PAIRS OF SHORT SeTAe, FORMINg A RegUlAR TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN. TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I–VI eAcH WITH 7 PAIRS OF SMAll PROTUbeRANceS WITH SHORT, THORN-lIke SeTAe. SeTAe NO. 1–6 DISTINcT, FORMINg A RegUlAR TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN, SeTA NO. 7 SMAll PlAceD lATeRAllY, SO AT FIRST VIeW cHAeTOTAXY OF eAcH SegMeNT SeeMS TO cONSISTS OF 6 PAIRS OF SeTAe ONlY. AbD. VII WITH 7 PAIRS OF SeTAe eQUAl IN SIZe, OF WHIcH 5 PAIRS ARe PlAceD POSTeROMeDIAllY AND NeXT TWO PAIRS lATeRAllY. AbD. VIII WITH 4 PAIRS OF SeTAe PlAceD AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN AND ONe PAIR MeDIAllY (FIgS 28A, 29A). EAcH AbD. I–VIII WITH 2 SHORT l 1-2 (lATeRAl S.) PlAceD clOSe TO THe bORDeR OF TeRgUM (FIg. 29A). STeRNAl PARTS OF eAcH AbD. VI–VIII WITH 3 PAIRS OF v 1-3 (VeNTRAl S.), lOcATeD POSTeRIORlY (FIgS 27A, 29A). AbD. IX WITH 2 SHORT SeTAe PlAceD VeNTRAllY, clOSe TO UROgOMPHI, AND NeXT 2 lOcATeD DORSAllY (FIgS 27A, 29A). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF SHORT SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on pages 415-416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Sitona cylindricollis F��hraeus, 1840 (FIgS 27���29c) Body. LeNgTH: 3.6���4.2 MM, MAXIMUM WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF PROcOXAe): 2.4���2.7 MM, HeAD WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF eYeS): 0.8���0.9 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH (AT WIDeST PlAce): 1.1���1.2 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS HeMISPHeRIcAl. BODY MODeRATelY elONgATe, WHITe OR gRAYISH. PRONOTUM SlIgHTlY ROUNDeD, APPROXIMATelY 1.6 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM A lITTle lONgeR THAN MeSONOTUM. AbD. I���III OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. VI���VI gRADUAllY DIMINISHeD, AbD. VII SeMIcIRcUlAR, AbD. VIII NARROW, AbD. IX DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN THe PReceDINg SegMeNTS, ReDUceD. UROgOMPHI RelATIVelY elONgATe, cURVeD AND Well ScleROTIZeD. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe OF HeAD OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, bROWN, HAIR-FORM OR THORN-lIke, bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH A PAIR OF rs; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 2 VeRY SHORT, WeAklY DeVelOPeD sos 1-2, 2 os 1-2 AND 2 pas 1-2 (FIgS 27c, 29c). PRONOTUM WITH 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, ls, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28c, 29c). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX PlAceD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, MODeRATelY elONgATe, eQUAl IN leNgTH. CHAeTOTAXY OF MeSOTHORAX AND MeTATHORAX VeRY SIMIlAR, eAcH OF THeM cONSISTINg OF 3 PAIRS OF RelATIVelY lONg d 1-3, PlAceD ceNTRAllY (FIg. 28c). TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I���VII eAcH WITH 7 PAIRS OF SeTAe, DIFFeReNT IN SIZe, THORN-lIke, WHIcH FORM A RegUlAR TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN. SeTAe NO. 1, 3, 5 AND 6 Well VISIble, PlAceD ON DISTINcT PROTUbeRANceS; SeTAe NO. 2, 4 AND 7 VeRY SHORT, WeAklY VISIble, SO AT FIRST VIeW cHAeTOTAXY OF eAcH SegMeNT SeeMS TO cONSISTS OF 4 PAIRS OF SeTAe. AbD. VIII WITH ONe PAIR OF THORN-lIke, Well VISIble SeTAe lATeRAllY AND A PAIR OF SHORT, WeAklY VISIble SeTAe ceNTRAllY (FIgS 28c, 29c). EAcH AbD. I��� VIII WITH A PAIR OF SHORT l 1-2, PlAceD clOSe TO THe bORDeR OF THe TeRgUM (FIg. 29c). STeRNAl PARTS OF eAcH AbD. VII��� VIII WITH 3 PAIRS OF MIcROSeTAe v 1-3 (VeNTRAl S.), lOcATeD POSTeRIORlY (FIgS 27c, 29c). AbD. IX WITH 2 SHORT SeTAe PlAceD DORSAllY, clOSe TO UROgOMPHI (FIgS 27c, 29c). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF SHORT SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on page 416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Sitona obsoletus (Gmelin, 1790) (FIgS 27–29g) Body. LeNgTH: 4.4–5.6 MM, MAXIMUM WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF PROcOXAe): 2.4–2.7 MM, HeAD WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF eYeS): 1.0–1.1 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH (AT WIDeST PlAce): 1.2–1.4 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS RATHeR bIg, HeMISPHeRIcAl. BODY elONgATe, SleNDeR, WHITe. PRONOTUM ROUNDeD, APPROXIMATelY 1.2 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM SlIgHTlY lONgeR THAN MeSONOTUM. AbD. I–VI OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. VII SeMIcIRcUlAR, AbD. VIII NARROW, AbD. IX DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN THe PReceDINg SegMeNTS. UROgOMPHI RelATIVelY SHORT, WITH Well ScleROTIZeD APIcAl PART. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, DARk YellOW OR bROWN, ON HeAD, ROSTRUM AND THORAX HAIR-FORM, bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS, ON AbDOMINAl SegMeNTS HAIR- OR THORN-lIke, THe lATTeR bASeD ON DISTINcT PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH A PAIR OF rs; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 2 sos 1-2, 2 os 1-2 AND 2 pas 1-2 (FIgS 27g, 29g). Vs, os 2 AND pas 2 HAIR-lIke, VeRY lONg, ReMAININg SeTAe OF HeAD AND ROSTRUM ARe VISIble ONlY bY HIgH MAgNIFIcATION. PRONOTUM WITH 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, ls, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28g, 29g). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX PlAceD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, RelATIVelY elONgATe, eQUAl IN leNgTH. MeSO- AND MeTATHORAX eAcH WITH 3 PAIRS OF elONgATe d 1-3, FORMINg A ceNTRAl gROUP (FIg. 28g). TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I–VII eAcH WITH 7 PAIRS OF PROTUbeRANceS WITH SHORT, THORN-lIke SeTAe WHIcH FORM A RegUlAR TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN. SeTAe NO. 1, 3, 5 AND 6 DISTINcTlY bIggeR THAN THe ReMAININg, SO AT FIRST VIeW cHAeTOTAXY OF eAcH SegMeNT SeeMS TO cONSIST OF 4 PAIRS OF SeTAe ONlY. AbD. VIII WITH A PAIR OF DISTINcT THORN-lIke SeTAe AND TWO PAIRS OF WeAklY DeVelOPeD, SHORT, HAIR-lIke SeTAe (FIgS 28g, 29g). AbD. IX WITH 2 SHORT SeTAe PlAceD clOSe TO UROgOMPHI, AND NeXT 2 lOcATeD DORSAllY (FIgS 27g, 29g). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF SHORT SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on page 418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Sitona waterhousei Walton, 1846 (FIgS 27���29H) Body: LeNgTH: 4.9���5.7 MM, MAXIMUM WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF PROcOXAe): 2.5���2.8 MM, HeAD WIDTH (eYeS INclUDeD): 1.0���1.1 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH (AT WIDeST PlAce): 1.1���1.3 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS RelATIVelY bIg, ecceNTRIcAl cONVeX. BODY elONgATe, WHITe. PRONOTUM clOSe TO TRAPeZIUM-SHAPeD, APPROXIMATelY 1.4 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM AlMOST TWIce AS lONg AS MeSONOTUM. AbD. I���VI OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. VII SeMIcIRcUlAR, AbD. VIII NARROW, AbD. IX DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN THe PReceDINg. UROgOMPHI RelATIVelY lONg, WITH Well ScleROTIZeD APIcAl PART. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, YellOW OR bROWN, ON HeAD, ROSTRUM AND THORAX HAIR-FORM, bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS, ON AbDOMINAl SegMeNTS HAIR- OR THORN-lIke, THe lATTeR bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH A PAIR rs; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 2 sos 1-2, 2 os 1-2 AND pas (FIgS 27H, 29H). PRONOTUM WITH: 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28H, 29H). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX PlAceD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, RelATIVelY lONg, eQUAl IN leNgTH, eXcePT pls 2 AND sls 2 beINg SMAlleR THAN ReMAININg SeTAe. MeSO- AND MeTATHORAX eAcH WITH 4 PAIRS OF d 1-4; THRee PAIRS lONg, Well VISIble, THe ReMAININg VeRY SHORT AND SOMeTIMeS AbSeNT (FIg. 28H). TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I���VI eAcH WITH 4 PAIRS OF PROTUbeRANceS WITH SHORT, THORN-lIke SeTAe, OF WHIcH 3 FORM A RegUlAR TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN, NeXT ONe PlAceD lATeRAllY. SeTAe NO. 1���3 DISTINcTlY bIggeR THAN NO. 4, SO AT FIRST VIeW cHAeTOTAXY OF eAcH SegMeNT SeeMS TO cONSIST OF 3 PAIRS OF SeTAe ONlY. CHAeTOTAXY OF AbD. VII cONSISTS OF 4 PAIRS OF SeTAe AlMOST eQUAl IN SIZe, OF WHIcH 2 PAIRS ARe PlAceD POSTeROMeDIAllY, NeXT TWO PAIRS lATeRAllY. AbD. VIII WITH TWO PAIRS OF SeTAe, eQUAl IN leNgTH AND PlAceD IN THe ceNTeR (FIgS 28H, 29H). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF SHORT SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on pages 418-427, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Sitona macularius (Marsham, 1802) (FIgS 2–8F) Body. LeNgTH 4.0–5.4 MM, WIDTH 1.3–1.6 MM. SeTAe VeRY lONg TO SHORT. PROTHORAX (FIg. 2F) WITH 8 prns, TWO SeTAe PlAceD clOSe TO SPIRAcle. MeSO- AND MeTATHORAX (FIg. 2F) eAcH WITH 1 VeRY SHORT prs AND 4 pds OF MeDIUM leNgTH. EAcH PeDAl AReA WITH 5 pda, ONe OF THeM DISTINcTlY lONgeR THAN THe ReMAININg SeTAe. AbD. VIII (FIg. 4F) WITH 1 VeRY SHORT prs AND 4 pds; ts VeRY SHORT bUT DeVelOPeD. Head. YellOW, SlIgHTlY FlATTeNeD lATeRAllY; WIDTH: 0.65 –0.80 MM, leNgTH: 0.45–0.65 MM; eNDOcARINA ReAcHeS MORe THAN 1/2 THe leNgTH OF FRONS. Des 3 DISTINcTlY SHORTeR THAN des 1, des 4 VeRY SHORT (FIg. 5F). Fs 1 MeDIUM lONg, fs 3 AlMOST INVISIble, fs 4 AS lONg AS fs 5. Les 1 AND les 2 eQUAl IN leNgTH, AS lONg AS des 1. Ves 1-2 SHORT, POORlY DeVelOPeD. POSTePIcRANIAl AReA WITH 4 pes. STeMMATA INVISIble. ANTeNNAl bASAl MeMbRANOUS ARTIcle WITH 5 bASIcONIc SeNSIllAe. LAbRUM (FIg. 6F) APPROXIMATelY 3.0 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg; ANTeRIOR MARgIN SINUOUSlY eMARgINATeD; 3 PAIRS OF ams, DIFFeReNT IN leNgTH, MeDIAN PAIRS THRee TIMeS lONgeR THAN THe lATeRAl SeTAe, 2 PAIRS OF mes, VARIOUS IN leNgTH, AND 3 PAIRS OF als. LAbRAl RODS cONVeRgINg POSTeRIORlY. ClYPeUS (FIg. 6F) 3.4 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg; ANTeRIOR MARgIN AlMOST STRAIgHT, lATeRAl MARgINS AlMOST STRAIgHT; MeDIAN FURROW ReAcHeS 2/3 THe leNgTH OF clYPeUS. EPIPHARYNX (FIg. 7F) WITH 3 PAIRS OF als; 3 PAIRS OF ams AND 2 PAIRS OF mes. MANDIble: SecOND TOOTH blUNT, PlAceD clOSe TO APeX. MAXIllA (FIg. 8F) WITHOUT mbs; bASAl PAlPOMeRe DISTINcTlY SHORTeR AND WIDeR THAN THe DISTAl. PRAelAbIUM cORDIFORM, WITH 2 PAIRS OF ligs; bOTH PAlPOMeReS eQUAl IN leNgTH, bUT bASAl A lITTle WIDeR THAN THe DISTAl; pslb 3 AlMOST HAlF AS lONg AS THe ReMAININg SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on page 414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Sprick, Peter (2017): Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe. Zootaxa 4324 (3): 401-435, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1

Sitona lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (FIgS 27–29e) Body. LeNgTH: 4.8–5.2 MM, MAXIMUM WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF PROcOXAe): 2.6–2.7 MM, HeAD WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF eYeS): 1.0–1.2 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH (AT WIDeST PlAce): 1.3–1.6 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS HeMISPHeRIcAl. BODY MODeRATelY elONgATe, WHITe. PRONOTUM TRAPeZIUM-SHAPeD, APPROXIMATelY 1.8 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM SlIgHTlY lONgeR THAN MeSONOTUM. AbD. I–IV OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. V –VIII DIMINISHINg gRADUAllY, AbD. IX DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN THe PReceDINg SegMeNTS. UROgOMPHI RelATIVelY SHORT, WITH Well ScleROTIZeD APIcAl PART. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, YellOW OR bROWN, ON HeAD, ROSTRUM AND THORAX HAIR-FORM, bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS, ON AbDOMINAl SegMeNTS HAIR-FORM OR THORN-lIke, THe lATTeR bASeD ON DISTINcT PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH TWO PAIRS OF rs 1-2; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 2 sos 1-2, 2 os 1-2 AND 2 pas 1-2 (FIgS 27e, 29e). PRONOTUM WITH 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, ls, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28e, 29e). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX PlAceD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, RelATIVelY SHORT, as 1, ls AND pls 2 SOMe SMAlleR THAN THe ReMAININg SeTAe. MeSO- AND MeTATHORAX eAcH WITH 3 PAIRS OF MODeRATelY elONgATe d 1-3, FORMINg A gROUP IN THe ceNTeR (FIg. 28e). TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I–VII eAcH WITH 7 PAIRS OF PROTUbeRANceS WITH SHORT, THORN-lIke SeTAe; SeTAe 1–5 FORM A RegUlAR, TRANSVeRSe ROW AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN, SeTAe 6 AND 7 ARe PlAceD MORe lATeRAllY. SeTAe NO. 1, 3, 5 AND 6 DISTINcTlY bIggeR THAN THe ReMAININg, SO AT FIRST VIeW cHAeTOTAXY OF eAcH SegMeNT SeeMS TO cONSISTS OF 4 PAIRS OF SeTAe ONlY. AbD. VIII WITH A PAIR OF DISTINcT THORN-lIke SeTAe AND TWO PAIRS OF WeAklY DeVelOPeD, SHORT, HAIR-lIke SeTAe (FIgS 28e, 29e). AbD. IX WITH 2 SHORT SeTAe, PlAceD clOSe TO UROgOMPHI, NeXT 2 lOcATeD DORSAllY (FIgS 27e, 29e). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF SHORT SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on page 417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

Charagmus gressorius (Fabricius, 1792) (FIgS 27–29b) Body. LeNgTH: 7.5–9.4 MM, MAXIMUM WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF PROcOXAe): 4.3–5.0 MM, HeAD WIDTH (AT THe leVel OF eYeS): 1.3–1.5 MM, PROTHORAX WIDTH (AT WIDeST PlAce): 1.8–2.0 MM (♀, ♂). EYeS SlIgHTlY cONVeX. BODY MODeRATelY elONgATe, RATHeR SleNDeR, WHITe. PRONOTUM TRAPeZIUM-SHAPeD, APPROXIMATelY 1.3 TIMeS AS WIDe AS lONg. MeTANOTUM A lITTle lONgeR THAN MeSONOTUM. AbD. I–VI OF AlMOST eQUAl leNgTH, AbD. VII SeMIcIRcUlAR, AbD. VIII NARROW, AbD. IX ReDUceD, DISTINcTlY SMAlleR THAN OTHeR SegMeNTS. UROgOMPHI SHORT, TRIANgUlAR, WeAklY ScleROTIZeD. Chaetotaxy. SeTAe ON HeAD OF UNeQUAl leNgTH AND SHAPe, bROWN OR DARk bROWN, ROSTRUM AND THORAX HAIR-lIke, bASeD ON PROTUbeRANceS, ON AbDOMINAl SegMeNTS HAIR- OR THORN-lIke, PlAceD ON DISTINcT PROTUbeRANceS. ROSTRUM WITH FOUR PAIRS OF rs 1-4; HeAD cAPSUle beARINg 1 vs, 3 sos 1-3, 2 os 1-2 AND 2 pas 1-2, eAcH MANDIbUlAR THecA WITH A SMAll SeTA (mts) (FIgS 27b, 29b). PRONOTUM WITH 2 as 1-2, 2 ds 1-2, ls, 2 sls 1-2 AND 2 pls 1-2 (FIgS 28b, 29b). All SeTAe OF PROTHORAX PlAceD ON SMAll PROTUbeRANceS, SHORT, eQUAl IN leNgTH (eXcePT ls, THAT IS A lITTle SMAlleR THAN THe ReMAININg SeTAe). CHAeTOTAXY OF MeSOTHORAX cONSISTINg OF 4 PAIRS OF SHORT d 1-4, PlAceD MeDIAllY AND ANTeROMeDIAllY (FIg. 28b). MeTATHORAX WITH 5 PAIRS OF SHORT SeTAe, DISTRIbUTeD RATHeR IRRegUlARlY. TeRgAl PARTS OF AbD. I–VII eAcH WITH 7 PAIRS OF SeTAe (5 PAIRS AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN, TWO lATeRAllY). SeTAe NO. 1, 3, 5 AND 6 A lITTle bIggeR THAN THe ReMAININg. AbD. VIII WITH 5 PAIRS OF SeTAe, DIFFeReNT IN leNgTH, AlONg THe POSTeRIOR MARgIN, AND ONe PAIR PlAceD ceNTRAllY (FIgS 28b, 29b). EAcH AbD. I–VIII WITH 2 PAIRS OF l 1-2, PlAceD clOSe TO THe bORDeR OF TeRgUM (FIg. 29b). STeRNAl PARTS OF eAcH AbD. IV–VIII WITH 3 PAIRS OF VeRY SHORT v 1-3, lOcATeD POSTeRIORlY (FIgS 27b, 29b). AbDOMINAl DORSAl SeTAe gRADUAllY INcReASINg IN SIZe FROM AbD. I TO VIII. AbD. IX VeNTRAllY WITH 2 PAIRS OF SHORT SeTAe, PlAceD MeDIAllY; NeXT 2 SeTAe lOcATeD DORSAllY (FIgS 27b, 29b). EAcH UROgOMPHUS beARS A PAIR OF MODeRATelY elONgATe SeTAe., Published as part of Sprick, Peter, 2017, Description of the larvae and pupae of eight species of the tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1848 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from Central Europe, pp. 401-435 in Zootaxa 4324 (3) on page 416, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/998318

The larvae of Strophosoma (Strophosoma) capitatum (DeGeer, 1775), S. (Strophosoma) melanogrammum (Forster, 1771) and S. (Neliocarus) sus Stephens, 1831, are illustrated and re-described or described for the first time. The first larval instar, and the mature or an older larval instar, are illustrated, and a general description of the Strophosoma larva is given. The biological data obtained from breeding and field-collecting are compared and discussed in relation to the known life-cycle data.

Otiorhynchus (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined: 71 larvae (Fig. 206). Lampertheimer Wald near Heppenheim (Germany, South Hesse), 3 ex. introduced with young oak plants (Quercus ilex L. and Q. frainetto Ten.) from Italy (tree nursery) to the test area ���Wald der Zukunft��� of Senckenberg / Frankfurt a.M., 20.03. 2010, leg. W. Dorow; Hildesheim (Germany, Niedersachsen), nursery, 0 6.04.2011, 17 ex.: 7 ex. from Primula vulgaris flowerpots; 10 ex. from Geum chiloense Balb. ex Ser. cultivar ���Feuerball���; dto., 0 4.05.2011, 12 ex.: 3 ex. from Eupatorium cannabinum L. flowerpots, dto., 2 ex. from Geum montanum L. cultivar ���Diana���, dto., 7 ex. from Lysimachia clethroides Duby; dto., 4 ex. from Primula vulgaris Huds. flowerpots, 11.05.2010; Germany, Wiesbaden (South Hesse), nursery, 27.04.2011, 21 ex.: 8 ex. from Astilbe simplicifolia Makino cultivar ���Sprite��� flowerpots, 10 ex. from Astilbe japonica (C. Morren & Decne) A. Gray cultivar ���Deutschland���, 3 ex. from Astilbe japonica cultivar ���Red Sentinel���; Wiesbaden, nursery, 0 3.08.2011, 4 ex. from flowerpots with Bergenia cordifolia Sternb. cultivar ���Glockenturm���; JKI, Braunschweig, greenhouse, 10 ex. in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei (contamination), 13.11. 2013. Additional material: West France, Angers, 5 ex., 24.02. 2012, collected by Michael Barth outdoors in a tree nursery in 15 litre plant pots with Cupressocyparis x leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim.. 2 larvae were reared to adults (28.��� 29.03.2012) and one to pupa (pupation before 22.03.2012). Remarks about breeding and development. The development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus is one of the best known of all soil-dwelling weevils which is due to the great impact of this species in horticulture and viticulture in many regions of the world. The damage of this species in the temperate and cooler regions to cultivated plants is mainly restricted to greenhouses, flowerpots, parks, orchards, roadside greeneries and other typical anthropogenic environments. About 110 years ago there were only few indications of a pest status of this species (Moorhouse et al. 1992). Its origin is (northern) Italy from where also males of this predominantly parthenogenetic species are documented (concluded from data of Dieckmann 1980 and Moorhouse et al. 1992). Outdoors, pupation begins in April or May. Young weevils emerge from June to September on the soil (peak activity in July and August) and deposit eggs in this period. Larvae develop during summer and autumn, overwinter, continue feeding activity early in the season and pupate in spring. Development time of the larvae strongly depends on temperature and is over 200 days outdoors and less than 90 days in greenhouses (La Lone & Clarke 1981). Most adults die in late summer and autumn; only a few overwinter and start to lay eggs earlier in the season. O. sulcatus did not show a diapause or developmental delay under long-day conditions in the climate chamber. Description (Figs. 23���33). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellow to dark yellow; cuticle almost smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 23). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium and 2 long); 2 as, different in length; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar (except pds, ordered: 1 medium, 1 long, 1 medium and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 6 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 24). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 25, 27, 28). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 26���28). Each of four lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 29). Setae relatively short. Head capsule with 4 relatively short des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; 1 relatively short ves; and 1 minute pes. Postepicranial area with 2 pairs of sensilla, forming a group. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 1.7 times as wide as long and with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally on each side (Fig. 30). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate (Fig. 30). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, one very small ams similar to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 31). Mandible (Fig. 32) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 33) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 8 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 33), with 3 ligs and 1 prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 long, almost 2 times as long as pms 1 and pms 2 (Fig. 33). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Moorhouse, E., Charnley, A. & Gillespie, A. (1992) A review of the biology and control of the vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 121, 431 - 454. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1992. tb 03455. x","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310.","La Lone, R. S. & Clarke, R. G. (1981) Larval development of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to Rhododendron. Environmental Entomology, 10, 190 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 10.2.190"]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus fuscipes (Olivier, 1807) Material examined: 4 larvae (Fig. 214). Ith Mountains, southwest of Hannover, in the district of Hameln, Niedersachsen, 350���400 m, 13.10.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 0 1.09.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 26.03.2012, 1 ex. Remarks about sampling and development. All larvae were received from field-sampling in a beech forest on limestone, at about 350���400 m above sea level in the submontane climate zone. The larvae were found between the roots of young Fraxinus excelsior L. plants, growing intermixed with Allium ursinum L., which can be recognized by their characteristic subterranean overwintering organs, the longitudinal bulbs. As we know there are no data on the life-cycle of this taxon including larval development. Description (Figs. 100���110). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dark yellow to brownish; cuticle almost smooth. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 100). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, brownish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 101). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps almost equal in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 102, 104, 105). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 103���105). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 106). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 5 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 107). Labrum about 1.6 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 107). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 108). Mandible (Fig. 109) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 1 short and 1 long mds; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 110) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 110), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 110). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834 Material examined: 2 larvae (Fig. 212). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Forsythia x intermedia Zabel and Ligustrum vulgare flowerpots, 0 8.02.2012, 1 ex., dto., 0 1.06.2012, 1 ex.; details see below. Remarks about breeding and development. A few larvae and pupae of Otiorhynchus meridionalis were obtained from 1 breeding attempt in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. On 24.06. 2011 10 males and 10 females were released on 2 big flowerpots with Forsythia x intermedia. In October 1 plant had become dry and was replaced by Ligustrum ovalifolium. In December many larvae died due to too strong watering. The remaining larvae were taken to the CURCI in Hannover for regular pupae control (description see Gosik & Sprick 2012 a). So for the description of the mature larva we had only 2 specimens at our disposal: one from 0 8.02. 2012 and a second that refused to pupate from 0 1.06. 2012. The adults used for breeding had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in a front garden in the city of Heilbronn, and besides a record in Freiburg (Maus 1998)���this is the only current locality of O. meridionalis in Germany (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus meridionalis is briefly outlined here; for more information see Bues et al. (1984). O. meridionalis is widespread for example in natural habitats of South France. Its life-cycle was studied by Bues et al. (1984) due to observations of damage in strawberry plantations (Audemard et al. 1981). In the field, egg deposition tends toward maximum activity from end of July until September. Larvae develop until spring of the following year and pupate from March to beginning of May. This corresponds well with our breeding data. O. meridionalis did not show any diapause in the climate chamber, and larvae pupated due to the higher temperatures already in January and February. Around 3 weeks after pupation numbers of adults increase on the soil surface. In South France adults aestivate in July due to drought and high summer temperatures, apparently triggered by day length. It also of interest that a small proportion of adults overwinters and participates in egg-laying from May to mid-June. It is possible but unproven that the small proportion of recently emerged adults in the second half of the year is to trace back to the early egg-laying of overwintering adults. We observed overwintering of a more or less small proportion of adult specimens also in O. crataegi in the field, but noticed egg deposition in the lab not until mid-June (main egg-laying period is as in O. meridionalis in the second half of the year, in O. crataegi starting at the end of July). Description (Figs. 78���88). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments yellowish. Body elongated (Fig. 78). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, fine, transparent. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 79). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 80, 82, 83). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 81���83). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 84). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 4 pairs of sensilla, frons with 3 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.2 times as wide as long with 2 short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 85). Labrum about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 long, straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 somewhat shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 85). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 2 very short ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 86). Mandible (Fig. 87) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a little triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 88) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal one somewhat larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 88), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length: pms 2 very long, 3 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 88). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Maus, C. (1998) Bemerkenswerte Otiorhynchus- Funde aus Sudwestdeutschland (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 33 (1), 60 - 64.","Schrameyer, K. & Bernau, W. (2011) Interessante Kaferfunde aus Heilbronn. Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 46 (2), 98 - 100.","Bues, R., Toubon, J. - F., Villevieille, M., Jacquot, M. (1984) Otiorrhynchus meridionalis Gyll., ravageur du fraisier dans le Sud- Est de la France: migration des adultes, cycle evolutif et essais preliminaires de lutte. La Defense des Vegetaux, 228, 224 - 237.","Audemard, H., Drevet, C., Villevieille, M. & Jacquot, M. (1981) Un nouveau ravageur du fraisier, l'otiorrhynque meridional. Phytoma, 329, 15 - 17."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) armadillo (Rossi, 1792) Material examined: 28 larvae (Figs. 210, 231). Larvae were obtained from permanent breeding in the climate chamber of the JKI, Braunschweig, continued until today and started in 2010 with first instar larvae from Thorsten Ufer, Ellerhoop. On 12.07. 2010, 0 9.08. 2010 and 12.09. 2010 first instar larvae from adults collected in M��hlacker (on 17.06.2010) were placed mainly in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei cultivar ���Emerald ���n Gold��� (Fig. 221), and also with a cultivar of Bergenia cordifolia and with Primula veris L. Since June 2011 only different cultivars of Euonymus fortunei were used. In flowerpots with first instar larvae from 12.09. 2010 the first teneral adult specimen was seen on 0 3.01. 2011. The following larvae were used for the description: JKI, Braunschweig, breeding with Primula veris, 16.11.2010, 1 ex.; JKI, permanent breeding with Euonymus fortunei, 21.09.2011, 10 ex.; dto., 28.10.2011, 1 ex.; dto., 0 5.01.2012, 6 ex.; dto., 10.01.2013, 5 ex.; Ellerhoop, breeding by Thorsten Ufer with Euonymus fortunei flowerpots, received on 0 3.01.2011, 5 ex., from plants used for efficacy tests of entomopathogenous nematodes. Remarks about breeding and development. The life-cycle of this species was studied for the first time by Del Bene & Parrini (1986), but together with Otiorhynchus sulcatus, as preimaginal instars could not be distinguished. This paper contains a long list of ornamental plants from 25 families on which O. armadillo was found, exclusively woody plants including some conifers. According to Del Bene & Parrini (1986) eggs from both species were deposited from June to September, larvae were present from August during the whole winter until April, then pupation occurred from April to end of May, followed by the presence of adults from May to September. Our results for O. armadillo are not completely in accordance with these life-cycle data. There were also overwintering adults already in April, e.g. on Thuja and other bushes. Pupae were found from end of April until end of July and newly hatched adults from mid-May or June until September, which may indicate pupation at least until August. Usually recently emerged adults of O. armadillo were found up 2 to 3 weeks later than the last teneral adults of O. sulcatus (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012). Apparently, the life-cycle of O. armadillo is very similar to that of O. sulcatus, but should be studied at further sites to complete and validate the data. Description (Figs. 56���66). Coloration. Head light yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments milk-white, cuticle smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 56). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, relatively long, filiform, light yellowish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 57). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long sps [abd. seg. VIII without sps]; 2 long eps; 1 long and 1 minute ps [abd. seg. VIII with only 1 long ps]; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 58, 60, 61). Abdominal segment IX with 4 ds, different in length; 1 very long ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 59���61). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X without seta. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 62). Head capsule with 4 des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 les and 1 ves; all setae relatively long with the exception of fs 4, which is distinctly shorter than the others. Stemmata (2 pairs) very small, feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.8 times as wide as long with 1 very short cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 63). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 2 distinctly longer than other setae, only lms 2 exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 63). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 3 ams, different in length, one very small ams similar to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) elongated, strong convergent (Fig. 64). Mandible (Fig. 65) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 66) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 5 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 66), with 2 very short ligs and 1 very long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 3 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 66). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Del Bene, G. & Parrini, C. (1986) Nota sulla biologia di specie di Otiorrhynchus (Coleoptera Curculionidae) dannose a piante ornamentali in vivai della Toscana. Redia, 69, 341 - 359.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus clavipes (Bonsdorff, 1785) Material examined: 6 larvae (Fig. 213). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei, 19.12.2013, 2 ex.; 24.01.2014, 1 ex.; dto., breeding with Syringa vulgaris, 13.11.2013, 2 ex.; 24.01.2014, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. All larvae were obtained from 1 breeding attempt in 2013. Origin of the adults is the ���Ziegenberg��� in Paderborn-Wewer (Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany), 24.06. 2013. It is a beech forest on limestone with many ash trees and other woody plant species in low altitude (120���150 m). In the JKI 4 weevil specimens (3 females, 1 male) were released in 4 flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei and 1 with Syringa vulgaris on 27.06. 2013. The first larvae were seen on 0 4.10. 2014 and mature larvae on 13.11. 2013. The Ziegenberg, located in the hill country, is only 45 km west of the border to Niedersachsen, from where this taxon is absent. The Teutoburg Forest is regarded to be the northeastern distribution limit of Otiorhynchus clavipes, and this taxon is replaced in the entire northern part of Germany, i.e. the plains with predominantly sandy soils, by O. lugdunensis. In the neighbouring eastern hill countries including the whole eastern part of Germany, only O. fuscipes is present (Dieckmann 1980). The development of Otiorhynchus clavipes is only reported by Ibbotson & Edwards (1954) from strawberry fields at Cheddar in Southwest England, where this species occurred as pest in a small area. Hoffmann (1958: 1733) regarded these weevils as O. lugdunensis, but this is doubtful, as Cheddar is not situated in the sandy plains, but close to limestone forests of low altitudes, where O. clavipes was also found in Northrhine-Westphalia. According to Ibbotson & Edwards (1954), the life-cycle of Otiorhynchus clavipes is completed within 12 or 18 months depending on the oviposition period. The adult weevils appear in two waves. One part pupates in autumn, overwinters in the pupal chamber and emerges in large numbers from April to May, the other part pupates from mid-May to July, and adults emerge from mid-June to end of August. For pupation larvae move deeper in the soil and pupate between 15 and 20 cm below soil level. From the data of Ibbotson & Edwards (1954) and our observations on the development of the larva of the closely related Otiorhynchus lugdunensis the statement that the development time of O. clavipes should last 12 or 18 months is not fully plausible. Hence, the following modification of the life-cycle is proposed here: early emerging weevils lay eggs in spring and early summer, larvae develop during spring and summer, pupate and hatch in autumn, overwinter in the pupal cell and emerge again early in the season. And, as usual in many other Otiorhynchus species, specimens that lay eggs in the second half of the summer cannot pupate before winter comes, overwinter as larva and complete their development during spring and early summer, pupate between mid- May and July and hatch from the soil, when the pupa has developed into the adult stage in summer. Then the newly hatched weevils oviposit, and larvae overwinter again. In this species there is the same phenomenon as e.g. in Otiorhynchus indefinitus or O. raucus, namely that weevils hatch in late summer or early autumn from the pupa, remain soft-bodied in their pupal chamber during the whole winter, and emerge on the soil surface in spring with their still not sclerotized body. But opposite to all other species, the subpopulation with pupation in late spring to early summer produces adults that hatch short-term after pupation from their pupal chamber and sclerotize immediately: apparently sclerotization is strongly temperaturedependent. The proportion of soft-bodied weevils is 100 % early in April and low or 0 in the second half of the early emergence period indicating that emergence has stopped and sclerotization is completed. During the second emergence period in summer the proportion of soft-bodied adults is always low indicating a more continuous hatching and a more rapid sclerotization during summer. Description (Figs. 89���99). Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments yellow; cuticle almost smooth. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 89). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 90). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 medium long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps, almost equal in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 91, 93, 94). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 92���94). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 95). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with group of 5 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla placed medially. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 2���3 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.4 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 96). Labrum about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate (Fig. 96). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes, labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 97). Mandible (Fig. 98) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 88) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres almost equal in length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 99), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 99). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310.","Ibbotson, A. & Edwards, C. A. T. (1954) The biology and control of Otiorrhynchus clavipes Bonsd. (Rhyn. Coleopt.), a pest of strawberries. Annals of applied Biology, 41 (3), 520 - 535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1954. tb 01150. x","Hoffmann, A. (1958) Coleopteres Curculionides (Troisieme Partie). Faune de France, 62, 1209 - 1841."]}

Otiorhynchus (Nehrodistus) armatus Boheman, 1846 Material examined: 61 larvae (Figs. 209, 230). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, Chaenomeles x superba cultivar ���Hollandia���, flowerpot, 0 4.10.2013, 7 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 25.09.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Euonymus fortunei, 0 7.10.2014, 6 ex.; dto., Hedera helix L., 0 7.10.2014, 26 ex.; and 25.09.2014, 13 ex.; dto., Prunus laurocerasus cultivar ���Van Nes���, 19.12.2013, 3 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. The larvae of this species were obtained from two breeding attempts in the JKI in 2013 and 2014. Otiorhynchus armatus is apparently easy to breed also in small flowerpots, and it accepted all tested plants (Chaenomeles x superba, Euonymus fortunei, Hedera helix, Prunus laurocerasus). During the past 15 years this taxon as well as the closely related or even identical O. corruptor (Host, 1789) was introduced several times to Germany and became noxious in indoor greeneries. Up to now, no permanent population (of both taxa) is known from Germany. All adults had been collected by Klaus Schrameyer in Merano / Northern Italy on 18.05. 2013, in the town from a hotel wall with ivy (Hedera helix). The weevils were not sclerotized, young adults at this point in time. 4 males and 3 females were used for the first breeding attempt (released on the plants on 24.05.2013) and 8 specimens of undetermined sex for the second (started on 24.06.2014). Adults and larvae from 2014 represent the second reared generation. Breeding gave no indication for any diapause. Mature larvae were already obtained in September and October, and pupae in November and December. The life-cycle of this species is apparently unknown, but seems to be in some kind resembling to that of Otiorhynchus sulcatus: emergence of newly hatched adults from (approximately) mid-May, larval development within a few months, pupation during the whole season if temperature remains high in autumn and winter, development also in small flowerpots. The most striking difference is���in Central Europe���the much stronger limitation to indoor situations, apparently due to the demand of higher temperatures. Viggiani (1977) reports about damage on Fragaria and an occurrence on Vitis vinifera L., Ficus carica L., Hedera helix, Spiraea apulifolia L. and Citrus medica L. in Campania (Italy). Description (Figs. 45���55). Coloration. Head yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments white; except brownish pronotum; cuticle almost smooth, microcuticular processes, brown, poorly visible. Body moderately elongated (Fig. 45). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform; brown. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 4 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 4 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 medium long and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar, with the exception of pds on metathorax (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 medium long and 1 long). Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 46). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with only 4 pds (1 long, 1 short, 1 long and 1 short) and 1 minute sps]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 47, 49, 50). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 2 ps, different in length; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 48���50). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 2���3 minute ts. Head subglobose, narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 51). Head capsule with 4 relatively short and 1 minute des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally, minute des 4 located close to stemmata, all des equal in length; 2 relatively short fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively short les; and 1 very short ves. Postepicranial area with a group of 2 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 3.6 times as wide as long with 2 very short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 52). Labrum about 1.7 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of labrum; anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 52). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent; epipharynx covered by nodular cuticular processes (Fig. 53). Mandible (Fig. 54) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal egde with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 55) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 3 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 55), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 3���4 times as long as pms 1, and 5 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 55). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Viggiani, G. (1977) Nuovi reperti su alcuni Coleotteri radicicoli (Haplidia etrusca Kr., Otiorrhynchus armatus Boh., O. trophonius Reitt.). Boll. Lab. ent. agr. Portici, 34, 11 - 15."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) aurifer Boheman, 1843 Material examined: 11 larvae (Figs. 211, 226). JKI, Braunschweig, breeding with Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. and Viburnum tinus L. flowerpots (Fig. 224), 0 5.01.2012, 7 ex.; some pots were transferred then to Hannover, CURCI, for regular pupae search. 1 larva was taken out from a flowerpot with L. ovalifolium on 16.01. 2012 and another ex. on 27.01. 2012. A second attempt with 80 first instar larvae was started on 24.08. 2012 with Ligustrum ovalifolium and L. vulgare (2 flowerpots each) in the JKI and revealed 2 ex. on 10.01. 2013. Additional material: another 8 mature larvae (and 1 pupa) from the second breeding attempt had already been obtained on 14.12. 2012. Remarks about breeding and development. Larvae were exclusively obtained from two breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. In September and October a large number of eggs and some dozens of first instar larvae were released on 4 flowerpots with Ligustrum ovalifolium (2 pots) and Viburnum tinus (2 pots). The parents of these eggs were collected on 0 6.09. 2011 in Heilbronn, former south station, close to ���Alter Kaiser���, from Viburnum tinus and Ligustrum vulgare at roadside plantations and front garden hedgerows. This occurrence was discovered a few months before by Klaus Schrameyer and the first record in Baden-W��rttemberg (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The first mature larvae were obtained in the beginning of January 2012 (05.01.). In Germany, this species of Mediterranean origin is known to occur only in two regions (cities of Hamburg and Heilbronn). Apparently there is no paper that deals with the life-cycle of this species. These data could be a first contribution on the bionomics of Otiorhynchus aurifer. In 2011, breeding was started on 21.09., but only with 8 L l larvae, the majority of larvae, over 100, were released on the plants on 28.10. 2011. This is more exact than reported before in Gosik & Sprick (2012 a). 6 pupae were obtained on 27.01. 2012 and again 6 from 0 9.02. during February 2012. In 2012, breeding was started on 24.08. and revealed the first mature larvae and 1 pupa mid-December. Therefore, the time required to receive pupae from L l larvae was 3���4 months under controlled conditions in the lab, and���opposite to several other [Central European] species���no diapause or developmental delay was observed. In Baden-W��rttemberg, this species was introduced with Laurus nobilis L. very likely in 2003 to Heilbronn- Horkheim, and in 2008 it was found on wayside plantations and front garden hedgerows with Ligustrum vulgare and Viburnum tinus in the southern part of the city (Schrameyer & Bernau 2011). The origin of the Laurus plants was Italy. Yunakov & Nazarenko (2003) reported about the first record in Ukraine in the town of Sevastopol (Crimea) in 1951, and in Jalta this species was found on Laurus, Rosa and in the botanical garden Nikita nearby on Olea. Heijerman & Drost (2000) reported about the first finding in The Netherlands in 1999 on different bushes, and Crovetti (1971) about an occurrence as noxious species in Sardinia on Citrus. Description (Figs. 67���77). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellow to dark yellow. Body elongated (Fig. 67). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs, 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long), 1 long as, 1 long eps and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 4 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 68). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs, 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long), 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta], 2 eps, different in length, 1 long and 1 very short ps, 1 long lsts and 2 eus (Figs. 69, 71, 72). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length, 2 ps, different in length and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 70���72). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1���2 minute ts each. Head subglobose, narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 73). Head capsule with 4 medium long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 medium long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 medium long les; and 1 medium long ves. Stemmata (1 pair) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 3.3 times as wide as long with 1 short cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 74). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 2 distinctly longer than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded (Fig. 74). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 3 ams, different in length, one ams similar in shape to mes, but the position is more to ams; and 2 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) elongated, strong convergent (Fig. 75). Mandible (Fig. 76) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 77) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; without mbs. Mala with 4 dms, different in length and 3 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular processes apically; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 77), with 1 very short ligs and 1 very long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length. Praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 5 times as long as pms 1 and pms 3 (Fig. 77). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Schrameyer, K. & Bernau, W. (2011) Interessante Kaferfunde aus Heilbronn. Mitteilungen aus dem entomologischen Verein Stuttgart, 46 (2), 98 - 100.","Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Yunakov, N. N. & Nazarenko, V. Yu. (2003) New and little-known Curculionoidea species (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik zoologii, 37 (1), 95 - 99. [in Ukrainian, with English abstract]","Heijerman, T. & Drost, M. P. B. (2000) Otiorhynchus aurifer, een Zuid-Europese snuitkever ingeburgerd in Nederland (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomologische Berichten, 60 (5), 84 - 88.","Crovetti, A. (1971) Segnalazione di danni causati dallo Otiorrhynchus aurifer Boheman (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae) agli agrumi in Sardegna. Quaderno n. 5. Associazione Provinciale Laureati in Scienze Agrarie di Sassari, Sassari, 1 - 5. (source not seen)."]}

Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus) indefinitus Reitter, 1912 = O. dieckmanni Magnano, 1979 We took over this name from L��bl & Smetana (2012) despite the absence of a formal taxonomical act of synonymization, as we believe that the authors are right. Material examined: 11 larvae (Fig. 203). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, 21.09.2011, 1 ex.; dto., 28.10.2011, 5 ex.; dto., 0 1.11.2012, 4 ex.; and 1 ex. on 23.04. 2013 from two flowerpots that were taken to the Curculio Institute in Hannover in winter 2012 / 2013 for regular pupal search. Remarks about breeding and development. All larvae were received from breeding efforts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig from flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare L. and Syringa vulgaris L. Breeding attempts were started on 24.06. 2011 and on 24.05. 2012. In 2011 16 adults and in 2012 8 adults and 70 eggs from Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, and Hannover-Linden, park area, were placed in 2 small flowerpots with Ligustrum vulgare and 3 flowerpots with Syringa vulgaris in the JKI. In 2012 5 flowerpots with only Syringa vulgaris were used. In the Berggarten, an old botanical garden, the weevils were mainly collected from Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cultivars. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2011 at the end of September and in 2012 at 1 st November. Then development was delayed in many specimens. Mature larvae were also present in November, December, January, February, but on 0 1.11. 2012 already one recently emerged adult was obtained. The only pupa was detected in June, on 16.06. 2012, and described for the first time by Gosik & Sprick (2013). The reasons for this developmental delay are unknown, as other originally Mediterranean species, like Otiorhynchus armadillo, O. aurifer or O. meridionalis, did not show such a delay which is regarded to be an adaptation to lower central European winter temperatures. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus indefinitus is not well known, but apparently rather similar to O. raucus (see next species). Teneral adults, usually not sclerotized specimens, appear early in the season on the soil surface. Activity decreases gradually during summer and ends in September. Up to now neither larvae nor pupae were found in the field, but 2 recently emerged adults were recorded in September, indicating that pupation took place in the same year as egg deposition. But it is unknown if larvae also overwinter (originated from eggs deposited later in the season) as in most other Otiorhynchus species with well known life-cycle. In Wiesbaden-Schierstein (South Hesse, Germany), G. Kubach found three not sclerotized, overwintering teneral adults in soil, but less deep than O. raucus (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Very likely, these specimens stayed in their pupal chambers. The low age of these specimens can also be detected by the presence of mandible appendages that will be lost just before the first food uptake. The appearance of single specimens at the soil surface in September might be due to a disturbance of the overwintering site, e.g. by agricultural or horticultural activities. Breeding in flowerpots proved to be practicable in this species, and its susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes was tested in a project about soil-dwelling weevils (Ufer et al. 2011; cited in Sprick & St��ben 2012). HW HH BL BH Species min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. min. median. max. O. indefinitus 1.20 1.20 1.40 1.10 1.20 1.30 6.80 7.60 9.00 2.30 3.00 2.40 O. raucus 0.50 0.70 0.70 0.50 0.50 0.80 2.50 2.70 3.10 0.90 1.00 1.40 O. ligustici* 2.40 2.50 3.00 2.40 2.50 2.60 12.00 12.70 13.00 4.00 4.80 5.60 O. porcatus* 0.75 1.15 1.45 0.65 1.00 1.50 4.50 6.00 7.30 1.90 2.20 2.90 O. sulcatus 1.60 1.70 1.90 1.50 1.60 1.80 7.40 9.60 11.70 2.70 3.30 3.80 O. singularis 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.50 1.60 1.80 6.50 7.70 10.10 2.50 3.00 3.50 O. armatus 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.50 1.70 1.80 6.90 8.40 10.40 2.20 3.10 3.50 O. armadillo 1.70 1.70 2.00 1.70 1.80 2.00 8.20 9.10 9.80 3.00 3.20 3.50 O. aurifer 1.70 1.70 1.90 1.70 1.70 1.80 8.20 8.50 10.50 2.50 3.30 3.50 O. meridionalis 1.80 1.90 1.70 1.80 8.00 10.50 3.10 3.10 O. clavipes 2.00 2.10 2.30 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.00 9.20 11.20 3.70 4.0 5.20 O. fuscipes 2.00 2.10 2.40 1.80 2.00 2.10 7.20 9.60 11.60 3.10 4.0 4.90 O. lugdunensis 1.70 1.80 2.20 1.80 1.80 2.20 7.80 9.80 11.20 2.60 3.20 3.80 O. salicicola* 1.55 1.75 1.80 1.20 1.30 1.50 7.50 9.50 10.00 3.00 3.20 3.40 O. ovatus 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 4.30 6.20 6.70 1.10 2.20 2.30 O. crataegi 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.10 6.00 6.30 7.00 1.90 2.00 3.40 O. rugosostriatus 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.40 1.50 1.60 7.70 8.70 9.00 2.30 2.80 3.00 Description (Figs. 1���11). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and abdominal segments dark yellow brown; cuticle almost smooth. Body rather compact (Fig. 1). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 3 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 long prs; 5 pds (ordered: 1 short, 1 long, 1 short and 2 long); 1 long as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 2). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 3, 5, 6). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long ps; and 2 short sts, equal in length (Figs. 4���6). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 7). Head capsule with 4 medium long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 medium long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 short ves. Postepicranial area with a sensillum on each side, next pair of sensilla located medially on frons. Stemmata (2 pairs) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus (Fig. 8) 2.7 times as wide as long, without setae. Labrum (Fig. 8) about 1.8 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, lms 1 and lrm 2 exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum almost rounded. Epipharynx (Fig. 9) with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams similar in both, shape and length, and 2 very short, poorly visible mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, almost parallel. Mandible (Fig. 10) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 11) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal; basal one with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 5 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 11), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly longer than distal; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length: pms 2 long, 3 times as long as pms 1, and 4 times as long as pms 3; surface of postlabium densely covered by distinct cuticular processes (Fig. 11). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731 (4), 445 - 472; incl. Erratum: Zootaxa, 3745 (2), 299 - 300.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus) raucus (Fabricius, 1777) Material examined: 8 larvae (Fig. 204). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���, dto., 13.11.2013, 1 ex.; dto., 24.01.2014, 1 ex.; dto., 0 1.04.2014, 2 ex.; dto., 0 9.05.2014, 2 ex. and dto., 19.12.2014, 1 ex.; dto., breeding with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd���, 0 1.04.2014, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only rather few larvae of Otiorhynchus raucus were obtained from at least three breeding attempts in the climate chamber of the JKI in Braunschweig. In 2011 no larvae were obtained from breeding with Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand. -Mazz. In 2013 breeding was started on 10.06. with 18 weevils that were released on 2 flowerpots with Chaenomeles x superba (Frahm) Rehder cultivar ���Hollandia���, 2 with Thuja occidentalis L. cultivar ���Smaragd��� and 2 with Prunus laurocerasus L. cultivar ���Rotundifolia���. In 2014 9 weevils were placed on 0 4.06. in 3 Prunus laurocerasus and 1 Fragaria vesca L. cultivar ���Regina��� flowerpots. One flowerpot with Thuja occidentalis from the last year that contained no more larvae was added. The first mature larvae were obtained in 2013 in November and in 2014 in December, i.e. after 5 or 6 months, respectively. Also from the attempt in 2013 that revealed the highest number of mature larvae, no pupae could be obtained. In the field no larvae of O. raucus were found, which may be due to feeding sites deep in soil and perhaps to low or at most medium abundance. The life-cycle of Otiorhynchus raucus is not well known. Early in the season, mainly in April and May, teneral weevils appear on the soil surface and start to lay eggs when sclerotized, from May or June, during the whole season until August and September. Adults overwinter in the pupal chamber deep in soil. Eggs laid late in the season should produce larvae that overwinter, too. Scherf (1964) confirmed the presence of overwintering larvae, but without giving any further information. Own attempts to find larvae in winter failed, but G. Kubach dug out even 8 not sclerotized, young adults on 26 th January 2011 at the site with the highest abundance in Wiesbaden-Schierstein during the soildwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (Sprick & St��ben 2012). Soil depth was around 50 cm. The pupa of O. raucus is still unknown. Description (Figs. 12���22). Coloration. Head dark brown; all thoracic and some first abdominal segments dark grey; remaining segments varying from grey to yellowish. Cuticle especially on the dorsal part covered by triangular cuticular processes and more pigmented than on the lateral and ventral parts. Body elongated (Fig. 12). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 5 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 medium long and 1 long, and 2 medium long); 2 as, different in length; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 13). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 microseta]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 short ps; 1 medium long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 14, 16, 17). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 15���17). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X without seta. Head subglobose, almost rounded (Fig. 18). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves; all setae almost equal in length. Postepicranial area with a group of 4 pairs of sensilla, frons with 2 pairs of sensilla placed anteromedially. Stemmata absent. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.9 times as wide as long with 2 cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 19). Labrum about 2.5 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum double sinuate; surface of labrum densely covered by triangular cuticular processes (Fig. 19). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length, 2 ams and 1 very short mes (see comments about ams and mes in Material and Methods); labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 20). Mandible (Fig. 21) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 22) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 very short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 7 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 7 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 22), with 2 short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; basal palpomere slightly larger than distal; praemental sclerite feebly visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1, and 3 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 22). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Scherf, H. (1964) Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., 506, 1 - 336, 497 figures.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany."]}

Otiorhynchus (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Material examined: 18 larvae (Fig. 208). Hannover (Germany), breeding in 2 Bergenia cordifolia cultivar ���Rotblum��� flowerpots, 18.12.2011, 2 ex.; dto., 23.02.2012, 1 ex.; Ellerhoop, greenhouse, breeding by Thorsten Ufer in Thuja occidentalis flowerpots, 17.01.2012, 3 ex.; JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding in Euonymus fortunei flowerpots, 0 1.11.2012, 1 ex.; dto., 13.12.2012, 2 ex.; dto., 10.01.2013, 1 ex.; dto., breeding in Taxus baccata L. flowerpots, 14.03.2013, 1 ex.; dto., Thuja occidentalis cultivar ���Smaragd���, 18.04.2013, 1 ex.; Hannover-Herrenhausen, Berggarten, bed of Waldsteinia geoides Willd., 25.06.2015, 5 ex.; 0 4.06.2015, 1 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Only a relatively small number of larvae were obtained from 2 breeding attempts in 2011 and 2012. The exact number of all observed larvae cannot be given here, as several larvae were kept to obtain pupae (but in vain) and several larvae later proved to be in fact Otiorhynchus sulcatus (due to a contamination of some of the plants used for breeding). In 2011 45 eggs, deposited on 18.08. 2011, were released in 2 Bergenia cordifolia ���Rotblum��� flowerpots and kept in the Curculio-Institut in Hannover at room temperature; already in December (second half) 2 mature larvae were obtained. In 2012 breeding was started on 14.05. with 5 flowerpots (1 Euonymus fortunei, 2 Taxus baccata, 2 Thuja occident alis ���Smaragd���) with 5 adults and around 150 eggs. The first mature larva was received on 0 1.11. 2012, the last on 18.04. 2013. In March 2013 the flowerpots were placed in a room outside to induce pupation, but air temperature fell and permanent frost killed the larvae. The pupa of this widespread species is still undescribed. The life history of Otiorhychus singularis is best studied by Willis (1964) and his data are only partly in accordance with data from other authors, who considered only definite parts of the life-cycle or reported about the situation in other regions (e.g. Andison 1942). There are several peculiarities in the life-cycle of this species. Adults start to emerge in April; also in May usually mainly teneral light brownish adults appear on the ground or in the woody vegetation. These specimens did not hatch just before from the pupa (as e.g. in O. sulcatus). They have been overwintering in their pupal chambers (as in O. indefinitus and in O. raucus), and their exoskeleton remained weak since the point in time when they hatched from the pupa. In Northern Ireland pupation takes place from end of June to August (Willis 1964). Larvae and pupae were found at different depths in soil, but usually deeper than O. sulcatus, mainly 9���15 inches (= 23���38 cm) below soil level. In contrast to all other Otiorhynchus species so far investigated, O. singularis has two definite oviposition periods: from (approximately) mid-May to June and with lower significance from mid-September to mid-October (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012). This partly corresponds with observations of Dieckmann (1980), who dissected numerous weevils and found eggs only once (19 th June). Another striking difference to the life history of other Otiorhynchus species is the long life span over 3 years. In the lab 2 specimens also survived during the whole period of the soil-dwelling weevils project of the Curculio Institute (28.04.2008 ��� 23.02.2012). Under harder outdoor conditions more than a second overwintering is not to be expected. Willis (1964) confirms that adults usually overwinter and contribute to egg-laying in a second summer. It seems that limited egg deposition periods and the long stay in the pupal chamber over 8 to 10 months is an adaptive synchronization to the simultaneous presence of more than one generation, although this species is parthenogenetic and there is no need to mate. In spring this species showed a conspicuous amount of climbing activity during the day (Sprick 2012, in Sprick & St��ben 2012) and could be recorded per beating tray from shrubs and trees up to over 2.50 m. Description (Figs. 34���44). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from dirty yellow to brownish; cuticle with cuticular processes. Body elongated (Fig. 34). Chaetotaxy. Setae different in length, relatively short, filiform, greyish. Thorax. Prothorax with 3 long and 6 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long); 1 long and 1 minute as; 1 eps; and 1 ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 35). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 very short, 1 long, 1 very short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 minute sps [abd. seg. VIII with 1 minute sps and only 4 pds (1 long, 1 medium long, 1 long and 1 medium long)]; 1 long and 1 minute eps; 2 ps, different in length; 1 short lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 36, 38, 39). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 very long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Figs. 37���39). Each lateral lobe of abdominal segment X with 3 minute ts. Head subglobose, slightly narrowed bilaterally (Fig. 40). Head capsule with 4 relatively long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 relatively long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna (fs 4 slightly shorter than fs 5); 2 relatively long les and 1 relatively long ves. Postepicranial area with a pair of sensilla, frons with a pair of sensilla. Stemmata not well visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.1 times as wide as long with 1 cls, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 41). Labrum about 1.9 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 3 distinctly shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum rounded (Fig. 41). Epipharynx with 3 fingerlike als, different in length, 3 ams, different in length, and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strong convergent (Fig. 42). Mandible (Fig. 43) feebly bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; internal edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 44) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, almost equal in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres; basal palpomere larger than distal and with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular apical processes; each palpomere with a sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 44), with 2 very short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 1 and pms 3 equal in length, almost 2 times shorter than pms 2 (Fig. 44). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp.","Andison, H. (1942) The occurrence of the clay-coloured weevil, (Brachyrhinus singularis (L )) in British Columbia (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38, 8 - 10.","Sprick, P. & Stuben, P. E. (2012) Russelkafer in anthropogenen Lebensraumen. Snudebiller extra (CD Rom), Curculio-Institute, Monchengladbach. With 1318 coloured photos, 60 maps und 100 plates, 170 pp.; available at: Julius-Kuhn-Institut, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Messeweg 11 / 12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.","Dieckmann, L. (1980) Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 30, 145 - 310."]}

Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species In this key, we included all species described in this paper and all species hitherto described, if chaetotaxy was considered sufficiently: Otiorhynchus ligustici, O. porcatus, O. salicicola (see Gosik & Sprick 2012 a), O. nodosus (see Willis 1964) and O. cribricollis (see Grandi 1913), Lockwood & Keifer (1930) and Rosenstiel (1987). Further comments are reported in the following chapter. 1. Prs and pds 1, 2, 4 on abdominal segment I short, filiform, and pds 3,5 long or very long (Figs. 156���171).................... 2 - Prs and pds 1, 2, 4 on abdominal segment I thorn-like, dark brown, and pds 3,5, filiform, medium long (Fig. 155)............................................................................ O. (Cryphiphorus) ligustici (Linnaeus) (Fig. 205) 2. Postdorsum on metathorax with 5 pds (Figs. 172���174)........................................................ 3 - Postdorsum on metathorax with 4 pds (Figs. 175���186)....................................................... 6 3. Pds 3 on metathorax 2 times shorter than pds 2 (Fig. 172). Pds 1 on abdominal segment I almost as long as pds 2 and pds 4 (Fig. 156). Ds 2 on abdominal segment IX distinctly longer than ds 1 and ds 3 (Fig. 188). Postlabium covered by cuticular processes..................................................................................................... 4 - Pds 3 on metathorax visibly longer than pds 2 (Figs. 173, 174). Pds 1 on abdominal segment I 2���3 times as long as pds 2 and pds 4 (Figs. 157, 158). Ds 2 on abdominal segment. IX shorter than ds 1 and ds 3 (Figs. 189, 190). Postlabium smooth, covered by cuticular processes....................................................................................... 5 4. Pronotum with 7 prns, each thoracic segment with 5 pda, setae fine, rather short (Fig. 2)................................................................................... Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus) indefinitus Reitter (Fig. 203) - Pronotum with 9 prns, each thoracic segment with 7 pda, setae well visible, relatively massive............................................................................................. O. (Arammichnus) cribricollis Gyllenhal 5. Pds 1 and pds 2 on metathorax equal in length (Fig. 173). Meso- and metathorax with 2 as. Body greyish to brown, cuticle espe- cially on dorsal part covered with triangular cuticular processes and more pigmented than on lateral and ventral parts. Head dark brown, almost rounded. Surfaces of labrum densely covered by thorn-like cuticular processes...................................................................................... O. (Choilisanus) raucus (Fabricius) (Fig. 204) - Pds 1 on metathorax 3 times longer than pds 2 (Fig. 174). Meso- and metathorax with 1 as. Body white to yellowish, cuticular processes very fine. Head light yellow, distinctly narrowed bilaterally. Surface of labrum smooth........................................................................................ O. (Pendragon) ovatus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 217) 6. Meso- and metathorax with 4 pds, identical in length (Figs. 175���183; 175 a��� 183 a)................................... 7 - Meso- and metathorax with 4 pds, different in length (Figs. 184���187; 184 a��� 187 a).................................. 15 7. Meso- and metathoracic pds 1 and pds 2 equal in length (or almost equal length), both distinctly shorter than pds 3 (Figs. 176���183)........................................................................................... 8 - Meso- and metathoracic pds 1 as long as pds 3, both distinctly longer than pds 2 (Fig. 175)............................................................................................... O. (Pocodalemes) crataegi Germar (Fig. 218) 8. Abdominal segment VIII with 5 pds (3 short and 2 long)...................................................... 9 - Abdominal segment VIII with 4 pds (2 short and 2 long) (Fig. 199).. O. (Metopiorrhynchus) singularis (Linnaeus) (Fig. 208) 9. Abdominal segments I���VII with only 1 long sps (Figs. 191, 192)............................................... 10 - Abdominal segments I���VII with 1 long and 1 minute sps (Figs. 193���197)....................................... 11 10. Head light yellow. Body slender, milk-white. Clypeus with 1 cls (Fig. 63).... O. (Otiorhynchus) armadillo (Rossi) (Fig. 210) - Head dark yellow. Body rather massive, yellowish. Clypeus with 2 cls....... O. (Otiorhynchus) salicicola Stierlin (Fig. 216) 11. Lms 2 slightly longer (maximum 1.33 times) than lms 1 and lms 3 (Figs. 85, 96, 107, 118).............................. 12 - Lms 2 distinctly longer (2 times) than lms 1 and lms 3 (Fig. 74)................. O. (Otiorhynchus) aurifer Boheman (Fig. 211) 12. Setae of abdomen fine, transparent............................... O. (Otiorhynchus) meridionalis Gyllenhal (Fig. 212) - Setae of abdomen rather massive, brown or dark yellow.................... O. (Otiorhynchus) tenebricosus complex. 13 13. Eps 2 on abdominal segment I���VIII distinctly longer than eps 1 (at least 2 times, usually 3 times or more) (Fig. 197). Pms 3 dis- tinctly shorter than pms 1 and pms 2 (Fig. 121)..................................... O. lugdunensis (Herbst) (Fig. 215) - Eps 2 on abdominal segment I���VIII slightly longer than eps 1 (no more than 2 times, usually 1.33 times or less) (Figs. 195, 196). Pms 3 slightly shorter or of the same length as pms 1 (Figs. 99, 110)............................................. 14 14. Pms 3 as long as pms 1 (Fig. 99). Pronotum with 4 long and 4 medium long prns (Fig. 90)... O. clavipes (Bonsdorff) (Fig. 213) - Pms 3 slightly shorter than pms 1 (Fig. 101). Pronotum with 4 long and 5 medium long prns (Fig. 110)............................................................................................... O. fuscipes (Olivier) (Fig. 214) 15. Abdominal segment VIII with 4 (2 long and 2 short) pds (Figs. 197, 199)........................................ 16 - Abdominal segment VIII with 5 (2 long and 3 short) pds (Fig. 28).............................................. 17 16. Labral rods short, reniform (Fig. 53). Epipharynx with nodular cuticular processes. Clypeus with 2 very short, poorly visible cls (Fig. 53)...................................................... O. (Nehrodistus) armatus Boheman (Fig. 209) - Labral rods elongated (Fig. 152). Epipharynx covered by thorn-like cuticular processes. Clypeus with 2 medium long cls (Fig. 152)......................................................... O. (Zustalestus) rugosostriatus (Goeze) (Fig. 219) 17. Setae on body elongated, fine, transparent. Body elongated. Abdominal segment IX mostly with 4 ds (Fig. 201)......... 18 - Setae on body relatively massive, yellow or brownish. Body moderately elongated. Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds (Fig. 202)............................................................ O. (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius) (Fig. 206) 18. Clypeus with 1 medium long seta and 1 sensillum............................. O. (Postaremus) nodosus (O.F. M��ller) - Clypeus with 2 setae and 1 sensillum................................... O. (Lolatismus) porcatus (Herbst) (Fig. 207), Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2012 a) Morphology and identification of the pupae of seven species of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchini). Zootaxa, 3483, 39 - 57.","Willis, R. J. (1964) The bionomics and larval morphology of the otiorrhynchid pests of soft fruit crops. Thesis, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, 250 pp. and appendix of 60 pp.","Grandi, G. (1913) Gli stati postembrionali di un Coleottero (Otiorrhynchus cribricollis Gyll.) a riproduzione partenogenetica ciclica irregolare. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura, 7, 72 - 90.","Lockwood, S. & Keifer, H. H. (1930) Preliminary observations on a weevil, Brachyrhinus cribricollis (Gyll.), with comparisons to related forms found in California. Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, State of California, 19, 16 - 39.","Rosenstiel, R. G. (1987) Larval taxonomy of some Polydrosinae and Entiminae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 67, 1 - 64."]}

Otiorhynchus (s. str.) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) complex: Otiorhynchus lugdunensis Boheman, 1843 Material examined: 17 larvae (Fig. 215). JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, breeding with Euonymus fortunei, Ligustrum vulgare and Syringa vulgaris, 28.10.2011, 8 ex.; 16.11.2011, 1 ex.; 24.11.2011, 2 ex.; 0 5.01.2012, 1 ex.; 23.03.2012, 1 ex.; 16.08.2012, 1 ex.; 22.08.2012, 1 ex.; 26.06.2012, 3 ex. Remarks about breeding and development. Larvae were received by one breeding attempt. 8 adults, 4 males and 4 females, were collected in Hannover-Linden in a park south of Leine river and placed in breeding cages with 4 Euonymus fortunei, 2 Ligustrum vulgare and 2 Syringa vulgaris flowerpots on 24.06. 2011. At first checking on 21.09. 2011 there were 31 small to medium-sized larvae, usually 1���4 per flowerpot, but in 1 Euonymus pot, there were 18. On 28.10. 2011 around 49 larvae were counted, and some of them were already mature. In one of the Syringa flowerpots nearly all roots were eaten, and this plant was exchanged with Ligustrum vulgare. 12 larvae of different sizes were preserved in ethanol. On 16.11. 2011 34 larvae were counted, and again a few were preserved. In several flowerpots the roots were eaten, 1 Euonymus plant had dried up and a few larvae were found dead or nearly dead. Hence the breeding plants of several flowerpots had to be renewed. On 0 5.01. 2012 there were 5 flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei and 2 with Ligustrum vulgare, but only 11 larvae, 1 of them found dead in a very wet flowerpot (apparently drowned), a second still alive, but apparently suffering from too strong watering, the remaining in good condition and 10 of 11 mature. One flowerpot with 3 mature larvae was taken to Hannover for regular pupae control. From these larvae only 1 developed into the pupal stage, on 13.05. 2012. A check in the climate chamber on 13.06. 2012 revealed again 10 mature larvae (a few may have been overlooked before), of which 3 were taken to Hannover for pupae control, but did not pupate there. Also in Braunschweig only 1 more mature larva pupated on 27.09. 2012, the remaining stayed for along time in the larval stage or died. The pupa was described in Gosik & Sprick (2013). In spite of the rapid development of the larva into the last larval instar, the receipt of the pupa was difficult and delayed for many months. The reasons are unknown. A possible reason is the absence of short-day conditions in the climate chamber. Description (Figs. 111���121). Coloration. Head dark yellow; all thoracic and abdominal segments from yellowish to brownish; cuticle almost smooth. Body elongated (Fig. 111). Chaetotaxy: Setae different in length, filiform, brownish. Thorax. Prothorax with 4 long and 5 medium long to short prns; and 2 ps, different in length. Mesothorax with 1 medium long prs; 4 pds (ordered: 2 short and 2 long); 1 long and 1 very short as; 1 long eps; and 1 long ps. Chaetotaxy of meso- and metathorax similar. Each pedal area of thoracic segments well isolated, with 5 pda, different in length. Each thoracic segment with 1 short eus (Fig. 112). Abdomen. Abdominal segments I���VIII with 1 short prs; 5 pds (ordered: 2 short, 1 long, 1 short and 1 long); 1 long and 1 very short sps [abd. seg. VIII only with 1 very short sps]; 2 eps, different in length; 1 long and 1 very short ps; 1 long lsts; and 2 eus (Figs. 113, 115, 116). Abdominal segment IX with 3 ds, different in length; 1 long and 1 minute ps; and 2 sts, equal in length (Fig. 114���116). Lateral lobes of abdominal segment X with 1 minute ts each. Head subglobose (slightly narrowed) (Fig. 117). Head capsule with 4 long des, des 1 and des 2 placed on central part of epicranium, des 3 located on frontal suture, des 5 located anterolaterally; 2 long fs, fs 4 placed anteromedially, fs 5 located near to antenna; 2 long les; and 1 very short ves; des 2 and fs 4 little shorter than other des and fs 5. Postepicranial area with a group of 5 pairs and frons with 2 pairs of sensilla. Stemmata (1 pair) feebly visible. Antennal segment membranous, bearing 1 conical sensorium and 3���4 filiform sensilla. Clypeus 2.5 times as wide as long with 2 short cls, equal in length, placed posterolaterally (Fig. 118). Labrum about 2 times as wide as long with 3 straight lms of different length, placed medially or mediolaterally; lms 1 some shorter than other setae, all lms exceeding the outline of the labrum; the anterior margin of labrum close to rounded (Fig. 118). Epipharynx with 3 finger-like als, different in length; 2 ams, different in length; and 2 very short mes; labral rods (lr) short, reniform, strongly convergent (Fig. 119). Mandible (Fig. 120) bifid, teeth almost of equal height; with 2 mds, different in length; molar edge with a triangular tooth. Maxilla (Fig. 121) with 1 very long stps and 2 very long pfs, placed ventrolaterally; 1 short mbs, situated ventrally. Mala with 6 dms, different in length and 4 straight vms, different in length. Maxillary palpi with two palpomeres of almost equal length; basal palpomere with 1 mxps; distal palpomere with a group of 6 conical, cuticular processes apically; basal palpomere with 2 sensilla, distal with 1 sensillum. Praelabium heart-shaped (Fig. 121), with 2 short ligs and 1 long prms. Labial palpi with two palpomeres, relatively elongated; both palpomeres almost equal in length; praemental sclerite wide, well visible. Postlabium with 3 pms, different in length; pms 2 very long, 2 times as long as pms 1 and 5 times as long as pms 3 (Fig. 121). Differential diagnosis. See ���Key to larvae of selected Otiorhynchus species��� and Tables 1, 2. For more comments about taxonomy of the three preceding taxa see: Introduction and Discussion., Published as part of Rafa�� Gosik, Peter Sprick, Ji���� Skuhrovec, Magdalena Deru�� & Martin Hommes, 2016, Morphology and identification of the mature larvae of several species of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Central Europe with an update of the life history traits, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4108 (1) on pages 37-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4108.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265725, {"references":["Gosik, R. & Sprick, P. (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731 (4), 445 - 472; incl. Erratum: Zootaxa, 3745 (2), 299 - 300."]}

Gosik, Rafał, Sprick, Peter (2013): Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa 3731 (4): 445-472, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2

Otiorhynchus dieckmanni Magnano, 1979 (Figs 4, 14, 32���34) Material. 1 ♀ obtained on 16.06. 2012 from a flowerpot that was transferred to the Curculio-Institute (CURCI) in Hannover in spring 2012. Reared before in the climate chamber of JKI in Braunschweig. Rearing in flowerpots was started on 24.06. 2011. Host plants were Ligustrum vulgare L. (2 pots) and Syringa vulgaris L. (3 pots). 16 specimens were released on these plants. The weevils were collected before in the Berggarten in Hannover-Herrenhausen by means of night catch on 21.06. 2011 mainly on Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam. cultivars. General morphology. Body length: 8.00 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 4.30 mm (♀), head width: 1.80 mm (♀). Body moderately slender, slightly curved, white to yellowish. Cuticle densely covered by minute hair-like cuticular processes. Rostrum short, almost as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae moderately elongate. Pronotum almost 1.5 as wide as long. Ab. I���IV of almost equal length, next Ab. tapering towards the apex. Ab. IX distinctly smaller than other ones. Pseudocerci short, thorn-like, with sclerotized apical parts. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae of unequal length, hair-like, yellow or brown, mostly based on protuberances. Macrosetae of head, rostrum, pronotum, femora and abdominal tergites dark brown, with curved apical parts. Microsetae light yellow, straight. Rostrum with a pair of es, 3 pairs of rs 1-3 and a pair of pas; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 2 pairs of sos 1-2 and 1 pair of os 1. Setae rs 1-3, vs, sos 1 , os 1 and pas long, well visible; mts 1-2 , es and sos 1 very short, poorly visible. Pronotum with 2 pairs of as 1 -2, 2 pairs of: ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2; all almost equal in length, well visible. Meso- and metathorax each with 4 pairs of short d 1-4. Each tergal part of Ab. I and II with 5 pairs of short d 1-5, almost equal in length and located posteriorly in regular lines. Ab. III���VIII each with 5 pairs of d 1-5, equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines, a pair of setae (d 0) placed antero-medially (d 0: usually small, hair-like, poorly visible, placed always separately from other ones; observed on a part of the abdominal segments, sometimes only on Ab. VII���VIII), 2 pairs of l 1-2 located near the tergum-sternum border and 3 pairs of very short v 1-3. Ab. VIII with 5 pairs of long d 1-5, almost equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines, 2 pairs of short l 1-2 and 2 pairs of v 1-2. Ab. IX with 4 pairs of medium long v 1-4. Abdominal setae and their protuberances increasing gradually from Ab. II to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), almost equal in length., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on page 453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Tanymecus palliatus (Fabricius, 1787) (Figs 10, 20, 52 ���54, 77) Material. 1 ♀ collected on 0 9.08. 2011 in Kittlitz, 28 km WNW of Cottbus, in a permanent field of 65 ha with Medicago sativa L. (Fig. 77), when digging for the pupae of Otiorhynchus ligustici, a species that is present in huge numbers at this site. This date was apparently too late for collecting O. ligustici pupae. General morphology. Body length: 6.70 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 3.70 mm (♀), head width: 1.25 mm (♀). Body rather slender, straight, dark grayish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum short, almost 1.1 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather short. Pronotum almost 1.3 as wide as long. Ab. I���IV almost of equal length, slightly smaller than Ab. V���VIII; Ab. IX reduced, distinctly smaller than previous ones. Pseudocerci elongate, narrow, slightly curved inward. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae different in shape and length, yellow, dark brown or black, based on conical, sclerotized protuberances. Rostrum with 5 pairs of hair-like setae (rs 1-5); head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs and sos; both slightly curved, located on conical protuberances. Pronotum with paired as 1-2, sls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. All setae almost equal in length and slightly curved. Mesothorax with 2 pairs of short setae (d 1-2); metathorax with 3 pairs of short setae (d 1- 3). Tergal part of each Ab. I���VIII with 6 pairs of d 1-6, different in length, arranged posteriorly in regular lines. Ab. IX with 3 pairs of very short v 1-3. Abdominal setae and their protuberances, especially d 1, d 3, d 6, increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), different in length., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on pages 462-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Barypeithes pellucidus (Boheman, 1834) (Figs 1, 11, 21 ���24, 55���57, 68���71, 76) Material. 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, collected on 0 6.04. 2011 in a garden near Hildesheim in the soil rooted by Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb. ���Admiral��� (Fig. 76); 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ collected on 26.03. 2012 in a rocky garden in Aerzen- K��nigsf��rde near Hameln under Fragaria vesca L.; 8 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ pupae were collected on 0 1.05. 2013 at the border of the Leine river in Hannover-St��cken, 15 of them in soil between the roots of Alopecurus pratensis L. and 2 of an unidentified grass). General morphology. Body length up to 4.75 mm (♀), 4.30 mm (♂); width at the level of mesocoxae 2.50 mm (♀), 2.10 (♂); head width up to 0.75 mm (♀), 0.70 mm (♂). Body stout or moderately stout, slightly curved, whitish or yellowish. Cuticle covered by minute cuticular processes. Rostrum rather short, almost 1.2 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather short and stout, clava covered by cuticular thickening. Pronotum almost 1.36 as wide as long. Abdominal segments (= Ab.) I���VI almost of equal length; Ab. VIII semicircular, next Ab. tapering towards the end of the body. Pseudocerci conical, elongate with sclerotized apical parts (Figs 55���57), slightly curved inward. Sexual dimorphism visible in the structure of Ab. IX: gonotheca of ♀ divided (Fig. 21), of male undivided (Fig. 22). Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae different in form and length, hair- or thorn-like (Figs 68���71), yellow or brown, based on protuberances different in size or without protuberances. Rostrum with 2 pairs of es 1-2 and 4 pairs of rs 1-4; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 2 pairs of sos 1 -2, 1 pair of os and 2 pairs of pas 1-2. Vs short, thorn-like, based on conical protuberances, remaining setae of head and rostrum long, hair-like, located without protuberances. Pronotum with paired setae: as 1-2, sls 1-2, ds 1-2 , pls 1-2 and a pair of ls. Pronotal setae thorn-like, based on more or less elongate protuberances, different in length (macrosetae: as 2, ds 1, sls 2 and pls 1; microsetae: as 1, ds 2 , ls 1, sls 1 and pls 2). Macrosetae 2���3 times shorter than their protuberances. Meso- and metathorax each with 5 pairs of thorn-like dorsal setae (d), (2 macro- and 3 microsetae), based on conical protuberances. Tergal parts of each Ab. I���VIII with 3 pairs of thorn-like d, arranged postero-medially in regular lines and with a pair of lateral setae (l) located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. IX with 3 pairs of short ventral setae (v). Abdominal setae and their protuberances distinctly increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), almost equal in length., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on pages 447-451, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Key to the pupae of known species of the genus Phyllobius Germar, 1824 Based on descriptions of: P. pomaceus (Roberts 1926); P. oblongus (Vollmann 1954); P. pyri s. str. and P. intrusus (present paper). - Included are all available species descriptions. 1. Rostrum without rs. Vs similar in shape and length as in other setae on head and rostrum. Pronotal setae only hair-like, always 3���4 times longer than their protuberances. Dorsal abdominal setae of one segment different in shape and length; odd ones distinct, hair-like; even ones poorly visible, hair-like................................................................................................ P. intrusus K��no, 1948 (= Parascythopus exsulans Heijerman & Magnano, 2000) - Rostrum with 1 or more pairs of rs 1 (3). Vs thorn-like, distinctly shorter than other setae on head and rostrum. Pronotal setae only thorn-like, almost as long as their protuberances. Dorsal abdominal setae of the same segment almost equal in shape and length, well visible, thorn-like............................................................................ 2 2. Rostrum with 3 pairs of rs 1 (Fig. 46)...................................... P. (Phyllobius) pyri (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. - Rostrum with a pair of very short rs only................................................................... 3 3. Sls absent........................................................ P. (Metaphyllobius) pomaceus Gyllenhal, 1834 - Sls 1-2 present, based on joint protuberances.................................. P. (Nemoicus) oblongus (Linnaeus, 1758), Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on page 469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Key to the pupae of selected species of the genus Otiorhynchus GERMAR, 1822 (updated from Gosik & Sprick (2012)) Based on descriptions of: O. ovatus, O. rotundus, O. rugosostriatus (Scherf 1964); O. armadillo, O. aurifer, O. crataegi, O. meridionalis, O. porcatus, O. salicicola, O. sulcatus (Gosik & Sprick 2012); O. dieckmanni and O. tenebricosus form lugdunensis (present paper). Included in this key are all available, sufficient descriptions (and/or detailed illustrations) of genera present in the Western Palaearctic region. 1. Apical setae (as 1 and as 2) almost of equal length............................................................. 2 - Apical seta (as 1) more than 3 times shorter than as 2 or absent................................................... 8 2. Rostrum, mouthparts and abdomen without setae............................ O. (Pocodalemes) crataegi Germar, 1824 - Setae on rostrum and abdomen well visible................................................................. 3 3. Rostrum with 2 pairs of setae............................................. O. (Pendragon) ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Rostrum with 3 pairs of setae............................................................................ 4 4. Os 1 3 times shorter than vs or absent, body length (usually) over 9 mm.......... O. (Dorymerus) sulcatus (Fabricius, 1775) - Orbital setae (os 1) almost as big as vertical setae (vs), body length (usually) under 9 mm............................. 5 5. Sos absent....................................................... O. (Zustalestus) rugosostriatus (Goeze, 1777) - Superorbital setae (sos) present........................................................................... 6 6. Pls absent............................................................. O. (Proremus) rotundus Marseul, 1872 - Posterolateral setae (pls) present.......................................................................... 7 7. Body length under 5 mm. Head and rostrum with 2 pairs: pas 1-2 and os 1-2; pronotal setae different in shape and length............................................................................ O. (Lolatismus) porcatus (Herbst, 1795) - Body length over 6 mm. Head and rostrum with a pair of pas 1 and os 1; all pronotal setae with curved apical parts, almost equal in length (Fig. 40)................................................ O. (Arammichnus) dieckmanni Magnano, 1979 8. Pseudocerci strongly curved out......................................... O. (Otiorhynchus) aurifer Boheman, 1843 - Pseudocerci curved inward............................................................................... 9 9. Ab. VII and VIII with 5 pairs of dorsal setae, almost equal in length, distributed along the posterior margin.............. 10 - Ab. VII and VIII with 6 pairs of dorsal setae, almost equal in length, distributed along the posterior margin............. 11 10. Macrosetae of head, rostrum and pronotum with curved apical parts; dorsal setae on abdominal segments I���VI very short, spine-like........................................................... O. (Otiorhynchus) salicicola Heyden, 1908 - Macrosetae of head, rostrum and pronotum straight (without curved apical parts); dorsal setae on abdominal segments I���VI elongate (Figs 35���37)................... O. (Otiorhynchus) tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) form lugdunensis Boheman, 1843 11. Ocelli oval.......................................................... O. (Otiorhynchus) armadillo (Rossi, 1792) - Ocelli narrow, reniform........................................... O. (Otiorhynchus) meridionalis Gyllenhal, 1834, Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on page 469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Liophloeus tessulatus (M��ller, 1776) (Figs 3, 13, 29���31) Material. 1 ♀, collected from a flowerpot with Aegopodium podagraria L. in the CURCI in Hannover, 0 3.11. 2012. Over 20 adult weevils were collected on 20.04. 2012 in Hannover, Steintormasch, garden colony, in the late evening from Hedera helix L. 16 of these weevils were released on 27.04. in a rearing cage in the climate chamber of the Julius-K��hn-Institute in Braunschweig (= JKI) with 6 flowerpots (3 with Aegopodium podagraria and 3 with Hedera helix L.). On 25.07. all Aegopodium plants were withered. 8 larvae were still alive. These were taken to the CURCI, set in 2 new Aegopodium pots and 1 developed into the pupal stage. From a Hedera pot, taken to Hannover, 1 adult weevil hatched on 0 6.01. 2013. The dense root system of ivy made the larva and pupa control rather difficult. General morphology. Body length: 9.10 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 5.10 mm (♀), head width: 1.60 mm (♀). Body moderately slender, slightly curved, whitish or grayish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum short, almost 0.7 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather elongate and slender. Pronotum almost 1.55 as wide as long. Ab. I���VI almost of equal length; ab. VII semicircular; next abdominal segments tapering towards the end of the body. Pseudocerci very short, conical. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae short or very short, hair-like, without curved apical part, yellow or light brown except those on abdominal tergites, based on very small protuberances. Rostrum with 4 pairs of rs 1-4 and 3 pairs of pas 1-3; head capsule bearing: 1 pair of vs, 2 pairs of sos 1-2 and 1 pair of os 1. Setae rs 1-4, vs, sos 2 , os 1 and pas 1-3 long, well visible; setae of mandibular thecae (mts 1-2), epistomal setae (es 1-2) and sos 1 very short, poorly visible. Pronotum with a pair of sls and paired as 1-2, ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. Sls 1-2 visibly shorter than other pronotal setae. Meso- and metathorax each with 4 pairs of short setae (d 1-4). Tergal parts of each Ab. I���IV with 5 pairs of d 1-5, different in length, located posteriorly and 2 pairs of l 1-2 located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. V���VII each with 5 pairs of d 1-5, different in length, located posteriorly; a pair of d 0 setae placed antero-medially and 2 l 1-2 located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 2 pairs of long d 1-2 setae, located posteriorly, a pair of d 0 placed antero-medially and 2 pairs of l 1-2. Ab. IX without setae. Abdominal setae and their protuberances (especially odd ones: d 1, d 3, d 5) increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), almost equal in length., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on page 453, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Strophosoma c.f. sus Stephens, 1831 (Figs 9, 19, 49 –51, 72– 73) Material. 2 ♀♀ collected on 0 9.07. 2012 and 1 ♀ on 0 2.09. 2012 in Berkhof in the north of Hannover; exactly at the same locality and sampling site as in Brachyderes incanus (Figs 72–73). On the identity of the pupa: at the collecting locality 2 Strophosoma species were present as aduls, S. capitatum (DeGeer, 1775) and S. sus Stephens, 1831. Both were found in medium numbers; furthermore a single specimen of S. fulvicorne Walton, 1846 was collected at a sampling site 260 m away. S. fulvicorne and S. sus are confined to Calluna vulgaris, whereas S. capitatum is a very polyphagous species. By comparing the shape of rostrum and pronotum of pupa with adult specimens of S. capitatum and S. sus the former species was excluded. General morphology. Body length up to: 4.60 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 2.75 mm (♀), head width: 1.5 mm (♀). Body rather stout, slightly curved, whitish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum short, almost 1.1 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae elongate and slender. Pronotum almost 1.6 as wide as long. Ab. I–VII almost of equal length; Ab. VIII semicircular; Ab. IX distinctly smaller than previous ones. Pseudocerci conical, slightly elongate. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I–V. Chaetotaxy. Setae short or very short, hair-like, without curved apical part, brown, only on abdominal tergites based on small protuberances. Rostrum with a pair of es, 2 pairs of rs 1-2; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 3 pairs of sos 1-3 and a pair of os. Es, rs 2 and sos 3 distinctly shorter than other setae. Pronotum with a pair of as 1, 3 pairs of sls 1- 3, and paired ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. All pronotal setae almost equal in length. Meso- and metathorax each with 4 pairs of short setae (d 1-4). Tergal part of Ab. I–V each with 6 pairs of d 1-6, different in length, arranged posteriorly in three groups (d 1, d 2-4, d 5-6) and 2 l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VI–VII each with 6 pairs of d 1-6, almost equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines, a pair of setae (d 0) placed antero-medially and 2 l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 5 pairs of long d 1-5, located posteriorly or antero-medially, and 2 pairs of l 1-2. Ab. IX with 2 pairs of short d 1-2 and 3 pairs of v 1-3. Abdominal setae and their protuberances increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), different in length.

Otiorhynchus tenebricosus (Herbst, 1784) form lugdunensis Boheman, 1843 (Figs 5, 15, 35 ���37, 60��� 63) Material. 1 ♀ obtained in a Ligustrum vulgare L. flowerpot on 13.05. 2012 that was taken to Hannover on 0 5.01. 2012, and 1 ♀ on 27.09. 2012 from breeding in the climate chamber of JKI after a long time of being a mature larva; reared with Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand. Mazz. and Ligustrum vulgare; adults were collected in a park in Hannover-Linden at several times in spring 2011, mainly on Euonymus japonicus Thunb. and Fraxinus ornus L.. The majority of larvae achieved the last instar from 28.10. 2011 to December 2011, but none of them pupated at this time. Most mature larvae survived for more than 9 months or died. The reason for this developmental delay is unknown (maybe due to the lack of low-temperature-induced diapause). General morphology. Body length up to: 12.00 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 7.40 mm (♀), head width: 2.10 mm (♀). Body moderately slender, slightly curved, whitish or yellowish. Cuticle densely covered by minute hair-like cuticular processes. Rostrum short, approximately 0.9 times as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather elongate and slender. Pronotum almost 1.5 as wide as long. Ab. I���V of almost equal length, Ab. VI wider than previous ones, VII semicircular, VIII and IX distinctly smaller than I���VII. Pseudocerci very short, conical. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae straight, hair-like, without curved apical part (Figs 56���59), of unequal length, light brown or brown, mostly based on small protuberances. Rostrum with 2 pairs of es 1 -2, 4 pairs of rs 1-4 and a pair of pas; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 2 pairs of sos 1-2 and 1 pair of os 1. Setae rs 1-4, vs, sos 2 , os 1 and pas long, well visible; mts 1-2 , es 1-2 and sos 1 very short, poorly visible. Pronotum with a pair of as 2 , 2 pairs of ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. As 2 , ls 2, ds 1 and pls 1 long; ls 1, ds 2 and pls 2 very short. Mesothorax with 2 pairs of short setae (d 1-2). Metathorax with a pair of microsetae (d 1). Tergal part of Ab. I with a pair of d 1. Ab. II and III each with 4 pairs of d 1-4, different in length, located posteriorly in regular lines. Ab. IV���VII each with 6 pairs of d 1-6, equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines and 2 pairs of l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 5 pairs of d 1-5, equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines, 2 pairs of short l 1-2 and 2 pairs of v 1-2. Ab. IX with 4 pairs of very short v 1-4, equal in length. Abdominal setae and their protuberances increasing gradually from abdominal segment II to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 straight setae (fes 1-2), different in length. Peritelus sphaeroides Germar, 1824 (Figs 6, 16, 38���41) Material. 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ obtained on 13.12. 2012, JKI, Braunschweig, climate chamber, and 14.12. 2012, in the CURCI, Hannover, from flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei. Rearing was started with about 30 adults collected outdoors at night (27.04.2012) in a hedgerow of different ornamental shrubs and young trees. Adult weevils were collected from Acer campestre L., Amelanchier lamarckii Medik., Cornus sanguinea L., Corylus avellana L., Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl. and Euonymus japonicus at the JKI area. These weevils were released in a rearing cage in the climate chamber on 0 2.05. containing 6 flowerpots with Euonymus fortunei and 1 with Prunus laurocerasus L.. On 0 1.11. one Euonymus flowerpot was taken to Hannover for a closer pupae control. General morphology. Body length: 6.50 mm (♀), 6.30 mm (♂); width at the level of mesocoxae: 4.00 mm (♀), 3.80 mm (♂), head width: 1.05 mm (♀) and 1.00 (♂). Body rather stout, slightly curved, whitish or grayish. Cuticle densely covered by minute hair-like cuticular processes. Rostrum short, almost as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather elongate. Pronotum almost 2.1 as wide as long. Ab. I���IV of almost equal length, next Ab. tapering towards the apex. Ab. IX distinctly smaller than other ones. Pseudocerci slightly elongate, thorn-like, curved out. Sexual dimorphism visible in the structure of Ab. IX: gonotheca of ♀ divided (Fig. 38), of ♂ undivided (Fig. 39). Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae of unequal length, hair-like, brown or dark brown, mostly based on protuberances. All macrosetae dark brown, with curved apical parts. Microsetae light yellow, straight. Rostrum with 3 pairs of rs 1-3 and 2 pairs of pas 1 - 2; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs and a pair of os. All setae based on conical protuberances. Pas 2 smaller than other setae of rostrum and head. Pronotum with 2 pairs of as 1 -2, 2 pairs of: ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. Ls 1 - 2 and pls 2 distinctly smaller than other pronotal setae. Mesothorax with 2 pairs of dorsal setae, metathorax with 3 pairs of short setae (d 1-3). Each tergal part of Ab. I���VIII with 5 pairs of d 1-5, located posteriorly in regular lines, 2 pairs of l 1- 2 located near the tergum-sternum border and 3 pairs of very short v 1-3. Ab. IX with 4 pairs of short v 1-4. Abdominal setae and their protuberances increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), almost equal in length. Phyllobius intrusus K��no, 1948 (syn. Parascythopus exsulans Heijerman & Magnano, 2000 ) (Figs 7, 17, 42 ���45, 71, 74) Material. 2 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; all specimens were collected as mature larvae on 29.03. 2011 in two tree nurseries in Bad Zwischenahn and reared to pupal stage in the CURCI in Hannover. The larvae were found mainly in the soil close to the surface (until 25 cm depth) between the roots of Thuja occidentalis L. and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. ���Crippsii��� (Fig. 74): 1 ♀ obtained on 0 7.04.2011, 1 ♀ on 0 8.04. 2011 and 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ on 19.04. 2011. General morphology. Body length up to: 5.50 mm (♀), 5.40 mm (♂) width at the level of mesocoxae: 2.90 mm (♀), 2.70 (♂) head width: 0.95 mm (♀), 0.90 mm (♂). Body rather slender, slightly curved, grayish or yellowish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum rather short, almost 1.2 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather elongate and slender. Pronotum nearly 1.1 as wide as long. Ab. I���VI almost equal in length; Ab. VII semicircular; next Ab. tapering towards the end of the body. Pseudocerci short, thorn-like (Fig. 71). Sexual dimorphism visible in the structure of Ab. IX: gonotheca of ♀ divided, of ♂ undivided (Fig. 42���43). Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae medium long or short, hair-like, without curved apical part, yellow or brown, based on conical protuberances. Rostrum with a pair of pas; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, sos and os. All setae almost equal in length. Pronotum with paired as 1-2, ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and a pair of pls. Ds 2 a little shorter than other pronotal setae. Meso- and metathorax each with 3 pairs of short setae (d 1-3). Tergal part of each Ab. I���VII with 7 pairs of d 1-7, different in length, arranged posteriorly in two groups (d 1-4 and d 5-7) (Figs 44, 45); 2 pairs of l 1-2 located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 6 pairs of d 1-6, different in length, located posteriorly. Ab. IX with 2 pairs of short v 1-2 and 2 pairs of d 1-2. Abdominal setae and their protuberances (especially odd ones: d 1, d 3, d 5, d 7) increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 straight setae (fes 1-2), almost equal in length. Phyllobius pyri (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. (Figs 8, 18, 46 ���48, 64���67, 75) Material. 1 ♂ obtained on 21.04. 2012 from field-collecting between the roots of Betula pubescens Ehrh. at Helstorf Moor in the north of Hannover (Fig. 75): moory habitat with a few trees in the surrounding area of the peat bog, margin of a moor forest with Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench hummocks, shrubs and young trees of Betula pendula Roth, Betula pubescens, Frangula alnus Mill., Myrica gale L. and Pinus sylvestris L.. General morphology. Body length: 6.50 mm (♂), width at the level of mesocoxae: 4.60 mm (♂), head width: 1.9 mm (♂). Body very stout, curved, whitish to grayish. Cuticle covered by minute cuticular processes. Rostrum short, almost as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae rather elongate and slender. Pronotum almost 1.5 as wide as long. Ab. I���IV almost of equal length; next Ab. tapering towards the end of the body. Pseudocerci conical, elongate with sclerotized apical parts. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae different in form and length (hair- or thorn-like), yellow or brown, based on protuberances, different in size, or without protuberances. Rostrum with 3 pairs of rs 1-3 and 2 pairs of pas 1-2; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 2 pairs of sos 1-2 and 1 pairs of os. Vs short, thorn-like (Fig. 66), based on conical protuberances, remaining setae of head and rostrum very long, hair-like (Figs 64, 65), located without protuberances. Pronotum with paired as 1-2, ds 1-2, pls 1-2, sls 1-3, forming a complex (Fig. 67), and a pair of ls. Pronotal setae thorn-like, different in length, based on more or less elongate protuberances. Setae ds 1, sls 3 and pls 1 3 times shorter than their protuberances. Meso- and metathorax each with 3 pairs of short setae (d 1-3), based on conical protuberances. Tergal part of Ab. I���VII each with 3 pairs of thorn-like d 1-3, arranged postero-medially in regular lines and 2 pairs of l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 2 pairs of d 1-2, equal in length, located posteriorly, and 2 pairs of l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. IX with 3 pairs of short d 1-3. Abdominal setae and their protuberances distinctly increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), different in length. There are also single setae located on the apical parts of each tarsus (ts) and pterotheca (pts) (Figs 46, 47)., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on pages 456-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Strophosoma c.f. sus Stephens, 1831 (Figs 9, 19, 49 ���51, 72��� 73) Material. 2 ♀♀ collected on 0 9.07. 2012 and 1 ♀ on 0 2.09. 2012 in Berkhof in the north of Hannover; exactly at the same locality and sampling site as in Brachyderes incanus (Figs 72���73). On the identity of the pupa: at the collecting locality 2 Strophosoma species were present as aduls, S. capitatum (DeGeer, 1775) and S. sus Stephens, 1831. Both were found in medium numbers; furthermore a single specimen of S. fulvicorne Walton, 1846 was collected at a sampling site 260 m away. S. fulvicorne and S. sus are confined to Calluna vulgaris, whereas S. capitatum is a very polyphagous species. By comparing the shape of rostrum and pronotum of pupa with adult specimens of S. capitatum and S. sus the former species was excluded. General morphology. Body length up to: 4.60 mm (♀), width at the level of mesocoxae: 2.75 mm (♀), head width: 1.5 mm (♀). Body rather stout, slightly curved, whitish. Cuticle smooth. Rostrum short, almost 1.1 as long as wide, surpassing procoxae in repose. Antennae elongate and slender. Pronotum almost 1.6 as wide as long. Ab. I���VII almost of equal length; Ab. VIII semicircular; Ab. IX distinctly smaller than previous ones. Pseudocerci conical, slightly elongate. Five pairs of functional spiracles placed laterally on Ab. I���V. Chaetotaxy. Setae short or very short, hair-like, without curved apical part, brown, only on abdominal tergites based on small protuberances. Rostrum with a pair of es, 2 pairs of rs 1-2; head capsule bearing 1 pair of vs, 3 pairs of sos 1-3 and a pair of os. Es, rs 2 and sos 3 distinctly shorter than other setae. Pronotum with a pair of as 1, 3 pairs of sls 1- 3, and paired ls 1-2, ds 1-2 and pls 1-2. All pronotal setae almost equal in length. Meso- and metathorax each with 4 pairs of short setae (d 1-4). Tergal part of Ab. I���V each with 6 pairs of d 1-6, different in length, arranged posteriorly in three groups (d 1, d 2-4, d 5-6) and 2 l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VI���VII each with 6 pairs of d 1-6, almost equal in length, located posteriorly in regular lines, a pair of setae (d 0) placed antero-medially and 2 l 1-2, located near the tergum-sternum border. Ab. VIII with 5 pairs of long d 1-5, located posteriorly or antero-medially, and 2 pairs of l 1-2. Ab. IX with 2 pairs of short d 1-2 and 3 pairs of v 1-3. Abdominal setae and their protuberances increasing gradually from Ab. I to VIII. Each apex of femora with 2 hair-like setae (fes 1-2), different in length., Published as part of Gosik, Rafa�� & Sprick, Peter, 2013, Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), pp. 445-472 in Zootaxa 3731 (4) on page 462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/247879

Gosik, Rafał, Sprick, Peter (2013): RAFAŁ GOSIK & PETER SPRICK (2013) Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa, 3731(4): 445-472. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 299-300, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.8

In 2010 the Nearctic leafhopper Penestragania apicalis (Osb.& Ball) was found for the first time in Europe. Altogether there are now 16 known localities in France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria indicating that the species is well established for a rather long period and more widespread in Europe and perhaps worldwide. As in North America it lives on honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), overwinters in the egg stage and probably has one or two generations a year, with adults at least from late June until early October. It is yet unclear if it causes relevant damage to the host plant in Europe.

In this first contribution on the beetle fauna of the “Hannoversche Moorgeest” rove beetles, phytophagous and various beetles are treated. Ground beetles, saproxylic and aquatic beetles shall be treated later on. 26 species of rove beetles, 33 phytophagous and 12 various beetles are selected from the total species pool so far recorded, and they were analyzed with regard to their meaning for the biodiversity of the moor areas. Rove beetles form the largest group of tyrphobiontic species (8); several of these species inhabit quaking bogs and bog hollows (Acylophorus wagenschieberi, Atanygnathus terminalis, Euaesthetus laeviusculus, Gymnusa brevicollis), bog hummocks (Stenus picipes brevipennis) and the transition mire (Myllaena kraatzi, Stenus kiesenwetteri). Philonthus nigrita was found in different moor habitats. The remaining 8 species from this group are spread over 5 further families and were found on peat dams (Curimopsis nigrita, Hyperaspis pseudopustulata), in dystrophic ponds or quaking bogs (Cyphon hilaris), in bog hollows (Plateumaris discolor) and locally on swamp birch (Altica aenescens, Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus, Coeliodinus nigritarsis, Orchestes jota) in the peat bog. It may be noteworthy that there are totally 8 Cryptocephalus species in the moors, of which 5 can be regarded as remarkable and one (Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus) as tyrphobiontic. Several species have a main occurrence in peat bogs or in the moor forest. These species are typical for the transition area between peat bog and moor forest. The adults fly to broad-leaved trees or conifers for maturation feeding and the larvae inhabit mostly the peat bog: 7 of 11 Cryptocephalus larvae, which currently can only be partly determined to species level, were recorded in Sphagnum hummocks. The still undescribed larvae of the leaf beetle Plateumaris discolor were (for the first time?) dug out from the root area of Eriophorum angustifolium and other peat bog plants. The attribution of phytophagous tree- and shrub-living species to the categories tyrphobiontic / tyrphophilous is discussed. Birches and pines entering the peat bog as well as broad-leaved willows or aspen trees of the moor border or of a swamp forest contain a speciose phytophagous beetle fauna with several rare and endangered species. The fauna of old peat dams was characterized mainly with the aid of certain rove, click, ladybird and leaf beetle species as independent and worth of protection, too., Zusammenfassung: Im ersten Beitrag zur Käferfauna der Hannoverschen Moorgeest werden zunächst die Kurzflügelkäfer, die phytophagen und die diversen Käfer behandelt. Laufkäfer, Holz bzw. Wasser bewohnende Käfer sollen zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt bearbeitet werden. 26 Kurzflügelkäferarten, 33 phytophage und 12 diverse Käferarten wurden aus dem ermittelten Gesamtartenpool extrahiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für die Biodiversität der Moorgebiete untersucht. Die Kurzflügelkäfer weisen mit 8 Arten die größte Gruppe tyrphobionter Arten auf, von denen mehrere Arten in Schwingrasen und Moorschlenken (Acylophorus wagenschieberi, Atanygnathus terminalis, Euaesthetus laeviusculus, Gymnusa brevicollis), die Bulten (Stenus picipes brevipennis) oder das Zwischenmoor besiedeln (Myllaena kraatzi, Stenus kiesenwetteri). Philonthus nigrita wurde in unterschiedlichen Moorlebensräumen gefunden. Die übrigen 8 Arten dieser Gruppe verteilen sich auf weitere 5 Familien und wurden auf Torfdämmen (Curimopsis nigrita, Hyperaspis pseudopustulata), in Moorgewässern bzw. Schwingrasen (Cyphon hilaris), in Moorschlenken (Plateumaris discolor) und meist lokal auf Moorbirken im Hoch- bzw. Zwischenmoor (Altica aenescens, Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus, Coeliodinus nigritarsis, Orchestes jota) nachgewiesen. Hervorzuheben ist, dass in den Mooren insgesamt 8 Cryptocephalus-Arten gefunden wurden, von denen 5 als bemerkenswert gelten können; eine der Arten (Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus) wird als tyrphobiont angesehen, mehrere weitere haben in Hochmooren oder im Moorwald einen Vorkommensschwerpunkt. Diese Arten charakterisieren den Übergangsbereich Hochmoor – Moorwald sehr gut, da sie als Imagines Laub- bzw. Nadelhölzer für den Reifungsfraß anfliegen und als Larve oft im Hochmoor leben: 7 (von 11) – derzeit nur zum Teil bestimmbaren – Cryptocephalus-Larven wurden mit Bodenfallen aus Sphagnum-Bulten gefangen. Larven des Blattkäfers Plateumaris discolor wurden (erstmals?) aus dem Wurzelraum von Eriophorum angustifolium und anderen Hochmoorpflanzen ausgegraben; diese sind noch nicht beschrieben worden. Die Zuordnung von phytophagen Gehölzbewohnern zu den Kategorien tyrphobiont/tyrphophil wird diskutiert. Die ins Moor vordringenden Birken und Kiefern und die am Moorrand oder im Bruchwald vorkommenden breitblättrigen Weiden und Zitterpappeln verfügen über eine sehr artenreiche phytophage Käferfauna mit mehreren seltenen und gefährdeten Arten. Auch die Fauna der alten Torfdämme wurde vor allem anhand bestimmter Kurzflügel-, Schnell-, Marien- und Blattkäfer als eigenständig und schutzwürdig charakterisiert., DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT, research

In this first contribution on the beetle fauna of the “Hannoversche Moorgeest” rove beetles, phytophagous and various beetles are treated. Ground beetles, saproxylic and aquatic beetles shall be treated later on. 26 species of rove beetles, 33 phytophagous and 12 various beetles are selected from the total species pool so far recorded, and they were analyzed with regard to their meaning for the biodiversity of the moor areas. Rove beetles form the largest group of tyrphobiontic species (8); several of these species inhabit quaking bogs and bog hollows (Acylophorus wagenschieberi, Atanygnathus terminalis, Euaesthetus laeviusculus, Gymnusa brevicollis), bog hummocks (Stenus picipes brevipennis) and the transition mire (Myllaena kraatzi, Stenus kiesenwetteri). Philonthus nigrita was found in different moor habitats. The remaining 8 species from this group are spread over 5 further families and were found on peat dams (Curimopsis nigrita, Hyperaspis pseudopustulata), in dystrophic ponds or quaking bogs (Cyphon hilaris), in bog hollows (Plateumaris discolor) and locally on swamp birch (Altica aenescens, Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus, Coeliodinus nigritarsis, Orchestes jota) in the peat bog. It may be noteworthy that there are totally 8 Cryptocephalus species in the moors, of which 5 can be regarded as remarkable and one (Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus) as tyrphobiontic. Several species have a main occurrence in peat bogs or in the moor forest. These species are typical for the transition area between peat bog and moor forest. The adults fly to broad-leaved trees or conifers for maturation feeding and the larvae inhabit mostly the peat bog: 7 of 11 Cryptocephalus larvae, which currently can only be partly determined to species level, were recorded in Sphagnum hummocks. The still undescribed larvae of the leaf beetle Plateumaris discolor were (for the first time?) dug out from the root area of Eriophorum angustifolium and other peat bog plants. The attribution of phytophagous tree- and shrub-living species to the categories tyrphobiontic / tyrphophilous is discussed. Birches and pines entering the peat bog as well as broad-leaved willows or aspen trees of the moor border or of a swamp forest contain a speciose phytophagous beetle fauna with several rare and endangered species. The fauna of old peat dams was characterized mainly with the aid of certain rove, click, ladybird and leaf beetle species as independent and worth of protection, too., Zusammenfassung: Im ersten Beitrag zur Käferfauna der Hannoverschen Moorgeest werden zunächst die Kurzflügelkäfer, die phytophagen und die diversen Käfer behandelt. Laufkäfer, Holz bzw. Wasser bewohnende Käfer sollen zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt bearbeitet werden. 26 Kurzflügelkäferarten, 33 phytophage und 12 diverse Käferarten wurden aus dem ermittelten Gesamtartenpool extrahiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für die Biodiversität der Moorgebiete untersucht. Die Kurzflügelkäfer weisen mit 8 Arten die größte Gruppe tyrphobionter Arten auf, von denen mehrere Arten in Schwingrasen und Moorschlenken (Acylophorus wagenschieberi, Atanygnathus terminalis, Euaesthetus laeviusculus, Gymnusa brevicollis), die Bulten (Stenus picipes brevipennis) oder das Zwischenmoor besiedeln (Myllaena kraatzi, Stenus kiesenwetteri). Philonthus nigrita wurde in unterschiedlichen Moorlebensräumen gefunden. Die übrigen 8 Arten dieser Gruppe verteilen sich auf weitere 5 Familien und wurden auf Torfdämmen (Curimopsis nigrita, Hyperaspis pseudopustulata), in Moorgewässern bzw. Schwingrasen (Cyphon hilaris), in Moorschlenken (Plateumaris discolor) und meist lokal auf Moorbirken im Hoch- bzw. Zwischenmoor (Altica aenescens, Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus, Coeliodinus nigritarsis, Orchestes jota) nachgewiesen. Hervorzuheben ist, dass in den Mooren insgesamt 8 Cryptocephalus-Arten gefunden wurden, von denen 5 als bemerkenswert gelten können; eine der Arten (Cryptocephalus decemmaculatus) wird als tyrphobiont angesehen, mehrere weitere haben in Hochmooren oder im Moorwald einen Vorkommensschwerpunkt. Diese Arten charakterisieren den Übergangsbereich Hochmoor – Moorwald sehr gut, da sie als Imagines Laub- bzw. Nadelhölzer für den Reifungsfraß anfliegen und als Larve oft im Hochmoor leben: 7 (von 11) – derzeit nur zum Teil bestimmbaren – Cryptocephalus-Larven wurden mit Bodenfallen aus Sphagnum-Bulten gefangen. Larven des Blattkäfers Plateumaris discolor wurden (erstmals?) aus dem Wurzelraum von Eriophorum angustifolium und anderen Hochmoorpflanzen ausgegraben; diese sind noch nicht beschrieben worden. Die Zuordnung von phytophagen Gehölzbewohnern zu den Kategorien tyrphobiont/tyrphophil wird diskutiert. Die ins Moor vordringenden Birken und Kiefern und die am Moorrand oder im Bruchwald vorkommenden breitblättrigen Weiden und Zitterpappeln verfügen über eine sehr artenreiche phytophage Käferfauna mit mehreren seltenen und gefährdeten Arten. Auch die Fauna der alten Torfdämme wurde vor allem anhand bestimmter Kurzflügel-, Schnell-, Marien- und Blattkäfer als eigenständig und schutzwürdig charakterisiert., DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT, research

Im Rahmen verschiedener landschaftspflegerischer Planungsbeiträge zum Ausbau der Schnellbahnstrecke Hannover - Berlin für 13 Planfeststellungsabschnitte wurden in den Landkreisen Ohrekreis und Salzwedel (Altkreise Klötze und Gardelegen) sowie Stendal (incl. Altkreis Havelberg) auch faunistische, floristische und vegetationskundliche Daten erhoben (z.B. PLANUNGSBÜRO DRECKER 1992). 1992 und 1993 wurden Vorkommen von Heuschrecken-, Libellen-, Tagfalter-, Wanzen-, Käfer-, Schwebfliegen-, Amphibien-, Reptilien- und Vogel- sowie von Pflanzenarten entlang der gesamten Bahnstrecke zwischen Oebisfelde im Westen und Schönhauser Damm nahe der östlichen Landesgrenze Sachsen-Anhalts erfaßt.