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Namen randomizirane kontrolirane raziskave na študentih Fakultete za šport je bil preveriti učinke dveh osemtedenskih protokolov inercijske vadbe za moč nog na mehanske in elektromiografske (EMG) spremenljivke gibalnih testov ter arhitekturo mišice vastus lateralis (VL). Protokola vadbe sta se razlikovala v velikosti inercijskega bremena, določenega iz odnosa sila-hitrost-moč (F-v-P) pri počepanju na inercijski napravi. Skupina Popt (n = 16) je vadila z bremenom, s katerim je proizvedla največjo moč (P), in skupina P70 (n = 18) z bremenom 70 % P. Kontrolna (K) skupina (n = 13) vadbe ni izvajala. Z analizo variance z mešanim načrtom (čas [pred, po], skupina [K, Popt in P70]) smo odkrili različne spremembe med skupinami v a) največji hoteni izometrični kontrakciji pri iztegu noge v nožni preši, b) velikosti prirastka sile, sili (F) in P odriva pri skoku iz polčepa, c) višini skoka, F in P odriva ter P zaviranja pri skoku z nasprotnim gibanjem, d) vseh spremenljivkah odnosa F-v-P pri počepanju na inercijski napravi v koncentričnem delu počepa in pri največji teoretični sili (F0) v ekscentričnem delu počepa, e) pri največji teoretični P in največji teoretični hitrosti pri skokih z bremeni ter e) debelini in penacijskem kotu mišice VL (vse p < 0,05). Skupina P70 je v večji meri izboljšala večino mehanskih spremenljivk, vendar kljub temu med vadbenima skupinama nismo odkrili razlik (p > 0,05). Počepanje na inercijski napravi z velikim bremenom (P70) povzroči izboljšanje F0 na odnosu F-v-P pri počepanju na inercijski napravi in, nasprotno, izboljšanje največje teoretične hitrosti na odnosu F-v-P pri skokih z bremeni. Izboljšanje mehanskih spremenljivk v obeh skupinah lahko v večji meri pojasnimo s povečanjem debeline mišice VL in ne s spremembami v delovanju živčnih mehanizmov. The aim of the randomized controlled study, which included physical education students, was to investigate the mechanical and electromiographic (EMG) outcomes of motor tests and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture after eight weeks of lower extremity resistance training with different flywheel loads (FW). Loads were individually determined based on Force-velocity-Power (F-v-P) characteristics during FW squats. The Popt group (n = 16) performed squats with the FW load that maximazed power (P) output and P70 group (n = 18) with the load that corresponded to 70% of maximal theoretical P (Pmax). The control group (C n = 13) received no intervention. Mixed model analysis of variance (time [pre, post], factor group [C, Popt, P70]) revealed different changes between groups in a) maximal voluntary isometric contraction during knee extension, b) squat jump push-off rate of force development, force (F), and P, c) countermovement jump (CMJ) height, push-off F, P, and braking P, (d) all F-v-P outcomes in the concentric phase of FW squats and the maximal theoretical force (F0) in the eccentric phase of the FW squats, (d) the maximal theoretical velocity (v0) and Pmax derived from loaded CMJ F-v-P profile, and finally e) the VL muscle thickness and the pennation angle (all p < 0.05). There was a trend toward higher improvements in the mechanical variables in the P70 group nevertheless, we found no differences in the adaptations between the two training groups (p > 0.05). Training with higher inertial load (P70) resulted in improvements of F0 in FW squats and conversely in improvements of v0 in loaded CMJ. The improvements in mechanical variables can be explained to a greater extent by the adjustment in VL muscle thickness than by the neural activation enhancement.

Background and Study Aim:There is a lack of the test for evaluation sport-specific movements in karate. The aim of this study was empirical argumentation about reliability of karate-specific test (KSAT) and its associations with T-test and change of direction (CoD). Material and Methods:The decomposition of the project goal into research tasks was based on three procedures: 1) to evaluate within-session reliability of newly introduced KSAT; 2) investigate correlations with CoD, T-test and training years; 3) to assess differences in tests performed on the preferred and non-preferred side/guard. The research was conducted among 39 elite karatekas (age: 19.3 ±0.1 year; training years’ experience: 11.5 ±4.7). Participants performed the CoD test at 90° and 180°, T-test, and short and long KSAT. Results:Our results showed good to excellent ICC2.1 values and acceptable CV ( Conclusions:Coaches and practitioners can use the KSAT test for evaluating the movement of karatekas in preferred and non-preferred guards to detect weak points of movement.

Z ustrezno vadbo za moč lahko starejše osebe ne le upočasnijo ali preprečijo sarkopenijo in zmanjšanje moči, temveč celo povečajo presek mišičnih vlaken tipa 2 ter posledično največjo in eksplozivno moč, kar vpliva na ohranjanje oziroma izboljšanje funkcionalnih sposobnosti starostnikov in s tem na samostojnost ter uspešno staranje. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti praktično-uporabno vrednost in preveriti dejanske učinke programa vadbe na inercijski napravi za izvajanje počepa na funkcionalne sposobnosti starostnikov, in sicer na kardio-vaskularno vzdržljivost, moč iztegovalk nog, agilnost in ravnotežje. Inercijske naprave temeljijo na izkoriščanju vrtilne količine valjaste uteži. Rotacijska energija, ki jo pridobi kolo med koncentričnim potegom, se izniči pri zaustavljanju vrtenja kolesa z ekscentrično kontrakcijo vključenih mišic, pri čemer zaradi lastnosti krčenja mišic v ekscentričnem delu kontrakcije pride do razvoja višjih sil kot v koncentričnem delu kontrakcije, kar predstavlja bistven koncept inercijske vadbe, poimenovan tudi ekscentrična preobremenitev. Z rezultati študije, v kateri smo na starostnikih primerjali učinke tradicionalne vadbe z utežjo z ročajem (kettlebellom) in učinke vadbe na skonstruirani inercijski napravi za izvajanje počepa v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino, ki ni izvajala vadbe, smo ugotovili podobno učinkovitost obeh vadbenih metod na moč iztegovalk nog, izmerjenih s testom vstajanje s stola, pri čemer smo nekoliko boljše učinke vadbe v 8-tedenskem programu vadbe ugotovili pri vadbi na inercijski napravi. Ugotovili smo tudi, da z obema vadbenima intervencijama nismo statistično pomembno vplivali na rezultate testov funkcionalni doseg naprej, vstani in pojdi in 6-minutni test hoje. Vadba moči na inercijski napravi za izvajanje počepa se je izkazala kot praktično-uporabna alternativa tradicionalni vadbi moči počepanja z utežjo pri starostnikih. Prednost vadbe na skonstruirani inercijski napravi za izvajanje počepa v primerjavi z ostalimi inercijskimi napravami na trgu je bila tudi pripravljena metoda prilagajanja intenzivnosti vadbe, ki je temeljila na meritvah največje zmožnosti potega. With the help of resistance exercise, the elderly population can not only decelerate or prevent sarkopenia, but also increase the cross-section of Type 2 muscle fibers and enlarge their maximum and explosive speed, which, consequently, has an influence on the preservation or, even more, improvement of their functional abilities. The purpose of the study was to examine practical implication and actual effects of the inertial contrapion on functional abilitites such as cardiovascular endurance, leg extensor power, agility and balance among elderly. Inertion contraptions are based on exploiting the momen of inertia of a cilindrical weight. The rotational energy, which is gained by the wheel during its concentric pull, is cancelled out by stopping the rotation of the wheel. During the exercise, the contraction of the eccentric part of the muscles generates stronger forces than the concentric part, which is a vital concept of the inertion exercise, also known as eccentric overload. In the study we compared the effects of two different tipes of resistance exercise on two groups of elderly - one taking part in the traditional exercise in the form of performing squats using the kettlebell, the other working with the constructed inertion contraption. The results of the exercises of the two groups monitored were compared to the control group. We discovered a similar effect of both of the exercise tipes on the power of the leg extensor muscles tested by the Sit to Stand test. The exercise group using the inertion contraption has provided us with slightly better results at the end of the 8-week programme. We have also found out that, statistically, both of the exercises have not majorly influenced the results of the Functional Reach Test, the Timed Up and Go Test and the 6-minute Walk Test. The resistance exercise using the constructed inertion contraption has proved to be a practical and useful alternative to the traditional resistance exercise among elderly. The contraption used in this research has the possibility of adjusting the intensity of the exercise to a specific individual. This was based on tests which showed us the maximum pulling ability of a specific individual which performed the test.