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Screening and brief interventions are among the evidence-based recommended practices to reduce the negative impact of substance use on the population. The digitization of these interventions makes it possible to disseminate them widely and to circumvent some of the barriers to the implementation of face-to-face interventions. Current evidence shows that electronic screening and brief interventions are effective in reducing alcohol and tobacco consumption. For other substances and for gambling, current evidence is more limited but promising and additional research is needed. These interventions can represent an alternative to face-to-face interventions.

Addiction medicine is influenced by societal changes and the environment has an impact on addictive behaviors and how they are experienced. The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on addictive behaviors, some of which could be favorable, and others highlight vulnerabilities to be considered by clinicians. Recent legislative changes open possibilities to limit the negative impact of electronic lotteries. In a context favorable to a better acceptance of people of LGBTQIA+ diversity, research and training in addiction medicine also have a role to play. In view of advances in understanding the harmful effects of alcohol, it is necessary to adapt the perception of the risk, in order not to provoke the incomprehension in the population.

Substance-induced consciousness alterations (CA) have mainly been studied among users of psychedelics but not among people using street drugs. Explore occurrences of three different types of substance-induced CA [ego dissolution (ED), visual pseudo-hallucinations (VPH), anxiety/paranoia (A/P)] and their perceived influences on life, together with their associations with substance use and personality correlates in a general population sample of 25-year-old men. 2,796 young Swiss men lifetime substance users completed a self-report questionnaire including history of use (never, former, and current) of different substances categories (psychedelics, cocaine, psychostimulants, ecstasy, MDMA, and other drugs), substance-induced ego dissolution (ED), visual pseudo-hallucinations (VPH) and anxiety/paranoia (A/P), the influence of these CA experiences on life, and personality traits (sensation seeking, sociability, anxiety-neuroticism, and aggression-hostility). 32.2% reported at least one CA (i.e., ED, VPH or A/P), with 20.5% reporting ED, 16.7% VPH, and 14.6% A/P. Former and current use of psychedelics and ketamine was significantly associated with occurrences of all three types of CAs and with a positive influence of CA on life. Associations between the former and current use of other substances and the different types of CA were less consistent, and perceived influences on life were not statistically significant. Sociability was negatively associated with occurrences of all three types of CA. Positive associations were found between anxiety-neuroticism and ED and A/P, between aggression-hostility and A/P, and between sensation seeking and ED and VPH. This study supports the potential for psychedelics to induce CAs perceived as beneficial to life among people using street drugs, possibly reflecting the mechanism underlying the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.

Background and Aims: Internet gambling has recently grown in popularity, but relatively little is known about how online and the combination of online and offline (mixed) gambling are associated with gambling disorder (GD) and related problems. The present research examined in a cohort study sample of young Swiss men how their gambling activities and gambling-related problems differed across the spectrum from offline to online gambling. Sample: A general-population based sample from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF), consisting of 5,352 young Swiss men (mean age 28.26 years old). Measures: The spectrum from exclusively offline to almost exclusively online (>90% of gambling money spent online) gambling was measured using one question about the proportion of gambling money spent online. Total money gambled and time spent on gambling were also assessed. GD severity (range 0-9) was measured using items reflecting the nine DSM-5 GD criteria. The number of gambling-related problems (e.g., financial difficulties, range 0-10), other addictive disorders and mental health problems were also inquired about. Methods: We estimated a generalised linear model using a count model (negative binomial link function) for GD severity and gambling-related problems associated with the amounts and proportions of money gambled online and offline. Results: The number of GD criteria were associated with money gambled online (IRR [95%CI] = 2.81 [2.43, 3.24]) and offline (IRR = 2.68 [2.40, 3.00]). This was also found for the number of gambling-related problems (IRR = 2.43 [2.13, 2.79] and IRR = 2.89 [2.59, 3.23]). Compared with exclusively-offline gamblers, mixed gamblers (26-90% of money gambled online) showed the highest levels of GD symptoms and gambling-related problems, followed by the almost-exclusively-online gamblers (≥91% money gambled online) and, overall, these associations were still significant after adjustment for overall involvement in gambling (time spent and money gambled). Levels of other addictive disorders and mental health problems were higher among mixed gamblers than among offline-only gamblers, but levels among almost-exclusively-online gamblers were not. Conclusions: Symptoms of gambling disorder and gambling related problems are highest among gamblers engaging in both offline and online gambling. Prevention efforts need to target the combination of offline and online gambling.

To estimate the long-term efficacy of an internet-based brief intervention (IBI) in decreasing alcohol use among men on (1) number of drinks/week and (2) monthly or more binge drinking prevalence. In addition, overall changes in alcohol use were assessed.Participants in a cohort study were recruited in a two parallel-group randomized controlled trial of an IBI versus no-intervention control condition, showing a positive intervention effect at 6 months. As part of the regular cohort assessments, participants were re-assessed 47 months after the initial trial, offering an opportunity to determine long-term efficacy.Young Swiss men from the general population.Of 737 randomized trial participants with unhealthy alcohol use ( 14 drinks/week or ≥ 6 drinks/occasion at least monthly, or Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) ≥ 8), 626 completed a cohort assessment at mean ± standard deviation (SD) = 47.4 ± 2.6) months after their randomized trial baseline assessment.IBI included normative and personalized feedback on alcohol use, risk indicators, information about alcohol and health and recommendations; controls: assessment only.Self-reported number of drinks/week and monthly or more binge drinking prevalence.Comparisons at follow-up were adjusted for baseline drinking. Missing values were replaced with the last observation carried forward. There was no evidence of differences between the IBI and control group on either the number of drinks/week [IBI: 10.8 (14.2); control: 10.7 (14.1), P = 0.8] or monthly or more binge drinking prevalence (IBI: 65.1%; control: 63.5%, P = 0.5). Although there was no evidence of overall change from baseline in number of drinks/week [9.8 (7.9) at baseline, 10.8 (14.1) at 47 months, P = 0.051], there was evidence that monthly or more binge drinking prevalence had decreased during the follow-up time (84.9% at baseline, 64.3% at 47 months, P 0.001).An internet-based brief intervention directed at unhealthy alcohol use among young men does not appear to reduce drinking over the long-term.

Emerging adulthood is a period of life transition in which youths are no longer adolescents but have not yet reached full adulthood. Measuring emerging adulthood is crucial because of its association with psychopathology and risky behaviors such as substance use. Unfortunately the only validated scale for such measurement has a long format (Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood [IDEA]—31 items). This study aimed to test whether a shorter form yields satisfactory results without substantial loss of information among a sample of young Swiss men. Data from the longitudinal Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors were used (N = 5049). IDEA adulthood markers (e.g. parenthood or financial independence) and risk factors (i.e. substance use and mental health issues) were assessed. The results showed that an 8 item short form scale (IDEA 8) with four factors (experimentation negativity identity exploration and feeling in between) returned satisfactory results including good psychometric properties high convergence with the initial scale and strong empirical validity. This study was a step toward downsizing a measure of emerging adulthood. Indeed this 8 item short form is a good alternative to the 31 item long form and could be more convenient for surveys with constraints on questionnaire length. Moreover it should help health care practitioners in identifying at risk populations to prevent and treat risky behaviors.

Background and Aims Young adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show higher substance use disorder (SUD) prevalence relative to non‐ADHD controls; few longitudinal studies have examined the course of substance use with reference to conduct disorder (CD). We compared initiation and escalation of substance use at 15‐month follow‐up in men screened positive or negative for ADHD (ADHD+ versus ADHD–), controlling for CD presence in early adolescence. Design Participants were recruited during August 2010 and November 2011 from the census of all young men who have to pass mandatory army conscription from three of six Swiss Army recruitment centres. A two‐wave data collection was performed via questionnaires at baseline and 15‐month follow‐up as a part of the longitudinal Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Setting Recruitment centres in Lausanne, Windisch and Mels, responsible for 21 cantons in German‐ and French‐speaking areas of Switzerland. Participants Consecutive sample of 5103 male Swiss Army conscripts who provided informed consent and responded to questionnaires at baseline and 15‐month follow‐up. Their mean age was 20.0 (standard deviation = 1.21) years at baseline. Measurements ADHD and CD were assessed using the adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale and the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus, respectively, at baseline, and substance use was measured via self‐administered substance use questionnaires at baseline and follow‐up. Findings Compared with the ADHD– group, the ADHD+ group (n = 215, 4.2%) showed heavier baseline substance use and increased likelihood of alcohol (χ2 = 53.96; P

ISSUES: There have been reviews on the association between density of alcohol outlets and harm including studies published up to December 2008. Since then the number of publications has increased dramatically. The study reviews the more recent studies with regard to their utility to inform policy. APPROACH: A systematic review found more than 160 relevant studies (published between January 2009 and October 2014). The review focused on: (i) outlet density and assaultive or intimate partner violence; (ii) studies including individual level data; or (iii) 'natural experiments'. KEY FINDINGS: Despite overall evidence for an association between density and harm, there is little evidence on causal direction (i.e. whether demand leads to more supply or increased availability increases alcohol use and harm). When outlet types (e.g. bars, supermarkets) are analysed separately, studies are too methodologically diverse and partly contradictory to permit firm conclusions besides those pertaining to high outlet densities in areas such as entertainment districts. Outlet density commonly had little effect on individual-level alcohol use, and the few 'natural experiments' on restricting densities showed little or no effects. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although outlet densities are likely to be positively related to alcohol use and harm, few policy recommendations can be given as effects vary across study areas, outlet types and outlet cluster size. Future studies should examine in detail outlet types, compare different outcomes associated with different strengths of association with alcohol, analyse non-linear effects and compare different methodologies. Purely aggregate-level studies examining total outlet density only should be abandoned. [Gmel G, Holmes J, Studer J. Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2015].

The Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System scales (BIS/BAS scales) constitute one of the most prominent questionnaires to assess individual differences in sensitivity to punishment and reward. However, some studies questioned its validity, especially that of the French and German translations. The aim of the present study was to re‐evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the BIS/BAS scales in a large sample of French‐ and German‐speaking young Swiss men (N = 5872). Results showed that factor structures previously found in the literature did not meet the standards of fit. Nine items had to be removed to achieve adequate fit statistics in confirmatory factor analysis, yielding a shortened version with four factors: one BIS factor comprising five items and three BAS factors, namely Reward Reactivity, Drive and Fun Seeking, each comprising two items. Convergent validity and group invariance analyses suggest that the shortened BIS/BAS scales constitute a valid and reliable instrument. Researchers interested in assessing individual differences in BIS and BAS reactivity in French‐ and German‐speaking individuals should avoid using the BIS/BAS scales as originally specified. The shortened version may be a sound alternative at least in samples of young adults. Its shorter format may be particularly suited for surveys with constraints on questionnaire length. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND. So far few studies have focused on the last steps of drug-use trajectories. Heroin has been described as a final stage, but the non-medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPOs) is often associated with heroin use. There is, however, no consensus yet about which one precedes the other. AIMS. The objective of this study was to test which of these two substances was likely to be induced by the other using a prospective design. MATERIAL AND METHODS. We used data from the Swiss Longitudinal Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF) to assess exposure to heroin and NMUPO at two times points (N = 5,041). Cross-lagged panel models provided evidence regarding prospective pathways between heroin and NMUPOs. Power analyses provided evidence about significance and clinical relevance. RESULTS. Results showed that heroin use predicted later NMUPO use (? = 1.217, p < 0.001) and that the reverse pathway was non-significant (? = 0.240, p = .233). Heroin use seems to be an important determinant, causing a 150% risk increase for NMUPO use at follow-up, whereas NMUPO use at baseline increases the risk of heroin use at follow-up by a mere non-significant 20%. CONCLUSIONS. Thus, heroin users were more likely to move to NMUPOs than non-heroin users, whereas NMUPO users were not likely to move to heroin use. The pathway of substance use seemed to include first heroin use, then NMUPO use.

A prevalence survey of e-cig use

As a tool to improve the state of land use management in Turkey and to better mitigate earthquake risk inthe future, a microzonation project was initiated after the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The project had twocomponents (a) drafting a microzonation manual [1], (b) conducting pilot case studies in the selected tworegions affected by the 1999 Marmara earthquakes [2]. The main purpose of the study was to test anddemonstrate the applicability of the methodology proposed in the Seismic Microzonation Manual preparedfor the project. The major contributions of the study are the probabilistic assessment of the regionalearthquake hazard, interpretation of the microtremor records, and interpretation of the available geologicaland geotechnical data based on a grid approach. All the available data was transformed to GIS format andthe results are evaluated to obtain a microzonation with respect to site amplification, liquefactionsusceptibility and landslide hazard. An attempt will be made to summarize the results of the pilot studyconducted for the Gölcük region to give an overview of the proposed methodology.

Electronic cigarettes are increasingly popular in the USA where 11 16 of current smokers have ever used them. There are no published data on the prevalence of e cigarette use in Switzerland and in most European countries. The aims of this study are to assess the prevalence of e cigarette use in the C SURF sample and to describe variables associated with e cigarette use.

BACKGROUND: Interventions have been developed to reduce overestimations of substance use among others especially for alcohol and among students. Nevertheless there is a lack of knowledge on misperceptions of use for substances other than alcohol. We studied the prevalence of misperceptions of use for tobacco cannabis and alcohol and whether the perception of tobacco cannabis and alcohol use by others is associated with one's own use. METHODS: Participants (n=5216) in a cohort study from a census of 20 year old men (N=11819) estimated the prevalence of tobacco and cannabis use among peers of the same age and sex and the percentage of their peers drinking more alcohol than they did. Using the census data we determined whether participants overestimated accurately estimated or underestimated substance use by others. Regression models were used to compare substance use by those who overestimated or underestimated peer substance with those who accurately estimated peer use. Other variables included in the analyses were the presence of close friends with alcohol or other drug problems and family history of substance use. RESULTS: Tobacco use by others was overestimated by 46.1 and accurately estimated by 37.3 of participants. Cannabis use by others was overestimated by 21.8 and accurately estimated by 31.6 of participants. Alcohol use by others was overestimated by more than half (53.4) of participants and accurately estimated by 31.0. In multivariable models compared with participants who accurately estimated tobacco use by others those who overestimated it reported smoking more cigarettes per week (incidence rate ratio [IRR] [95 CI] 1.17 [range 1.05 1.32]). There was no difference in the number of cigarettes smoked per week between those underestimating and those accurately estimating tobacco use by others (IRR [95 CI] 0.99 [range 0.84 1.17]). Compared with participants accurately estimating cannabis use by others those who overestimated it reported more days of cannabis use per month (IRR [95 CI] 1.43 [range 1.21 1.70]) whereas those who underestimated it reported fewer days of cannabis use per month (IRR [95 CI] 0.62 [range 0.23 0.75]). Compared with participants accurately estimating alcohol use by others those who overestimated it reported consuming more drinks per week (IRR [95 CI] 1.57 [range 1.43 1.72]) whereas those who underestimated it reported consuming fewer drinks per week (IRR [95 CI] 0.41 [range 0.34 0.50]). CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of substance use by others are associated with one's own use. In particular overestimating use by others is frequent among young men and is associated with one's own greater consumption. This association is independent of the substance use environment indicating that even in the case of proximity to a heavy usage group perception of use by others may influence one's own use. If preventive interventions are to be based on normative feedback and their aim is to reduce overestimations of use by others then the prevalence of overestimation indicates that they may be of benefit to roughly half the population; or in the case of cannabis to as few as 20. Such interventions should take into account differing strengths of association across substances.

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Positive social interactions are crucial for human well-being. Elevated prenatal exposure to testosterone as indicated by a low second-to-fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D) relates to more aggressive/hostile behavior in men of low 2D:4D, especially in challenging situations. How much people enjoy interacting with others is determined by the personality trait sociability. Given its role in approach and avoidance behavior, sociability might also be influenced by prenatal sex hormones, but studies are inconclusive so far. Here, we investigated the association between 2D:4D and the personality trait sociability complemented by personal social capital and personal social network size, in a population-based cohort of 4998 men. Lower 2D:4D correlated significantly with higher trait sociability, bigger personal social capital, and larger personal social network size. These effects were consistent across both hands separately and their mean value. Furthermore, both factors of sociability (1) liking party and company of friends and (2) isolation intolerance, correlated significantly with the prenatal testosterone marker. The exploratory analysis revealed no link between 2D:4D and responses to the personality trait aggression items or items of anti-social-personality disorder. Our data suggest that prenatal androgen exposure organizes the brain with lasting effects on social behavior.