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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health burden, causing approximately 8.3 million deaths each year, and it is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a relative 5-year survival rate of around 18%. Due to the advanced stage of diagnosis in most patients, systemic treatment based on targeted therapy has become the only feasible option. Genomic studies have established a profile of molecular alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma with potentially actionable mutations, but these mutations have yet to be translated into clinical practice. The first targeted drug approved for systemic treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma was Sorafenib, which was a milestone. Subsequent clinical trials have identified multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Lenvatinib, Cabozantinib, and Regorafenib, for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, with survival benefits for the patient. Ongoing systemic therapy studies and trials include various immune-based combination therapies, with some early results showing promise and potential for new therapy plans. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma is complicated by the significant heterogeneity of the disease and its propensity for developing drug resistance. Therefore, it is essential to choose a better, individualized treatment plan to benefit patients. Preclinical models capable of preserving in vivo tumor characteristics are urgently needed to circumvent heterogeneity and overcome drug resistance. In this review, we summarize current approaches to targeted therapy for HCC patients and the establishment of several patient-derived preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and how to achieve personalized treatment with the continuous development of targeted therapies and bioengineering technologies.

This paper proposed to use cross wedge rolling (CWR) to manufacture sintered TC4 (S-TC4) titanium alloy blade preform prepared by powder metallurgy technology. The hot uniaxial compression tests, CWR experiments and numerical simulation were carried out to investigate the influence of forming parameters on microstructure evolution. The results showed that the pattern of stress-strain curve is typical featured of work hardening and dynamic softening, and the Arrhenius equation was determined to describe the high temperature flow behavior of the studied S-TC4 alloy. In regard to microstructure evolution, the volume fraction of alpha phase \({f}_{\alpha }\) increases and then decreases radially from inside to outside, and the lamellar alpha phase was equiaxialized by to the shear and torsion stress. And increasing the initial forming temperature T was not conducive to the preservation of the alpha phase, and both the volume fraction of alpha phase fα and average thickness of lamellar alpha phase lα are negatively correlated with the rolling speed n and area reduction \(\phi\). Moreover, the maximum initial forming temperature, rolling speed and area reduction are 940℃, 10r/min and 60%, respectively, in order to achieve the best match between strong plasticity and thermal.

Collagen forms a dermal matrix in the skin. Biosynthesis and decomposition of collagen are the major processes in skin aging. Propolis is rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which are known to be effective in preventing skin aging, including the enhancement of fibroblast proliferation, activation, and growth capacity.The aim of this study was to develop a poorly soluble propolis extract as an active ingredient in cosmetic products for anti-aging efficacy.Polymeric nanoparticles containing propolis extract, polyethylene glycol 400, and poloxamer 407 were prepared via a temperature-induced phase transition method. The particle size of the polymeric nanoparticles was approximately 20.75 nm. The results of an in vitro procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide assay and a matrix metalloproteinase-1 inhibition assay showed that the polymeric nanoparticles increased collagen production by 19.81%-24.59% compared to blank (p 0.05), and significantly reduced intracellular collagenase activity by 7.46%-31.52% compared to blank (p 0.05). In a clinical trial, polymeric nanoparticles in a cosmetic formulation were applied around the eyes of 24 female subjects for 8 weeks. Five skin parameters were significantly improved after the application of the test ampoule. Visual evaluation using the Global Photo Damage Score showed a significant reduction in wrinkles after the application of the test ampoules (p 0.001).This study outlines the development of stable polymeric nanoparticles containing poorly soluble propolis in a cosmetic formulation, and its efficacy in wrinkle improvement. The developed polymeric nanoparticles were effective for alleviating wrinkles and can be used for pharmaceutical applications that utilize propolis as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimycotic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiulcer, anticancer, and immunomodulatory agents.

Supplementary Material 1

Fig. S1. The phylogenetic tree of 621 seed plant of the alpine sub-nival belt from the Hengduan Mountains, with the information of plant colour (cryptic or not), plant height and mean elevation. Table S1 The results of the model selection based on MCMCglmm.

In the absence of pathogen attack, lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) in plants undergo spontaneous cell death and develop necrosis or apoptosis-like lesions on the leaves or sheath, resembling symptoms of hypersensitive response. In-depth research has been conducted on LMMs, especially regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying programmed cell death and disease resistance. In this study, the spotted leaf 36 (spl36) mutant was identified as a typical LMM, showing lesions on both the leaf blade and leaf sheath. The formation of lesions was found to be caused by cell death accompanied by accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and degradation of chloroplasts. Compared with wild-type, the main agronomic traits such as plant height, effective panicle number, panicle length, grain per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight of spl36 were significantly reduced. The defence and pathogenesis-related genes PR1a, PR1b, PR10, and NPR1, were transcriptionally activated in mutant spl36 without pathogen attack. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by the gene SPL36, which was mapped to an interval of 260 kb at the end of the long arm on chromosome 11. Pathogen inoculation analysis showed that spl36 has enhanced resistance to sheath blight, rice blast, and bacterial blight.

Allium jichouense X.G.Ma, H.Sun & D.Q.Huang, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Type: — CHINA, Sichuan: Jiulong County, Jichou Mountain, alpine screes, 4503 m, 29.31°N, 101.50°E, 19 August 2022, X.G. Ma et al. MXG22-46 (holotype KUN; isotype CDBI, KUN); the same locality, 7 August 2018, W.G. Sun et al. FSC-31 (paratype KUN) Description: —Bulbs solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, cylindric, 0.5–0.7 cm in diam., usually attached to a horizontal or oblique rhizome, rhizome 5.8–8.9 mm long; tunic dirty gray, or blackish brown to grayish brown, fibrous, inconspicuously subreticulate at base. Leaves 2 to 4; leaf sheaths not exposed above ground, 2.3–6.2 cm high; leaf blades broadly linear, usually falcate or curled, shorter than to nearly as long as scape, 1.5–3.8(–6.7) mm wide, flat, usually tinged with reddish-purple to dark purple, sometimes only at margins. Scape nodding distally, usually tinged with greenish reddish-purple, 6.5–7.6 cm high, terete, covered with leaf sheaths at base only. Spathe pale yellowishred to reddish-purple, 1-valved, deciduous or partly persistent, 1.4–1.5 cm long; beak very short, 0.3–0.5 mm long. Umbel usually 4–9 flowered. Pedicels subequal, 5.7–9.0 mm long, shorter than tepals, ebracteolate. Perianth pinkishblue, tepals with greenish-yellow or dark purple midvein; outer tepals narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic, 13.7–14.8 × 3.8–4.3 mm, apex obtuse; inner ones ovate-oblong, sometimes with irregularly remotely denticulate at margins, ca. 14.5 × 4.1–4.6 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments not exserted, reddish-purple, subequal, 3.6–6.8 mm long, 1/2–2/3 as long as tepals, connate and adnate to tepals for ca. 1 mm; outer ones subulate, rarely broadened at base; inner ones broadened at base (without teeth at margins), ca. 1.7 mm wide; anthers elliptical, pale brown, 2.0–2.2× 1.0– 1.2 mm. Ovary subglobose, with broad and concave nectaries, covered by short and hoodlike appendages at base, ca. 3.1 × 2.2 mm. Style slightly shorter than or subequal to ovary, non-exserted, ca. 2.8 mm high; stigma punctiform. Phenology: —Flowering from July to August. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the type locality Jichou Mt., a mountain range at the border between Jiulong County and Kangding City of Sichuan Province, China. Distribution, habitat, and ecology:— Allium jichouense is currently known from the type locality in Jiulong County and nearby Zimei pass of Gonggashan Township in Kangding County of Sichuan Province. Geographically, A. jichouense is sympatric with its closest relative A. sikkimense, as well as A. forrestii and A. changduense. It grows exclusively on alpine screes or gravelly slopes at higher elevations of 4,300 –4,500 m, and exhibits several morphological adaptations to the scree habitat, such as dwarf form, often falcate or curled leaves, commonly colored aboveground parts (including leaves, scape, spathe-valves and flowers), extended rhizomes and well-developed deep roots, demonstrating the well coevolution between scree plants and environment (Musarella et al. 2020)., Published as part of Huang, De-Qing, Sun, Hang & Ma, Xiang-Guang, 2022, Allium jichouense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species of the section Sikkimensia from southwestern China, pp. 115-128 in Phytotaxa 575 (2) on page 122, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7413164, {"references":["Musarella, C. M., Brullo, S. & del Galdo, G. G. (2020) Contribution to the orophilous cushion-like vegetation of central-southern and insular Greece. Plants 9 (12): 1678. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / plants 9121678"]}

Allium jichouense from Sichuan Province, southwestern China is described as a new species. It grows exclusively on alpine screes or gravelly slopes at higher altitudes of 4,300–4,500 m. Morphologically, it resembles A. sikkimense in bulb and floral features, but differs significantly in its falcate or curled, commonly reddish-purple pigmented leaves, scapes and spathe-valves. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the new species belongs to A. sect. Sikkimensia and is nested within different populations of A. sikkimense. The possible scenarios are discussed for the embedded phylogenetic relationship of A. jichouense within A. sikkimense. A detailed morphological description, illustrations and habit features of the new species are given.

4.2. Tulipa tschimganica Botschantz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 10 (1961). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Grown in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbek SSR from bulbs collected by Z.P. Botschantzeva in 1959 in the gorge in piedmonts of Greater Chimgan, on fine earth among stones, Botschantzeva 99 (holotype TASH 000526!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–3.5 cm thick; tunic papery, blackish-brown, the inner surface sparsely covered with long and straight, adpressed hairs, more densely at the apex and the base; stem 15–25 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent, covered with a glaucous ealily fading bloom; leaves 3–4, relatively approximate, falcately deflected, grooved, not curled (sometimes slightly undulate), more or less pubescent, at the early stages of flowering often exceeding the flower; basal leaf broadly lanceolate, up to 7.5 cm broad; flower solitary, cup-shaped or starshaped; perigone segments 5–7 cm long, red with a yellow basal blotch or yellow with red W-shaped blotches on the inside; outer segments narrowly to broadly lanceolate, attenuate at apex, in yellow-flowered form usually red on the back; inner segments oblong or narrowly ovate with a more or less rounded, often notched apex; stamens nearly half as long as the tepals; filaments thin, slightly dilated at the base and pointed below the anthers; anthers 2–4 times as long as the filaments, yellow with brown apex or brownish, gradually and slowly opening from apex to base, but not becoming twisted or strongly incurved; pollen yellow or brownish, ovary narrowing at the base; capsule 1.5–2.0 cm broad and up to 11 cm long, narrow conical, elongated at the top, with a long beak (up to 3.5 cm), yellow (Fig. 10B). General distribution:—Chatkal and Karzhantau ranges (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-b Western Chatkal region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–June (at least two weeks later than T. kaufmanniana); fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Gravelly and stony slopes, deep valleys that are later cleared of snow, in middle mountain zone, 1400–2300 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after Chimgan Mountains, a mountain massive located in the western spurs of Chatkal Range 80 km from Tashkent, from where this tulip has been discovered. Chimgan is a famous mountain resort and one of the most important botanical regions of Uzbekistan with rich flora and a significant number of rare and endemic species. Note:— Botschantzeva (1962), Raamsdonk et al. (1997), Pratov et al. (2006) and Zonneveld (2009) regarded T. tschimganica as a separate species of T. sect. Spiranthera. According to Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja (1971), this species is a hybrid of T. greigii and T. kaufmanniana. Zonneveld (2009) assumed that T. tschimganica may be the result of hybridization between T. dubia and T. kaufmanniana in the wild. According to Phillips & Rix (1981) and Christenhusz et al. (2013), this taxon takes an intermediate position between T. dubia and T. kaufmanniana and can be considered as a natural hybrid. Before, at previous publications Tojibaev (2010) and Tojibaev & Beshko (2014) regarded it as T. kaufmanniana subsp. tschimganica. According to J.J. de Groot’s communication, T. tschimganica under conditions of cultivation differs with large bulbs, notable bigger than bulbs of T. kaufmanniana and T. dubia. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan, Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range (grown in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of UzbekSSR from bulbs collected by Z.P. Botschantzeva in 1959, from the valley in piedmonts of Mt. Greater Chimgan, 1959, Botschantzev 99 (TASH!); Chatkal Biosphere Reserve, Bashkyzylsay plot, Petrasay, near stream, 22 June 2001, Mukhamedzhanova, Lynov, Chinov, Glavatskaya, Mamarakhimov, Tojibaev 16 (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 195-196, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1962) Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology (in Russian). English translation: Varekamp, H. Q. (1982) CRC Press, Rotterdam, Balkema, The Netherlands, 230 pp.","Van Raamsdonk, L. W. D., Eikelboom, W., De Vries, T. & Straathof, T. P. (1997) The systematics of the genus Tulipa L. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 430: 821 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 1997.430.131","Pratov, U. P., Sharipov, A. H., Ashurmetov, O. A. & Tojibaev, K. S (2006) Tulips of the Western Tian-Shan. Chinor ENK, Tashkent, 126 pp.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Vvedensky, A. I. & Kovalevskaja, S. S. (1971) Tulipa L. In: Vvedensky, A. I. (Ed.) Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae. Vol. 2. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 94 - 109.","Phillips, R. & Rix, M. (1981) The bulb book: A Photographic Guide to over 800 Hardy Bulbs. Pan Books, London, 192 pp.","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Tojibaev, K. S. & Beshko, N. (2014) Reassessment of diversity and analysis of distribution in Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan. Nordic journal of Botany 33: 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 00616"]}

1.1. Tulipa tubergeniana Hoog in Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 35: 358. (1904). Type:— Illustration in Supplement Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 35, 4 April 1904 [lectotype designated by Christenhusz et al. 2013: 315]. Description:—Bulb ovoid, 3–5 cm thick, tunic grayish brown or brownish, papery, on the inside thickly lined with very fine hairs and looks like a ball of cotton wool; stem (5) 15–30 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves (3)4, approximate, deflexed, undulate at margins, curled, glaucous, more or less pubescent, ciliate, exceeding the flower; basal leaf lanceolate, (l.5) 2–4 cm broad; flower solitary, red; perigone segments 2.5–10 cm long, gradually acuminate, with a white pubescent tip (longer on the outer tepals than on the inner ones), the basal blotch oblong, commonly acute, black with pale yellow margin; outer segments rhomboidal or deltoid, slightly broader than the obovate or oblong inner segments; stamens one-third the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, flattened and black; anthers blackish-purple, longer than the filaments; pollen yellow; ovary green, slightly shorter than stamens, commonly with a violet bloom, tapering towards the tip; stigma sessile, much broader than ovary, usually purple; capsule oblong with brownish stripes. General distribution:—South-Western Pamir-Alay (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-c Baysun region; I-6-d Kuhitang region; I-6- e Surkhan-Sherabad region), I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region), I-8 Panj district (I-8-a Babatag region). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Clayey and variegated gypsy slopes in foothills and lower mountain zone, rarely in middle mountain zone, 400–1600(1800) m. Etymology:—The species is named after famous Dutch gardener C. G. van Tubergen (1844–1919). Note:—This is one of the highly ornamental species of Tulipa sent to Europe from southern Uzbekistan in the early 19th Century. The history of the journey of this tulip from Uzbekistan to Europe is associated with the name of Austrian (or German) entomologist J. Haberhauer (1828–1902). According to available data (Wilford 2006), this tulip was among the species sent for van Tubergen from Bukhara by Haberhauer during his travels to Central Asia (1861–1862). The species has been described in Gardeners Chronicle (Hoog 1904) by J. Hoog who noted that «… the species was recommended an Award of Merit at a meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on May 17, when flowers were exhibited by C.G. van Tubergen, of Haarlem, Holland, to whom we are indebted for the species from which our illustration has been prepared». Wilford (2006) separated T. tubergeniana from T. ingens Hoog (1902: 14) as an accepted species. Zonneveld (2009) placed T. ingens as a synonym of T. tubergeniana. However, Christenhusz et al. (2013) treated T. tubergeniana as a synonym of T. ingens. These two species show significant differences in bulb morphology and ecological characteristics (Tojibaev & Beshko 2014) and should be treated separate as accepted species (Fig. 2A). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Hissar Range: south-east of Baysun, near the village Sary-Kamish, 2 April 1913, Michelson 400 (LE); outcrops of variegated slopes near the village Mirshade east of the town Baysun, 6 April 1928, Vvedensky s.n. (LE, MW); west of town Baysun, 10 May 1930, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); Buryu-Taxt, gypsum slopes south of Pitau, 13 May 1930, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); Buryu-Taxt, 19April 1941, Popova 225 (TASH!); near the village Darband, 24 April 2013, Turginov 965 (TASH!); Kuhitang Range: (eastern spurs of Kuhitang, 1.5 km to south-east from Kuhitang Range, 1800 m, 1 June 1965, Kayumov s.n. (TASH!); eastern spurs of Kuhitang, 5 km to north-east from village Pashkhurt, 900 m, 2 April 1965, Kayumov s.n. (TASH!); Sherabad Valley, slopes to the station Lyaylyakan, 11 March 1913, Michelson 62 (LE); Surkhan Nature Reserve, upper part of the valley Kuyukdara, southern stony slope of Boglidara, 20 April 2006, Ibragimov 0179 (TASH!); Surkhan-Sherabad region, surroundings of Sherabad post station, 19 March 1906, Rozhevitz 65 (LE); Hissar range (basin of the river Tupalang, slopes of foothills between Kufar and Sary-Dzhou, 905 m, 29 April 1948, Chevrenidi 297, 315 (TASH!); basin of the river Tupalang, southern slopes near the village Gissarak, 28 April 1948, Bondarenko 227 (TASH!); Babatag range: (Khodzha-Kulsin, rocky slopes, 27 April 1940, Bukasov 106 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 166-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press (OR), Portland, 212 pp.","Hoog, J. (1904) Gardeners' Chronicle Vol. 35. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Applied Subjects, London, 412 pp.","Hoog, J. (1902) Some new species of Tulips from Bokhara and Trans-caspia. Gardeners' Chronicle 31: 350 - 351.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Tojibaev, K. S. & Beshko, N. (2014) Reassessment of diversity and analysis of distribution in Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan. Nordic journal of Botany 33: 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 00616"]}

2.5. Tulipa ferganica Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 148 (1935). Type:— KYRGYZSTAN. Grown in the experimental plot of the Botanical Garden of Central Asian University from bulbs brought by Z.P. Botschantzeva from upper reaches of the river Kugart, above the confluence with Aubek, 23 August 1933, Vvedensky 592 (holotype TASH000508!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–3.0 cm thick; tunic black to black-brown, tough coriaceous, inside densely adpressed lanate-hairy at the base and at apex; stem (5) 10–40 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3–4(5), commonly spreading, approximate, rarely scattered, more or less pubescent, ciliate, more or less curled, rather rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, not exceeding the flower; basal leaf lanceolate or oblong, 1.5–4.0 cm broad; flowers 1(2), initially cup-shaped, opening to a wide star; perigone segments 2.5–5.0(6.5) cm long, yellow, violet or red tinged on the outside (especially outer tepals); outer segments oblong to oblong-rhomboidal, gradually acuminate or acute with a pubescent tip; inner segments oblong, acuminate with a slightly pubescent or glabrous tip; stamens two or three times shorter than the perigone; filaments glabrous, bright yellow; anthers bright yellow, oblong, dilated at the base, slightly longer than filaments; ovary yellowish green, slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma; capsule 1.5–2.0 cm broad, 2.5–4.0 cm long (Fig. 5C). General distribution:—Fergana, Chatkal and Alay Ranges (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-2 Fergana district (I-2-a South Chatkal region), I-3 Fergana-Alay district (I-3-b Eastern Alay region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Fine earth, gravelly and stony slopes in lower and middle mountain zone, rarely in foothills, 700–3000 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The bulbs of this species have been collected by Z.P. Botschantzeva from the upper reaches of the river Kugart on the Fergana Range, one of the huge mountain ranges surrounding the Fergana Valley. Perhaps, Vvedensky named the species Tulipa ferganica for this reason. Note:—According to J.J. de Groot’s communication, based on long-term observations in his living collection, at least two forms of T. ferganica Vvedensky (1935: 148) can be distinguished: 1) early flowering plants of relatively stocky habit that have been collected from the western part of the species range (Naryn, Osh); 2) late flowering and relatively tall plants from the eastern areas (Kugart). Thus, T. ferganica may be a group of very similar species, and further comparative studies are required. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Fergana district, South Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Namangan Province, Yangikurgan district, the village Paraman, Ungortepa, 28 April 2011, Karimov, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Yangikurgan district, the village Paraman, Ungortepa, 18 May 2011, Karimov, Turgunov s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Yangikurgan district, the village Paraman, village Ungor, 24 May 2015, Tojibaev, Karimov, Naralieva, Ibrokhimova s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Yangikurgan district, the village Paraman, piedmonts of Mt. Ungortepa, 24 May 2015, Tojibaev, Naralieva, Karimov 240520156 (TASH!); Namangan Province, Yangikurgan district, the village Paraman, Ungortepa, 24 May 2015, Tojibaev, Karimov s.n. (TASH!); Fergana-Alay district, Eastern Alay region, Alay Range, Fergana Province, Andizhan district, the tract Kampyr-Ravat, mountain slopes on the right bank of Karadarya, 27 March 1926, Gomolitsky 18, 25 (TASH!); basin of the river Kara-Kazyk, surroundings of the resort Shakhimardan, Mt. Izbasar, 26 April 1934, Bukasov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the village Shakhimardan, 20 May 1936, Khrzhanowsky, Tomilova s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the village Shakhimardan, 5 June 1947, Shafeev s. n (TASH!); Fergana Valley, southern part, surroundings of the town Fergana, 21 April 1959, Khalikov 59 (TASH!); Uzbek SSR, basin of the river Koksu (Shakhimardan), hike from Iordan to the juniper zone, juniper forest, ca. 2300 m, 09.05.1979, Kamelin 3 (LE); Fergana Province, Fergana district, village Shakhimardan, river Aksu, 19 May 2011, Karimov s.n. (TASH!); Fergana Province, Fergana district, village Iordan, 6 June 2011, Karimov, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Andijan Province, Andijan district, the hills Bogishamol, south-eastern gravelly slope, 21 April 2012, Ibrokhimova, Naralieva 1 (TASH!); Andijan district, the hills Bogishamol, recreation area Bogishamol, 22 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Karimov, Dekhkanov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 181-182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364."]}

2.7.2. Tulipa intermedia var. korolkowioides Tojibaev & J.de Groot in Nordic J. Bot. 32(5): 549. (2014). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Ferghana Depression: Kurama Mt Range, Pap-Chust foothills, vicinities of Muruldi and Kandisai villages, Artemisia steppe, 30 March 2013, K. Tojibaev 161 (TASH000512!). Description:—Flowers are reddish-orange or light red, with black or dark brown blotch. Filaments bicoloured: pale brownish in the basal part and red or reddish in the upper part (Fig. 3). The colour of the filaments is mostly the same as the basal blotch. The flowers of this variety are similar to flowers of T. korolkowii, but smaller and reddish-orange or light red (the flowers of T. korolkowii are darker, bright red or crimson)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

1.6. Tulipa fosteriana W.Irving in Gard. Chron., Ser. 3, 39: 322. (1906). Type:—figure 130 in Gard. Chron. Ser. 3, 39: 323. (1906) (holotype). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–5 cm thick; tunic blackish-brown, coriaceous, inside densely covered with long silky hairs, especially at the base and at the top; stem 15–35(50) cm long, robust, glabrous, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3–4(6), large, deflexed, scattered, slightly undulate, glaucous or green, pubescent, ciliate at margins, not exceeding the flower; lower leaf oblong to elliptic, 3–15 cm broad, situated on the soil level; upper leaves progressively decreasing in size; flower solitary, large, widely cup-shaped; perigone segments bright red, 4.5–12.5 cm long, commonly obtuse with a very short pubescent tip; the basal blotch usually 3-pointed, sharp or blurred, black, dirty violet or olive-coloured, more or less widely margined with yellow (rarely without yellow margin), sometimes yellow throughout; outer segments oblong-elliptic to oblong; inner segments obovate to oblong; stamens one third to two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black, sometimes yellow; anthers violet, twice the length of the filaments; pollen purple-brown or yellow; ovary green, slightly shorter than anthers, with sessile stigma; capsule 2.5–3.0 cm broad, 5–7 cm long. General distribution:—Western Pamir-Alay (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan), Afghanistan (probably, introduced). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-5 Kuhistan district (I-5-c Urgut region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Clayey, stony and gravelly slopes, rock ledges in middle mountain zone, 1500–2600 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species was named after Prof. M. Foster, who gardened at Shelford, near Cambridge (Wilford 2006). Note:—It is one of the most beautiful tulip species introduced in Europe from Uzbekistan. Austrian (or German) entomologist J. Haberhauer collected bulbs of this species from the Emirate of Bukhara (the exact location is unknown) during the Central Asian expedition of 1861–1862 and sent these bulbs to the famous European gardener C.G. van Tubergen. 26 May 1906, after several decades of cultivation in Europe, Irwing (1906) described this species in Garden`s Chronicle. However, the scientific name T. fosteriana has been used for the first time one year before, in 1905, when this plant won an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticulture Society. Irwing predicted a great prospect of this tulip in ornamental gardening and noted in Garden`s Chronicle that «the flowers are of very large size, and of a rich, intense, glowing, crimson colour, with a darker blotch at the base of the segments; of robust habit, and as easily grown as many of the other brilliant species from this part of Eastern Turkestan, T. fosteriana will probably become a favorite plant when more common» (Fig. 3C). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Kuhistan district, Urgut region, Zarafshan Range, Samarkand Mts., near the pass Takhta-Karacha, 16 April 1915, Popov 133 (TASH!); near the pass Takhta-Karacha, 14 May 1916, Popov 707 (TASH!); Samarkand Mts., near Agalyk, 8 April 1925, Repnikov s.n. (TASH!); Samarkand Province, near the village Alla-Irishan, granite mountains, 10 May 1925, Popov 120, 125, 134 (TASH!); Samarkand Province, near the village Sazagan, under the pass Urtabel, 14 May 1925, Popov 226 (TASH!); surroundings of Samarkand, Urgut, 5 April 1930, Merkulowich s.n. (SAM); Amankutan, Yulsay, on stony slope, 6 April 1931, Nikanorov 3 (TASH!); Amankutan, watershed between Yulsay and Khodzhisay, 9 May 1931, Nikanorov s.n. (TASH!); Samarkand Mts., surroundings of the village Aksay, upper reaches of the river Aksay, fine earth slopes, 7 May 1931, Butkov 42 (TASH!); Samarkand Mts., surroundings of the village Aksay, among rocks in the upper reaches of the river Aksay, 15–20 May 1931, Butkov 218 (TASH!); Uzbekistania, inter rupes solo argilloso sub cacumine Aktag in montibus Samarkandicis, 20 May 1931, Butkov s.n. (MW); Amankutan forestry, 24 June 1935, Negmatov s.n. (SAM); pass Kamangaran, north slope, 29 June 1935, Smirnova s.n. (SAM); surroundings of Urgut, wet meadow near snow, below the top of Mts. Saryk-tau, 2 May 1936, Gnezdillo 33 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Urgut, the ravine of the river Saylyk, eastern slope, 2 May 1936, Gnezdillo 26 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Urgut, the top of Mt. Kara-kurgan, 3 May 1936, Gnezdillo 47 (TASH!); Mt. Kuhi-Surkh, the gorge Dzhan-kara, wet meadow among rocks near the springs, near the village Ishan, 17 May 1936, Gnezdillo 64 (TASH!); mountains Kyr-tau, Mt. Kuhi-Surkh, on sceleton soil in the gorge Baltydivana, 19 May 1937, Gnezdillo 58 (TASH!); Sangi-dzhuman, eastern slope, 27 May 1937, Fayziev s.n. (TASH, SAM); spurs of Zeravshan Range, mountains Kyr-tau, south-east of the village Kudya-Dag, near the pass, 2 July 1937, Granitov, Dolgikh 321 (TASH!); Urgut, April 1940, Popov, Zakirov s.n. (SAM); surroundings of Urgut, upper mountain zone, July 1952, Khalmatov 52 (TASH!); surroundings of Samarkand, Amankutan, 10 May 1940, Chugaeva s.n. (TASH, SAM); Amankutan, 6 April 1947, Proskoriakov s.n. (SAM); Amankutan forestry, 28 April 1965, Pryakhin s.n. (TASH!); above the pass Takhta-Karacha, limestones, 3 June 1986, Kazakbaev, Levichev 45 (TASH!); watershed of the Zeravshan Range, ca. 2 km west of the pass Takhta-Karacha, 1878 m, 2 May 2017, Shomurodov, Beshko, Kodyrov s.n. (TASH!); mountains Aktash, village Kaynar, Kaynarsay, 1700–1750 m, Kodyrov, Juramurodov, Makhmudzhanov s.n. (TASH!); above the pass Takhta-Karaca, limestones, 14 April 2018, Kodyrov s.n. (TASH!); mountains Kurgantau, Sevazsay, north slope, 1250–1300 m, 14 April 2018, Kodyrov, Juramurodov, Makhmudjanov U 062 (TASH!); southern slope of the Zeravshan Range, upper reaches of the river Kashkadarya above the village Khazrat-Bashir, 21 June 2018, Tojibaev, Beshko, Kodyrov s.n. (TASH!); above the village Saygus, 12 April 2019, Kodyrov 20191204001 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Tersak, Kyzylbel, north slope, 1871 m, 23 April 2019, Kodyrov 20190423012 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 172, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press (OR), Portland, 212 pp."]}

2.9. Tulipa hissarica Popov & Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 149. (1935). Type:— TAJIKISTAN. Hissar Mountains, pass Mura, 14 April 1915, Popov 10634 (holotype TASH!). Description:—Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1.0–1.5(2.0) cm thick; tunic brown or grayish, papery, prolonged, inside at the top lined with adpressed hairs; stem 4–12 cm long, glabrous, bluish-green, hidden in the rosette of leaves at the beginning of flowering and later elongating; leaves (2–3)4–5, approximate, nearly verticillate, exceeding the flower, spreading, curled, glabrous, smooth or slightly ciliate at margins, linear or almost lorate, 0.5–1.0(2.0) cm broad; flower solitary, star-shaped, with a pleasant saffron-like scent; perigone segments yellowish, without basal blotch, 2–3 cm long, acute, glabrous; outer segments lanceolate, greenish and violet-tinged on the back, two-thirds as broad as and slightly longer than the inner segments, the edges of the upper half often notched; inner segments oblong, often obtuse, gradually tapering to the base and sometimes notched at edges; stamens one and a half to two times shorter than the perigone; filaments glabrous, yellow, tapering from the base to the apex; anthers yellow or orange, linear-oblong, up to 9 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, green, with a very long style; stigma light yellow; capsule straw-coloured or purplish, cylindrical with purple-tinged ribs. General distribution:—Hissar Range (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region). Phenology:—Flowering: May–June, fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Stony slopes in middle and upper mountain zone, 1300–3500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species took its name from the Hissar Range (Pamir-Alay), from which this tulip is known. Note:—This species (as well as the next species, Tulipa korshinskyi), is widespread mainly in Tajikistan and known only from solitary locations on the highlands of Hissar Range, near the border with Uzbekistan. Previously, this tulip has been reported as endemic to Tajikistan (Vvedensky 1963, Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja 1971). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Hissar-Darvaz, Sangardak-Tupalang region, Hissar Range, Obi-Zarang river basin, juniper forest, 19 May 1948, Bondarenko 617 (TASH!); Obi-Zarang river basin, surroundings of Aspi-Rectan, 21 May 1948, Chevrenidi 660 (TASH!); Bukhara, Gissar, Gissar range, Khshir pass, 6 June 1896, Lipsky s.n. (LE); Bukhara, Gissar, upper reaches of the river. Zarchob, 30 June 1896, Lipsky s.n. (LE).

5.8. Tulipa orithyioides Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21. 150 (1935). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Tschulbair, 30 June 1929, Vvedensky 423 (holotype TASH000514!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, (1.0)1.5–2.0 cm thick; tunic almost papery, brownish-gray, with arachnoid hairs which protrude at the apex; stem 7–10 cm long, glabrous; leaves 2(3), approximate to subopposite, spreading, curled, glabrous, smooth, significantly exceeding the flower; lower leaf linear-lanceolate, broader, 1.0– 1.5 cm broad; flower solitary, star-shaped; perigone segments white, yellow at base, 18–24 mm long, acute; outer segments dingy violet outside, lanceolate, glabrous; inner segments gradually narrowed into a claw, oblanceolate, ciliate at base, slightly shorter; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments yellow, hairy at the base, long-ciliate below; anthers greyish-yellow, linear-oblong, 5–6 mm long, with a very short cusp; ovary as long as stamens, with a very long style; capsule oblong, ca. 1.5 cm broad, 2–3 cm long, long-beaked. General distribution:—Hissar Range (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (II-6-c Baysun region), I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region). Phenology:—Flowering: June; fruiting: July. Ecology:—Gravelly and stony slopes, in middle and upper mountain zone, 1800–3000 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Species epithet “ orithyioides ” means “similar to Orithyia ”. Wilford (2006) noted that the name of this species, described by Vvedensky in 1935, is connected with its very long style which is one of the features of the section Orithyia. Note:— Vvedensky (1935) placed T. orithyioides in T. sect. Eriostemones. The species is similar to T. turkestanica but differs from its dwarf habitat and crisp leaves (Everett et al. 2013). Wilford’s (2006) and Everett`s (2013) indications of the growing of this species in the Zarafshan ridge is not true. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Surkhandarya, Hissar Range, River basin Obi-zarang, on the way from the village Samarkand to the upper reaches of the river Obi-zarang, 21 May 1948, S.Kh. Chevrenidi 678 (TASH!); Baysun, Khodzha-Gurgurata mountains, Chakmoksay, 25 June 2012, O. Turginov s.n. (TASH!); About 35 km to the northwest from the city of Denau, 5-10 km upstream of Sina, Eastern macroslope of the Chulbair Mountains, The upper reaches of the river Obidara, 18 June 1979, I.I. Rusanovich s.n. (MW); Surkhandarya region Denauvsky district, Chulbair mountains above the Sina resort, subalpine belt, 25 May1961, M.I. Vlasov s.n. (TASH!); Hissar Range, Chulbair, watershed between the rivers, Sina and Malyangur, in juniper forests among thickets of Ungernia victoris, 27 May 1960, Korotkova 8139 (TASH!). The species of the section in the study area are widespread across different habitats (mainly in plains – T. sogdiana, T. buhseana and T. biflora; in middle mountains – T. bifloriformis, T. turkestanica; in alpines – T. dasystemon, T. dasystemonoides, T. orithyioides) (Fig. 13). The decreasing of the populations can be observed with T. sogdiana due to irregular pasture in Kyzyl-Kum deserts. Appearance of new locations of T. buhseana in the west of the area (Karakalpakstan) is explained by the geobotanical investigations by the scientists of the Institute of Botany (https:// botany.uz/en/geobotanika_laboratoriyasi/)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 208-209, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press (OR), Portland, 212 pp.","Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364.","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

3.3. Tulipa micheliana Hoog in Gard. Chron. III, 31: 350. (1902). Type:—figure 120, Gard. Chron. Ser.3, 31: 353 (1902) [lectotype designated by Wilford, 2013: 63]. Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–3 cm thick; tunic coriaceous, blackish-brown, often prolonged, the inner surface hairy, more densely at the apex and at base; stem 15–40 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 4 or 5, deflexed, more or less scattered, glaucous, with violet often interrupted stripes or without stripes, more or less pubescent, ciliate, undulate, gradually decreasing in size up the stem, usually not exceeding the flower; basal leaf linear-lanceolate to oblong, 2–6 cm broad; flower solitary; perigone segments red to crimson-red, equal or the outer slightly longer, 2.5–10 cm long, rather abruptly acuminate to a pubescent tip, with a narrow triangular, long, acute or 3- pointed, yellow-margined (rarely without yellow margin) black blotch, 1/3–1/2 the length of the tepal; outer segments slightly pubescent on the black, broadly rhomboidal to oblong-rhomboidal, rarely oblong-lanceolate; inner segments obtriangular or oblong, rarely oblong-lanceolate; stamens one third to two-fifths the length of perigone segments; filaments glabrous, black, at the base yellowish or red, flattened, triangular; anthers commonly violet, twice the length of filaments; pollen yellow; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, green, with sessile stigma; capsule cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 cm broad, 3–6 cm long, greenish-buff. General distribution:—Pamir-Alay, Kopetdag (Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region; I-4-c Nuratau Relict Mountains), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-5-a North Turkestan region; I-5-a Malguzar region; I-5-d Zirabulak-Ziadin region), I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-a Kashkadarya region; I-6-c Baysun region; I-6-b Tarkapchigay region; I-6-d Kuhitang region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Piedmont plains, clayely and stony slopes in foothills, lower and middle mountain zone, 350–1800 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after M. Micheli (1844–1902), a Swiss botanist. Note:—The species was described in 1902 by T. Hoog on specimens collected in 1900 by German botanist P. Sintenis near Ashkhabad (Turkmenistan). Wilford (2013) treated this tulip as Tulipa undulatifolia var. micheliana (Hoog) Wilford. According to J.J. de Groot’s communication, T. micheliana from the Kopet-Dag and Northern Iran have a lower amount of DNA than the plants from South-Western Pamir-Alay. It shows that under the name of T. micheliana may be a group of very similar species, and further comparative studies are required. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Nuratau district, Nuratau region, Nuratau Range, surroundings of Kyzylcha, 10April 1951, Novikova s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylcha, piedmont plains, 10April 1951, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); mountain Zargar, 2 km NE of the village Urtasay, on the western gravelly slope, 1400 m, 11 May 1957, Momotov, Li 234 (TASH!); valley 1 km to west from Kyzylcha, 11 April 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); northern slopes of Nuratau, Alaysay, 11 April 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); northern slopes, valley 2.5 km south-east of Kyzylcha, 21 April 1958, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); northern slopes, Gachasay, 26 April 1958, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); mountain slopes to north from Kyzylcha, 22 April 1961, Bondarenko, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); piedmonts of Nuratau Range, lower reaches of valley Ukhumsay, 14 April 1994, Beshko 94001, 94002 (Herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); western part of the Nuratau Rage, northern slope, Pistalisay, 630 m, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); central part of Nuratau Range, Sobsay, 1150 m, 9 May 2013, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); piedmonts of Nuratau Range, between villages Egiz-Bulak and Karatash, 495 m, 25 March 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Aktau region, Aktau Range, Bachiltau, lower part of slopes, 800 m, 10 May 2013, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Karatau Range, Karakarga pass, 24 April 1987, Pimenov, Vassiljeva 49 (TASH!); surroundings of Karakarga pass, 730 m, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Kokchatau Relic Mountains, Kokchatau, gravelly-clayey slopes, 23April 1955, Momotov, Li 24 (TASH!); northern slopes of Kokchatau, surroundings of Tashkak well, 12 April 1964, Adylov, Shoraimov 2308 (TASH!); Kokchatau, 23 March 1958, Adylov, Shoraimov 670 (TASH!); western spurs of Kokchatau, 450 m, 22 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); southern slopes of Kokchatau, 425 m, 22 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Relic Mountains, Uchkulach, 4 April 2012, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); eastern part of Pistalitau, 6 April 2012, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Balyklytau, 6 April 2012, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); central part of Pistalitau, 18 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Egarbelistag, upper part of slopes, 560 m, 3 May 2013, Tojibaev, Beshko, Batashov, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkestan Range, Gololdnaya Steppe, between stations Shabsky and Chernyaevo, 1 April 1911, Dimo, Sprygin, Shulga 340 (LE); Gololdnaya Steppe, between villages Yam and Khavast, 22 April 1957, Butkov, Maylun 62 (TASH!); foothills, 3.5 km from the village Iskandar, on the way to Khavast, 28 April 1958, Butkov s.n. (TASH!), Maylun 272 (TASH!); 4 km to south-east from railway station Ursatevskaya, 2 April 1958, Butkov 635 (TASH!); Malguzar region, Malguzar Range, mountains Aktash, south-western slope near the village Sadyr-Vakas, 4 May 1931, Kasimenko 1479 (TASH!); Urgut region, Zerafshan Range, surroundings of Chupanata, 18 April 1930, Merkulovich s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Amankutan, 23 April 1957, Vvedensky, Kovalevskaja, Tscherneva 176 (TASH!); on the way to the pass Takhta-Karacha, 24 April 1958, Vvedensky, Kovalevskaja, Tscherneva 378 (TASH!); Zirabulak-Ziadin region, mountains Malik, 13 April 1913, Sprygin 67 (TASH!); low mountains of the left bank of the river Zeravshan, mountains Karatag, 24 April 1937, Evstafiev, 58, 60 (TASH!); Western Hissar district, Kashkadarya region, Hissar Range, surroundings of Ishkent, southern slopes, 1200 m, 2 May 1942, Arnoldi s.n. (TASH!); Baysun region, Hissar Range, between Baysun and Denau, Khodzha-Ipak, among wheat crops, 20 May 1930, Botschantzev, Vvedensky 297 (TASH!); Khodzha-Ipak, 14 April 1935, Botschantzev 59 (TASH!); Baysuntau, surroundings of the village Avlod, June, 1967, Dzhumaev s.n. (TASH!); Baysuntau, surroundings of the village Avlod, 5 June 1971, Dzhumaev s.n. (TASH!); Tarkapchigay region, Hissar Range, mountains Toychi, 15 April 1928, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); low mountains south-east of Guzar, limestone slopes of Nagarakhana, 4 May 1935, Lepeshkin 23, 26 (TASH!); low mountains south-east of Guzar, limestone slopes of Belesy-Ipak, Toshbulak spring, 22 April 1935, Gnezdillo 58 (TASH!); mountains to the north of the village Kyzylcha, 22 April 1961, Bondarenko, Butkov 34 (TASH!); surroundings of Dekhkanabad, Kansay, 17 April 2008, Maltzev s.n. (TASH!); Kuhitang region, Sherabad Valley, 1.5 km to south-east from Kuhitang Range, 1800 m, 1 June 1965, Kayumov s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Sherabad, 1.5 SE of the mountain Beshkyz, Susyztau, 700 m, 2 April 1965, Kayumov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 189-190, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Wilford, R. (2013) 756. Tulipa undulatifolia var. micheliana. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 30: 56 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / curt. 12017"]}

2.6. Tulipa scharipovii Tojibaev in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 41(2): 1063. (2009). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Tian-Shan Occidentalis, montes Kuramensis, prope pagum Uygursay, 20 March 2009, Tojibaev sn. (holotype TASH000522!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 3.0–3.5 сm long and 2.0– 2.5 cm wide; tunic coriaceous, black-brown to dark brown, not prolonged, inside densely hairy, especially at the top; plants of relatively slender habit; stem thin, glabrous (10) 15–20 cm long; leaves 3, nearly verticillate, deflexed and usually lying on the soil surface, 7–10 сm long, do not exceeding the flower, glabrous, narrow lanceolate, more or less curled, undulate at margins; basal leaf 0.5–1.0 сm wide; flower solitary, 2.5–3.0 cm long, yellow, pendulous in the bud, initially cup-shaped, opening to a wide star, perigone segments without blotch, elliptic or oblong, at the apex obtuse or sinuate, after anthesis turn brownish at the top; stamen 9–10 mm long, 2.0–2.5 times shorter than perigone; filaments yellow, glabrous, narrow triangular (dilated at the base); anthers yellow, as long as filaments; ovary greenish, longer than stamen (Fig. 6A). General distribution:—Endemic to the northern foothills of the Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 the Western Tian- Shan district (I-1-e Chorkesar region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Slightly saline loess soils, sometimes gravelly and stony slopes of foothills, 500–900 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after Uzbek tulip expert, A. Scharipov, who devoted all his scientific activity to the study of Central Asian tulips in the Tashkent Botanical Garden. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Chorkesar region, Kurama Range, prope pagum Uygursay, 20 March 2009, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Fergana Valley, above the village Uygursay, before turn to the village Akhcha, loessial foothills, 22 March 2009 Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); the lower reaches of the river Chadaksay, left bank, loessial foothills, tract Chap, 12 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); 5 km east of the road Khanabad–Chorkesar, tract Chap, 18 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Dekhkanov, Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); road between Khanabad and Chust, loessial saline slopes, 19 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Dekhkanov, Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); loess foothills near the village Akhcha, between Akhcha and Uygursay, 20 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Dekhkanov, Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 182-183, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

2.3. Tulipa korolkowii Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 295. (1875). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Habitat in solo lutoso in desertis inter Turkestaniam et Khiwam prope Farisch, Korolkow et Krause s.n. (holotype LE!). Description:—Bulb elongate-ovoid, 1.5–2.0 cm thick; tunic tough, coriaceous, almost scaly, black, prolonged (sometimes considerably), inside at the top lanate-hairy; stem up to 10–20 cm long (sometimes flowers almost sessile), the stem and peduncle glabrous, blue-greenish; leaves 3, approximate to more or less widely spaced, glaucous, curled, grooved, progressively decreasing in size up the stem, commonly exceeding the flower; lower leaf linear-lanceolate or strap-shaped, 0.5–1.0 cm broad, upper leaf narrowly linear; flower solitary, cup-shaped to star-shaped; usually red, sometimes yellow-red or yellow, (2)3–5(6) cm long, commonly obtuse, sometimes with a very short pubescent tip, with a small black blotch without yellow margin obtuse, truncate or three-pointed basal blotch (or without blotch in yellow form); outer segments rhomboidal or obovate; inner segments obovate to triangular-obovate; stamens two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments commonly black in the lower part and purple in the upper part, sometimes entirely black or purple (black, black-yellow or yellow in the motley and yellow form); anthers yellow, one half to two-thirds as long as filaments; pollen commonly yellow; ovary greenish or pinkish, one and a half times shorter than the stamens, stigma sessile, overlapping the ovary, pale yellow; capsule 2 cm long, ovate, with a short beak. General distribution:—Western Pamir-Alay, South-western Tian-Shan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-d Kurama region; I-1-f Tashkent region), I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region; I-4-c Nuratau Relic Mountains), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-5-a North Turkestan region; I-5-b Malguzar region; I-5-d Zirabulak-Ziadin region; I-5-c Urgut region), I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-a Kashkadarya region; I-6-b Tarkapchigay region; I-6-c Baysun region; I-6-d Kuhitang region; I-6-e Surkhan-Sherabad region). I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region), I-8 Panj district (I-8-a Babatag region), II-3 Kyzylkum district (II-3-a Kyzylkum region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April (depending on elevation); fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Gravelly and stony slopes, rocks, outcrops of variegated beds, from piedmonts up to subalpine zone, 400–2200 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after N. Korolkow (1843–1933)—general of the Russian army, the author of scientific works on beekeeping and etymology, and naturalist-amateur who studied the flora and fauna of Central Asia. He was the initiator and leader of the establishement of forest plantations on the slopes of the Zeravshan Range (Amankutan forestry). According to some sources, he invented and applied the terracing method in forestry. In city of New Margilan (Fergana Valley), thousands of garden roses and paulownia grew in his garden, which struck his British guest, L. Denmore in 1893. E. Regel described this species in 1875 on the material collected by Korolkow and Krause near town of Farish (Nuratau Range, Uzbekistan) (Fig. 5B). Note:—Two more taxa related to T. korolkowii Regel (1875: 295) have been described from Central Asia, and their taxonomical status is a subject of discussion. They are T. rosea Vvedensky (1935: 343) which grows in north Tajikistan (in the western part of Fergana Valley), and T. nitida Hoog (1902: 350) widespread in Western Pamir-Alay and South-Western Tian-Shan (in the same areas as T. korolkowii). In the «Flora of USSR» (1935) and «Flora of Uzbekistan » (1941), Vvedensky gave T. korolkowii, T. nitida and T. rosea as three geographically separated species, and reported the first of them for foothills of South-Western Tian-Shan and Northern Pamir-Alay, the second species – for Western and South-Western Pamir-Alay, and the third species – for the western part of Fergana Valley. However, he noted that the morphological differences between T. korolkowii (leaves exceeding the flower, smaller flower, black filaments, greenish ovary) and T. nitida (strongly curled leaves not exceeding the flower, larger flower pendulous in the bud, black or pink filaments, pinkish ovary) are unclear and the separation of these two species is artificial. Later, in “Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae” (1971), T. nitida has been treated by Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja as a synonym of T. korolkowii. Based on the results of flow cytometry, Zonneveld (2009) regarded T. korolkowii and T. nitida as two distinct species and T. rosea as T. korolkowii f. rosea (Vvedensky) Zonneveld (2009: 244). Christenhusz et al. (2013) considered T. nitida and T. rosea as synonyms of T. korolkowii. According to J.J. de Groot’s personal communication, in the same conditions ex-situ, T. nitida and T. korolkowii f. rosea bloom earlier than T. korolkowii. Concerning T. korolkowii and T. nitida, our long-term surveys in natural habitats and observations in ex situ living collection of TASH and Tashkent Botanical Garden showed that such characters as more or less curled leaves, the length of stem, leaves, and tepals are variable depending on habitat and climatic conditions. Dwarf plants with strongly curled approximate leaves exceeding almost sessile flower occur on open dry stony places, while the plants growing on fine soils in relatively humid and shady places usually are more or less tall, with slightly undulate leaves not exceeding the flower. As for colour of filaments and ovary, plants with black, purple, and bicolour black-purple filaments as well as greenish and pinkish ovary can be found in the same population. As regards tulip with pink or crimson flowers which has been treated as T. rosea in above mentioned classical works, we were unable to find any materials confirming the presence of this taxon within the present-day boundaries of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Specimens examined:— Western Tian-Shan district, Kurama region, Kurama range, upper Abjazsay, southern slopes, juniper forest, 16 June 1939, Kudrjashev 686 (TASH!); Belyaut River basin, 6 km to north-east from Kuraish village, 29 May 1953, Maylun, Nabiev, Zuckerwanik 581 (TASH!); 0.5 km to east from Sardob village, among stones, 27 April 1954, Vernik, Nabiev, 110 (TASH!); Abjazsay, Uchbov, 23 April 2004, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Abjazsay, Ilonlisay, 24 April 2004, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Abjazsay, near the Kendir pass, 24 April 2007, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Range, top of the ridge, on the valley Itelge, 3000 m, southern slopes, 18 June 1931, Mackewicz 146 (TASH!); surroundings of the city Tashkent, near the village Mayski, 26 March 2019, Gaziev s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau district, Nuratau region, in solo lutoso in desertis inter Turkestaniam et Khiwam prope Farisch, 1873, Korolkow & Krause s.n. (LE); Karasay, nouth-eastern slopes, 14 April 1954, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); Alaysay, 25 March 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); Karasay, nouthern-eastern slopes, 14April 1954, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); 3 km to south from the Midjigan village, 15 May 1958, Li, Zakirov 580 (TASH!); 2 km to south from the pass Saurbel, 27 April 1958, Li, Zakirov 139, 158 (TASH!); 2 km to south from the village Ustakhan, 25 May 1958, Li, Zakirov 813 (TASH!); plateau, on quartz sand, 10 May 1958, Li, Zakirov 466 (TASH!); Kyzylcha, 400 m, 12 April 1960, Leonova s.n. (LE); upper reaches of the valley Pitau, surroundings of the village, Artemisia steppe, 26 May 1964, Zuckerwanik 231 (TASH!); Mt. Zargar, northern slopes, 27 April 1979, Borjaev, Pimenov, Kljuykov, Vassilieva 67 (MW); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Hayat, 21 April 1983, Fominykh 83036, 83047 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Hayat valley, Andebaraut, 28April 1983, Petrochenko 83048 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); valley Sentabsay, 12 May1984, Petrochenko 84037 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Hayat valley, 15 April 1992, Beshko 92024, 92025 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Fuzhaksay, 19 April 1993, Beshko 93009 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Karysay, Pub, 16 March 1993, Beshko 93032 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, watershed between Hayatsay and Andygensay, 3 May 1993, Beshko 93011 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Hayatbashi, 1800– 2100 m, 6 May 2005, Tojibaev; Hayatsay, Novi Khushk, 1300 m, 06.05.2012, Beshko; Asrafsay river basin, left bank, 06 April 2013, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); the watershed of Sobsay and Sentabsay, 1434 m, 9 May 2013, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Pistalisay, 765 m, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Hayat valley, surroundings of village Upper Hayat, stony slope, 1115 m, about 10–15 km to the south-west of the locus classicus (near Farish), 17 March 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); between villages Egiz-Bulak and Karatash, 500 m, 25 March 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, eastern slope, 800 m, 18 April 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, western slope, 877 m, 18 April 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, western slope, 940 m, 23 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020007 (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, upper part of Andygen valley, Sukhta, 1630 m, 24 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020012 (TASH!); Aktau region, Aktau Range, Bakhiltau mountains, 7 April 1963, Khaydarov 315 (TASH!); Aktau, 6 April 1963, Khaydarov 295 (TASH!); Chashma, 3 April 1963, Khaydarov 276 (TASH!); Bakhiltau mountains, watershed, 930 m, 10 May 2013, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Karatau Range, Karakarga pass, 730 m, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Karakarga pass, 8April 2013, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); 2.5 km to west from the Karakarga pass, middle part of slopes, 775 m, 4 May 2013, Tojibaev, Beshko, Batoshov, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Relic Mountains, Pistalitau, 8 April 1911, Dimo, Sprigin, Shulga s. n (TASH!); Pistalitau, 9 April 1913, Kultiassov s.n. (TASH!); remnant mountain Egarbelistag, watershed, 560 m, 3 May 2013, Tojibaev, Beshko, Batoshov, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); central part of Pistalitau, 18 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkestan Range, Sulyuk Ata, gravelly slopes, 18 May 1931, Nikiforov s. n (TASH!); Zaamin, between Dugoba and Urukly, 3 April 1983, Khalkuziev s. n (TASH!); above the village Kovun-kesdi, southern slopes, 3 April 1983, Khalkuziev s.n. (TASH!); Zaamin district, Tashbulak, 21 April 2012, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); Malguzar region, Malguzar Range, foothills near the Dzijjak railway station, 28 April 1913, Androssov s.n. (TASH!); left bank of Sanzar River, 4 April 1921, Vvedensky 174 (TASH!); foothills near to the town Dzijjak, 4 April 1921, Korovin 57 (TASH!); Zirabulak-Ziadin region, Kizbibi mountain, upper part of the northern slopes, 650 m, 4 May 2013, Tojibaev, Beshko, Batoshov, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); Urgut region, Zerafshan Range, surroundings of Agalik, mountain slopes, 12 April 1920, Zakirov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Aksay village, mountain slopes to the village, 15-20 April 1931, Butkov 246 (TASH!); surroundings of Urgut, Mts. Alla-Iran, eastern slopes, 1 May 1936, Gnezdillo 3, 7 (TASH!); Agalyk, 6-7 April 1941, Zakirov s.n. (TASH!); Western Hissar district, Kashkadarya region, Hissar Range, Yakkabag River basin, 1.5 km to south-west from village Tatar, 21 May 1931, Granitov 913 (TASH!); Tashkurgan, Kapirsay, gypsum slopes, 4 July 1936, Botschantzev, Butkov 611 (TASH!); middle part of Tankhas river basin, slopes near Atchigi, 17 June 1937, Kudryashev 555 (TASH!); Ishkent, gravelly slopes, 2000 m, 20 April 1942, Arnoldi s.n. (TASH!); upper part of Aksu river basin, surroundings of Suvtushar, 16 June 1957, Adylov 518 (TASH!); Yakkabag, Kyzyl-kishlak mountains, 3 May 1964, Khalikov 57 (TASH!); Langar river basin, between Kyzyl Kishlak and Kyzyl Machit villages, 14 May 1972, Nabiev, Shermatov, Kazakbaev 47 (TASH!); upper reaches of river Aksu, between villages Kul and Hissarak, 1542 m, 4 May 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Tarkapchigay region, Hissar Range, southern slopes near to the Lulialvasti village, 5April 1935, Lepeshkin 21 (TASH!); to north from the village Karakamar, red clay screes, 4 May 1935, Gnezdillo 69 (TASH!); southern slopes of Mts. Nagarakhana, 5 April 1935, Lepeshkin 24, 27 (TASH!); Tally pass, surroundings of Zindansay, 11 April 1977, Kamelin, Mikhaylova, Mishenkova, Solovjev 110, 114 (LE); between Tarkapchigay and Tally pass, near the road, 8 April 2012, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Baysun region, Hissar Range, low montains of the Baysun, to east from the town, 21.05.1930, Lepeshkin; Buryu-Takht, to south from Pitau, 13 April 1930, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); variegated low mountains between Baysun and Denau, surroundings of Tashkak, stony slopes, 3 May 1930, Botschantzev, Vvedensky 88 (TASH!); Khodzha-Gurgurata mountains, Kizilkultik, 3 June 1934, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Taka-Sakirt mountains, red coloured slopes, 14 April 1941, Popova 59 (TASH!); Ketmenchapti, mountain pass, on the Baysun – Derbent, 19 April 1977, Kamelin et al. 27 (LE); basin of the river Machay-darya, surroundings of the village Yukory Machay, 19 April 2014, Turginov s.n. (TASH!); Kuhitang region, Kuhitang Range, dry foothills near village Bulak, 1 May 1915, Popov 385 (TASH!); 15 km from village Shurob village to the village Khamkan, juniper forest, 14 May 1976, Pratov, Zuckerwanik, Makhmedov 226, 234, 249 (TASH!); Tangi-Duval, stony slopes, 15 May 1976, Pratov, Zuckerwanik, Makhmedov 278, 289 (TASH!); Surkhan-Sherabad region, Kelif-Sherabad Ridge, near village Gaz, 582 m, 8 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020001 (TASH!); Hissar-Darvaz district, Sangardak-Tupalang region, Hissar Range, Chulbair mountains, village Sina, 25 April 1928, Vvedensky 235 (TASH!); surroundings of village Sina, upper part of Kuruksay, 22 May 1929, Vvedensky 33 (TASH!); surroundings of town Denau, tugay along the river Surkhandarya, 26 June 1936, Lepeshkin, Mukhamedjanov 246 (TASH!); between Sari-Dzhou and Kufar villages, northern slopes of foothills, 29 April 1948, Bondarenko 317 (TASH!); Panj district, Babatag region, Babatag Range, surroundings of village Nabat, 28 July 1938, Lepeshkin, Mukhamedzhanov 716 (TASH!); surroundings of village Shar-Shar, 28 July 1938, Lepeshkin, Mukhamedzhanov 710 (TASH!); surroundings of village Chinar-sokhta, 30 July 1938, Lepeshkin, Mukhamedzhanov 743 (TASH!); Kyzylkum district, Kyzylkum region, between Shafirkan and field station of the Institute of Botany, 20 April 1965, Rajkova s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Regel, E. A. (1875) Tulipa korolkowii. Trudy Imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada, series 2, 3: 295","Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364.","Hoog, J. (1902) Some new species of Tulips from Bokhara and Trans-caspia. Gardeners' Chronicle 31: 350 - 351.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061"]}

Identification key for the sections of Tulipa in Uzbekistan 1. Filaments glabrous, all about the same length. Flowers are generally bowl-shaped with a rounded base and colour is predominantly red or yellow.......................................................................................................................................................................................2 – Filaments with hairs at the base and/or wispy hairs along their length. Flowers funnel-shaped, with a slight construction just above the base, and the colour is predominantly white or whitish-yellow...........................................................................5. Sect. Biflores 2. Anthers opening gradually and slowly (during 2–3 days) from tip to base and becoming contorted; bulb tunic more or less hairy on the inside......................................................................................................................................................... 4. Sect. Spiranthera – Anthers opening rapidly, not becoming contorted.............................................................................................................................3 3. Leaves are narrow, glaucous. Bulb tunic extends, sometimes up to soil level...........................................2. Sect. Kolpakowskianae – Leaves are often broad. Bulb tunic not up to soil level......................................................................................................................4 4. Leaves with anthocyan markings. Bulbs with dark brown tunic and inner surface lined with hairs at the tip and often at the base. Inner perigone segments longer then outer ones..................................................................................................3. Sect. Vinistriatae – Leaves without anthocyan markings. Bulb with a brown or blackish-brown tunic and inner surface of the tunic usually lined with profusely white hairs over the entire surface. Perigone segments have the same length.......................................... 1. Sect. Lanatae, Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 166, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

3.2. Tulipa mogoltavica Popov & Vved. in Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 318. (1971) Type:— TAJIKISTAN. Tian-Shan Occidentalis: ad declivia saxosa montium Mogoltau in angustiis fl. Schunluk, 22 April 1927, I. Granitov 483 (holotype TASH000513! isotypes: BM, H-1200899). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–4 cm thick; tunic more or less produced, coriaceous, blackish-brown, hairy on the inside, more densely at apex and at base; stem 10–30 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3–4, sub approximate, spreading, curled, glaucous, with violet dashes and spots, more or less pubescent, ciliate, rather gradually decreasing in size up the stem, not exceeding the flower; basal leaf oblong-lanceolate to widely oblong, 2–7 cm broad; flower solitary; perigone segments bright red, 3–10 cm long, abruptly acuminate to a short pubescent cusp, with a black yellow-margined or without yellow margin basal blotch; outer segments pubescent on the back, elliptic-rhomboidal, reflexed in the upper part, slightly shorter than the triangular-obovate more or less connivent inner segments; stamens two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black, flattened, triangular in section; anthers blackish-violet, twice the length of the filaments; pollen dark brown-purple; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, pale green, with subsessile stigma; capsule ca. 2 cm broad, 3–4 cm long. General distribution:—South-western Tian-Shan (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 the Western Tian- Shan district (I-1-d Kurama region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Clayely and stony slopes in foothills and lower mountain zone, 500–1600 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after the range Mogoltau (south-west spurs of Tian-Shan, Tajikistan), where it has been discovered. Note:—All known records of this tulip in Uzbekistan are based on the herbarium collections of the XX Century. The taxonomical status of Tulipa mogoltavica is questionable because the morphological differences between T. mogoltavica and T. greigii are not clear, but these taxa are more or less isolated geographically and plants of T. mogoltavica are smaller than T. greigii. Many authors (Hall 1940, Wilford 2006, Christenhusz et al. 2013), considered this tulip as a synonym of Tulipa greigii. However, Zonneveld (2009), based on the study of original materials from locus classicus (i.e. Mogoltau Range), showed differences in their amount of nuclear DNA, between these two species. A survey of populations and further comparative studies of T. mogoltavica and T. greigii are strongly required. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian- Shan district, Kurama region, Kurama Range, right bank of the river Angren, farm Urazaevka, stud farm 68, old alfalfa field, 16 April 1935, Koshurnikova, Poslavskaya 17, 19 (TASH!); Angren, 1944, Sumnevich s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Ablyk, stony steppe, 26 March 1944, Sumnevich s.n. (TASH!); right bank of the river Angren, 1 km to north-west from the stud farm 68, 14 April 1954, Butkov, Maylun, Nabiev s.n. (TASH!); right bank of the river Angren, foothills near the village Kursay, 15 April 1954, Butkov, Maylun, Nabiev s.n. (TASH!); right bank of the river Angren river, stud farm 68, foothills, 14 April 1956, Butkov, Maylun, Nabiev s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 189, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Hall, A. D. (1940) The genus Tulipa. Royal horticultural society, London, 171 pp.","Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press (OR), Portland, 212 pp.","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7"]}

2.9. Tulipa hissarica Popov & Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 149. (1935). Type:— TAJIKISTAN. Hissar Mountains, pass Mura, 14 April 1915, Popov 10634 (holotype TASH!). Description:—Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1.0–1.5(2.0) cm thick; tunic brown or grayish, papery, prolonged, inside at the top lined with adpressed hairs; stem 4–12 cm long, glabrous, bluish-green, hidden in the rosette of leaves at the beginning of flowering and later elongating; leaves (2–3)4–5, approximate, nearly verticillate, exceeding the flower, spreading, curled, glabrous, smooth or slightly ciliate at margins, linear or almost lorate, 0.5–1.0(2.0) cm broad; flower solitary, star-shaped, with a pleasant saffron-like scent; perigone segments yellowish, without basal blotch, 2–3 cm long, acute, glabrous; outer segments lanceolate, greenish and violet-tinged on the back, two-thirds as broad as and slightly longer than the inner segments, the edges of the upper half often notched; inner segments oblong, often obtuse, gradually tapering to the base and sometimes notched at edges; stamens one and a half to two times shorter than the perigone; filaments glabrous, yellow, tapering from the base to the apex; anthers yellow or orange, linear-oblong, up to 9 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, green, with a very long style; stigma light yellow; capsule straw-coloured or purplish, cylindrical with purple-tinged ribs. General distribution:—Hissar Range (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region). Phenology:—Flowering: May–June, fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Stony slopes in middle and upper mountain zone, 1300–3500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species took its name from the Hissar Range (Pamir-Alay), from which this tulip is known. Note:—This species (as well as the next species, Tulipa korshinskyi), is widespread mainly in Tajikistan and known only from solitary locations on the highlands of Hissar Range, near the border with Uzbekistan. Previously, this tulip has been reported as endemic to Tajikistan (Vvedensky 1963, Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja 1971). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Hissar-Darvaz, Sangardak-Tupalang region, Hissar Range, Obi-Zarang river basin, juniper forest, 19 May 1948, Bondarenko 617 (TASH!); Obi-Zarang river basin, surroundings of Aspi-Rectan, 21 May 1948, Chevrenidi 660 (TASH!); Bukhara, Gissar, Gissar range, Khshir pass, 6 June 1896, Lipsky s.n. (LE); Bukhara, Gissar, upper reaches of the river. Zarchob, 30 June 1896, Lipsky s.n. (LE)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Vvedensky, A. I. (1963) Tulipa L. In: Ovchinnikov, P. N. (Ed.) Flora of Tajikistan. Vol. 2. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow & Leningrad, pp. 249 - 269.","Vvedensky, A. I. & Kovalevskaja, S. S. (1971) Tulipa L. In: Vvedensky, A. I. (Ed.) Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae. Vol. 2. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 94 - 109."]}

2.2. Tulipa borszczowii Regel in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 41(1): 438. (1868). Type:— KAZAKHSTAN. Steppe Kara-Kum am AralSee, Borszczow 677 (holotype LE! photograph K). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–3 cm thick; tunic prolonged to soil surface, very tough, coriaceous, fibrous, splitting, black-brown to tawny, densely lanate inside; stem 20–35(–40) cm long, the upper part one-half to two-thirds as long as the underground part, the stem and peduncle glabrous, glaucous, rarely slightly anthocyan coloured; leaves 3(4), scattered, glaucous, strongly curled, glabrous, smooth-margined, rather rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, exceeding or at least reaching the flower; lower leaf lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; flower solitary, opening widely; perigone segments yellow, orange, orange-red or light red, with a dark violet blotch on both faces, 3–6 cm long, usually gradually acuminate, with a slightly pubescent tip; outer segments rhomboidal with rounded angles and attenuate apex terminating in a short pubescent tip; inner segments slightly longer than outer ones, obtriangular, slightly rounded, notched at apex, with a small tooth on the midrib; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black to purple, dilated and lighter at the base, pointed at the top; anthers black to purple, as long as filaments; ovary bluish-green, the upper part below stigma bright green, slightly shorter than stamens; stigma sessile; capsule 1.5–2.0 cm in diameter, 2.5–4.5 cm long. General distribution:—The deserts of Aral Sea Region, Kyzylkum, Betpakdala (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—II-2 Middle-Syrdarya district (II-2-b Mirzachul region), II-3 Kyzylkum district (II-3-b Kyzylkum Relict Mountains). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Sandy, clayey and stony deserts, relic mountains, up to 500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—This tulip has been named after the Russian botanist Borszczow (1833–1878), a specialist for plant taxonomy, physiology, and anatomy, who collected this plant for the first time in 1857 from the Aralo-Caspian region. Note:—Previously, this species has been reported as endemic of Kazakhstan widespread in western Betpakdala, Aral deserts, northern Kyzylkum, and the lower reaches of Sarysu River (Vvedensky 1935, 1941, Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja 1971, Ivashchenko 2005). It was not included in the checklist of the flora of Uzbekistan. In 2002, it has been collected from Uzbekistan for the first time (from the western part of Hungry Steppe near the borders with KyzylKum desert and Kazakhstan (Beshko s.n., TASH). Specimens collected from the neighboring areas of Kazakhstan are kept at TASH. Later, several new populations have been found in the Uzbekistan part of Kyzyl-Kum, including relic mountains Muruntau and Kuldjuktau (Abduraimov et al. 2018). At present, seven locations of this species are known in Uzbekistan (3–in the western part of Hungry Steppe and the eastern edge of Kyzylkum, 4–in relic mountains). The populations of the Hungry Steppe (Mirza-Chul) and eastern Kyzyl-Kum are comprised of a yellow form, whereas a red form of this tulip occurs in the insular low mountains Muruntau. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Northern Kyzylkum, mountain Muruntag, 15 April 2014, Abduraimov s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent region Bekabad district, Dalverzin sands, finely hilly fixed sands, 270 m, 31 March 2021, N. Beshko, U. Kodirov, O. Gaziev, F. Madaminov NB2021058 (TASH!); SE of Kyzylkum, 6 km to the northwest from the Chardarya, a wide depression among hilly sands with ephemeral-sagebrush, 19 April 1965, Makarchuk s.n. (TASH!); Jizzakh region, the western outskirts of the Hungry Steppe, near the Akbulak collector and lake Tuzchikudukkul, Lolazor, 31 March 2002, N. Beshko s. n (TASH!); Syrdarya region, Kazalinsky district, on the still sands near railway, Aral Sea, 22 April 1910, N. Androsov s.n. (MW)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364.","Vvedensky, A. I. (1941) The genus Tulipa L. In: Schreder, R. R. (Ed.) Flora Uzbekistanica. Vol. 1. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 502 - 520.","Vvedensky, A. I. & Kovalevskaja, S. S. (1971) Tulipa L. In: Vvedensky, A. I. (Ed.) Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae. Vol. 2. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 94 - 109.","Ivashchenko, A. A. (2005) Tulips and Other Bulbous Plants of Kazakhstan. Almaty, 192 pp."]}

3.5. Tulipa butkovii Botschantz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 8. (1961). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Grown in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbek SSR from bulbs collected by Z. P. Botschantzeva in 1959 on steep south-western slopes (almost screes) of the mountain Smaller Chimgan, Botschantzeva 3754 (holotype TASH000505!). Description:—Bulb ovoid 2–3 cm thick; tunic brown, papery, slightly elongate, on the inside lined with short, adpressed golden hairs, more densely at the apex and at base; stem (10) 15–30 cm long, brownish-green, glaucous and pubescent; leaves 3–4, approximate, reflexed, sometimes exceeding the flower, more or less curled, glaucous, pubescent, ciliate at margins of a lighter shade; basal leaf broadly lanceolate, 2.0– 4.5 cm width, its basal partis below soil level; upper leaf narrow lanceolate; flower solitary, widely campanulate, opening to a wide cup or wide star; perigone segments 3.5– 5.5(6) cm long, crimson-red or purple-red to brick-red, glaucous and purple-tinged on the back, with small, diffuse, brown-purple basal blotch or without distinct blotch (tepals blurred brownish or greenish-yellow at the base); inner segments oblong or narrowly ovate, rounded at the top and more or less apiculate, with a pubescent tip; outer segments narrowly oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the top; stamens 2.0–2.5 times shorter than the perigone; filaments red, brownish or purple, equal or exceeding the ovary, thin, dilated towards the base; anthers yellow or purple, shorter, equal or almost twice as long as the filaments, gradually dehiscing from the top to base, but not twisted; pollen yellow or purple; ovary bottle-shaped, cream-coloured or pale green, purple-tinged along the ribs and below stigma; capsule oblong-ovate, broader at the base than near the style, pale grey with a pattern of maroon spots and stripes, with a rather long beak (Fig. 8C). General distribution:—Endemic to the western part of Chatkal Range (Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 the Western Tian-Shan district (1-b Western Chatkal region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Fine earth, gravelly and stony slopes, screes and rocks, in middle mountain zone, 1300–2200 m a.s.l. Etymology:—This species is named after A. Butkov (1911–1981), a well-known plant taxonomist and geobotanist, who worked at the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan and collected this tulip species from different areas of Chatkal Range in 1955–1956. Note:—The taxonomical status of T. butkovii is still uncertain. The main distinctive character of T. butkovii is red filaments. Van Raamsdonk et al. (1997) treated this species as synonym of T. albertii Regel. Zonneveld (2009), Christenhusz et al. (2013) and Everett (2013) restored T. butkovii as a separate species of sect. Vinistriatae. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Chatkal Nature Reserve, Greater Maydantal, gravelly slopes, August 1955, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Smaller Maydantal, among the rocks, August 1955, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Akbulak Valley, Karasay, gravelly slopes, 1820–2000 m, 1956, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Akbulak valley, at the confluence with the Serkelisay, gravelly slopes, 1956, Butkov s.n. (TASH!). It has known that species of the section possess ornamental character which led to overexploitation of the species. For example, T. vvedenskyi (in Kurama range) and T. greigii (Chatkal range) have been selling in Uzbekistan.After 1970 populations of T. mogoltavica decreased considerable and populations of T. micheliana distributed in transboundary regions with Tajikistan are completely extincted (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Van Raamsdonk, L. W. D., Eikelboom, W., De Vries, T. & Straathof, T. P. (1997) The systematics of the genus Tulipa L. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 430: 821 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 1997.430.131","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

5.2. Tulipa biflora Pall. in Reise Russ. Reich. 3(2): App. 727 (1776). Type:— RUSSIA. Habitat ad Wolgam locis desertis maxime argillosis, “Deserta Caspica”, Fischer sn. (holotype B-W-06559-010; syntypes BM 000528948! and M; lectotype designated by Eker et al. 2014). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–2.0 cm thick; tunic brown or reddish-brown, papery, inside covered with thin arachnoid hairs, woolly at apex; stem 10–20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves mostly 2, scattered, deflexed, very rarely spreading, glabrous, smooth, linear, green and slightly glaucous; lower leaf broader, 3–7(10) mm broad, slightly exceeding the flowers; flowers 1 or 2 (up to 6), star-shaped; perigone segments white, yellow at base, 13–25 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, bearded at base, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments oblong to oblong-ovate, acuminate, gradually tapering into a rather long claw, bearded at base, ciliate; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments yellow, bearded at base; anthers oblong, 2–3 mm long, yellow, with a very short point; ovary scarcely shorter than stamens, short-styled; capsule short beaked, 8–13 mm in diameter, about as long as or slightly longer than broad. General distribution:— Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, China (northern part), the south of Russia, Transcaucasia, Crimea, the north of Iran. Distribution in Uzbekistan:—II-8 Ustyurt district (II-8-a North Ustyurt region). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Saline deserts, clayey cliffs, in plains, up to 100 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Species epithet “ biflora ” means “two-flowered”. Note:— Tulipa biflora is a very variable species with a wide range, differing greatly in size (Everett 2013). In the understanding of the range and geographical distribution of this species, we follow Vvedensky (1935) and Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja (1971) who regarded T. biflora s.s., while Christenhusz et al. (2013) treated T. sogdiana, T. buhseana Boissier (1859: 98), T. binutans Vvedensky (1952: 33), and several other species as synonyms of T. biflora. The species is widespread in the northern part of Central Asian deserts, and does not occur in Kyzylkum and Karakum deserts. Zonneveld (2009) reported that all accessions of T. biflora have a rather narrow range of variation in the nuclear DNA values, and differing mainly in the number and size of the flowers. Nevertheless, he admitted the possibility of the presence of new, undiscovered species from the affinity of T. biflora in Central Asia. Later, Perezhogin (2013) described two new species from northern Kazakhstan [T. auliekolica Perezhogin (2014: 145) and T. turgaica Perezhogin (2014: 145)]. In addition, Everett (2013) reported the yellow form of this species from Afghanistan. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Ustyurt district, North Ustyurt region, eastern cliff of Ustyurt plateau, 5 km north of the descent Kassarma, west side of the nameless spring, 3 th terrace, 23 May 1970, Sarybaev 5 (TASH)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 200-201, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Eker, I., Babac, M. T. & Koyuncu, M. (2014) Revision of the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) in Turkey. Phytotaxa 157: 1 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 157.1.1","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp.","Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364.","Vvedensky, A. I. & Kovalevskaja, S. S. (1971) Tulipa L. In: Vvedensky, A. I. (Ed.) Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae. Vol. 2. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 94 - 109.","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Boissier, P. E. (1859) Diagnoses Plantarum Orientalium novarum. Vol. 4. Herrmann, Lipsiae (Leipzig), 146 pp.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Perezhogin, V. (2013) New species of the genus Tulipa from northern Kazakhstan. Botanicheskiy zhurnal 98: 1558 - 1562."]}

5. Sect. Biflores A.D.Hall ex Veldkamp & Zonn. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 298(1): 89 (2012) Type:— Tulipa biflora Pall. in Reise Russ. Reich. 3(2): App. 727 (1776). Identification key for the species of sect. Biflores distributed in Uzbekistan 1. Upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent (except T. biflora and T. sogdiana), with a short style; flower is whitish with yellow blotch; plants of plains, foothills and mid-mountains, up to 2400–2500 m.......................................................................................2 – Upper part of stem and peduncle glabrous, with a long style; flower is pale yellow or whitish; plants of high mountains, above 2400–2500 m......................................................................................................................................................................................6 2. Filaments glabrous. Grows in Kyzylkum and adjacent arid plains...............................................................................1. T. sogdiana – Filaments with a ring of hairs at the base and wispy hairs along their length....................................................................................3 3. Bulb tunic papery; stem and peduncle glabrous; filaments bearded at the base. Grows in Ustyurt plateau.................... 2. T. biflora – Bulb tunic coriaceous or thin coriaceous; filaments with wispy, white hairs along the length. Grows in arid plains, Tian-Shan and Pamir-Alay mountains........................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Leaves widely spaced, commonly much shorter than the flower.................................................................................3. T. buhseana – Leaves more or less widely spaced, commonly longer than the flower.............................................................................................5 5. Bulb tunic tough and dark brown, at the upper part densely clothed with long silky hairs. Grows in Pamir-Alay mountains ………………………………………………………. 4. T. turkestanica – Bulb tunic tough reddish-brown or pink, densely lined with cobwebby hairs increasing to a tuft at the apex. Grows in West TianShan mountains.......................................................................................................................................................5. T. bifloriformis 6. Bulb tunic finely cobweb-hairy on the inner surface; leaves set closely, commonly opposite; flower whitish with yellow blotch, outer segments dingy violet on the back; filaments with hairs at the base; anthers violet. Grows in Hissar range............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6. T. orithyioides – Bulb tunic covered with hairs in the upper part; leaves rather widely spaced; flower bright yellow; outer segments brownish or greenish on the back; filaments pubescent over the entire surface; anthers yellow...........................................................................7 7. Bulb tunic usually light-brown or brown, papery, glabrous or covered with few straight, adpressed, white hairs at tip...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7. T. dasystemon – Bulb tunic black to tawny, thin coriaceous, densely lined with woolly hairs at tip......................................... 8. T. dasystemonoides

4.1. Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel in Gartenflora 26: 194, t. 906 figs 6–11 (1877). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. In Turkestaniae montibus fluvium Tschirtschik adjacentibus, A. Regel (LE!). Description:—Bulb varies in shape and size, commonly ovoid, sometimes elongated, narrow, or almost napiform, 1.5–4.0(6) cm thick; tunic blackish-brown to golden-brown, papery, the inner surface lined with appressed hairs, more densely at the apex and at the base; stem (10)20–30(50) cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent or sometimes glabrous, often purple-tinged; leaves (2)3–4(5), spreading or deflected, scattered, glaucous, glabrous, not curled (sometimes slightly undulate), usually not exceeding the flower; basal leaf lanceolate or oblong to oblongelliptic or rarely almost orbiculate, 2–13 cm broad; flower solitary, often with a pleasant odour, widely campanulate or cup-shaped to star-shaped, very variable in colour: red, orange, yellow, white, creamy, motley yellow-red or whitered; white and red forms usually with a yellow basal blotch, yellow forms often with red W-shaped blotches; perigone segments acute to obtuse; outer segments slightly exceeding the inner segments, 2.5–8.0(11) cm long, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, in white and yellow forms dirty violet, reddish-violet, red or crimson on the back; inner segments oblong-elliptic or oblong; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, dilated at the base and sharply pointed at the top, pale yellow to orange; anthers yellow, thin, linear, 2–4 times the length of filaments, slowly and gradually opening from apex to base and becoming twisted or strongly incurved; pollen yellow; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma; capsule yellow, oblong, 1.5–2.0 cm broad, 3–6(–9) cm long, with a prominent beak (Fig. 10A). General distribution:—Western Tian-Shan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-a Ugam-Pskem region; I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-d Kurama region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–May; fruiting: May–August (depending on elevation). Ecology:—Clayely and stony slopes, rock ledges, among trees and shrubs, in valleys of rivers, near melting snow, in foothills, lower and middle mountain zone, 500–2500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Regel named this tulip after K.P. von Kaufman, Russian military leader, who led the conquest and colonization of Central Asia. Since 1867 – Governor-General of Turkestan, commander of the troops of the Turkestan Military District. Note:—This tulip species is the ornamental plant of the highest importance for selection of garden tulips. Rukđâns (2008) regarded plants from Kazakhstan as separated species Tulipa berkariensis Rukšans (2007: 174), distinguishing from T. kaufmanniana by a lower amount of DNA, spherical bulbs producing 1–2 long stolons bearing vegetative bulblets, and a number of leaves (mostly 2). According to J.J. de Groot’s communication, yellow-flowered tulips from the Uzbek part of the Ugam Range also belong to T. berkariensis. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Ugam-Pskem region, Karzhantau Region, Tashkent district, village Aktash, 21 April 1921, Baranov 64 (TASH!); valley of the river Aktash, 10 April 1922, Korovin s.n. (TASH!); southern slope of the range Karzhantau, watershed between valleys Aktash and Alchabash, 21 May 1938, Lysikova 62 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Khandaylyk, piedmonts and stony slopes, 22 May 1939, Lepeshkin, Achilov 13744 (TASH!); Tavaksay, Sarkramasay, plateau near the waterfall, 1100 m, 30 March 1939, Bukasov s.n. (TASH!); upper reaches of Aktashsay, 2100 m, 27 May 1939, Bukasov 16 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Khandaylyk, 24 May 1939, excursion of Tekhzar s.n. (TASH!); Opitesay, 21 March 1940, Obukhova s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent Province, southern slopes of Karzhantau, 5 April 1961, Adylov 1489 (TASH!); 15 km north of the station Azadbash, along the road between villages Azadbash and Turbat, middle part of valley Sarybulak, 15 April 1963, Adylov 2088 (TASH!); Ugam Range, Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, the pass in the valley of Pskem to the lake Makhbalkul, 22 June 1921, Baranov 274, 286, 305 (TASH!); valley of the river Ugam, village Khumsan, dry slopes, 25 August 1932, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); southern slopes of Ugam Range, upper reaches of the river Kaynarsay, 8 April 1962, Adylov 1780 (TASH!); valley of the river Pskem, banks of Teparsay, 18 May 1965, Pjataeva 14, 29, 31 (TASH!); Pskem Range, valley of the river Oygaing, SE slope, 1 September 1928, Kultiasow 1055 (TASH!); valley of the river Pskem, Babadzhansay (left tributary of the river Pskem), argillaceous slopes, 24 April 1941, Momotov 75 (TASH!); Aksarsay, left bank, tributary of the river Pskem after the village Nanay, 29 June 1956, students 6 (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, nameless valley between rivers Koksu and Barkraksay, 4 June 1963, Puchkova 86, 94 (TASH!); Aksarsay, 3 km from the village Nanay, 27 June 1966, Vybornov 44 (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, 8 April 1968, Sharipov, Puchkova s.n. (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, left bank of the river Barkraksay, NW slope, 6 June 1973, Puchkova 176 (TASH!); Koksu Range, Tashkent district, slopes to the river Chatkal in surroundings of the village Burchmulla, 18 June 1921, Drobow s.n. (TASH!); Western Chatkal region; Chatkal Range, Chimgan Mountains, near the snow, 20 July 1923, labor school s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, slopes of Mt. Smaller Chimgan, 1700 m, 30 April 1927, Gomolitsky 107 (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, slopes of Mt. Kyzyljar, 25 April 1929, Gomolitsky 35 (TASH!); upper reaches of Parkentsay, 1800 m, 30 June 1936, Korotkova 802 (TASH!); upper reaches of Parkentsay, steep NW slope on the left bank, 2350 m, 1 July 1936, Korotkova 865 (TASH!); ravine of the river Kyzylsay, piedmonts of Mt. Tokali, stony riverbed, 10 Oktober 1936, Korotkova 2151 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, Sukok, 18 April 1940, Vvedensky s.n. (TASH!); Greater Chimgan, thickets of shrubs on the slopes, 16 April 1947, Sumnevicz, Dzhangurazov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Gazalkent, Galavasay, 1951, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Parkent district, Mt. Adamtash above the village Zarkent, 22 May 1951, Korotkova 3392 (TASH!); basin of the river Aksakata, the mountain gorge near Kashkasay, 12 July 1953, Tuychiev 637 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, upper reaches of river Nurekata, 1 August 1953, Maylun, Nabiev, Zuckerwanik 1036 (TASH!); Mountain Forest Reserve, Shavazikurtsay, upper part of western slope, 17 April 1959, Medvedeva (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); Mountain Forest Reserve, Iransay, upper part of northern slope, 10 June 1959, Medvedeva (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); basin of the river Zarkent, watershed, 18 June 1961, Adylov 1606 (TASH!); northern slopes of Mt. Smaller Chimgan, 15 April 1963, Adylov 2138, 2139 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Galavasay, 15 April 1963, Adylov 2109 (TASH!); Greater Chimgan, gentle slope of the watershed, 23 May 1971, Puchkova 30 (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Bashkyzylsay, Ogorod-bazar, N slope, 9 April 1974, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, ridge Kushkutan, saddle, 25 April 1974, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Phenological Ridge, above the 2 nd phenological plot, gravelly soil, southern exposure, 27.09.1979, Levichev; Chatkal Nature Reserve, upper Minora, gravelly slope, 2300 m, 28 September 1979, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the station Khodjikent, slopes of left bank of the river Chirchik, 4 April 1993, Bakanova s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Biosphere Reserve, Bashkyzylsay plot, Kyzylalmasay, eastern slope, 27 July 2001, Mukhamedzhanova, Lynov, Chinov, Glavatskaya, Mamarakhimov, Tojibaev 35 (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); Chimgansay, walnut stands, 13 May 2009, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Greater Chimgan, southern stony slope, 13 May 2009, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); gorge of Greater Chimgan, NE slope, 13 May 2009, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Ugam-Chatkal National Park, surroundings of the village Chimgan, Aksay, birch stands, June 2012, Mirzakarimova s.n. (TASH!); Kurama region, Chatkal Range, near Karabau, wheat grass steppe, 25 March 1944, Sumnevicz 75, 76 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, upper reaches of Karabau, 11 June 1954, Tuychiev 7 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Chatkal Range, left tributary of Kyzylchasay, SW gravelly slope, 27 June 1954, Butkov, Maylun 225 (TASH!); valley of the river Angren, right bank, along the road Angren – Kamchik, below Iertashsay, 11 April 1964, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Chetsuv, eastern exposure, 24 March 2003, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, right bank, Chetsuv, eastern slope opposite the summer cottage of the forestry farm, piedmonts, 25 April 2003, Tojibaev, Mamarakhimov s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, right bank, river Chetsuv, lower mountain belt, after the village, 25 April 2003, Tojibaev, Mamarakhimov s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Chetsuv, right tributary of Chetsuv, Shaldirama, SE slope, 1500 m, 25 April 2003, Tojibaev, Mamarakhimov s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Chetsuv, left tributary of Chetsuv, Sharsharasay, SE slope, 500 m below the waterfall, 27 April 2003, Tojibaev, Mamarakhimov s.n. (TASH!); Kurama Range, valley of the river Angren, surroundings of the village Oktjabrskoe, farm Urazaevka, fallow lands, 1 July 1928, Gomolitsky 163 (TASH!); mountains Kurama, valley of the river Angren, ravine Sovuksay near the village Yangavat, 15 August 1928, Gomolitsky, Granitov 325 (TASH!); valley of the river Angren, stud farm 68, farm Urazaevka, old alfalfa field, 16 April 1935, Koshurnikova 14 (TASH!); surroundings of village Lashkerak, on slopes and clearings among juniper stands, 11 April 1939, Slovinsky s.n. (TASH!); northern slope of Kurama Range, Kuntuymassay, N slope, juniper forest, 13 May 1940, Usmanov 23 (TASH!); northern slope of Kurama Range, Kattasay, NE slope, juniper forest, 20 May 1940, Usmanov 252 (TASH!); basin of upper reaches of river Angren, surroundings of village Ablyk, SW slopes, 25 March 1944, Sumnevicz 73 (TASH!); valley of river Angren, Lashkeraksay, 4 May 1945, Korotkova s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Abjassay, among the rocks, 28 May 1954, Butkov 27 (TASH!); upper reaches of Abjassay, above the juniper belt, 2200 m, on the rocks, 20 May 1981, Shermatov, Kazakbaev, Levichev, Tagaev 40 (TASH!); left bank of the river Angren, Abjassay, 23 April 2004, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); left bank of the river Angren, Kendyrsay, watershed with Abjassay, 23 April 2004, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Chimgan Mts., Aksay valley, 1880 m, 9 May 2019, Beshko NB 2019026 (TASH!); Mt. Greater Chimgan, Aksay valley, 1940 m, 5 June 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 193-194, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Rukdans, J. (2008) Buried Treasures. Timber Press, Portland-London, 384 pp."]}

2.8. Tulipa talassica Lazkov in Turczaninowia 14(3): 11. (2011). Type:— KYRGYZSTAN. Jugi Kirgisici declivium generale australe, praemontia adversus urbem Talas, declivitates lapidosae, 27 April 2011, G. Lazkov (holotype LE!; isotypes ALTB, FRU, MW!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm thick; tunic thin coriaceous, dark brown to black-brown, prolonged (sometimes almost to the soil surface), usually more or less hairy inside; stem 5–20 cm long, glabrous, erect in buds; leaves 3, more or less scattered, reflexed, glaucous-green, glabrous, ciliate at edges, undulate, lanceolate, 5–20 cm long; flowers solitary; perigone segments yellow, 2.0–3.5(4) cm long; outer segments oblong-lanceolate, on the outside more or less intensively red-tinged, yellow-margined; inner segments obovate, oblong-obovate or almost rhomboidal; stamens 2.5–3.0 times shorter than perigone, filaments glabrous, yellow; anthers yellow, almost equal with the filaments; stigma sessile or subsessile (Fig. 6C). General distribution:—Tian-Shan (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-e Chorkesar region). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: June. Ecology:—Stony slopes in foothills and lower mountain zone, 800–1300 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The name of this tulip is associated with the town Talas (Kyrgyzstan), from surroundings of which the species has been found for the first time. Note:—At first sight, T. talassica looks the same as T. intermedia. But in cultivation, growing under the same circumstances they show their real character, which shows that they are not closely related. T. intermedia is clearly a member of the Korolkowii group of tulips. In the wild it grows on acid soils, granite etc. Whereas T. talassica belongs to the Kolpakovskiana group of tulips, but differ from T. kolpakovskiana and close relatives, that it grows on chalk soil, not that it likes chalk, but it found a way to managed it as shown on the powdered stem on the photo that I took on the type place. In cultivation T. talassica has inner tepals of the same size as the outers or slightly smaller, and has no basal spot, the outer tepals have pale reddish outside. T. intermedia has bigger inner tepals as the outers and a clearly visable small basal spot. Both species differ in in their genetical parts also. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN, Ferghana Valley, Kuraminsky Range, Chadaksay River Valley, Altynkan village Surroundings. 14 April 2012, Naralieva, Gapparov s.n. (TASH!); Ferghana Valley, Kuraminsky Range, lower reaches of the Rizaksay, surroundings of the Rizak, 14 April 2012, Naralieva, Gapparov 2 (TASH!); Ferghana Valley, Kuraminsky Range, lower reaches of the Rizaksay, surroundings of the Rizak, 700–800 m above the Tashkent-Osh road, 14 April 2012, Naralieva, Gapparov s.n. (TASH!); Ferghana Valley, Kuraminsky Range, lower reaches of the Rizaksay, surroundings of the Rizak, 120–150 m above the Tashkent-Osh road, 14 April 2012, Naralieva, Gapparov 9 (TASH!); Ferghana Valley, Kuraminsky Range, lower reaches of the Rizaksay, surroundings of the Rizak, the right side of the Tashkent-Osh road, high foothills, 14 April 2012, Naralieva, Gapparov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 184-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

2.10. Tulipa korshinskyi Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 149. (1935). Type:— TAJIKISTAN. Darvaz, 17 April 1897, Korshinsky 1713 (4928) (holotype LE!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–2.0(3) cm thick; tunic coriaceous, dark brown, almost black, the inner surface lined at the apex and at the base with adpressed hairs; stem (5) 10–20 cm long, mostly underground at the beginning of flowering and later elongating, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves (2–3)4(5), approximate, nearly verticillate, exceeding the flower, strongly spreading or sometimes deflexed, glabrous, curled, commonly exceeding the flower; basal leaf lanceolate, 1.5–3.0 cm broad, the other reduced in size; flower solitary, sometimes 2, stellate with a thin peduncle; perigone segments inside white with yellow basal blotch, 1.5–4.0 cm long; outer segments linear-lanceolate, violettinged on the back, up to half as long again as the oblanceolate-rhomboidal to obovate-rhomboidal inner segments; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments yellow with an orange tip, glabrous, with nearly parallel margins, linear-oblong, abruptly narrowed at apex; anthers bright yellow, the yellow connective protruding above the apex; ovary shorter than anthers; style long, up to half as long as ovary; stigma light coloured; capsule 4 cm long, ellipsoid, acuminate at top and at base. General distribution:—Pamir-Alay (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-a Kashkadarya region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Stony slopes in middle and upper mountain zone, 1300–3500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after academician S. Korshinsky (1861–1900), Russian botanist and geneticistevolutionist, one of the founders of phytocenology, full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences; 45 species and one genus of plants have been named after him. Note:— T. korshinskyi is one of the species recently recorded for Uzbekistan for the first time based on herbarium specimens collected in the middle of XX Century near the border with Tajikistan Previously, it has been reported as endemic to Tajikistan (Vvedensky 1963, Vvedensky & Kovalevskaja 1971). Botschantzeva (1962) and Zonneveld (2009) considered this tulip as a separate species of sect. Kolpakowkianae. According to Christenhusz et al. (2013), it is synonym of T. anisophylla Vvedensky (1935: 147). Further studies are strongly required. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Hissar district, Kashkadarya region, Hissar Range, the upper part of the Aksu river, above the village Suvtushar, 16 June 1957, Adylov 518 (TASH!). High decreasing rate after 1970 is visible with species distributed in the hotspots where impact of anthropogenic factors (habitat loss, fragmentation, overgrazing) is high. Especially, T. lehmanniana from the central part of the study area is under high anthropogenic impact where overgrazing and fragmentation of populations are increasing year by year. The situation can be observed with T. korolkowii and the recently described species (T. scharipovii, T. intermedia) in Chap badlands (Pap district, Namangan region). Single individuals of T. hissarica and T. korshinskyi can be found in the transboundary region with Tajikistan. The appearance of the populations in the north of Fergana Valley is explained as an increase of botanical investigations which provided descriptions of 3 new tulip species (T. talassica, T. intermedia and T. scharipovii) (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 185-186, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Vvedensky, A. I. (1963) Tulipa L. In: Ovchinnikov, P. N. (Ed.) Flora of Tajikistan. Vol. 2. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow & Leningrad, pp. 249 - 269.","Vvedensky, A. I. & Kovalevskaja, S. S. (1971) Tulipa L. In: Vvedensky, A. I. (Ed.) Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae. Vol. 2. The Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences UzSSR, Tashkent, pp. 94 - 109.","Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1962) Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology (in Russian). English translation: Varekamp, H. Q. (1982) CRC Press, Rotterdam, Balkema, The Netherlands, 230 pp.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364."]}

1.2. Tulipa bactriana J.de Groot & Tojibaev in Int. Rock Gard. 131: 7. (2020). Type:— clonal stock G07-1, grown from a wild-collected bulb, and is found in southern Uzbekistan in the valley of the Surxondaryo and Sherabad rivers 37.41. 57.53 N and 67.26. 52.69 E, on an altitude of 420 m (holotype L.3993359). Description: —Bulb ovoid, 3 cm diam., attenuate in the upper part; tunic brown, coriaceous, covered in a brown coriaceous tunic, with an elongated nose and a thick coat of felted material inside; stem up to 55 cm (in cultivation), the upper part of stem is covered with short hairs; leaves usually 4, glaucous-green with waved margins are slightly channeled and arched, the margins are partly covered with short hairs, approximate, deflexed, glaucous, ciliate and slightly undulate at margins (less curled than the leaves of T. tubergeniana); flower solitary; perigone segments bright orange-red with the oblong black / purple blotch surrounded with a pale yellow margin, attenuate, with an acute white tip (equal or almost equal in length in all tepals); inner segments ovate, not as broad as the outer ones; filaments triangular, black with a yellowish base; anthers black; pollen yellow; the straight ovary is green with a pale yellow stigma, a little longer than the stamens; the edge of the lobes is pale purple. General distribution:—South-Western Pamir-Alay: Sherabad Valley (Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-e Surkhan-Sherabad region). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Red clays hills and in grass at the foot of these hills. It grows between short grasses at a depth of about 20 cm, 400–600 m. Etymology:—The species is named after ancient Persian kingdom of Bactria which covered the upper part of the Amu Darya river basin including distribution area of this species (Fig. 2B). Note:—In the first description of the species, the authors assigned it to the T. sect. Tulipanum De Reboul (1847: 60). The species can be recognized in the wild by its long cusps on all the tepals, in contrast with other red flowering species in the same growing area that have only long cusps on the outer tepals. It differs from T. tubergeniana also by the longer stem with long arched and straight leaves; from T. lanata Regel (1884: 647) by its slenderer habit and the covering of the bulb tunic; T. lanata has a thick layer of shaggy long hairs whereas T. bactriana has a woolly coating (de Groot & Tojibaev 2020). In this synopsis, we assign the species to the sect. Lanatae as well as T. tubergeniana. Specimens examined:—Currently, the species is represented only by the type specimen., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 167-168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["De Reboul, E. (1847) Sulla divisione del genere Tulipa in sezioni naturali. Giornale Botanico Italiano 2: 57 - 61.","Regel, E. A. (1884) Trudy Imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Vol. 8. Acta Horti Petropolitani, St. Petersburg, 664 pp.","Groot, J. de & Tojibaev, K. S. (2020) A new species of Tulipa from the Surxondaryo province of Uzbekistan. International Rock Gardener 131: 4 - 11."]}

5.7. Tulipa dasystemonoides Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 147. (1935). Type:— KAZAKHSTAN. Altai Talac, 11 June 1909, Minkwitz 1365 (holotype LE!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.0–1.5(2.0) cm thick; tunic blackish-brown, sub-coriaceous, the inner surface densely covered with woolly hairs at the apex; stem 7–15 cm long, often red-tinged, the stem and peduncle densely pubescent; leaves 2, more or less approximate, commonly spreading, glabrous, smooth, linear, significantly exceeding the flower; lower leaf broader, 6–12 mm broad; flowers 1(2), opens to a wide creamy-white star with a large yellow blotch (rarely yellow without blotch); perigone segments 15–25 mm long, acuminate; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, glabrous, two-thirds as broad as the inner; inner segments oblong, gradually tapering into a claw, more or less ciliate at base; filaments yellow, thread-like, dilated and bearded at base, half the length of perigone; anthers linearoblong, yellow, 4–5 mm long, with a very short cusp; ovary pale green, about half the length of the stamens, with a long style and cream-coloured overlapping stigma; capsule pale beige with darker angles, rounded, up to 3.5×2.0 cm, with a short beak. General distribution:—Tian-Shan, Pamir-Alay (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-a Ugam-Pskem region; I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-d Kurama region), I-3 Fergana-Alay district (I-3-b Eastern Alay region), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-1-a North Turkestan region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–July; fruiting: July–August. Ecology:—Fine earth, gravelly and stony slopes, in upper mountain zone, 2500–3500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Species epithet “ dasystemonoides ” means “similar to T. dasystemon ” (hairy stamen). Note:— Van Raamsdonk et al. (1997) and Christenhusz et al. (2013) consider the species as synonym to T. dasystemon. According to Zonneveld (2009), these two species have different amount of nuclear DNA, 57.7 pg for T. dasystemoniodes and 51.5 pg for T. dasystemon. Morphologically, these species differ well from each other with bulb tunics (Vvedensky 1935, Hall 1940, Botschantzeva 1962). Tulipa dasystemonoides sometimes has two flowers per stem, while T. dasystemon always has a single flower (Vvedensky 1935, Hall 1940, Botschantzeva 1962). There is a similarity between Т. dasystemon and T. dasystemonoides, but T. dasystemonoides possesses densely wooly tunic and usually creamy-white flower (Everett et al. 2013). They also show differences in bulb characteristics. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Ugam-Pskem region, Tashkent district, foothills near Red Waterfall, 5April 1916, Balabaev s.n. (TASH!); Ugam Range, Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, the pass in the valley of Pskem to the lake Makhbalkul, 22 June 1921, Baranov 302 (TASH!); Pskem Range, valley of the river Oygaing, alpine meadow in surroundings of the pass Chatan, 9 March 1928, Kultiasow 1126 (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, right bank of the river Koksu, stony slope, 3 June 1963, Puchkova 41 (TASH!); Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Tashkent district, valley of Chatkal, 1916, Balabaev s.n. (TASH!); Kurama region, Chatkal Range, Angren, valley Itelge, southern slopes, 3000 m, 17 April 1931, Mackewicz 5 (TASH!); Kurama Range, mountains Kurama, valley of the river Angren, ravine Sovuksay near the village Yangavat, 15August 1928, Gomolitsky, Granitov 386 (TASH!); Fergana-Alay district, Eastern Alay region, Alay Range, surroundings of the village Iordan, 20 May 1964, Shonazarov 589 (TASH!); Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkestan Range, upper reaches of Guralash, near a pass on the unfixed scree, 3200 m, 13 June 1937, Korotkova, Vasilkovskaya 318 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 207, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Van Raamsdonk, L. W. D., Eikelboom, W., De Vries, T. & Straathof, T. P. (1997) The systematics of the genus Tulipa L. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 430: 821 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.17660 / ActaHortic. 1997.430.131","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Vvedensky, A. I. (1935) Liliaceae - genus Tulipa L. In: Komarov, V. L. (Ed.) Flora of the USSR. Vol. 4. Izsatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 320 - 364.","Hall, A. D. (1940) The genus Tulipa. Royal horticultural society, London, 171 pp.","Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1962) Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology (in Russian). English translation: Varekamp, H. Q. (1982) CRC Press, Rotterdam, Balkema, The Netherlands, 230 pp.","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

1.5. Tulipa carinata Vved. in Opred. Rast. Sred. Azii 2: 318. (1971). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Pamiro-Alaj: ad declivia argilloso-saxosa humida in montibus Tschulbair supra pag. Sina, 23 May 1929, A. Vvedensky 551 (holotype TASH000506!; isotypes BM, H-1200913, K). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–3(4) cm thick; tunic dark brown, coriaceous, woolly on the inside; stem 20–50 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3–4, slightly deflexed to suberect, scattered, glaucescent green, not curled, carinate, pubescent, ciliate at margins, not exceeding the flower, relatively narrow; lower leaf lanceolate, 1.5–3.0 cm broad, situated 3–8 cm above the soil surface, upper leaves progressively decreasing in size; flower solitary, red; perigone segments 4–8 cm long, usually very long acuminate to a pubescent tip; outer segments oblong-lanceolate to oblong; inner segments oblong-lanceolate to oblong; the basal blotch obtuse, acute or sometimes 3-pointed, dark violet, black, yellow or black margined with yellow; stamens one-third the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black or blackish or sometimes yellow; anthers yellow or violet, slightly longer than filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma. General distribution:—South-western Pamir-Alay (northern Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-c Baysun region), I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–June; fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Stony and stony-clayey slopes in lower and middle mountain zones, 1200–2500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The Latin word “ carinate ” means “ keeled ”. The name of this species is connected with this feature: a prominent keel on the lower side of leaves (Fig. 3B). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Hissar district, Baysun region, Hissar Range, Guzar beylik, the pass Auga on the ridge connecting mountains Ulmas and Belauti, 24 May 1913, Michelson 1837 (LE); BuryuTakht mountains, grasslands, 19 April 1941, Popova 217 (TASH!); 6 km to north-west from the village Inkabad or 10 km to east-north-east from Baysun, 25 May 1963, Savitsky s.n. (TASH!); spurs of Baysuntau, Alachapan, juniper forest, 2 May 2013, Turginov s.n. (TASH!); Hissar-Darvaz district, Sangardak-Tupalang region, Hissar Range, top of the mountains Khodzha-Barku, 7 June 1911, Golbek (LE); Chulbair mountains, stony slopes above the village Sina, 24 April 1928, Vvedensky 227, 248 (TASH!); peak of Khodzha-Barku, stony slopes, 29 June 1929, Vvedensky 406 (TASH!); ad declivia argilloso-saxosa humida in montibus Tschulbair supra pag. Sina, 23 May 1929, Vvedensky 551 (TASH!); Chulbair mountains, above the village Sina, 2500 m, 23 May 1929, Vvedensky s.n. (TASH, MW); Chulbair mountains, 1938, Kokushkina s.n. (TASH!); Turdandarya river basin, Khodzha-gurgur-ata, Ming Chuqur, 22 June 1939, Akhmedov s.n. (TASH!); descent from the pass Khuvritang to Mush village, 2075 m, 19 May 1940, Gontscharov 302, 306 (TASH!); Tupalang river basin, Govashsay, 23 June 1948, Pjataeva 683 (TASH!); surroundings of village Nilyu, gentle slopes of foothills, 4 May 1948, Bondarenko 401 (TASH!); foothills between Sary-Dzhou and Kufar, 2 May 1948, Bondarenko 396 (TASH!); Sangardak river basin, upper reaches of river Aksu, 2400–2800 m, 4 June 1948, Pjataeva 194, 201 (TASH!); Sangardak river basin, surroundings of village Bakhcha, mountain slopes, 3 June 1948, Chevrenidi 910 (TASH!); surroundings of Khuvritang, 19 April 1954, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!); Shargun, south-east slopes, 15 May 1963, Khamidkhodzhaev 13 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Sina, near snow fields under the peak Khodzha-Barku, 29 May 1973, Botschantzev 127 (LE); Sangardak river basin, surroundings of Khodzha-Osmin, 18 May 1983, Kamelin et al. 2642 (LE)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

1. Sect. Lanatae (Raamsd.) Zonn. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 298(1): 90 (2012). Basionym: Tulipa ser. Lanatae van Raamsd. in van Raamsd. & T. de Vries, Pl. Syst. Evol. 195: 40 (1995). Type:— Tulipa lanata Regel. TAJIKISTAN. Pamir-Alaj, distr. Hissar, Chodscha-Balkata ad fluvium Kafirniga’, A. Regel s.n (holotype LE, isotype K-000844618!). In Uzbekistan, T. sect. Lanatae is represented by seven species. The species are mainly distributed in the middle belt of Uzbekistan part of the Pamir-Alay Mountains. The taxa can be easily distinguished by biogeographic (southern part of Uzbekistan) and morphologic criteria (inner surface of bulb with profuse hairs and the same length of the tepals of the red-coloured perigone). The diagnostic key for species of the section is presented below. Identification key for Tulipa sect. Lanatae in Uzbekistan 1. Bulb tunic papery, profusely arachnoid-shaggy inside, bulb looks like a ball of cotton wool...........................................................2 – Bulb tunic coriaceous or subcoriaceous, profusely lanate or lined with adpressed, rather long and usually straight hairs on inner surface.................................................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Stem, including the peduncle, glabrous (shortly pubescent). The pubescent tips of all tepals equal or almost equal in length, all the tepals have long cusps. Known from Sherabad Valley only.........................................................................................2. T. bactriana – Stem, including the peduncle, pubescent. The pubescent tips are longer on the outer tepals than on the inner ones, only outer tepals have long cusps. Widespread in South-Western Pamir-Alay.................................................................................1. T. tubergeniana 3. Bulb tunic thinly coriaceous, rather profusely lanate inside..............................................................................................................4 – Bulb tunic coriaceous, with adpressed hairs or wool inside...............................................................................................................5 4. Bulb tunic inside covered with rather long adpressed hairs; perigone segments with a black obtuse blotch without yellow margin............................................................................................................................................................................................4. T. ingens – Bulb tunic inside densely covered with woolly hairs, especially in the upper part; perigone segments with a black yellow margined blotch................................................................................................................................................................................. 3. T. lanata 5. Leaves slightly spreading, all distinctly carinate; perigone segments strongly spreading, acute; bulb tunic covered with woolly hairs................................................................................................................................................................................5. T. carinata – Leaves more or less spreading, ecarinate; bulb tunic inside covered with straight, long, golden hairs, more densely at the base and at the top.............................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Leaves 3–5, rarely 6, basal leaf oblong or often elliptic; flowers 4.5–12.5 cm long. Grows on Zeravshan and Hissar ranges................................................................................................................................................................................................6. T. fosteriana – Leaves 3(–4–5), basal leaf widely lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong; flowers 5–7(–11) cm long. Grows in Nuratau Mountains, Turkestan and Malguzar ranges......................................................................................................................................... 7. T. affinis, Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 166, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

5.6. Tulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel in Trudy Imp. S. -Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 507 (1879). Type:— KAZAKHSTAN. In montibus prope Wernoje ad fluvium Almatinka, A. Regel (holotype LE!; isotype PRC-454341). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.0– 1.5 cm thick; tunic light-brown or brown, papery, glabrous or with few adpressed hairs at the apex; stem 10–20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2, quite upright, more or less scattered, glabrous, smooth or rarely slightly ciliate-margined, linear; lower leaf broader, 5–15 mm broad; flower solitary, opens to a wide yellow star without blotch; perigone segments 15–30 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, glabrous, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments, rather gradually tapering into a long claw, bearded and ciliate at base; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments yellow or orange, hairy at base; anthers yellow or pale yellow, oblong, 3–5 mm long, with a very short cusp; ovary scarcely shorter than stamens, with a rather long style; capsule long, obovoid, 0.7–1.0 cm broad, 1.5–2.5 cm long, with a beak ca. 5 mm long. General distribution:—Tian-Shan, Pamir-Alay (northern part of China), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-a Ugam-Pskem region; I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-c Arashan region; I-1-d Kurama region; I-1-e Chorkesar region), I-3 Fergana-Alay district (I-3-b Eastern Alay region), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-1-a North Turkestan region), I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-a Kashkadarya region). Phenology:—Flowering: May–July; fruiting: July–August (depending on elevation). Ecology:—Fine earth, gravelly and stony slopes, in middle and upper mountain zone, 1500–3500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Species epithet “ dasystemon ” means “hairy stamen”. Note:— Tulipa dasystemon has long and narrow style, which is the reason Regel (1879) originally placed it in T. sect. Orithyia. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Ugam-Pskem region, surroundings of Khumsan, Mts. Karzhantau, screes near snow, 27 July 1921, Simonova 270 (TASH!); Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, the pass in the valley of Pskem on the way to the lake Makhbalkul, 22 June 1921, Baranov 301 (TASH!); Bostandyk, the crest of Ugam Range in the upper reaches of the gorge Satylsay, near melting snow on the north slopes, 3000 m, 18 July 1954, Pavlov 174 (MW); basin of the river Novalisay, middle reaches, rocks, 14 June 2006, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Maydantal Range, Bostandyk district of Tashkent Province, middle reaches of the river Oygaing, upper part of the gorge Tekesh, near melting snow, 3000 m, 23 August 1958, Pavlov 180 (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Bostandyk district, Pskem Range, the gorge Bas-Kapchigaysay, on the scree, 1400 m, 12 May 1958, Pavlov 88 (MW); Bostandyk district of Tashkent Province, upper part of the gorge Barkraksay (valley of the river Oygaing), 3300 m, 10 August 1959, Pavlov 76 (MW); valley of the river Oygaing, 1941, Momotov s.n. (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, right bank of the river Koksu, stony slope, 3 June 1963, Puchkova 41 (TASH!); valley of the river Oygaing, nameless valley between rivers Koksu and Barkraksay, NE slope, 4 June 1963, Puchkova 85 (TASH!); Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Mt. Chimgan in Tashkent Alatau, on the left side of Chirchik, 21 June 1881, Regel s.n. (LE); surroundings of the Chimgan Botanical Station, ridge of Mt. Greater Chimgan, 10 august 1926, Baranov, Raykova s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the Chimgan Botanical Station, Mt. Greater Chimgan, NE slopes, 2600 m, 26 June 1927, Gomolitsky 467 (TASH!); Mt. Greater Chimgan, gravelly-stony slope near the pass Melovoy (Chalky), 19 May 1929, Gomolitsky 181 (TASH!); Greater Chimgan, 22 July 1936, Korotkova, Titov 1638 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, valley of the river Kyzylsay, near melting snow at the source of Sukoksay, 31 May 1939, Butkov 15 (TASH!); valley of the river Kyzylsay, gravelly slopes, on the watershed between Sukoksay and Kyzylsay, 31 May 1939, Butkov 40 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, Mt. Kyzyl-Nura, on the top, 9 August 1953, Maylun, Nabiev 1164 (TASH!); NE slopes of Greater Chimgan, 12 July 1956, Zuckerwanik 949 (TASH!); Chimgan, north-east slopes, Greater Chimgan, 12 July 1956, Granitov 951 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Akbulaksay, upper reaches of Nayzasay, 3000 m, 24 July 1959, Petrov s.n. (TASH!); Greater Chimgan, near melting snow, 15 May 1967, Sharipov s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Biosphere Reserve, Bashkyzylsay plot, Kurgantash, 26 July 2002, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Arashan region, Chatkal Range, basin of the river Angren, near the pass Arashan, 2 September 1932, Pjataeva, Momotov 1532 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Angren, the pass Arashan, 3 August 1938, Pjataeva, Momotov s.n. (TASH!); Angren Plateau, upper reaches of the river Arashan, NE slopes, 20 August 1939, Kudrjashev 1303 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Angren, near upper lake Arashan, among rocks, 7 July 1954, Butkov, Maylun 401 (TASH!); lake Arashan, slopes about 100 m above the lake, 11 July 1959, Petrov s.n. (TASH!); Angren Plateau, southern slope of Chatkal Range, near the pass Arashan, 3400 m, 17 July 2019, Tojibaev, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Kurama Range, the pass Kamchik, stony slopes above the pass, on the way to the Angren Plateau, 3000 m, 15 May 1965, Pavlov 126 (MW); Angren Plateau, river Irisu, 2800 m, 1977, Kari s.n. (TASH!); Kurama region, Kurama Range, mountains Kurama, valley of the river Angren, ravine Sovuksay near the village Yangavat, 15 August 1928, Gomolitsky, Granitov 325 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, the pass Abjas, on the top in the upper reaches of Chukursay, 29 May 1954, Butkov 63 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, left bank, the pass Karamazar, 29 May 1954, Vernik, Nabiev 208 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Kurama Range, upper reaches of the Kashkasay, on the stony soil, 3 June 1954, Vernik, Nabiev 295 (TASH!); upper reaches of Abjassay, subalpine belt, 2500 m, 21 May 1981, Shermatov, Kazakbaev, Levichev, Tagaev 91 (TASH!); Chorkesar region, Kurama Range, Pap district, Sasyvarsay, 23 June 1949, Bondarenko 337 (TASH!); Fergana-Alay district, Eastern Alay region, Alay Range, basin of the river Shakhimardan, surroundings of the village Iordan, the left bank of the river Dugoba, juniper forest, 5 July 1961, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!). Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkestan Range, pass Guralash, 22 July 1931, Agababyan 1481 (TASH!); basin of the river Sanzar, Zaamin forestry, upper reaches of the river Kok-Dzhar, stony slopes, 14 July 1934, Gomolitsky, Protopopov 168 (TASH!); basin of the river Guralash, Mechetlisay, 27 July 1934, Zakrzhevsky 475 (TASH!); basin of the river Guralash, the pass Angyrlysay, near the watershed crest, 25 May 1935, Zakrzhevsky 151 (TASH!); Zaamin district, valley of the river Guralashsay, tract Kyrk-Dzhigittash-uygan, near melting snow, 1550 m, 29 May 1935, Zakrzhevsky s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Zaaminsu, valley of the river Kulsay, the gorge Chor-Tanga, 29 May 1935, Zakrzhevsky 185 (TASH!); basin of the river Guralash, the tract Kyrk-Dzhigit, subalpine belt, 2700 m, near melting snow, 30 May 1935, Zakrzhevsky s.n. (TASH!); basin of the river Guralash, the pass to the Zeravshan Valley, on the way to the village Urmitan, 18 June 1935, Zakrzhevsky 460 (TASH!); upper reaches of Sanzar, Guralash Nature Reserve, on the watershed between Kulsay and Guralash, 12 June 1937, Korotkova, Vasilkovskaya 309 (TASH!); upper reaches of Sanzar, Guralash Nature Reserve, near a pass on the unfixed scree, 13 July 1937, Korotkova, Vasilkovskaya 318 (TASH!); Guralashsay, 3 km to the west of the peak of 2603 m, 28 August 1937, Demurina 1422 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Sanzar, Guralash Nature Reserve, 12 May 1938, Korotkova 19 (TASH!); upper reaches of the river Sanzar, Guralash Nature Reserve, below the pass Guralash, 2200 m, 4 June 1938, Korotkova 71 (TASH!); Zaamin, Kulsay, 5 May 1938, Shcheglov s.n. (TASH!); Guralash Nature Reserve, lower part of Tuyatashsay, on gravelly soil, in juniper forest, 23 May 1944, Nazarenko s.n. (TASH!); Guralash Nature Reserve, middle reaches of the river Guralash, banks of the stream, 12 July 1945, Pazij 22764 (TASH!); Zaamin district, Kulsay, 1955, Karpenko s.n. (TASH!); Western Hissar district, Kashkadarya region, Hissar Range (mountains to the east of Yakkabag, a plateau on the top of mountains, south of the village Vardan, 4 June 1927, Kultiasow, Granitov 958 (TASH!); basin of the river Kashkadarya, valley of the river Aksu, Mt. Karatag, 5 km to the south-east of the village Kyzyl-Imchak, on the northern stony slopes, 15 July 1959, Li, Zakirov 827 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 205-206, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Regel, E. A. (1879) Tulipa dasystemon. Trudy Imperatorskago S. - Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada 6: 507."]}

4.3. Tulipa dubia Vved. in Byull. Sredne-Aziatsk. Gosud. Univ. 21: 148 (1935). Type:— Chotan ruch’ya Kashkasu, 10 June 1909, Minkwitz 617 (holotype LE!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1–2(3) cm thick; tunic blackish-brown or brown, papery, inside adpressed-hairy; plants of relatively stocky habit; stem (7) 10–25 cm long, commonly hidden in the rosette of leaves at the beginning of flowering and later elongating, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent and often purple tinged; leaves 2–4, more or less approximate, curled or undulate, exceeding the flower, more or less pubescent, ciliate, glaucous; basal leaf lanceolate to oblong or ovate, 1.5–3.0 cm broad; flower solitary, opens to a wide star; perigone segments 2–4 cm long, equal, yellow, red or motley yellow-red, sometimes with a small indistinct yellow (in red form) or orange (in yellow form) blotch; outer segments lanceolate or oblong-rhomboidal, acuminate, with a pubescent tip, glaucous-pink on the back; inner segments oblong, more or less obtuse, with a pubescent tip; stamens one-third to half as long as perigone; filaments yellow or orange, glabrous, rather thick, long triangular; anthers yellow, oblong with a short acute tip, almost equal in length with filaments or up to 1.5 times longer, opening gradually from the top but not becoming strongly incurved or twisted; pollen yellow; ovary two-thirds the length of stamens, with subsessile stigma. Capsule oblong, whitish-yellow, with a short beak (Fig. 10C). General distribution:—Western Tian-Shan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-a Ugam-Pskem region; I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-c Arashan region; I-1-d Kurama region; I-1-e Chorkesar region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–June; fruiting: May–August (depending on elevation). Ecology:—Dry stony slopes and screes, in middle and upper mountain zone, 1500–3300 m a.s.l. Note:—Typically, the populations of Tulipa dubia occur on higher altitudinal zone than T. kaufmanniana and T. tschimganica. However, in the valley Aksay (Greater Chimgan), all three species grow almost on the same elevations but occupy different habitats. The main character, distinguishing T. dubia from other species of T. sect. Spiranthera is the shape of filaments. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Ugam-Pskem region, Karzhantau Range, Bostanlyk district, Karzhantau, alpine zone, Mingbulak, 19 June 1962, Nabiev, Pratov, Shermatov s.n. (TASH!); Ugam Range, Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, valley of river Maydantal, wet meadow in the ravine, 10 June 1909, Dolenko s.n. (LE); upper reaches of river Kaynarsay, NW slope, 1800 m, 27 May 1960, Li 4 (TASH!); Maydantal Range (Tashkent Province, Bostandyk district, middle reaches of river Oygaing, upper part of ravine Tekesh, near melting snow, 3000 m, 23 August 1958, Pavlov 181, 1075 (MW); Pskem Range, Tashkent Province, Bostandyk district, tract Karangi-tugay at the confluence of rivers Oygaing and Maydantal, on scree near the mouth of the river Choralma, 1540 m, 16 May 1958, Pavlov 99 (MW); Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Chimgan, ravine opposite the sanatorium, 12 July 1920, Vassiljev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, Greater Chimgan, NW slopes, 2700 m, 26 June 1927, Gomolitsky 478 (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, Mt. Greater Chimgan, western ridge, stony northern slope, 2300 m, 19 May 1929, Gomolitsky 193 (TASH!); upper reaches of Parkentsay, near the peak Kyzyl-nura, rocks and crushed stone, 2500 m, 1 July 1936, Korotkova, Titov 879 (TASH!); upper reaches of river Greater Maydantal, north slope, 16 July 1936, Korotkova, Titov 1300 (TASH!); tract Mingdjilke, upper reaches of river Nurekata, southern gravelly slope, 17 July 1936, Korotkova, Titov 1389, 1462 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, valley of the river Kyzylsay, gravelly slopes on the watershed between Sukoksay and Kyzylsay, 31 May 1939, Butkov 20 (TASH!); Bostandyk district, Greater Chimgan, thickets of shrubs on the slopes, 16 April 1947, Sumnevicz s.n. (TASH!); Bostandyk district, Greater Chimgan, on gravelly slopes, 16 April 1947, Sumnevicz s.n. (TASH!); piedmonts of Mt. Greater Chimgan, 31 May 1949, Korotkova 2148 (TASH!); NE slopes of Greater Chimgan, 12 August 1956, Zuckerwanik 950 (TASH!); valley of the river Chatkal, basin of the river Akbulak, screes under the rocks near the top of Mt. Pulatkhan, 24 June 1957, Butkov 990 (LE); Tashkent Province, Zarkent, watershed, 18 May 1961, Adylov 1606 (TASH!); Chatkal Range, lower reaches of Bashkyzylsay, right tributary, southern slope, 26 May 1962, Adylov, Zuckerwanik 318 (TASH!); Chatkal Range, saddle Sukok Stone, NW slope, among stones, 29 May1974, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, saddle Buzbash, stony SW slope, 23 June 1974, Vyrypaev s.n. (TASH!); Phenological Ridge, upper part of Sukoksay, northern slope, 11 May 1975, Levichev s.n. (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); Chatkal Range, basin of the river Nurekata, Mt. Uynatay, 28 May 1975, Pratov s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Chimgan Mts., Aksay valley, 1770 m, 14 April 2019, Beshko NB 2019018 (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Chimgan Mts., Aksay valley, 1840 m, 09.05.2019, Beshko NB 2019025 (TASH!); Arashan region, Chatkal Range, Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, warm springs Arashan, 15 July 1909, Borodin, Kallistov 143 (LE); basin of the river Angren, near the spring Arashan, 3 July 1954, Nabiev, Li 376 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Angren Plateau, Uchtashsay, tract Urtalyk, 3 July 1954, Butkov, Maylun 290 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, springs Arashan, argillaceous slopes, 6 July1954, Butkov, Maylun 372 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, lake Arashan (upper), among rocks, 7 July 1954, Butkov, Maylun 388 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, right bank, upper reaches of Kelinchaksay, 2600 m, 21 July 1954, Butkov, Maylun 502 (TASH!); Kurama Range, Pap district, tract Betagalyk, Kenkolsay, 4 June 1950, Bondarenko 451, 452, 455 (TASH!); Pap district, on the road between the pass Maydan and pass Chapan-kuydy, 4 April 1950, Bondarenko 411 (TASH!); basin of river Angren, near the pass Kosh-Davan, 28 June 1954, Nabiev, Li 342 (TASH!); basin of river Angren, left bank, on the plateau, 8 km to the SE from village Sardala, 2450 m, 28 June 1954, Nabiev, Li 349 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Angren Plateau, middle reaches of Karatashsay, argillaceous slope, 3 June 1954, Butkov, Maylun 305 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, Angren Plateau, upper reaches of Karatashsay, 2800 m, argillaceous slope, 3 July 1954, Butkov, Maylun 299 (TASH!); Angren Plateau, river Irisu, 1977, Kari; Angren Plateau, tract Betagalyk, Mt. Karatash, stony slope, ca. 2900 m, 25 June 2018, Tojibaev, Beshko, Turginov (TASH!); Kurama region, Chatkal Range, the top of Mt. Ravat, 2 May 1931, Mackewicz 6 (TASH!); Kurama Range, basin of upper reaches of river Angren, surroundings of village Ablyk, 25 March 1944, Sumnevicz 77 (TASH!); Kurama Range, the pass Kamchik, 28 May 1976, Pratov, Zuckerwanik, Makhmedov 759 (TASH!); Kurama Range, the pass Kamchik, 220 m, southern slopes, 29 May 1981, Shermatov, Kazakbaev, Levichev, Tagaev 355, 368 (TASH!); Chorkesar region, Kurama Range, Parda-Tursun, Novbulak, watershed with Tavatsay, 3200 m, 20 July 2009, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Chadaksay, the upper part of the Pashakhana tract, near Betagalik, 26 June 2012, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!). 4.4. Tulipa uzbekistanica Botschantseva & Sharipov in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 8: 109. (1971). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Uzbekistania australis, promontoria ad meridiem a via Dechkananabad – Derbent, montes Kurukdagana, ad declive australe trajectus Tally, in argillis saliferis griseis, 19 May 1967, V. Botschantzev 134 (holotype LE!). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.0–2.5(4.5) cm thick, situated at the depth of 5–20 cm; tunic slightly prolonged, tough, coriaceous, blackish-brown (old ones) or golden brown (current years), the inner surface glabrous, only at the base and apex sparsely covered with short, straight, adpressed, yellowish hairs; stem (10) 15–20 cm long, pale green, densely pubescent; leaves 3, broadly lanceolate, undulate, falcate, recurved, glaucous-green, pubescent (more densely on upper side); basal leaf ca. 5 cm width; flower solitary, widely cup-shaped, fragrant; perigone segments 3.5–4.5(5.0) cm long, orange-red, usually with a large dark brown basal blotch, with broad orange or bright yellow margin, orange on the back; outer segments broadly ovate, attenuate at the apex, with a pubescent tip; inner segments smaller, broadly ovate, obtuse with a denticulate apex; stamens half the length of perigone; filaments cuneiform, yellow; anthers light yellow, rarely vinous-red, opening gradually from apex to base in 2 to 3 days and becoming twisted or strongly incurved; ovary light violet with a glaucous tinge; capsule 1.5–2.0 cm broad, 3–5 cm long. General distribution:—Endemic to the western spurs of Hissar Range (Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-b Tarkapchigay region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Sandy grey clays in middle mountain zone, 1500–1700 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The national endemic is named in honor of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Note:— Botschantzeva (1962) stated that it belonged to sect. Spiranthera as it shows the coiled anthers as they dehisce. However, she placed it within the group of T. lanata. The species is similar to T. fosteriana and T. ingens, but it is distinguished by having a leathery tunic that is hairy only at the base and top (Christenhusz et al. 2013). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Hissar district, Tarkapchigay region, Hissar Range, the way Kurgantash – Tarkapchigay, variegated beds, 12 March 1968, collector unknown s.n. (TASH!); watersheds of the left bank of Tarkapchigay, 12 April 1977, Kamelin, Mikhaylova, Mishenkova, Solovjev 163, 184 (LE); Kuhitang mountain system, Suvsiztau, Tarkapchigay pass, 11 April 1977, Kamelin, Mikhaylova, Mishenkova, Solovjev 145 (LE); southwest spurs of Hissar, Akbashtau, 5–10 km to south from the village Kurgantash, 17 April 1983, Kamelin & others 288 (LE); Akbashitau, surroundings of Tarkapchigay pass (Akdagana village), 18 April 1983, Kamelin & others 325 (LE); surroundings of Dekhkanabad, Tally pass, 8 April 2012, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Kashkadarya Province, Dekhkanabad district, Mts. Akbashtau (Kurukdagana), surroundings of the pass Tally, 4 May 2017, Shomurodov, Beshko, Kodyrov, Sharipova s.n. (TASH!). The change in the state of populations of the section can be found with T. kaufmanniana which populations are decreasing progressively due to overexploitation in Kamchik pass (Kurama range). T. uzbekistanica was described (Botschantzeva 1971) after 1970 (Fig. 11). Thus, this species was not shown in Fig. 11A. Subgenus Eriostemones (Boiss.) Hall, Book of the Tulip: 60. (1929), Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 196-198, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1962) Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology (in Russian). English translation: Varekamp, H. Q. (1982) CRC Press, Rotterdam, Balkema, The Netherlands, 230 pp.","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061"]}

3. Sect. Vinistriatae (Raamsd.) Zonn. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 298(1): 91. (2012). Type:— Tulipa greigii Regel in Gartenflora 22: 290, t. 773. (1873). Five species have been found in Uzbekistan. Species are usually with red tepals, with markings on leaf surface, and habitats are located in the lowlands, foothills and middle mountains belt of Tian-Shan, Pamir-Alay and Turkmenistan (Everett 2013). Identification key for Tulipa sect. Vinistriatae in Uzbekistan 1. Leaves usually with anthocyan markings (violet or brownish stripes or spots); bulb tunic coriaceous, prolonged..........................2 – Leaves without anthocyan markings; bulb tunic papery, not prolonged............................................................................................4 2. Perigone segments equal or the outer slightly longer, with a narrow triangular, long, yellow-margined (rarely marginless) black blotch, 1/3–1/2 the length of the tepal. Widespread in Pamir-Alay.......................................................................... 3. T. micheliana – The basal blotch is 1/4–1/5 the length of the tepal, obtuse; inner perigone segments slightly longer than the outer, connivent, the outer ones reflexed in the upper part. Widespread in Tian-Shan........................................................................................................3 3. Perigone segments orange-red (sometimes yellow, motley or creamy), at base yellow with a blurry black blotch.........1. T. greigii – Perigone segments red, at base with a black blotch, with or without yellow margin. Grows on Kurama range...................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. T. mogoltavica 4. Flower red or orange-red with blurry yellow blotch, sometimes orange, yellow or motley red-yellow; filaments yellow, anthers opening rapidly. Occurs on Kurama and Chatkal (mostly southern slope) ranges.....................................................4. T. vvedenskyi – Flower crimson-red, purple-red or brick-red without distinct blotch (tepals violet-brownish, brownish or greenish-yellow at the base); filaments red, brownish or purple, anthers opening gradually from the tip down. Occurs on the northern slope of Chatkal range............................................................................................................................................................................... 5. T. butkovii, Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 186-187, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

1.7. Tulipa affinis Botschantz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 16: 6. (1961). Type:— KYRGYZSTAN.Turkestan Range near the village Churbek in juniper belt on fine earth among huge stones, 1956, V.P. Botschantzev 2190 (holotype TASH000497). Description:—Bulb elongated-ovoid, 2–4 cm thick; tunic brown or dark brown, thinly subcoriaceous, often slightly prolonged, inside sparsely lined with straight, long, adpressed, golden hairs (more densely at the base and at the top); stem 15–35(–40) cm long, green or glaucous, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3(–4– 5), scattered, glaucous, pubescent, ciliate, more or less undulate; lower leaf widely lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 3–5(–6) cm wide, situated above the soil level; upper leaves lanceolate, progressively decreasing in size; flower solitary, scentless, large, cyathiform, widely campanulate or widely cup-shaped, nearly tetrahedral at the base; perigone segments bright red, 5–7(–11) cm long, acuminate, with a pubescent tip; the basal blotch relatively small, black with narrow yellow margin (sometimes without yellow margin), sinuate, dentate or truncate; outer segments oblong to oblong-rhomboidal, slightly longer than the obovate-oblong inner segments; stamens one third to two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black, flattened, triangular, the constricted part below the anthers usually white; anthers black-violet, twice the length of filaments; pollen purple-black; ovary narrow, long, pale green, often purple tinged; stigma large, sessile, cream coloured; capsule oblong, ca. 2 cm broad, 3–6 cm long, with a long (up to 1.2 cm) beak at the apex. General distribution:—North-western Pamir-Alay (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region; I-4-c Nuratau Relic Mountains), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-5-a North Turkestan region; I-5-b Malguzar region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Clayey, stony and gravelly slopes, rock ledges in lower and middle mountain zone, sometimes in foothills, 800–2500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—In protologue, Z.P. Botschantzeva emphasized the affinity of this species with Tulipa fosteriana. Note:—The species has been described on plants grown from bulbs collected by Z.P Botschantzeva in Turkestan Range near the village Churbek (Kyrgyzstan). In Uzbekistan, the main habitats of this tulip are located in the central part of the Nuratau Range (Beshko et al. 2013, Tojibaev & Beshko 2014). Its taxonomical status is a subject of discussion because the morphological differences between Tulipa affinis and T. fosteriana are very unclear. As noted, Botschantzeva (1961), T. affinis “…distinguishes with a more graceful habit, narrower leaves, and smaller flowers”, and its flower “...differs from all other known species by its unusual shape”. Zonneveld (2009) revealed that T. affinis has a nearly identical amount of nuclear DNA as T. fosteriana, but considered them separate species on morphological grounds etc. However, Christenhusz et al. (2013) treated T. affinis as a synonym of T. fosteriana on the grounds that morphological features noted by Botschantzeva “fit within the natural variability of T. fosteriana ». Our longterm surveys in natural habitats of both species showed that T. affinis has shorter, stocky, and more pubescent stem, narrower, more undulate and more glaucous leaves than T. fosteriana, it differs by its bulb tunics, flower shape, and shape of central blotch. A completely yellow blotch is never observed in T. affinis. Geographical ranges of these two species are separated. According to J.J. de Groot’s communication, T. affinis is shorter and blooms later than T. fosteriana in the same conditions ex-situ. Because of these facts, we consider T. affinis and T. fosteriana as two distinct, but very closely related species. Of course, further molecular genetics, morpho-anatomical and bio-ecological studies are strongly required. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Nuratau district, Nuratau region, Nuratau Range, Koytash Mountains, near the village Shurkundi, 1 August 1934, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); Koytash, ridge crest near the Amandara, 5 August 1934, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); Koytash Mountains, 2–3 km to south-west from the village Kokbulak, 18 July 1937, Demurina 595 (TASH!); Nuratau Range, Farish district, 7 May 1941, Momotov 168 (TASH!); Nurata district, Koblyati-say, 7 April 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); south-west of the village Kok-bulak, 24 April 1956, Zakirov 47 (TASH!); 3 km north of the pass Saurbel, 27 April 1958, Li, Zakirov 176 (TASH!); Nuratau Range, southern slope of Mt. Zargar, 6 April 1979, Pimenov, Kljuykov, Borjaev, Baranova, Vassilieva 102 (MW); Nuratau Range, pass Sentab, 12 May 1984, Petrochenko 84035, 84036 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Bolosay, 26 April 1992, Beshko 92080, 92081 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Fuzhaksay, 19 April 1993, Beshko 93013 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, watershed between Hayatsay and Andygensay, 19 April 1993, Beshko 93070 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Karysay, Pub, 16 March 1993, Beshko 93031 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, upper Hayatbashi, northern slopes, 6 May 2005, K. Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Ridge, Nuratau Nature Reserve, valley Tykchasay, Loloi, 25 April 2007, Beshko 07020, 07021 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Mts. Koytash, “holy place” above the village Sulukli, 25 April 2012, A. Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau reserve, Tykchasay, Parrandas, 1600 m, 7 May 2012, N. Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Navoi Province, Nurata district western end of the range Nuratau, northern slope, Pistalisay, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, western slope, 937 m, 18 April 2019, N. Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Gurdara valley, 839 m, 17 March 2019, N. Beshko NB2019001 (TASH!); 2 km east of the pass Saurbel, 1240 m, 6 April 2019, N. Beshko NB2019015 (TASH!); Nuratau Ridge, Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, western slope, 850 m a.s.l., 23 March 2020, N. Beshko NB2020006 (TASH!); Nuratau Ridge, Nuratau Nature Reserve, upper part of Andygen valley, Sukhta, 1630 m, 24 April 2020, N. Beshko NB2020013 (TASH!); Aktau region, Aktau Range, near the village Andak, 1 May 1925, Popov 33,34,35 (TASH!); Karakchatau Range, 2 km south-west of village Kauncha, 7 June 1937, Demurina 451 (TASH!); 3–5 km south-west of village Kul-Safar, 7 June 1937, Demurina 559 (TASH!); Kokchatau Relic Mountains, Kokchatau, 14 April 1938, Granitov, Evstafiev s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Relic Mountains, between mountains Kaunchi and Pistalitau, Artemisia steppe, 10 June 1934, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); Pistalitau, 18August 2013, K. Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkistan Range, valley of the river Sanzar, juniper stands, wheat grass-herbaceous community, 11 May 1954, Krasnopolin et al. 931 (TASH!); Zaamin National Park, Uriklisay, 8 May 2014, Hang et al. 17141 (TASH!); Malguzar region, Malguzar Range, foothills of the Malguzar, 1500 m, Dzhityny-kutan, 21 August 1937, Demurina 1205 (TASH!); low mountains, near the village Laylak, 12 April 1954, Krasnopolin et al. (TASH!); near the Tamerlan Gate, 25 April 1957, Adylov 68 (TASH!); north slope of Malguzar Range, Uvalsay, 1300 m, 14 May 2012, Beshko, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); southern slope of the Malguzar Range, upper reaches of Dzhirtangisay, near watershed, near the trigonometric point 2319.4 m, ca. 1–1.5 km east of the highest peak of the ridge, 2 May 2013, Tojibaev, Beshko, Batoshov, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); southern slope, surroundings of the village Shaybek, Bugsay, 29 May 2013, Azimova s.n. (TASH!); Oltovuz, Gizhgilsay, central part of the ridge, 14 June 2013, Azimova s.n. (TASH!). The results of сomparison of populations state before and after 1970 (Fig. 4) showed the reduction of 5 species only, but in increase for T. affinis. According to our observations, the decreasing of T. tubergeniana (up to 60%) and T. fosteriana (up to 40%) populations directly depend on land use and overexploitation in the vicinities of Baysun (Surxondaryo) and Taxtakaracha pass (Zarafshan Range) respectively. Mainly overgrazing causes the reduction of populations of T. lanata, T. carinata and T. ingens. The seemingly growth rate of populations of T. affinis depended on increase of botanical expeditions and investigations in Jizzakh and Navoi regions (Beshko 2000, Batoshov 2016)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 173-174, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Beshko, N. Y., Tojibaev, K. S. & Batoshov, A. R. (2013) Tulips of the Nuratau Mountains and South-Eastern Kyzylkum (Uzbekistan). Stapfia 99: 198 - 204.","Tojibaev, K. S. & Beshko, N. (2014) Reassessment of diversity and analysis of distribution in Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan. Nordic journal of Botany 33: 324 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / njb. 00616","Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1961) Tulipa novae ex Asia Media. Botaniceskie Materialy Gerbarija Instituta Botaniki Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 16: 6 - 13.","Zonneveld, B. J. M (2009) The systematic value of nuclear genome size for \" all \" species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 281: 217 - 245. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 009 - 0203 - 7","Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Beshko, N. Y. (2000) Flora of Nuratin State Reserve. Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation. Tashkent, 26 pp.","Batoshov, A. R. (2016) The flora of south-east relic mountains of Kyzyk-Kum. Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation. Tashkent, 26 pp."]}

2.7. Tulipa intermedia Tojibaev & J.de Groot in Nordic J. Bot. 32(5): 546. (2014). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Ferghana Depression: Kurama Mt Range, Pap-Chust foothills, vicinities of Muruldi and Kandisai villages, Artemisia steppe, 40°56′29.6″ N, 70° 52′ 02.5″ E, 936 m a.s.l., 30 March 2013, K. Tojibaev 156 (TASH000511!). Description:—Bulb ovate, 1.5–3.0 cm thick; tunic thin coriaceous, dark brown, prolonged, sometimes to the soil surface, inside at the base sparsely and at the top densely covered with appressed hairs; plants of relatively stocky habit; stem 8–12 cm tall (including peduncle), smooth, glabrous; leaves 3, approximate, nearly verticillate, usually exceeding or at least reaching the flower, smooth, lanceolate, curled, with undulate margins; flower solitary, widely cup-shaped; perigone segments yellow (var. intermedia), reddish-orange or light red (var. korolkowioides), sometimes with small brownish blotch or dark yellow coloured at the base, acute or with a small tip at apex, sometimes obtuse, 1.0– 1.5 cm wide, ca. 3 cm long, oblong to rhomboidal, often convex-concave; stamens 1.0– 1.3 cm long, filaments 6–7 mm long, yellow, brownish in their basal part (in var. korolkowioides black in the lower part and purple in the upper part), smooth, dilated in the middle; anthers yellow, almost equal to the filaments; ovary bottle-like, pale yellow, longer than stamens (Fig. 6B). General distribution:—Endemic to the northern foothills of the Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-e Chorkesar region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: April–May. Ecology:—Gravelly and stony soils in piedmonts and lower mountain zone, among sagebrush vegetation, 600– 900 m a.s.l. Etymology:—Morphologically, T. intermedia takes an intermediate position between T. scharipovii and T. talassica Lazkov. Therefore, the name of this tulip is associated with its taxonomic position. Intraspecific variability:—Two morphotypes differing in the colour of tepals and filaments were observed in all known populations of T. intermedia and were formally described as varieties as it is done below. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: slopes of foothills between the village Khanabad and tract Chap, 18 March 2020, K. Tojibaev, A. Batashov, D. Dekhkanov, Kh. Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Pap district, Uygursay, foothills, 8 May 2021, Kh. Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Chust district, the village Gava, 9 Aril 2021, Kh. Khoshimov, Olimov s.n. (TASH!); Namangan Province, Chust district, the village Varzik, 25 March 2021, Kh. Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!); the left bank of the river Rizak, at the edge of the village Rizak, 19 March 2020, K. Tojibaev, A. Batashov, D. Dekhkanov, Kh. Khoshimov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 183-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

5. Sect. Biflores A.D.Hall ex Veldkamp & Zonn. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 298(1): 89 (2012) Type:— Tulipa biflora Pall. in Reise Russ. Reich. 3(2): App. 727 (1776). Identification key for the species of sect. Biflores distributed in Uzbekistan 1. Upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent (except T. biflora and T. sogdiana), with a short style; flower is whitish with yellow blotch; plants of plains, foothills and mid-mountains, up to 2400–2500 m.......................................................................................2 – Upper part of stem and peduncle glabrous, with a long style; flower is pale yellow or whitish; plants of high mountains, above 2400–2500 m......................................................................................................................................................................................6 2. Filaments glabrous. Grows in Kyzylkum and adjacent arid plains...............................................................................1. T. sogdiana – Filaments with a ring of hairs at the base and wispy hairs along their length....................................................................................3 3. Bulb tunic papery; stem and peduncle glabrous; filaments bearded at the base. Grows in Ustyurt plateau.................... 2. T. biflora – Bulb tunic coriaceous or thin coriaceous; filaments with wispy, white hairs along the length. Grows in arid plains, Tian-Shan and Pamir-Alay mountains........................................................................................................................................................................4 4. Leaves widely spaced, commonly much shorter than the flower.................................................................................3. T. buhseana – Leaves more or less widely spaced, commonly longer than the flower.............................................................................................5 5. Bulb tunic tough and dark brown, at the upper part densely clothed with long silky hairs. Grows in Pamir-Alay mountains ………………………………………………………. 4. T. turkestanica – Bulb tunic tough reddish-brown or pink, densely lined with cobwebby hairs increasing to a tuft at the apex. Grows in West TianShan mountains.......................................................................................................................................................5. T. bifloriformis 6. Bulb tunic finely cobweb-hairy on the inner surface; leaves set closely, commonly opposite; flower whitish with yellow blotch, outer segments dingy violet on the back; filaments with hairs at the base; anthers violet. Grows in Hissar range............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6. T. orithyioides – Bulb tunic covered with hairs in the upper part; leaves rather widely spaced; flower bright yellow; outer segments brownish or greenish on the back; filaments pubescent over the entire surface; anthers yellow...........................................................................7 7. Bulb tunic usually light-brown or brown, papery, glabrous or covered with few straight, adpressed, white hairs at tip...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7. T. dasystemon – Bulb tunic black to tawny, thin coriaceous, densely lined with woolly hairs at tip......................................... 8. T. dasystemonoides, Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

2.4. Tulipa korolkowii f. rosea (Vved.) Zonn. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 281(1–4): 244. (2009). Type:— TAJIKISTAN. Pamir-alaj: ‘in collibus siccissimis gypsaceis prope petroleas Santo, 16.iv.1923, Popov еt Vvedensky s.n. (holotype TASH000520!; isotypes BM, H-1200897, K). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2 cm thick, the leathery, hard, dark brown tunic is prolongated to ground level, the top quarter densely lined with long wooly hairs; stem 7–20 cm long, stained brownish, carrying a single erect green bud; leaves 3, closely set at the base of the steam, spreading, channeled, glaucous, crispate; flower solitary, clear pink, opening to a bowl, with a small black, sharply-defined blotch which shows as a shadow on the reverse of the perigone; outer perigone slightly reflexed, 4.4× 3.2 cm, rhombic and slightly undulating, the pink reverse has a glaucous tinge, green at the base; inner perigone widely set, erect, oblong-triangular; filaments flat, commonly black in the lower part and purple in the upper part, sometimes entirely black or purple; anthers yellow, one half to two-thirds as long as filaments; pollen commonly yellow; ovary pale green stained pink on the angles, constricted below the yellow stigma with lobes slightly overlapping the ovary; capsule cylindrical with sloping shoulders ending in a small stigma. General distribution:—Western Pamir-Alay: Turkestan Range (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-3 Ferghana-Alay district (I-3a western Alay region). Phenology:—Flowering: April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Outcrops of variegated beds, in foothills and lower mountain zone, 800–1500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The pink form of T. korolkowii, described by Vvedenskyi as T. rosea Vved. The Latin word “ rosea ” means “ pink ”. Note:—The species is extremely rare in Uzbekistan. In all previous publications, incl. Tojibaev & Kadirov (2010), the pink form of T. korolkowii was not given for Uzbekistan. It was believed that it can be found in the spurs of the Turkestan ridge, near the border with Tajikistan., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Tojibaev, K. Sh. & Kadirov, U. (2010) Tulips of Uzbekistan. Shark, Tashkent, 224 pp."]}

3.4. Tulipa vvedenskyi Botschantz. in Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 14: 3. (1954). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Grown in the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbek SSR from bulbs collected by Z.P. Botschantzeva in the valley of river Angren, ½ km below of the village Tjurk, 1950, Botschantzeva s.n. (holotype TASH000533!). Description:—Bulb ovoid or rarely pyriform, 2–3 cm thick; tunic papery, dark-brown, on the inside sparsely lined with adpressed hairs except for the apex which is thickly hairy; stem 15–40 cm long, glaucous, sometimes with purple-tinged, densely pubescent; leaves (3)4–5, approximate, reflexed, not exceeding the flower, glaucous, undulate, sometimes sparsely pubescent, margins slightly ciliate; basal leaf widely lanceolate, situated at the soil level, to 3–6 cm broad; upper leaf narrow lanceolate, up to 2 cm; flower solitary, cup-shaped to almost star-shaped, sometimes shaped as elegant double cup resembling the flower of T. greigii (but the inner tepals more and the outer ones less reflexed); perigone segments 4–10 cm long, red, light red or orange-red, sometimes yellow or motley, with diffuse, blurry, yellow or more or less dark purple-brown basal blotch; inner segments obovate, apiculate, with a pubescent tip and slightly undulate upper margin; outer segments rhombic-subrhombic, obtuse or acute at apex and gradually tapering to the base; stamens almost three times shorter than perigone; filaments glabrous, dilated towards the base, yellow or brown often brownish in upper half and yellow at the base; anthers yellow or black-violet, longer or almost equal with the filaments, opening rapidly; ovary mostly yellowish-blue or pale green; capsule yellowish, oblong, 2–3 cm broad, up to 9 cm long, with a short beak (Fig. 8B). General distribution:—South-Western Tian-Shan, endemic to Chatkal and Kurama Ranges (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-d Kurama region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: June–July. Ecology:—Gravelly and stony slopes, screes and rocks, in middle mountain zone, 1500–2500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after A. Vvedensky (1898–1972), a famous expert on Central Asian flora who treated the genus Tulipa for the «Flora of USSR», «Flora of Uzbekistan », «Flora of Tajikistan » and «Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae». Note:—In the protologue, Z.P. Botschantzeva (Botschantzeva 1954: 3) noted that a substitute bulb and some daughter bulbs of this species can penetrate into the soil to a depth of 12 cm; mainly the daughter bulbs remain instead of the mother bulb; their substitute bulbs also can go deeply into the soil next year. A fully grown bulb has one tunic and four scales. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan district, Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Chatkal Nature Reserve, Greater Maydantal, gravelly slopes, August 1955, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Small Maydantal, among the rocks, August 1955, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Akbulak Valley, Karasay, gravelly slopes, 1820–2000 m, 1956, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Akbulak valley, at the confluence with the Serkelisay, gravelly slopes, 1956, Butkov s.n. (TASH!); Kurama Range, the pass Kamchik, stony southern slopes, 15 May 1965, Pavlov 127 (MW); Angren Valley, Tashbulak River Basin, stony and gravelly slopes, 7 May 2017, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Botschantzeva, Z. P. (1954) Tulipa species nova ex Tian-Shan occidentalis. Botaniceskie Materialy Gerbarija Instituta Botaniki Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoi SSR 14: 3 - 4."]}

5.4. Tulipa turkestanica Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 296 (1875). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Chiwa, Korolkow & Krause s.n. (COI-00050870) [lectotype designated by Christenhusz et al. 2013: 325]. Description:—Bulb ovoid, 1.5–2.0(2.5) cm thick; tunic blackish-brown or brown, coriaceous, the inner surface densely clothed with long silky hairs at the apex; stem 10–25 mm long, sometimes purplish-green, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent, rarely glabrous; leaves 2, scattered or more or less approximate, spreading, glabrous, ciliate, linear; basal leaf broader than the others, (5) 8–15 mm broad, usually exceeding the flowers, very rarely not reaching them; flowers 1–7, erect in bud, opening to a wide star; perigone segments white or creamy-white with yellow blotch, rarely yellow, 12–25 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, rather gradually tapering into a claw, more or less bearded at base, ciliate, stamens half the length of perigone; filaments orange-yellow or yellow, cylindrical, densely bearded at the dilated base, glabrous or hairy above; anthers linear-oblong, 4–6 mm long, commonly yellow, rarely faintly violet, short-pointed; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled; capsule oblong or almost spherical, ca. 1.0 cm in diameter, 1.5–2 cm long (Fig. 12C). General distribution:—Western Tian-Shan, Western Pamir-Alay (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-2 Fergana district (I-2-a South Chatkal region), I-3 Fergana-Alay district (I-3-b Eastern-Alay region), I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region; I-4-c Nuratau Relict Mountains), I-5 Kuhistan district (I-5-a North Turkestan region; I-5-b Malguzar region; I-5-c Urgut region; I-5-d Zirabulak-Ziadin region), I-6 Western Hissar district (I-6-a Kashkadarya region; I-6-b Tarkapchigay region; II-6-c Baysun region; I-6-d Kuhitang region; I-6-e Surkhan-Sherabad region), I-7 Hissar-Darvaz district (I-7-a Sangardak-Tupalang region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April (depending on elevation); fruiting: March–April. Ecology: —Fine-earth, gravelly and stony slopes, from piedmonts to upper mountain zone, 500–3100 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after Turkestan region, a historical name of Central Asia, which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, and part of northern Afghanistan present-day (also known as Afghan Turkestan). Note:—Not growing in Tian-Shan mountains, as marked by Wilford (2006). Yellow-flowered form of Tulipa turkestanica given in the book of Diana Everett (2013: 142) may belong to another species. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Fergana district, South Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, Uchkurgan steppe, 2.5 km from the railway station, Kugay south-east, 5 May 1928, Ioffe 368 (TASH!). Fergana-Alay district, Eastern-Alay region, Alai Range, town Skobelev, on clayey plain, 18 March 1918, Arkhangelsky s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the town Fergana, 10 March 1947, Shafeev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Fergana, on clay-gravelly soils, 25 March 1951, Sakhobutddinov s.n. (TASH!); village Iordan, 21 April 1959, Kovalevskaja s.n. (TASH!); right bank of the Blue Lake, 1700 m, steep cliffs, 26 March 1981, Shermatov, Kazakbaev, Levichev, Tagaev s. n (TASH!); Andijan district, the hills Bogishamol, recreation area Bogishamol, 22 March 2020, Tojibaev, Batashov, Karimov, Dekhkanov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau district, Nuratau region, Nuratau Range, Kyzylchali, Artemisia steppe, 24 March 1913, Korovin s.n. (TASH!); Koytash, between villages Kokbulak and Amandara, 5 August 1934, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); Koytash, 2-3 km to north-west from the village Kokbulak, 18 July 1937, Demurina 598 (TASH!); Kyzylcha, clayey piedmont plain, 2 March 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); Koblyatysay, 30 March 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); 2.5 km south-east of Kyzylcha, 15 April 1954, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylcha, piedmont plain, 1 April 1957, Novikova s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylcha, experimental plot, 23 March 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylcha, piedmont plain, May 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); northern slope of Nuratau range, lower reaches of valley Ukhumsay, 31 March 1984, Petrochenko 84038 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Hayat valley, Andebaraut, 16 May 1984, Petrochenko 84039 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Hayat valley, Zamezhak, 9 April 1984, Petrochenko 84040 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Hayat valley, Andebaraut, 23 April 2007, Beshko 07027 (herbarium of Nuratau Nature Reserve); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Gurdara valley, 839 m, 17 March 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); 2 km to the east from the pass Saurbel, 1240 m, 6 April 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Mt. Karatash, 690 m, 5 April 2019, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Madzherum valley, western slope, 850 m, 23 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020005 (TASH!); Nuratau Nature Reserve, Hayat valley, Andebaraut, 1490 m, 24 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020011 (TASH!); Aktau region, Aktau Range, surroundings of Nurata, Iris steppe, west of the town, 23 April 1913, Korovin s.n. (TASH!); Takhku-tau, 7 May 1913, Korovin s.n. (TASH!); 7–9 km south of the village Chuya, 1 July 1937, Demurina 402 (TASH!); near the village Chuya, rocky slopes, 1 August 1937, Mironov 63 (TASH!); near the pass Tekelyk, 3 km south of the village Sarygul, northern slopes, 12 May 1957, Momotov, Li 316 (TASH!); piedmont plain near the town Nurata, 11 March 1963, Markova s. n (TASH!); Karatau Range, Karakarga pass, 730 m, 19 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Relic Mountains, Pistalitau, 2011, Batashov; southern part of Balyklytau, 2011, Batashov; Pistalitau, north slope, 3 April 2012, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Pistalitau, north side of Chimkurgan, 18 April 2012, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); Kuhistan district, North Turkestan region, Turkestan Range, station Ursatjevskaja, loess plain, 1 April 1921, Vvedensky 71 (MW); 4 km to the north-west from the Milyutinskaya railway station, May 1930, Tarasevich 52 (TASH!); top of Aktash-tau, 17 June 1934, Zakrzhevsky 138 (TASH!); Guralash pass near the Langar road, 27 May 1935, Zakrzhevsky 177, 179 (TASH!); Kulsay, north-east red sandstone slopes, 11 May 1938, Korotkova 8 (TASH!); at the confluence of Katta-Shibirly-Say and Lyangarsay, 17 May 1938, Korotkova 55 (TASH!); on the watershed between Kulsay and Guralashsay, 3000–3100 m, May 1938, Korotkova s.n. (TASH!); Guralashsay, southern gravelly slopes, 12 May 1938, Demurina s.n (TASH!); region of the station Ursatjevskaja, 2 April 1954, Zaprometova (TASH!); Malguzar region, Malguzar Range, hills on the right bank of the river Sanzar, 2 April 1921, Vvedensky 132, 139 (TASH!); right banks of the river Sanzar, foothills, 2 May 1921, Vvedensky 132 (TASH!); surroundings of Dzhizak, on the rocky slopes in the valley of Sanzar, 6 March 1925, Vvedensky s.n. (TASH!); mountains Malguzar, 2 km west of the peak 2010 m, 9 August 1937, Demurina 1645 (TASH!); 2 km to north-east from wintering Kichik-karashahshak, grasslands, 28August 1939, Demurina 1309 (TASH!); Urgut region, Zerafshan Range, in the steppe near Agalyk, 12 April 1920, Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!); Agalyk, April 1925, Repeynikov s.n. (TASH!); near the village Sazagan, belov the pass Urtabel, 12 May 1925, Popov 224 (TASH!); Aman-Kutan Pass, Yulsay, gravelly slopes, 3 April 1931, Nikanorov s.n. (TASH!); AmanKutan Pass, Yulsay, gravelly slopes, 6 April 1931, Nikanorov s.n. (TASH!); Aman-Kutan Pass, Yulsay, 9 May 1931, Nikanorov s.n. (TASH!); vicinity of the Aksay village, mountain slope near the village, 5 May 1931, Butkov 43, 132a (TASH!); Chupan-Ata, March 1932, Valnev s.n. (TASH!); Aman-Kutan forestry, near the pass, 25 May 1933, Drobov, Sakhobiddinov 43 (TASH!); pass Kamangaran, 29 March 1935, Komarov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Urgut, under the peak Saryktash, 2 May 1936, Gnezdillo 30, 34 (TASH!); Mount Kuhi-Surkh, Ak-Bai-Jum Pass, near snow on gravelly soil, 18 May 1936, Gnezdillo 85 (TASH!); Agalyk, 6–7 April 1941, Zakirov s.n. (TASH!); below the TakhtaKaracha Pass, 1 April 1958, Vvedensky, Kovalevskaja, Tscherneva 36 (TASH!); below the Takhta-Karacha pass, 11 April 1958, Vvedensky, Kovalevskaja, Tscherneva 36 (TASH!); Takhta-Karacha Pass, 11 April 1958, Khalikov 1 (TASH!); the top of the Aman-Kutan Pass, 20 April 1965, Pryakhin s.n. (LE); Zirabulak-Ziadin region, region Bukhara– Karnab, mountains Malik, 13 April 1913, Sprygin s.n. (LE); Zerabulak, rocky slopes of the main ridge, 24 May 1928, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); Zirabulak mountains, 10 km south of the railway station Karmana (Navoi), 23 May 1964, Zuckervanik 175 (TASH!); Western Hissar district, Kashkadarya region, Hissar Range, surroundings of Tashkurgan, Kapyrsay, gypsum slopes, 7 April 1936, Botschansev, Butkov 654, 742 (TASH!); surroundings of village Tashkurgan, outcrops of variegated beds in the tract Turka, near the pass Kyzyl-Gaza, in juniper forests, 21 June 1936, Botschansev, Butkov 180 (TASH!); from the Chekmen-Kuydy pass to Tashkurgan, 18 June 1936, Botschantsev, Butkov 10, 13 (TASH!); basin of the river Tangimush, subalpine belt, juniper forest with subalpine species, 8 April 1937, Kudryashev 1417 (TASH!); 5 km to the southeast from Kyzyl-Imchak, on the northern slopes, 3000 m, unknown s.n. (TASH!); 6–8 km to the west, north-west from the village Kyzyl-Tam, 10 June 1941, Koshurnikova 310 (TASH!); Chekmen-Kuydy pass, 11 May 1961, Abdukhamidov s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylsu Nature Reserve, Aksu, in the middle mountain zone, juniper forest, 4 May 1977, Malakhov s.n. (TASH!); Tarkapchigay region, Hissar Range, valley Kichik-uru, between Gumbulak and Tangikhoram, 1913, Mikhelson 75 (TASH!, MW); the Dultaly-Kyzyl tract, near the village Kyzylcha village, clayey slopes, 23 April 1935, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); Belesy-ipak, near the spring Tashbulak, 22 April 1935, Gnezdillo 58 (TASH!); mountains south of Guzar, hills north of Kyzylcha, western slopes, 26 May 1935, Kudryashev 220 (TASH!); pass Kara-dzhaldy, 5 April 1936, Gnezdillo s.n. (TASH!); foothills of Hissar Range, surroundings of Dekhkanabad, ca. 800 m, 3 April 2015, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Baysun region, Hissar Range, Khodzha-gurgur-ata, southeastern slopes in the Gorbulak village, 1 July 1934, Butkov 21 (TASH!); variegated low mountains between Baysun and Denau, Tashkak, outcrops of variegated beds, 27 April 1930, Botschansev, Vvedensky 339 (TASH!); Taka-Sakyrt mountains, slopes of red outcrops, sandstones, 14April 1941, Popova 53 (TASH!); Kuhitang region, surroundings of Sherabad, Shir Khotan, gypsum slopes, 28 April 1930, Lepeshkin s.n. (TASH!); Tangi-Duval, stony slopes, 15 May 1976, Pratov, Zuckerwanik, Makhmedov 278 (TASH!); Surkhan Nature Reserve, Shalkan plot, northern and southern slopes ov the valley Shalkan, 23 March 2007, Ibragimov 0180 (TASH!); Surkhan-Sherabad region, Kelif-Sherabad Ridge, near village Gaz, 582 m, 8 March 2020, Beshko NB 2020002 (TASH!); Hissar-Darvaz district, SangardakTupalang region, Chulbair mountains, rocky slopes above the village Sina, 24 April 1928, Vvedensky s.n. (TASH!); 0.5 km below the village Gazarak, eastern rocky slopes, 15 June 1948, Pjataeva 392 (TASH!); 1.5 km below the village Gazarak, eastern rocky slopes, 15 June 1948, Pjataeva 392 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Kufar, soft slopes of foothills, 5 March 1948, Bondarenko 412 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 202-203, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Wilford, R. (2006) Tulips: species and hybrids for the gardener. Timber Press (OR), Portland, 212 pp.","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

2. Sect. Kolpakowskianae Raamsd. ex Zonn. & Veldkamp in Pl. Syst. Evol. 298(1): 90. (2012). Type:— T. kolpakowskiana Regel in Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 266. (1877). Ten species of the section distributed in various geographical and ecological niches which led to variability in morphology. Mainly, species of the section present strongly prolonged bulb tunic, slender stem, yellow tepals, narrow and glaucous leaves. Key for identification of species is given below. Identification key for Tulipa sect. Kolpakowskianae in Uzbekistan 1. Small plants up to 20 cm tall; leaves approximate, exceeding the flower; ovary with long style.....................................................2 – Relatively tall plants (up to 45 cm); leaves more or less widely spaced; ovary with sessile or subsessile stigma............................3 2. Perigone segments yellowish, without basal blotch, outer ones greenish on the back, the edges of the upper half often notched, two-thirds as broad as and slightly longer than the inner segments; tunic brown or grayish, papery...........................7. T. hissarica – Perigone segments white with yellow basal blotch, outer ones violet tinged on the back, up to half as long as the inner segments; bulb tunic dark brown (almost black), coriaceous.................................................................................................... 8. T. korshinskyi 3. Bulb tunic fibrous, splitting, black to tawny, prolonged to soil surface, inside densely covered with curly woolly hairs; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length of perigone; filaments black to purple..........................................................................................4 – Bulb tunic not fibrous and splitting, black, dark brown, not prolonged (T. scharipovii) or slightly prolonged (if prolonged up to soil surface, they are lined with woolly hairs at the top and glabrous below); stamens two or three times shorter than the perigone, filaments yellow.................................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Upper leaves exceeding or at least reaching the flower; aboveground part of the plant one-half to two-thirds as long as the underground part; perigone segments with a dark violet blotch on both faces.........................................................2. T. borszczowii – Upper leaves do not exceed the flower; aboveground part as long as or slightly longer than the underground part; perigone segments commonly with a dark basal blotch on the inner face, rarely on both faces..........................................1. T. lehmanniana 5. Upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves never lying on the soil surface...................................................4. T. ferganica – Upper part of stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves approximate (sometimes almost verticillate) and usually lying on the soil surface.................................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. Bulb tunic not prolonged, coriaceous; plants of relatively slender habit; leaves narrow lanceolate, do not exceed the flower; flower pendulous in the bud, perigone segments yellow, without blotch, elliptic, at the apex obtuse or sinuate, after anthesis turn brownish in the upper part; filaments yellow, narrow triangular (dilated at the base); ovary not bottle-like; grows in piedmonts on slightly saline soils................................................................................................................................................................. 5. T. scharipovii – Bulb tunic usually prolonged, thin coriaceous; plants of relatively stocky habit (sometimes with almost sessile flowers); leaves usually exceeding or at least reaching the flower; perigone segments red, yellow, orange, pink or motley, acute or with a small tip at apex, sometimes obtuse; grows in foothills and mountains on gravelly and stony slopes.............................................................7 7. Bulb tunic tough, almost scaly, dark in colour; leaves approximate to more or less widely spaced; perigone segments usually red with a small black marginless basal blotch, sometimes yellow-red or yellow or pink colour; filaments commonly black in the lower part and purple in the upper part, sometimes entirely black or purple...............................................................................................8 – Bulb tunic thin coriaceous, darkish brown in colour; leaves always almost verticillate; perigone segments yellow, reddish-orange or light red..........................................................................................................................................................................................9 8. Perigone segments usually red with a small black basal blotch, without a yellow margin, sometimes yellow-red or yellow................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3. T. korolkowii – Perigone segments pink in colour..................................................................................................................4. T. korolkowii f. rosea 9. Outer petals unbent outside, inner ones are curving inwards (concave); filaments from the base with almost parallel margins, but with a slightly inflated part in the middle (bottle-shaped); ovary is pale yellow.............................................................................10 – The shape of the perigone is different, filaments with the widest part at the base; ovary is greenish.............................. T. talassica 10. Perigone segments yellow, sometimes with small brownish basal blotch; filaments yellow, brownish in their basal part; ovary pale yellow............................................................................................................................................... 6. T. intermedia var. intermedia – Perigone reddish-orange or light red, with black or dark brown spots; filaments bicoloured: pale brownish in the basal part and red or reddish in the upper part........................................................................................................ 7. T. intermedia var. korolkowioides, Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 175-176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887

5.1. Tulipa sogdiana Bunge in Beitr. Fl. Russl.: 338 (1852). Type:— UZBEKISTAN. Inter Bukhara et Kermine, A. Lehmann s.n. (holotype LE; isotypes K 000844627, P00730919, P00730920). Description:—Bulb ovoid, 0.75–1.50 cm thick; tunic blackish-brown or brown, coriaceous, mostly very firm, lanate on the inside; stem 10–20 cm long, glabrous (including peduncle); leaves 2(–3), more or less scattered, spreading, often finally more or less twisted, sometimes slightly curled, glabrous, smooth, linear-lanceolate; basal leaf broader than the others, 4–10 mm broad, not exceeding the flower; flower solitary, rarely 2, campanulate or goblet-shaped, usually not opening to a wide star; perigone segments white, with almost imperceptible pink-violet shade, yellow at base, 15–25(–30) mm long; outer segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, dingy violet outside, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments ovate, obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed into the base, sometimes slightly ciliate at base; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perigone; filaments yellow, glabrous, dilated at the base; anthers oblong, 4–5 mm long, yellow, with the sharp tips; ovary shorter than stamens, pale green with a small pale yellow stigma; capsule oblong, ca. 1.0 cm broad, ca. 1.5 cm long, short-beaked (Fig. 12A). General distribution:—Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-a Nuratau region; I-4-b Aktau region), II-3 Kyzylkum district (II-3-a Kyzylkum region; II-3-b Kyzylkum Relict Mountains), II-4 Bukhara district (II-4-b Lower Zeravschan region; II-4-c Karshi-Karnabchul region), II-6 South Aral district (II-6-b Amudarya Delta region), II-8 Ustyurt district (II-8-a North Ustyurt region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Sandy, clayey and stony deserts, relic mountains, sabulous grey soils in piedmonts, up to 500 m a.s.l. Note:—This species is distinguished from T. biflora Pallas (1776: 727) by having the naked filaments and small hairs at the basal part of the inner tepals (Everett et al. 2013). This species also show some differences in filament structure. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Nuratau district, Aktau region, Kokchatau Relic Mountains,surroundings of the village Kokcha, 22 March 1958, Adylov 632 (TASH!); gravelly slopes of Kokchatau, 25 March 1958, Adylov 647а (TASH!); southern slopes of Kokchatau, 24 April 1965, Adylov, Shoraimov 2491 (TASH!); Kyzylkum district, Kyzylkum region, Ayakagitma, sandy soils, 7 April 1936, Tolbina 6 (TASH!); surroundings of Ayakagitma well, limestone sands, 14 April 1937, Botschantzev 3 (TASH!); Kanimekh, 500–600 m SE of Ayakagitma station, fixed sands, 7 April 1938, Pugasova 107, 110, 117 (TASH!); 35 km north-east from Kyzylcha, Aydar solonchaks, 10 April 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); Boguzbay, 1958, Gringoff, 26 (TASH!); surroundings of Ayakagitma, plains, takyrs, 31 May 1958, Adylov 686 (TASH!); Kanimekhchul, surroundings of Mashak-tepa, 12 April 1958, Adylov 710 (TASH!); Central Kyzylkum, surroundings of the well Akbaytal, 5 April 1959, Gringoff 98 (TASH!); surroundings of Ayakagitma well, 26 May 1964, Gringoff, Granitov, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!); Ayakagitma, surroundings of Kyzylkum Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 5 March 2005, Tojibaev 54 (TASH!); southern Kyzylkum 3-4 km from the turn Farish– Baymurat, 7 April 2013, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylkum Relic Mountains, Sultanuizdag, gravelly-sandy slopes, 5 April 1913, Popov 72 (TASH!); Karakalpak Kyzylkums, Amantay-tay, 23 April 1934, Muravlyansky 333 (TASH!); Karakalpak Kyzylkums, surroundings of Tamdy, to north-east, foothills, 8 April 1934, Muravlyansky 111, 114 (TASH!); south-east Kyzylkum, Aktau remanens, surroundings of Besh-Chapan, 22 April 1937, Botschantzev 54 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Tamdy, 12 April 1943, Granitov s.n. (TASH!); Sultanuwais, 3 km to north from village Karatau, Sheid, 12 April 1953, Adylov s.n. (TASH!); Tamdy district, surroundings of the spring Mechetty, piedmonts of mountains Aytimtau, 21 May 1954, Adylov 52 (TASH!); Kuldjuktau, 7 April 1964, Pjataeva, Kholmukhammedova 73 (TASH!); Kuldjuktau, 33 km to north-west from Kyzylkum Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 23 April 1964, Sarkisova s.n. (TASH!); Bukantau, 5 km from Kokpatas village, 19 April 1968, Kolomazova s.n. (TASH!); Tamdy district, Mingbulak, 5 km to north-east from Mingbulak, 2 April 1976, Khakimov, Buranov s.n. (TASH!); Tamdy district, surroundings of Dustlik, farm №3, 1.5 km to north-east from Jarilkat, 17 April 1976, Khakimov, Buranov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the well Turt-kuduk, 7 April 2007, Tojibaev; southern Kuldjuktau, surroundings of Desert station of the Institute of Botany, 500 m, 20.03.2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batashov s.n. (TASH!); southwest of Sultanuizdag, 14 April 2016, Tajetdinova s.n. (TASH!); Bukhara district, lower Zeravschan region, in deserto sterili inter Buchara et Kermine, 26 March 1842, Lehmann s.n. (LE, P); Kyzyltepa railway station, 14 April 1930, Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Shafirkan, 7 April 1975, Faysiev 8 (TASH!); Karshi-Karnabchul region, Nishan Steppe, clayey saline plain, surroundings of the village Charagil, 1 April 1938, Gomolitsky 49 (TASH!); Nishan Steppe, surroundings of Charagil, April 1938 Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!); Nishan steppe, 1964, Petrova s.n. (TASH!); Sundukli Sands, sandy plain in surroundings of lake Dengizkul, 240–250 m, 6 April 2015, Beshko s.n. (TASH!); South Aral district, Amudarya Delta region, northern edge of Nazarkhan, 11 May 1966, collector unknown s.n. (TASH!); 50–60 km to north from the station Takhtakupyr, sands, April 1971, Saparniyazov s.n. (TASH!); region Berdakh, Nazarkhan, fortress Chilpik, 19 April 2015, Usmanov 6 (TASH!); Ustyurt district, North Ustyurt region, eastern cliff of Ustyurt, 12 km north of the village Komsomolsk-on-Ustyurt, 200 m east of the spring Djaman Akbulak, 14 May 1970, Sarybaev 3 (TASH!); eastern cliff of Karakalpak Ustyurt, near descent Raushan, 12 April 2016, Tajetdinova s.n. (TASH!); northern part of Karakalpak Ustyurt, Almambet, 2013, Shomurodov s.n. (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 199, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Pallas, P. S. (1776) Tulipa biflora. Reise durch Verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs 3: 727.","Everett, D., Fay, M. F., Christenhusz, M. J. & Wilford, R. (2013) The genus Tulipa. Tulips of the world. Kew Garden Press, London, 379 pp."]}

3.1. Tulipa greigii Regel in Gartenflora 22: 290, t. 773. (1873). Type:— Illustration t. 773 in Gartenflora 22 (1873) [lectotype designated by Christenhusz et al. 2013: 312]. Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2.5–4.0 cm thick; tunic coriaceous, prolonged, blackish-brown, on the inner surface densely lined with long silky hairs especially at the apex; stem (10)20–40(50) cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3–4(5), more or less approximate, deflected, more or less undulate, glaucous, with violet stripes, dashes or spots, the upper ones more or less pubescent, ciliate, rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, commonly reaching the flower; basal leaf oblong to broadly elliptic, 3.5–14.0 cm broad, glabrous; flower solitary, elegant, cupshaped or goblet-shaped, usually light red or orange-red, rarely orange, yellow, cream or motley; perigone segments at base yellow with a blurry obtuse black or dirty violet blotch (yellow form – with red spots, creamy form – with yellow center), 3–10(12) cm long, relatively thick at the base, rather abruptly cuspidate at apex, the cusp pubescent; outer segments pubescent outside (especially on the back), ovate, reflexed outwards in the upper part, broader and slightly shorter than the obovate more or less connivent inner segments; stamens one-third the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, yellow, violet or blackish; anthers yellow or violet, twice the length of filaments; pollen yellow; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, cylindrical, greenish, with sessile stigma; capsule 2–3 cm broad, 4–6 cm long (Fig. 8A). General distribution:—Tian-Shan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan). Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-1 Western Tian-Shan district (I-1-a Ugam-Pskem region; I-1-b Western Chatkal region; I-1-d Kurama region; I-1-f Tashkent region). Phenology:—Flowering: April–May; fruiting: May–June. Ecology:—Clayely and stony slopes in foothills and lower mountain zone, rarely in middle mountain zone, 500– 2000(–2400) m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species is named after S. Greig (1735–1788), Russian Admiral of Scottish origin, who distinguished himself in the Chesme (1770) and Hogland (1788) battles. In 1870, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Peter the Great, S. Greig proposed the idea of creating the Admiralty Garden in St. Petersburg. Later he was elected as the president of the Imperial Russian Horticultural Society. The garden was led by E. Regel who described this tulip in honor of Admiral Greig. Note:—The species was described in 1873 from plants collected by famous Russian scientists Sewerzow (zoologist) and Fedtschenko (botanist) in the Karatau Mountains (present-time southern Kazakhstan). Firstly, Regel (1868) considered this tulip as a variation of the Altai tulip (Tulipa altaica var. karatavica), but later, in 1873, gave them the species rank. This species is the ornamental plant of the highest importance for selection. It is one of the most beautiful wild relatives of hundreds of cultivars of garden tulips. In the international classification, varieties of this species are combined into a separate class of “Greig’s Tulips”. Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Western Tian-Shan, Ugam-Pskem region, Karzhantau Range, Karzhantau, Aktash, 25 April 1926, Popov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the village Khandaylyk, piedmonts and stony slopes, 6 May 1939, Achilov 13751 (TASH!); surroundings of the village Khandaylyk, 24 May 1939, excursion of Tekhzar 13750 (TASH!); mountains Karzhantau, watershed Aktash–Tuyasay, eastern slopes, 1200 m, 29 May 1939, Bukasov 42 (TASH!); Aktash, slopes of the right bank of Akbulaksay, 28– 30.06.1956, Granitov 306, 395, 462 (TASH!); Ugam Range, valley of river Pskem, right bank, the tract Kunch, steep south slope, 9 June 1956, Granitov 211 (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Bostanlyk district, southern part of Ugam Range, watershed between villages Sidjak and Khumsan, 7 May 1958, Pavlov 54 (MW); valley of river Pskem, banks of Teparsay, 18 May 1965, Achilov s.n. (TASH!); valley of river Pskem, banks of Teparsay, 18 May 1965, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Ugam Range, between villages Sidjak and Kaynarsay, 23 April 2019, Maltzev s.n. (TASH!); Pskem Range, Aksarsay, 3 km from the village Nanay, 27 June 1966, Vybornov s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of the village Burchmulla, 29 April 2005, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Western Chatkal region, Chatkal Range, mountains Nurekata, 26 July 1918, Lapin s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, village Charvak, mountain slopes, 1 May 1927, Gomolitsky s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, Mt. Smaller Chimgan, gravelly slopes, 16 April 1929, Gomolitsky 129 (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, lower part of the Chimgan valley, 21 April 1929, Gomolitsky 18 (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, valley of the river Chimganka, 27 April 1929, Gomolitsky 60 (TASH!); surroundings of Chimgan Botanical Station, Mt. Smaller Chimgan, 1700 m, 30 April 1929, Gomolitsky 86 (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Bashkyzylsay, north exposure, in the middle reaches of Iransay, among woodlands, 26 April 1953, Nazarenko s.n. (TASH!); between rivers Angren and Chirchik, 1.5 km west of the village Aktepa, foothills, 9 May 1953, Butkov, Maylun, Slovinsky 285 (TASH!); Tashkent Alatau, Mountain Forest Reserve, 1959, Medvedeva (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); Parkent district, Bashkyzylsay, 25 June 1962, Nabiev, Pratov s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, south-eastern slope on descend to III plot, 17 April 1974, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Phenological Ridge, among stones, 11 May 1975, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Nature Reserve, Iransay, 1200 m, 27 September 1979, Levichev s.n. (TASH!); Chatkal Biosphere Reserve, Bashkyzylsay plot, Takhtakhodzhasay, near watershed, 24 June 2001, Mukhamedzhanova, Lynov, Chinov, Glavatskaya, Mamarachimov, Tojibaev 11 (Herbarium of Chatkal Biosphere Reserve); Chimgan, 21 April 2005, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); on the way between Chimgan and Charvak, the valley Chimgansay, 21 April 2005, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Charvak, 22 April 2005, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent Province, Chatkal Range, on the bank of the Charvak water reservoir, near the hotel Avenue Park, 8 April 2019, Maltzev s.n. (TASH!); Kurama region, Chatkal Range, basin of the river Angren, foothills in surroundings of Shavassay, 04–06 August 1939, Korolev 249 (TASH!); basin of the river Angren, middle reaches of the river Angren, surroundings of the village Karakhtay, 26 March 1944, Sumnevich s.n. (TASH!); valley of the river Angren, right bank of the river, along the road Angren– Kamchik, below the valley Iertash, 10 April 1964, Pjataeva s.n. (TASH!); Kurama Range, piedmont plain and foothills south of the village Telau, 7 May 1931, Butkov 24 (TASH!); Tashkent region, station Uralskaya inter Taschkent et Chodjent, 10 April 1880, Regel s.n. (LE); valley of the river Chirchik, from the fields of the village Troitsky, 25 March 1914, Michaylova 892 (LE); Tashkent, slope of Bozsu, 31 June 1920, Popov s.n. (TASH!); Tashkent, slope of Bozsu, 31 July 1920, Vvedensky s.n. (TASH!); Syr-Darya Province, Tashkent district, Kaplanbek, hills, 11 April 1921, Vvedensky 242, 269, 275, 316 (TASH!); Tashkent district, middle part of basin of the river Keles, village Chernyaevka, slopes of hills along Khan-aryk, 16 April 1921, Abolin 7326 (TASH!); hills near Kaplanbek, 11–19 April 1933, students s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Tashkent, rainfed crops near the village Troitsky, 14 April 1940, Lepeshkin, Pazij 17174, 17175 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on pages 187-188, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061","Regel, E. A. (1868) Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Vol. 41. Moscow, 530 pp."]}

2.1. Tulipa lehmanniana Mercklin in A.A. von Bunge, Beitr. Fl. Russl.: 337. (1852) Type:— UZBEKISTAN. A. Lehmann sn., Bunge Rel. Lehm. 337 [lectotype designated by Christenhusz et al. 2013: 316]. Description:—Bulb ovoid, 2–4 cm thick; tunic prolonged to soil surface, very tough, thickened, coriaceous, fibrous, splitting, almost scale-like, black to tawny, on the inside densely covered with curly woolly hairs; stem (10–) 20–40 cm long, the upper part almost equal or slightly longer than the underground part, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 4, deflexed, scattered, glaucous, curled, glabrous, smooth-margined, do not exceed the flower; lower leaf lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–2.5 cm broad; upper leaves rather rapidly decreasing in size, usually markedly shorter than lower; flower solitary, initially graceful cyathiform then widely opening; perigone segments yellow, orange or red, 2.5–7.0 cm long, usually with a short slightly pubescent tip; with the dark violet, blackish-violet or brownish basal blotch on the inner face, rarely on both faces, sometimes without blotch; outer segments obovate to oblong rhomboidal; inner segments triangular -lanceolate to triangular -obovate; stamens one third the length of perigone; filaments glabrous, black in red form, yellow in yellow form, half as long as the ovary; anthers yellow, as long as filaments; pollen yellow; ovary green, slightly shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma; capsule 1.0– 1.5 cm in diameter, 2.5–3.0 cm long. General distribution:—Eastern Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan. Distribution in Uzbekistan:—I-4 Nuratau district (I-4-b Aktau region; I-4-c Nuratau Relict Mountains), II-3 Kyzylkum district (II-3-a Kyzylkum region; II-3-b Kyzylkum Relict Mountains), II-4 Bukhara district (II-4-b Lower Zeravschan region). Phenology:—Flowering: March–April; fruiting: May. Ecology:—Sandy and clayey deserts, relic mountains, piedmonts, up to 500 m a.s.l. Etymology:—The species has been named in honor of A. Lehmann (1814–1842), the famous Russian botanist, one of the first explorers of Central Asian flora who collected plants for the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden during the expedition to Bukhara in 1840–1842 and discovered many new species. This tulip has been described in 1851 by Russian botanist K.E. von Merklin (1821–1904) on specimens collected by A. Lehmann from the vicinity of Bukhara (Fig. 5A). Specimens examined:— UZBEKISTAN: Nuratau district, Aktau region, Karatau Range, eastern part, north-west slopes, 20 May 1936, Kharchenko 1121 (TASH!); Bakachinak Valley, 5 May1955, Momotov, Li 117 (TASH!); west spurs of Karatau, piedmonts, 380 m, 22 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Kokchatau Relic Mountains, west part of Kokchatau, 330 m, 22 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Nuratau Relic Mountains, piedmonts of Pistalitau, 7 April 1911, Dimo, Sprygin, Shulga 335 (TASH!); southern spurs of Pistalitau, 300 m, 18 March 2013, K. Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylkum district, Kyzylkum region, Karakalpak Kyzylkum, surroundings of Tamdy, 20April 1934, Muravlyansky 271 (TASH!); Karakalpak Kyzylkum, Tamdy, 10April 1934, Muravlyansky 117 (TASH!); Karakalpak Kyzylkum, Amantay-tau, 23 April 1934, Muravlyansky 328 (TASH!); to the west from Pistalitau, on fixed sands, 9 August 1934, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); south-east Kyzylkum, between Uzunkuduk and Mashi wells, 23 April 1936, Klimovskaya 105 (TASH!); south-east part of Kyzyzlkum, surroundings of Karag-ata well, 20 April 1937, Botschantzev 50 (TASH!); northern part of Agitma depression, between Buri-bulak and Bashagitma wells, 11 April 1938, Granitov, Evstafiev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Ayakagitma station, 8 May 1938, Pugasova s.n. (TASH!); Ayakagitma station, 2 km to north, on the way to Karatag, 9 April 1938, Pugasova 174, 183 (TASH!); surroundings of Ayakagitma well, 16 April 1937, Botschantzev 5 (TASH!); betwenn lake Shorkul and Ayakagitma well, 13April 1937, Botschantzev 2 (TASH!); surroundings of Chingeldi well, 27April 1937, Botschantzev 139 (TASH!); Tamdy state farm, 12 km to north-west from the well Kur-kuduk, 11 May 1939, Popova 30 (TASH!); Nurata state farm, Mumincha well, 17 April 1943, Dzhanaeva 56 (TASH!); 30 km to north from Ayakagitma well, 24 May 1948, Rodin, Arkadiev 51 (LE); 50 km to the north from Kyzylcha, on hilly sands, 14 April 1951, Novikova s.n. (TASH!); 35 km to the north-east from Kyzylcha, on hilly sands, 24 April 1953, Zaprometova; southern Kyzylkum, 35 km to the north from Kyzylcha, on fixed sands, 9 April 1958, Galkina s.n. (TASH!); 16 km to the north from Kyzylcha, on fixed sands, 11 April 1952, Zaprometova s.n. (TASH!); southern Kyzylkum, 8 km to north-east from Saidon village, 30 April 1955, Momotov, Li 81 (TASH!); southern part of Kyzyzlkum, 13 km to north from the Ayaznek well, on sands, 22 May 1956, Li 226 (TASH!); southern part of Kyzyzlkum, 3 km to north-west from the Zagretdin well, 6 May 1956, Li; southern part of Kyzyzlkum, surroundings of Uch-tepa well, 31 March 1957, Momotov, Li 16 (TASH!); 10 km to south-east from Dzhangeldy, 5 April 1957, Momotov, Li 47 (TASH!); Agitma Depression, surroundings of Turkmenkuduk well, 5 May 1957, Adylov 153, 166 (TASH!); Kanimekhchul, between Kokcha and Bashagitma, 30 March 1958, Adylov, Shorakhimov 682 (TASH!); Kanimekhchul, surroundings of Ayakagitma, 31 March 1958, Adylov, Shoraimov 684 (TASH!); surroundings of Kokcha well, 28 March 1958, Adylov, Shorakhimov 671 (TASH!); Kanimekhchul, between Kokcha and Aznek wells, 22 April 1964, Adylov, Shoraimov 2351 (TASH!); between Kanimekh and Kokcha, surroundings of Yangi well, 22 April 1965, Adylov, Shoraimov 2476 (TASH!); south-west Kyzylkum, lake Shorkul, 29 March 1958, Shermatov 85, 87, 165 (TASH!); south-west Kyzylkum, 2 km to north-north-west from the lake Shorkul, 18 April 1958, Shermatov s.n. (TASH!); south-west Kyzylkum, surroundings of Buri-bulak, 29 March 1963, Pjataeva 443 (TASH!); Tamdy state farm, 3 km to south-west from Chegara well, 16 April 1975, Dzhavliev, Vakhidov, Li s.n. (TASH!); Tamdy district, Dustlik state farm, 3 km to north from Sautbay well, 18 April 1976, Khakimov, Buranov s.n. (TASH!); Central Kyzylkum, surroundings of Turtkuduk, 7 April 2007, Tojibaev s.n. (TASH!); south-east Kyzylkum, near southern bank of lake Tuzkan, 242 m, 26 March 2019, N. Beshko s.n. (TASH!); Kyzylkum Relict Mountains, between Tashkent and Karakaty, Manamdzhan, on sands, 11 April 1873, Korolkow, Krauze s.n. (LE); mountains Aktau in surroundings of the well Tyumenbay, 18–20 April 1913, Bukinich s.n. (LE); Karakalpak Kyzylkum, piedmonts near Karatau, in sand steppe, 23 May 1932, Russanov 200 (LE); Bashagitma remnant mountains, 10 May 1936, Tolbina 580 (TASH!); 2 km to north-west from Ayak-guzhumdy village, Kuldjuktau mountains, 9 May 1956, Momotov 710, 776 (TASH!); Auminzatau, 2 km to north-west from Auminza well, 15 May 1956, Momotov 893 (TASH!); Kyngyrtau remnant mountains, gravelly slopes, 8 May 1956, Li 115 (TASH!); south part of Kyzyzlkum, remnant mountains, 8 May 1956, Li 121 (TASH!); Tamdy district, 10 km to west from Chorikti well, 29 May 1956, Momotov 1101 (TASH!); Bukhara region, between villages Oguz and Dzheryk, 18 April 1978, Pimenov, Klyukov, Vasileva, Melibaev 44 (MW); Tamdytau, Aktau mountains, 19 April 1978, Pimenov, Klyukov, Vasileva, Melibaev 78 (MW); piedmont plains of Kuldjuktau, 17 km to north-east from Ayakguzhumdi well, 20 June 1964, Botschantzev, Takhtajan, 37 (LE); south slopes of Kuldjuktau, surroundings of field station of the Institute of Botany, 476 m, 20 March 2013, Tojibaev, Shomurodov, Beshko, Batoshov s.n. (TASH!); Bukhara district, lower Zeravshan region, surroundings of Kuyu-Mazar railway station, 31 March 1916, Androssov 1714 (LE); railway junction between stations Karmana and Malik, 15 April 1931, Botschantzev s.n. (TASH!); surroundings of Shafirkan, gypsum deserts, 7 April 1975, Faysiev 5, 20 (TASH!)., Published as part of Tojibaev, Komiljon, Dekhkonov, Davron, Ergashov, Ibrokhimjon, Sun, Hang, Deng, Tao & Yusupov, Ziyoviddin, 2022, The synopsis of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Uzbekistan, pp. 163-214 in Phytotaxa 573 (2) on page 176, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.573.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7349887, {"references":["Christenhusz, M. J., Govaerts, R., David, J. C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P. S. & Fay, M. F. (2013) Tiptoe through the tulips - cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 172: 280 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / boj. 12061"]}