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Additional file 7.

Additional file 1.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Curcumol activates CH25H via JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Three concentrations of curcumol (0.025, 0.0125 and 0.00625 mg/mL) and ribavirin (0.25 mg/mL) were selected to treat EMCV-infected HEK-293T cells for 24 h, and the expression of JAK1, STAT2, P-STAT2, IRF9 and CH25H protein were detected by Western blot. Supplementary Figure 2. Curcumol did not affect the production of PI4KA and OSBP. Curcumol (0.025, 0.0125 and 0.00625 mg/mL) and HPCD (5 mg/mL) were selected to treat EMCV-infected HEK-293T cells for 24 h, and the expression of PI4KA and OSBP protein were detected by Western blot.

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Additional file 5.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an epidemic animal infectious disease worldwide. In our previous research it was suggested that matrine could inhibit PRRSV infection both in vitro and in vivo, but the antiviral mechanisms are still undecided. Network pharmacology can well solve the difficult problem of “multiple targets, multiple pathways” in the research of TCM action targets. The results of network pharmacology indicated that matrine exerts its anti-PRRSV effect by targeting HSPA8 and HSP90AB1. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot showed that infection with PRRSV induced a significant increase in the expression of HSPA8 and HSP90AB1 whereas matrine treatment could significantly reverse it, and the number of viruses of PRRSV also decreased. In this study, the method of network pharmacology was used to explore HSPA8 and HSP90AB1 which were the potential targets of matrine against PRRSV on Marc-145 cells.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is one of the most important cathode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries in the future, due to its incomparable cheapness, stability and cycle life. However, low Li-ion diffusion and electronic conductivity, which are related to the charging rate and low-temperature performance, have become the bottleneck problem. This review begins with the introduction and comment of and phase transition mechanism in lithium iron phosphate particles, followed by the analysis the application potential of nanotechnology in high performance batteries. Nanoscale LiFePO4 has been prepared easily in the laboratory, but few were prepared on a macroscopic scale, and it is more difficult to enter the industrial production stage. Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis is a nano-preparation technology with great potential for industrial application. This article reviews the key parameters (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) and core equipment (mixer/reactor) of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis from the perspective of crystallization mechanism, and then point out the structural optimization design of mixer and development of micro-reactors may be the core work for industrialization of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis.

Additional file1: Supplementary Figure S1. The original blot images with specific protein bands used in this study. (A) The original blots used in Figure 1C. (B) The original blots used in Figure 5C. (C) The original blots used in Figure 6B.

Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized metal oxides is of great interest for scholars due to its one-pot and readily realizing commercial production process. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized TiO2 in subcritical and supercritical water was investigated with different reaction temperatures (250–450°C), time (3–10 min), precursor species (Ti(SO4)2, TiCl4), and the addition of a surfactant (CH3(CH2)5NH2). TiO2 synthesized under supercritical state has a higher degree of crystallinity when compared with TiO2 obtained from subcritical state, which is attributed to a higher reaction rate. Extending reaction time from 3 to 10 min leads to the growth of crystal and broader size distribution (36.66 ± 8.5 nm). More uniform products can be obtained when Ti(SO4)2 acting as the precursor compared with TiCl4 being the precursor. The application of surfactant CH3(CH2)5NH2 in the synthesis makes chemical bonding between the particle surface and organic ligand. It affects the growth direction of TiO2 crystal; as a result, rod-like TiO2 crystal is obtained.

Rock bridges are commonly encountered in rock engineering practices and play a significant role in the stabilization of rock masses. Under shear loading, they are supposed to provide resistance not only at before-failure stages, but also at after-failure stages, and this is not fully understood yet by now. To promote the solving of this problem, the present study tried to discover the geometric and mechanical properties of a shear-formed fracture occurring in a rock bridge between discontinuous open joints through laboratory experiments. After careful preparation of sandstone specimens containing discontinuous open joints, a series of direct shear tests were carried out under constant normal load (CNL) conditions. Once the rock bridge failed, another two sets of cyclic loading were subsequently applied to the specimen to examine the after-failure properties. The geometric properties of the newly formed fracture in rock bridge area, including undulating angle, fracture roughness, and fracture aperture, were systematically examined and analyzed with respect to the applied normal stress and joint persistence. Furthermore, the failure mode was dependent on the normal stress and joint persistence and also influenced the properties of the shear-formed fracture. Accordingly, different fracture types occurring to the rock bridges were summarized and described in terms of geometric morphology. The findings in present study would enhance our understanding of the influence of rock bridges, especially at after-failure stages, on engineering practices such as rock slopes.

Additional file 1.

Many studies have shown that ozone (O(3)) can inhibit inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) and regulate the metabolic balance of articular cartilage, but the mechanisms of this process are not well understood. Our study investigated the therapeutic mechanism of O(3) in OA. OA models were established, and the MWT and PWL were measured. HE staining and safranin O-fast green staining were used to observe cartilage degeneration. The levels of MMP-13, collagen-2, LC3II and P62 were measured by immunohistochemistry, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. The results showed that intra-articular injection of O(3) can effectively alleviate pain and inhibit cartilage degeneration in OA rats. O(3) can also reduce the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6, inhibit the expression of MMP-13 and the degradation of collagen-2, upregulate the autophagy-related protein LC3II and inhibit P62. This effect is associated with the upregulation of chondrocyte autophagy in OA.

Early oxidation characteristics of ferritic-martensitic steel T91 in supercritical water (SCW) from 1 h to 120 h were investigated. Relative to austenitic steels, occurrence of each oxidation stage for T91 was delayed. Both inner Cr-rich layer and outer magnetite layer formed even after a 1h-exposure at 540 °C, implying their almost simultaneous formations. Several assembled-pore lines were observed in the inner layer. Abundant pores accumulated at the boundary between the inner/outer oxide layers in steam, while mainly along the inner/diffusion layer interface in SCW, due to lower difference between iron diffusion through the inner and outer layers for the later.

A new prediction algorithm based on Empirical model decomposition (EMD) and Support vector machine (SVM) is put forward in this paper, and this algorithm solves the problem of the hydrogen atomic clock differences prediction, which is affected by the non-linearity and non-stability. The clock differences were decomposed into Intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and the residual series. The suitable kernel function and parameters were chosen to build the different SVM for predicting each IMF and the residual series. Each prediction result was summed to obtain the clock differences prediction. Results show that the EMD-SVM algorithm is effective compared with the linear regression and single SVM . The relative prediction error is reduced from 0.4327% to 0.2371%, and the dispersion is less than other methods.

The initial corrosion behaviour of austenitic TP347H exposed to supercritical water was investigated. The early oxidation can be categorized into three stages (rapid oxidation, transitory, and diffusion-controlled stages). Higher temperature resulted in a transformation towards the subsequent stage earlier and less oxidation resistance. Cr6+ species (likely CrO2(OH)2) were only generated on the surface in the very early phase, and then they gradually disappeared as the exposure time increased. Compared with a complete outer Fe-rich oxide layer, the formation priority of a continuous inner Cr-rich layer was observed at 540 °C within 35 h. A corresponding early oxidation process was determined.

Copper(II) oxide ultrafine particles are of great interest as a new material for multiple applications. This paper expounds the synthesis and characterization of copper(II) oxide submicrometer particles formed by a facile and simple supercritical hydrothermal synthesis method. The copper(II) nitrate, copper salt, was used as a precursor aqueous solution heated by a preheated sand bath to reach supercritical conditions. The effects of process operating parameters, such as temperature, pressure, the addition of sodium hydroxide, and precursor concentrations on the morphology and the size of copper(II) oxide submicrometer particles have been investigated. The copper(II) oxide particles formed, with particle sizes of ca. 100 nm, were hexagon-flake-like and spindle-like and free of impurities. The average particle size decreased with the increase of temperature under subcritical conditions and decrease of pressure. It decreased with the increase of precursor concentration at lower concentration conditions and ...

International audience; AbstractOur previous studies demonstrated that matrine directly acts on the replication process of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Matrine inhibits viral replication and is also associated with the NF-κB signalling pathway. These results suggest that matrine has antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the specific anti-inflammatory mechanism of matrine is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-IL-1β mechanism of matrine, as IL-1β is a major inflammatory cytokine, in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) stimulated with 4 μg PRRSV 5′-untranslated region (UTR) RNA and 1 μg/mL LPS. After 5′UTR RNA and LPS co-stimulation of PAMs for 12 h, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was significantly increased. The results also showed that co-stimulation induced the expression of MyD88, and activated the NF-κB signalling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, matrine treatment downregulated MyD88, NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression, inhibited ASC speck formation, suppressed IκBα phosphorylation, and interfered with the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These results suggest that matrine plays an important role in PAMs co-stimulated with PRRSV 5′UTR RNA and LPS via its effect on NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings lay the foundation for the exploration of the clinical application of matrine in PRRSV disease.

The early oxidation of Super304H stainless steel exposed to supercritical water at 450 °C, 540 °C, and 580 °C was characterized. After a 40 h exposure, distribution density of oxide grains produced on samples increased with experimental pressures, while initial aqueous pH had a negligible influence on short-term corrosion morphologies, implying that the outer oxide layer of scales may form via solid growth mechanism rather than by metals dissociation/oxides precipitation process. After a repeated 24 h cycles of exposure at condition of 540 °C/25 MPa followed by that of 500 °C/23 MPa up to 5 cycles, partial spallation of the scales appeared along inner and outer layer interface, not substrate/scales interface due to the enhanced adhesion of scales on the substrate by pinning effects and production and convergence of cavities at the inner/outer layer interface.

Corrosion of constructional materials in supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is one of the main obstacles to commercializing the SCWO process. Statistical analysis of corrosion research results indicate nickel-based alloys are the most widely applied materials in SCWO system among the candidate metals. The present paper reviews the corrosion characteristics of iron-base alloy, nickel-based alloy, titanium-base alloy, ceramics, niobium, tantalum, thallium and gold under the condition of SCWO. The selection scheme of materials is presented in SCWO system flow diagram in detail. The effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of materials in the water environment with high temperature and high pressure water are summarized in this paper. Moreover, some further researches for material corrosion in SCWO process are also proposed. All work was contributed to selecting the appropriate constructional materials and reducing the corrosion damage in SCWO system.