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特集：日本産爬虫両生類の分類に関する最近の動向

Neural crest cells emerge from the dorsal region of the fusing neural tube in vertebrate embryos, then migrate throughout tissues to differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. In adults, subsets of neural crest-derived cells (NCDCs) reside as stem cells and are considered to be useful cell sources for regenerative medicine. Previous studies have suggested that these NCDC subsets persist into adulthood in mammals, especially those cells within the craniofacial compartments. Recently, our group found that NCDCs were scattered throughout tissues of the palate, gingiva, tongue, hair follicle, submandibular glands, and buccal mucosa of adult mice. NCDCs from the buccal mucosa can also form neurosphere-like structures that have the capability to differentiate into osteoblasts in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein-2. In addition, NCDCs in adults have characteristic gene expression profiles, especially their cell surface molecules. Thus, cell sorting using several specific cell surface molecules has been proposed as a useful method for isolating NCDCs with high purity. Together, these results suggest that NCDCs reside in various adult oral and maxillofacial regions, and possess the potential to differentiate into osteoblastic cells, indicating that these cells in adults may be a useful source for bone regeneration strategies. In this review, we discuss the distribution, isolation and osteoblastic differentiation potential of NCDCs isolated from various adult tissue sources in the oral and maxillofacial regions.

Pygophora immaculipennis Frey (Figs. 1, 3, 5 ���9, 15��� 16) Pygophora immaculipennis Frey, 1917: 15. Lectotype male (UZMH, not examined), by designation of Crosskey (1962: 434). Type locality: Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Diagnosis. First flagellomere and all femora entirely yellow in both sexes; fore tibia with 2 distinctive anterodorsal setae near middle; mid femur with 2 preapical posterior setae; mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta; male terminalia with anteroventral portion of surstylus pointy in lateral view (Fig. 5). Redescription. Male . Head (Fig. 1). Fronto-orbital plate, face and parafacial yellowish white; gena and occiput gray; frontal vitta cream yellow to orange; antenna with scape, pedicel, first flagellomere, first and second aristomeres cream yellow; third aristomere brown; palpus and labellum whitish yellow; prementum dark or reddish brown. Two frontal setae; 2 reclinate orbital setae; first flagellomere 2.8 ���3.0 times as long as pedicel; third aristomere plumose only on basal half. Thorax. Dorsum and pleura black in ground color with gray pruinosity; anterior and posterior spiracles yellow. Wing. Hyaline. Legs. Fore coxa, trochanters, femora, tibiae, tarsi and pulvilli brownish yellow; mid and hind coxae gray in basal part, brownish yellow apically. Fore tibia with 2 distinctive anterodorsal and 1 posterior setae; mid femur with 2 preapical posterior setae; mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta on apical third and 2 posterodorsal setae; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal, 1 anteroventral, 2 posterodorsal and 1 posteroventral setae. Abdomen (Figs. 3, 7, 15). Whitish yellow in ground color with gray pruinosity on tergites 4���5; tergites 4���5 with 3���5 blackish brown spots. Syntergite 1 + 2 and tergites 3���5 with several pairs of lateral discal setae; tergites 3���5 with 4���6 marginal setae; tergite 5 with a dorsal keel; sternite 5 slender and bilobed posteriorly, with membranous area in middle and some short setae on posterior 2 / 5 in ventral view. Male terminalia (Figs. 5 ���6, 8). Epandrium semicircular with many setae in dorsal view; surstylus fused with epandrium at base, in lateral view broad with some short setae on apical half and anteroventral portion pointy, and in dorsal view slender with many inner setae on apical 3 / 5; cerci in dorsal view concave in middle, with some setae and fused with epandrium at base; bacilliform sclerite in lateral view approximately 3 / 4 as long as cerci and slightly projecting dorsally near middle; hypandrial arms fused and strongly broad; pregonite small and rounded apically; postgonite curved dorsally on basal 2 / 5, apex hooked and curved ventrally; phallus with distiphallus broad and orbicular bearing large membranous areas in lateral and dorso-apical parts. Female (Fig. 16). Differing from male as follows: abdominal tergite 3 with gray pruinosity entirely and 3���5 blackish brown spots; tergite 4 gray; tergite 5 with 2���4 blackish brown spots; first flagellomere 2.1���2.3 times as long as pedicel; hind tibia without posteroventral seta. Female terminalia (Fig. 9). Tergite 6 and sternites 7���8 strongly reduced; sternite 6 broad; hemitergite 7 small and bare; hemitergite 8 narrow with some fine setulae on posterior margin. Body length. 4.6���6.2 mm (males and females, n= 42). Material examined. LAOS, 4 males, 10 females, Mekong river, Vientiane city [N 17 �� 57 ��� 46 ��� / E 102 �� 35 ��� 13 ���], 23���24. VIII. 2013; 2 females, Pakthoay [N 18 �� 27 ���06��� / E 103 �� 24 ��� 52 ���], 29. VIII. 2013. JAPAN, 1 female, Henaji, Motobu town, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa pref. [N 26 �� 39 ��� 20 ��� / E 127 �� 53 ��� 39 ���], 24. VI. 2013; 2 males, 4 females, Kayo, Nago city, Okinawa pref. [N 26 �� 33 ��� 10 ��� / E 128 ��06��� 26 ���], 22 ���23, 27. VI. 2013; 1 male, 5 females, Genka, Nago city, Okinawa pref. [N 26 �� 37 ��� 45 ��� / E 128 ��03��� 41 ���], 26. VI. 2013; 10 females, Shiramizu, Ishigaki-jima Is., Okinawa pref. [N 24 �� 25 ��� 19 ��� / E 124 ��09��� 50 ���], 22 ���23, 30. V. 2012; 2 males, Ōtomi, Iriomote-jima Is., Okinawa pref. [N 24 �� 17 ��� 37 ��� / E 123 �� 52 ��� 58 ���], 25. V. 2012; 1 female, Urauchi, Iriomote-jima Is., Okinawa pref. [N 24 �� 24 ��� 10 ��� / E 123 �� 46 ��� 42 ���], 27. V. 2012. Distribution. China, India, Japan (Ryukyus), Laos, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Bionomics. This species was collected in a grassland and rice paddy field. Remarks. This species resembles Pygophora confusa Stein and P. torrida (Wiedemann), but is distinguished from them by having a slender hind tibia in the male, and entirely yellow first flagellomere and femora in the female. This is the first record of P. immaculipennis from Laos., Published as part of Yoshizawa, Satoshi, Tachi, Takuji, Praxaysonbath, Bounthob & Suzuki, Dai, 2015, A new species of the genus Pygophora Schiner from Laos (Diptera: Muscidae), pp. 586-592 in Zootaxa 3920 (4) on pages 587-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/238797, {"references":["Frey, R. (1917) Ein beitrag zur kenntnis der Dipterenfauna Ceylons. Ofversigt af Finska vetenskaps-societetens forhandlingar, 59, 1 - 36.","Crosskey, R. W. (1962) A revision of the genus Pygophora Schiner (Diptera: Muscidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 29, 393 - 551. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1962. tb 00398. x"]}

Pygophora laoensis Yoshizawa & Tachi sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 4, 10 ���14, 17��� 18) Diagnosis. Fronto-orbital plate yellowish white with 2 frontal and 2 reclinate orbital setae and several setulae; face, parafacial and gena white; first flagellomere cream white, approximately 3.0 times as long as pedicel in male and 2.0��� 2.2 times in female; third aristomere plumose nearly to apex; fore tibia without anterodorsal seta; mid femur with 2 preapical posterior setae; tergites 3���5 with a median blackish brown vitta; tergite 4 with a pair of blackish brown spots. Description. Male . Head (Fig. 2). Fronto-orbital plate yellowish white; Face, parafacial and gena white; frontal vitta cream yellow to orange; occiput gray; antenna with scape, pedicel, first flagellomere, first and second aristomeres cream white; third aristomere brown; palpus and labellum whitish yellow; prementum brown. Frontorbital plate with 2 frontal and 2 reclinate orbital setae and several setulae; first flagellomere 2.8 ���3.0 times as long as pedicel; third aristomere plumose almost up to apex. Thorax. Dorsum and pleura black in ground color with blackish gray pruinosity; anterior and posterior spiracles yellowish white. Legs. Fore coxa, trochanters, femora, tibiae, tarsi and pulvilli brownish yellow; mid and hind coxae gray in basal part, brownish yellow apically. Fore tibia with 1 posterior seta; mid femur with 2 preapical posterior setae; mid tibia with 2 posterodorsal setae; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal, 1 anteroventral and 2 posterodorsal setae. Abdomen (Figs. 4, 12, 17). Yellow in ground color; tergites 3���5 with a median blackish brown vitta; tergites 4 and 5 with a pair of blackish brown spots. Syntergite 1 + 2 and tergites 3���5 with several pairs of lateral discal setae; tergites 3���5 with 4���6 marginal setae; tergite 5 without a dorsal keel; sternite 5 in ventral view short and broad, bilobed and rounded posteriorly, and with some setae on posterior 3 / 5. Male terminalia (Figs. 10 ���11, 13). Epandrium semicircular with many setae in dorsal view; surstylus in lateral view truncated apically with some setae near middle on anterior margin, in dorsal view short and protruding inward; cerci in lateral view truncated apically with some setae on entire length, in dorsal view nearly oblong and concaved at middle; bacilliform sclerite absent; hypandrial arms fused and strongly broad; pregonite absent; postgonite curved dorsally at basal 2 / 5, broad on apical half and strongly incised near apex; phallus with distiphallus nearly rectangular bearing large membranous areas at lateral part. Female (Fig. 18). Differing from male as follows: face, parafacial and gena yellowish white; antenna with scape, pedicel, first flagellomere, first and second aristomeres yellow; syntergite 1 + 2 with a median blackish brown vitta; tergite 3 with a large median blackish brown spot; tergite 4 blackish brown except anterior and posterior margins; tergite 5 with 3 blackish brown spots; first flagellomere 2.0��� 2.2 times as long as pedicel. Female terminalia (Fig. 14). Tergite 6 and sternites 7���8 strongly reduced; sternite 6 broad; hemitergite 7 small and bare; hemitergite 8 nearly triangular with some fine setulae on posterior margin. Body length. 3.4���4.2 mm (males and females, n= 4). Type material examined. Holotype. Male, [LAOS] Ban Pakbong [N 15 ��09��� 21 ��� / E 106 �� 46 ��� 35 ���], 31. VIII. 2013, S. Yoshizawa leg. Paratypes. One male, same data as holotype; 2 females, LAOS, Houayxay [N 15 �� 23 ��� 10 ��� / E 106 �� 22 ��� 26 ���], 2. IX. 2013, same collector. Distribution. Laos. Bionomics. This species inhabits in the forest environment. Etymology. Species epithet is taken from the type locality. Remarks. This new species is thought to be related to Pygophora argentea Paramonov, P. f l a v i d a Crosskey, P. nitidiventris Malloch and P. orbiculata Cui et Zhang in that they share the following features: third aristomere apically plumose, fronto-orbital plate bearing several setulae, fore tibia lacking anterodorsal seta, and male terminalia possessing short surstylus. Judging from the descriptions and illustrations of the latter four species (Crosskey, 1962; Cui et al., 1995), P. laoensis may be distinguished from them based on a first flagellomere approximately 3.0 times as long as pedicel in male and 2.0��� 2.2 times in female, and male terminalia with distiphallus lacking a ventral process at base (Fig. 13)., Published as part of Yoshizawa, Satoshi, Tachi, Takuji, Praxaysonbath, Bounthob & Suzuki, Dai, 2015, A new species of the genus Pygophora Schiner from Laos (Diptera: Muscidae), pp. 586-592 in Zootaxa 3920 (4) on pages 589-592, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/238797, {"references":["Crosskey, R. W. (1962) A revision of the genus Pygophora Schiner (Diptera: Muscidae). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 29, 393 - 551. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1962. tb 00398. x","Cui, Y., Xue, W. & Zhang, C. (1995) Five new species of the genus Pygophora Schiner (Diptera: Muscidae). Entomologia Sinica, 2, 111 - 118."]}

Yoshizawa, Satoshi, Tachi, Takuji, Praxaysonbath, Bounthob, Suzuki, Dai (2015): A new species of the genus Pygophora Schiner from Laos (Diptera: Muscidae). Zootaxa 3920 (4): 586-592, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3920.4.8

With the aim of improving solar cell efficiency, a structure for realizing electron tunneling from In0.6Al0.4As quantum dots (QDs) through an Al0.4Ga0.6As barrier to AlAs has been grown using molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence decay time decreased from 1.1 ns to 390 ps as the barrier thickness decreased from 4 to 2 nm, which indicates that the photo-excited carriers tunneled from the QDs to the AlAs X energy level for a barrier thickness 2 nm in 0.6 ns, which is significantly longer than the tunneling time of GaAs and InAlAs quantum wells. We expect that this structure will assist in developing high-efficiency QD sensitized solar cells., Comment: 26 pages, 11 figures

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