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14 p.-1 fig.-7 tab., The control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards in Spain is mainly based in three insecticides (spinosad, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) and the liberation of sterile males. However, Medfly control is compromised by the development of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and the detection of spinosad-resistant alleles in field populations. We report here, for the first time, resistance to deltamethrin in populations collected in fields under different management strategies, including MagnetMed™ traps coated with this insecticide and/or spinosad and lambda-cyhalothrin used as bait sprays, and even in populations obtained from non-treated fields. Two deltamethrin-resistant strains (BP-delta and Rfg-delta) were generated from the descendants of some of the field populations that showed lower susceptibility to deltamethrin. Both strains showed low susceptibility to MagnetMed™ traps, moderate susceptibility to Ceratipack traps, and lacked cross-resistance to spinosad and lambda cyhalothrin. Our data suggest that deltamethrin resistance was mediated by P450 enzymes, since bioassays with synergists showed that PBO reverted resistance in a field population and the laboratory strains, whereas the effect of DEF and DEM was minor and no mutations were found in the VGSC gene. The inheritance of resistance for both strains was completely recessive, autosomic and did not fit the mortality expected for a recessive character under a monogenic or digenic model. We also found that deltamethrin resistance presented a fitness cost in terms of males’ weight, males’ and females’ longevity and lifetime fecundity, with a more pronounced effect in the BP-strain than in the Rfg-delta strain. Our results highlight the need to implement insecticide resistance management strategies to prevent control failures., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work received financial support from MCIN/AEI (PID2019-104578RB-100) and CICYT (AGL2016-76516-R). The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Granted predoc fellowships to J. Castells-Sierra (BES-2017–081609) and A. Guillem-Amat (BES-C-2014–068937).

The ever increasing power demand has forced the power sector companies to increase their generation, transmission and distribution in turn increasing the number of power transformers in the system where necessary. Depending on the nature of operations, the transformers are chosen as either dry-type or liquid-cooled and the preference is mostly liquid cooled. Naphthenic oils have been the primary choice over the years and alternative solutions in the form of natural esters are researched extensively due to the environmental effects of Mineral Oil (MO). One such ester, Marula is presented in this research. The experiment places its focus on measurement of electrical, physical, chemical and thermal characteristics as per the standards of ASTM and IEC. The results prove the superior dielectric performance of MAO over MO. The antioxidant rich MAO exhibits superior dielectric properties and restores faster than MO after the instances of breakdown phenomena. The antioxidants show stability at both the low and high temperatures, and temperature causes minimum damage to antioxidants. In addition to that the use of such dielectric coolant minimizes the winding damage inside the transformer tank. Thus, it can be said that MAO is an excellent coolant and improves the efficiency of the transformer without the requirements of additional cooling devices.

A resistant strain (MRS) of Sitobion miscanthi was cultured by continuous selection with malathion for over 40 generations. The MRS exhibited 32.7-fold resistance to malathion compared to the susceptible strain (MSS) and 13.5-fold, 2.9-fold and 4.8-fold cross-resistance for omethoate, methomyl and beta-cypermethrin, respectively. However, no cross-resistance was found to imidacloprid in this resistant strain. The realized heritability for malathion resistance was 0.02. Inhibitors of esterase activity, both triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and S,S,S,-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) as synergists, exhibited significant synergism to malathion in the MRS strain, with 11.77-fold and 5.12-fold synergistic ratios, respectively, while piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed no significant synergism in the MRS strain. The biochemical assay indicated that carboxylesterase activity was higher in MRS than in MSS. These results suggest that the increase in esterase activity might play an important role in S. miscanthi resistance to malathion. Imidacloprid could be used as an alternative for malathion in the management of wheat aphid resistance.

Understanding how multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms occur in malaria vectors is essential for efficient vector control. This study aimed at assessing the evolution of metabolic mechanisms and Kdr L995F/S resistance alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from North Cameroon, following long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution in 2011. Female An. gambiae s.l. emerging from larvae collected in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi, Be-Centre, and Bala in 2011 and 2015, were tested for susceptibility to deltamethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO) or SSS-tributyl-phosphoro-thrithioate (DEF) synergists, using the World Health Organization’s standard protocol. The Kdr L995F/S alleles were genotyped using Hot Ligation Oligonucleotide Assay. Tested mosquitoes identified using PCR-RFLP were composed of An. arabiensis (68.5%), An. coluzzii (25.5%) and An. gambiae (6%) species. From 2011 to 2015, metabolic resistance increased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (up to 89.5% mortality to deltametnrin+synergists in 2015 versus 95% mortality in 2011 versus 42–94% in 2015; p < 0.001). Conversely, the Kdr L995F allelic frequencies slightly decreased in Ouro-Housso/Kanadi (from 50% to 46%, p > 0.9), while significantly increasing in Be-Centre and Bala (from 0–13% to 18–36%, p < 0.02). These data revealed two evolutionary trends of deltamethrin resistance mechanisms; non-pyrethroid vector control tools should supplement LLINs in North Cameroon.

Tijekom proizvodnje, skladištenja i toplinske obrade guščja mast podliježe oksidacijskom kvarenju. U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj dodatka prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa te sinergista (ekstrakt ružmarina, ekstrakt zelenog čaja, ekstrakt kadulje, alfa tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola, propil galat, limunska kiselina, askorbinska kiselina, kofeinska kiselina, ružmarinska kiselina) na oksidacijsku stabilnost guščje masti. Oksidacijska stabilnost masti, sa i bez dodanog antioksidansa i sinergista, ispitivana je primjenom Schaal Oven testa. Rezultati testa prikazani su kao vrijednost peroksidnog broja nakon određenog vremena držanja masti pri temperaturi 63 °C. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da dodani antioksidansi i sinergisti uspješno stabiliziraju guščju mast, osim α-tokoferola. Od prirodnih antioksidanasa najveću antioksidacijsku aktivnost u guščjoj masti ima ekstrakt zelenog čaja. Postigao je najveću efikasnost zaštite od oksidacijskog kvarenja. Ekstrakt ružmarina u kombinaciji sa sinergistom pokazuje veću razinu zaštite masti od oksidacije u odnosu na čisti ekstrakt ružmarina. Dodatkom mješavine tokoferola postignuta je bolja stabilizacija masti u odnosu na ekstrakt kadulje. Sintetski antioksidans propil galat uspješno je povećao stabilnost guščje masti., During production, storage and heat treatment, goose fat is subject to oxidative deterioration. This paper investigated the influence of natural and synthetic antioxidants and synergists (rosemary extract, green tea extract, sage extract, alpha tocopherol, tocopherol mixture, propyl gallate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid) on the oxidative stability of goose fat. Oxidation stability of fat, with and without added antioxidants and synergists, was investigated using the Schaal Oven test. The test results are presented as the value of the peroxide number after a certain time of keeping the fat at a temperature of 63 °C. The results of the study showed that applying antioxidants and synergists successfully stabilises goose fat, with exception of α-tocopherol. Of the natural antioxidants, green tea extract has the highest antioxidant activity in goose fat. It achieved the highest efficiency of protection against oxidative deterioration. Rosemary extract in combination with a synergist shows a higher level of fat protection against oxidation compared to pure rosemary extract. By adding a tocopherol mixture, a better stabilization of the fat was achieved compared to sage extract. The synthetic antioxidant propyl gallate successfully increased the stability of goose fat., Während der Herstellung, Lagerung und Wärmebehandlung unterliegt Gänseschmalz einem oxidativen Verfall. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von natürlichen und synthetischen Antioxidantien und Synergisten (Rosmarinextrakt, Grüntee-Extrakt, Salbeiextrakt, Alpha-Tocopherol, Tocopherol-Mischung, Propylgallat, Zitronensäure, Ascorbinsäure, Kaffeesäure, Rosmarinsäure) auf die Oxidationsstabilität von Gänseschmalz untersucht. Die Oxidationsstabilität von Schmalz, mit und ohne zugesetzte Antioxidantien und Synergisten, wurde mit dem Schaal-Ofen-Test untersucht. Die Testergebnisse werden als Wert der Peroxidzahl nach einer bestimmten Zeit der Lagerung von Schmalz bei einer Temperatur von 63 °C angegeben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die Anwendung von Antioxidantien und Synergisten Gänseschmalz erfolgreich stabilisiert, nicht aber α-Tocopherol. Von den natürlichen Antioxidantien hat Grüntee-Extrakt die höchste antioxidative Aktivität in Gänseschmalz. Er erreichte die höchste Schutzwirkung gegen oxidativen Verfall. Rosmarinextrakt in Kombination mit einem Synergisten zeigt im Vergleich zu reinem Rosmarinextrakt einen höheren Schutz von Schmalz gegen Oxidation. Durch Zugabe einer Tocopherolmischung wurde eine bessere Stabilisierung von Schmalz erreicht als mit Salbeiextrakt. Das synthetische Antioxidans Propylgallat erhöhte erfolgreich die Stabilität von Gänseschmalz., Durante la producción, el almacenamiento y el tratamiento térmico, la grasa de ganso está sujeta a deterioro oxidativo. En este trabajo se analiza la influencia de la adición de antioxidantes y sinergistas naturales y sintéticos (el extracto de romero, el extracto de té verde, el extracto de salvia, el a-tocoferol, la mezcla de tocoferoles, el galato de propilo, el ácido cítrico, el ácido ascórbico, el ácido cafeico, el ácido rosmarínico) sobre la estabilidad oxidativa de la grasa de ganso. La estabilidad a la oxidación de la grasa, con y sin antioxidantes y sinergistas añadidos, fue investigada mediante la prueba del Schaal. Los resultados de la prueba se presentan como el valor del número de peróxido después de un cierto tiempo de mantenimiento de la grasa a una temperatura de 63 °C. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los antioxidantes y sinergistas agregados estabilizan con éxito la grasa de ganso, excepto el α-tocoferol. De los antioxidantes naturales, el extracto de té verde tiene la mayor actividad antioxidante en la grasa de ganso. Logró la más alta eficiencia de protección contra el deterioro oxidativo. El extracto de romero en combinación con un sinergista muestra un mayor nivel de protección de las grasas contra la oxidación en comparación con el extracto de romero puro. Al agregar una mezcla de tocoferoles, se logró una mejor estabilización de la grasa en comparación con el extracto de salvia. El antioxidante sintético galato de propilo aumentó con éxito la estabilidad de la grasa de ganso., Durante la produzione, lo stoccaggio e il trattamento termico, il grasso d'oca è soggetto a irrancidimento ossidativo. In questo lavoro, è stata studiata l'influenza dell'aggiunta di antiossidanti e sinergizzanti naturali e sintetici (estratto di rosmarino, estratto di tè verde, estratto di salvia, alfa tocoferolo, miscela di tocoferoli, gallato di propile, acido citrico, acido ascorbico, acido caffeico, acido rosmarinico) sulla stabilità ossidativa del grasso d'oca. La stabilità ossidativa del grasso, con e senza l'aggiunta di antiossidanti e sinergizzanti, è stata studiata utilizzando il test Schaal Oven. I risultati del test sono presentati come il valore del numero di perossidi dopo che il grasso è stato mantenuto per un certo tempo alla temperatura di 63 °C. I risultati della ricerca mostrano che gli antiossidanti e i sinergizzanti aggiunti stabilizzano efficacemente il grasso d'oca, ad eccezione dell'α-tocoferolo. Tra gli antiossidanti naturali, l'estratto di tè verde ha evidenziato la più alta attività antiossidante rispetto al grasso d’oca; ha raggiunto, infatti, la massima efficienza di protezione contro l’irrancidimento ossidativo. L'estratto di rosmarino, in combinazione con un sinergizzante, mostra un livello di protezione dei grassi contro l'ossidazione più elevato rispetto all'estratto di rosmarino puro. Aggiungendo una miscela di tocoferolo, si ottiene una migliore stabilizzazione del grasso rispetto a quella ottenuta con l'estratto di salvia. L'antiossidante sintetico gallato di propile ha aumentato efficacemente la stabilità ossidativa del grasso d'oca.

Background Despite remarkable success obtained with current malaria vector control strategies in the last 15 years, additional innovative measures will be needed to achieve the ambitious goals for malaria control set for 2030 by the World Health Organization (WHO). New tools will need to address insecticide resistance and residual transmission as key challenges. Endectocides such as ivermectin are drugs that kill mosquitoes which feed on treated subjects. Mass administration of ivermectin can effectively target outdoor and early biting vectors, complementing the still effective conventional tools. Although this approach has garnered attention, development of ivermectin resistance is a potential pitfall. Herein, we evaluate the potential role of xenobiotic pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes in protecting mosquitoes against ivermectin by active efflux and metabolic detoxification, respectively. Methods We determined the lethal concentration 50 for ivermectin in colonized Anopheles gambiae; then we used chemical inhibitors and inducers of xenobiotic pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes in combination with ivermectin to probe the mechanism of ivermectin detoxification. Results Dual inhibition of xenobiotic pumps and cytochromes was found to have a synergistic effect with ivermectin, greatly increasing mosquito mortality. Inhibition of xenobiotic pumps alone had no effect on ivermectin-induced mortality. Induction of xenobiotic pumps and cytochromes may confer partial protection from ivermectin. Conclusion There is a clear pathway for development of ivermectin resistance in malaria vectors. Detoxification mechanisms mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes are more important than xenobiotic pumps in protecting mosquitoes against ivermectin. Graphical Abstract

Za proizvodnju jestivih biljnih ulja uzgajaju se biljne kulture uljarica. Kod industrijske proizvodnje biljna ulja mogu se dobiti prešanjem i ekstrakcijom s organskim otapalima. Biljna ulja i masti pokazuju različitu stabilnost, otpornost prema oksidacijskom kvarenju zbog različitog sastava masnih kiselina kao i udjela tokoferola. Rok trajanja jestivih ulja i masti može se produžiti dodatkom antioksidanasa i sinergista uz određene uvjete skladištenja ovih proizvoda. Oilseed crops are grown for the production of edible vegetable oils. In industrial production, vegetable oils can be obtained by pressing and extraction with organic solvents. Vegetable oils and fats show different stability, resistance to oxidative spoilage due to different fat acid composition as well as tocopherol content. The shelf life of edible oils and fats can be extended by the addition of antioxidants and synergists under certain storage conditions of these products.

Malaria vector control interventions rely heavily on the application of insecticides against anopheline mosquitoes, in particular the fast-acting pyrethroids that target insect voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). Frequent applications of pyrethroids have resulted in resistance development in the major malaria vectors including Anopheles funestus, where resistance is primarily metabolic and driven by the overexpression of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s). Here we examined the pattern of cross-resistance of the pyrethroid-resistant An. funestus strain FUMOZ-R towards transfluthrin and multi-halogenated benzyl derivatives, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin in comparison to the susceptible reference strain FANG. Transfluthrin and two multi-fluorinated derivatives exhibited micromolar potency - comparable to permethrin - to functionally expressed dipteran VGSC in a cell-based cation influx assay. The activity of transfluthrin and its derivatives on VGSC was strongly correlated with their contact efficacy against strain FUMOZ-R, although no such correlation was obtained for the other pyrethroids due to their rapid detoxification by the resistant strain. The low resistance levels for transfluthrin and derivatives in strain FUMOZ-R were only weakly synergized by known P450 inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO), triflumizole and 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT). In contrast, deltamethrin toxicity in FUMOZ-R was synergized > 100-fold by all three P450 inhibitors. The biochemical profiling of a range of fluorescent resorufin and coumarin compounds against FANG and FUMOZ-R microsomes identified 7-benzyloxymethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BOMFC) as a highly sensitive probe substrate for P450 activity. BOMFC was used to develop a fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay to measure the P450 inhibitory action of potential synergists. Azole fungicides prochloraz and triflumizole were identified as extremely potent nanomolar inhibitors of microsomal P450s, strongly synergizing deltamethrin toxicity in An. funestus. Overall, the present study contributed to the understanding of transfluthrin efficacy at the molecular and organismal level and identified azole compounds with potential to synergize pyrethroid efficacy in malaria vectors.

Sikavica (Silybum marianum L.) je dvogodišnja, zeljasta, krupna i razgranata biljka do 2 m visine. Sikavica je poznata po tvari silimarin koja povoljno djeluje na jetru, a nalazi se u sjemenkama. U ovom radu istraživana je održivost hladno prešanog ulja sikavice s dodatkom prirodnih antioksidanasa, umjetnog antioksidansa i sinergista, primjenom Schaal Oven testa pri 63 ᵒC tijekom četiri dana. Od antioksidanasa korišteni su: ekstrakti ružmarina (tip StabilEnhance i tip OxyLess CS), α-tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola, ekstrakt kadulje, eterično ulje (lavanda, slatki pelin, smilje, lovor, timijan i komorač), propil galat i sinergist limunska kiselina. Rezultati su pokazali da ekstrakt ružmarina (tip OxyLess CS 0,2 %) i ekstrakt ružmarina (tip OxyLess CS 0,2 %) sa sinergistom limunskom kiselinom (0,01 %) imaju najbolje antioksidacijsko djelovanje kod stabilizacije hladno prešanog ulja sikavice. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is a biennial, herbaceous, tall and branched plant, which can grow up to 2 metres. It is known to contain silymarin, which is a substance that has a positive effect on the liver and it is found in the seeds of the plant. This is a research on the sustainability of milk thistle's cold pressed oil with the addition of natural antioxidants, artificial antioxidants and synergist. The method used for this research is the Schaal Oven test, which was applied for 4 days at 63°C. The antixodiants used were the rosemary extracts (StabilEnhance and Oxyless CS types), alpha tocopherol, mixed tocopherols, sage extract, essential oil (lavander, sweet wormwood, helichrysum, bay leaves, thyme), propyl gallate and a citric acid synergist. The results have shown that the rosemary extract of type Oxyless CS 0,2% and the rosemary extract of type Oxyless CS 0,2% with a citric acid synergist (0,02%) have the most prominent antioxidant effect on the cold pressed oil of milk thistle.

История применения в качестве инсектицидов, педикулицидов и акарицидов действующих веществ из групп оксадиазинов, изоксазолинов, пирролов, полисилоксанов (диметиконы), диамидов (хлорантранилипрол), а также синергистов., The history of application as insecticides, pediculicides, and acaricides of the synthetic organic substances and compounds from groups of oxadiazines, izoxazolines, pyrroles, polysiloxanes (dimeticones), and diamides (chlorantraniliprole) and also history of application of synergists are described., ПЕСТ-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ, Выпуск 2 (118) 2021, Pages 36-41

Background Malaria is common in hilly, forested areas along national borders in Southeast Asia. Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has been detected in a few countries in the Greater Mekong sub-region (GMS), representing a threat to malaria control and prevention. This study aims to determine the insecticide resistance status of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ubon Ratchathani province, northeastern Thailand, where increasing number of malaria cases were reported recently. Methods Mosquitoes were collected in 2013–2015 using human landing and cattle bait collections in six sites during both the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were first morphologically identified to species and their susceptibility status to deltamethrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%) and DDT (4%) investigated, according to WHO guidelines. Bioassays with the synergists PBO and DEF were carried out to address the role of detoxifying enzymes in insecticide resistance. DNA sequencing of a fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was carried out to detect knock-down resistance (kdr) substitutions at position 1014 in resistant species. Results Due to low vector abundance, complete bioassays (n ≥ 100 mosquitoes) were only achieved for Anopheles hyrcanus s.l., which was resistant to all insecticides tested (mortality ranged from 45 to 87%). Suspected resistance to DDT was found in Anopheles barbirostris s.l. (mortality 69%), but it was susceptible to deltamethrin (mortality 97–100%) and permethrin (mortality 100%). Although insufficient number of primary vectors were collected, results showed that Anopheles dirus s.l. and Anopheles maculatus s.l. were susceptible to deltamethrin (mortality 100%). Anopheles nivipes and Anopheles philippinensis were susceptible to all three insecticides. PBO significantly increased mortality to deltamethrin and permethrin in pyrethroid-resistant An. hyrcanus s.l. None of the sequenced specimens presented the L1014F or L1014S mutation. Discussion This study shows that insecticide resistance is present in potential malaria vectors in northeastern Thailand. The absence of kdr mutations in all Anopheles species tested suggests that metabolic resistance is the main mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. This study provides new findings about insecticide susceptibility status of potential malaria vectors in northeastern Thailand that are deemed important to guide malaria vector control.

U ovom istraživanju određivana je oksidacijska stabilnost hladno prešanog lanenog ulja, s i bez dodataka prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa te sinergista. Prvo su određeni parametri kvalitete ulja (peroksidni broj, slobodne masne kiseline), primjenom standardnih metoda. Antioksidansi koji su korišteni u ovom istraživanju su: ekstrakt ružmarina, α-tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola, ekstrakti kadulje, propil galat, butil hidroksianisol te sinergisti askorbinska i limunska kiselina. Oksidacijska stabilnost hladno prešanog lanenog ulja ispitivana je primjenom Oven testa na 63 ˚C. Rezultati ovog istraživanja prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidnog broja tijekom 5 dana provedbe testa. Dodatkom ekstrakta ružmarina postignuta je bolja zaštita od oksidacijskog kvarenja u odnosu na ispitivane antioksidanse. Sintetski antioksidansi propil galat i butil hidroksianisol pokazali su zaštitu, ali ne značajnu, dok α-tokoferol i mješavina tokoferola uopće nisu pokazali zaštitu od oksidacijskog kvarenja. Najveća zaštita hladno prešanog lanenog ulja od oksidacijskog kvarenja ostvarena je dodatkom askorbinske kiseline prirodnom antioksidansu ekstraktu ružmarina. In this research the oxidation stability of cold-pressed linseed oil, with and witout natural and synthetic antioxidants and synergists was determined. First, oil quality parameters (peroxide number, free fatty acids) were defined, using standard methods. Antioxidants used in this research were: rosmary extract, α-tocopherol, tocopherol mix, sage extract, propyl galate, butyl hydroxyanisole and synergistic ascorbic acid and citric acid.Oxidation stability of cold-pressed linseed oil was tested using Oven test on 63 ˚C. The results of the testing are shown in peroxide number value during the 5 days of testing. Addition od rosmary extract reached better protection from oxidation in comparison with tested antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidant propyl galate and butyl hydroxyanisole showed protection, but not a significant one, while α-tocopherol and tocopherol mix did not show protection from oxidation. The greatest protection of cold-pressed linseed oil from oxidation, was realized with the addition of synergist ascorbic acid in natural antioxidant rosmary extract.

U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj dodatka prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa te sinergista na promjenu oksidacijske stabilnosti (održivosti) hladno prešanog konopljinog ulja. Od prirodnih antioksidanasa korišteni su ekstrakt ružmarina OxyLess CS, ekstrakt kadulje, alfa tokoferol, mješavina tokoferola, ekstrakt maslinove komine i katehin, a od sintetskih antioksidanasa propil galat te butil hidroksianisol. Kao sinergisti korištene su askorbinska i limunska kiselina. Efikasnost dodatka navedenih antioksidanasa i sinergista u stabilizaciji ulja određena je SchaalOven testom oksidacijske stabilnosti kod konstantne temperature 63 ⁰C. Također, primjenom standardnih metoda određeni su osnovni parametri kvalitete konopljinog ulja: peroksidni broj, slobodne masne kiseline, netopljive nečistoće i udio vlage. Rezultati pokazuju da je dodatkom prirodnih antioksidanasa postignuta bolja zaštita ulja od oksidacijskog kvarenja, nego dodatkom sintetskih antioksidansa. Najbolje djelovanje na usporavanje oksidacijskog kvarenja konopljinog ulja pokazao je ekstrakt ružmarina. Sinergisti su dodatno povećali otpornost ulja konoplje prema oksidacijskom kvarenju, a bolje sinergističko djelovanje pokazala je askorbinska kiselina. Aim of this study was to examine the influence of the addition of natural and synthetic antioxidants and synergists on the oxidative stability of cold pressed hemp oil. The natural antioxidants used were rosemary OxyLess CS extract, sage extract, alpha tocopherol, a mixture of tocopherol, olive pomace and catechin, and synthetic antioxidants propyl gallate and butyl hydroxyanisole. Ascorbic and citric acid were used as synergists. The effectiveness of the addition of these antioxidants and synergists in oil stabilization was determined by the Schaal Oven oxidation stability test at a constant temperature of 63 ⁰C. Also, by using standard methods, basic parameters of hemp oil quality were determined: peroxide number, free fatty acids, insoluble impurities and moisture content. The results showed that the addition of natural antioxidants results in better protection of the oil from oxidative deterioration than the addition of synthetic antioxidants. Rosemary extract showed the best effect in slowing down the oxidative degradation of hemp oil. Synergists further increased the resistance of hemp oil to oxidative degradation, and ascorbic acid showed better synergistic activity.

Mikrovalno zagrijavanje je široko primjenjiva i veoma moderna metoda koja se koristi u pripremi hrane. U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj mikrovalnog zagrijavanja, dodatka antioksidansa i sinergista na oksidacijsku stabilnost hladno prešanog ulja konoplje. Od prirodnih antioksidanasa korišteni su ekstrakt ružmarina, ekstrakt kadulje, sintetski antioksidans BHA te sinergist limunska kiselina. Uzorci ulja zagrijavani su u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod konstantne snage u različitom vremenskom periodu. Također su uzorci zagrijavani kod različite snage uređaja i konstantnom vremenskom periodu. Rezultati ispitivanja prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidnog broja koji predstavlja stupanj oksidacijskog kvarenja ulja. Rezultati pokazuju da mikrovalnim zagrijavanjem ulja u vremenu 10-50 minuta dolazi do porasta temperature i peroksidnog broja ulja. Najveća stabilnost ulja konoplje postignuta je kombinacijom ekstrakta ružmarina i sinergista limunske kiseline. Microwave heating is a widely-applicable and quite modern method used in food preparation. In this thesis, we research the influence of microwave heating, addition of antioxidants and synergists on oxidation stability of cold pressed hemp oil. Natural antioxidants used are rosemary extract, sage extract, synthetic antioxidant of BHA and citric acid synergist. Samples of oil were heated in a microwave oven under constant power in a different time period. Samples were also heated under different power in a constant time period. Test results are presented in peroxide values which represent the rancidification of oil. The results show that by using microwave heating in a time period of 10 - 50 minutes, temperature and peroxide value of oil rises. The greatest stability of hemp oil was achieved by a combination of rosemary extract and citric acid synergist.

Bradysia odoriphaga is a major pest that causes damage to chive production, and which has developed resistance to highly toxic chemical insecticides. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) show a high potential for B. odoriphaga control. This study aimed to develop an effective management method against B. odoriphaga larvae, using EPN with low-toxicity insecticides. Fourteen selected insecticides had no significant effects on the survival and infectivity of Steinernema feltiae SN and Heterorhabditis indica LN2. Synergistic interactions were observed for imidacloprid and osthole with S. feltiae SN against B. odoriphaga larvae. Steinernema feltiae SN was more effective than H. indica LN2 against B. odoriphaga at 15 and 20 &deg, C, and the addition of imidacloprid at 1/10 recommended concentration (RC) significantly increased the efficacy of S. feltiae SN. The year-round occurrence of the B. odoriphaga larvae in chive fields treated by EPN and imidacloprid at 1/10 RC was studied. Results showed that the application of EPN with imidacloprid at 1/10 RC successfully suppressed larval populations of B. odoriphaga in chive fields, thus significantly increasing the yield of chive. The practical method of applying EPN&ndash, imidacloprid combinations provided a cost-effective and environmental safety strategy for controlling B. odoriphaga larvae in chive production, which can reduce the usage of toxic chemical insecticides.

Bradysia odoriphaga is a major pest that causes damage to chive production, and which has developed resistance to highly toxic chemical insecticides. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) show a high potential for B. odoriphaga control. This study aimed to develop an effective management method against B. odoriphaga larvae, using EPN with low-toxicity insecticides. Fourteen selected insecticides had no significant effects on the survival and infectivity of Steinernema feltiae SN and Heterorhabditis indica LN2. Synergistic interactions were observed for imidacloprid and osthole with S. feltiae SN against B. odoriphaga larvae. Steinernema feltiae SN was more effective than H. indica LN2 against B. odoriphaga at 15 and 20 °C, and the addition of imidacloprid at 1/10 recommended concentration (RC) significantly increased the efficacy of S. feltiae SN. The year-round occurrence of the B. odoriphaga larvae in chive fields treated by EPN and imidacloprid at 1/10 RC was studied. Results showed that the application of EPN with imidacloprid at 1/10 RC successfully suppressed larval populations of B. odoriphaga in chive fields, thus significantly increasing the yield of chive. The practical method of applying EPN−imidacloprid combinations provided a cost-effective and environmental safety strategy for controlling B. odoriphaga larvae in chive production, which can reduce the usage of toxic chemical insecticides.

Background Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, including in Selangor, Malaysia. Being an important vector of dengue virus, Aedes aegypti are subjected to control measures which rely heavily on the usage of insecticides. Evidently, insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti, which arise from several different point mutations within the voltage-gated sodium channel genes, has been documented in many countries. Thus, this robust study was conducted in all nine districts of Selangor to understand the mechanisms of resistance to various insecticides in Ae. aegypti. Mosquitoes were collected from dengue epidemic and non-dengue outbreak areas in Selangor. Methods Using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle assays, the insecticide resistance status of nine different Ae. aegypti strains from Selangor was accessed. Synergism tests and biochemical assays were conducted to further understand the metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the IIP-IIS6 as well as IIIS4-IIIS6 regions of the sodium channel gene were performed to enable comparisons between susceptible and resistant mosquito strains. Additionally, genomic DNA was used for allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) genotyping of the gene to detect the presence of F1534C, V1016G and S989P mutations. Results Adult female Ae. aegypti from various locations were susceptible to malathion and propoxur. However, they exhibited different levels of resistance against dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids. The results of synergism tests and biochemical assays indicated that the mixed functions of oxidases and glutathione S-transferases contributed to the DDT and pyrethroid resistance observed in the present study. Besides detecting three single kdr mutations, namely F1534C, V1016G and S989P, co-occurrence of homozygous V1016G/S989P (double allele) and F1534C/V1016G/S989P (triple allele) mutations were also found in Ae. aegypti. As per the results, the three kdr mutations had positive correlations with the expressions of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Conclusions In view of the above outcomes, it is important to seek new tools for vector management instead of merely relying on insecticides. If the latter must be used, regular monitoring of insecticide resistance should also be carried out at all dengue epidemic areas. Since the eggs of Ae. aegypti can be easily transferred from one location to another, it is probable that insecticide-resistant Ae. aegypti can be found at non-dengue outbreak sites as well. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3472-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

U ovom radu određena je oksidacijska stabilnost mješavine biljnih ulja. Ispitana je oksidacijska stabilnost mješavine hladno prešanog lješnjakovog ulja i hladno prešanog ulja koštica grožđa (70:30) bez dodatka antioksidansa, te sa dodatkom prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa uz dodatak limunske kiseline. Parametri kvalitete ulja (peroksidni broj, slobodne masne kiseline) određeni su primjenom standardnih metoda. Prirodni antioksidansi koji su korišteni u ovom ispitivanju su: ekstrakt nara, ružmarina i kadulje, udjela 0,2 %, mješavina tokoferola udjela 0,2 % te eterična ulja konopljike, lavande, smilja, slatkog pelina i divlje mrkve udjela 0,05 %. Kao sinergist korištena je limunska kiselina udjela 0,01 %. Kao sintetski antioksidans korišten je propil galat u udjelu 0,01 %. Oksidacijska stabilnost mješavine ulja ispitivana je Oven testom na temperaturi od 63 ˚C tijekom 4 dana. Kroz rezultate ispitivanja prikazana je vrijednost peroksidnog broja za pojedinačni uzorak. Ekstrakt ružmarina pokazao je najbolju zaštitu mješavine ulja od oksidacije, dok ekstrakt nara i mješavina tokoferola ne pokazuju zaštitu mješavine ulja. Dodatkom eteričnog ulje smilja postignuta je najbolja zaštita mješavine ulja, dok podjednako dobru zaštitu pokazuju eterično ulja lavande i slatkog pelina. Limunska kiselina djeluje kao sinergist uz ekstrakt ružmarina zbog čega je postignuta najbolja zaštita mješavine ulja od oksidacijskog kvarenja. In this study the oxidative stability of mixture consisted of vegetable oils was determined. The oxidative stability of mixture of cold-pressed walnut oil and cold pressed grape seed oil (70:30) was tested without the addition of antioxidants, and with the addition of natural and synthetic antioxidants with added synergist citric acid. The oil quality parameters (peroxide number, free fatty acids) was determined by using standard methods. The natural antioxidants used in this study are: pomegranate extract, rosemary and sage extract, 0.2%, a mixture of 0.2% tocopherol and essential oils of hemp, lavender, immortelle, sweet wormwood and wild carrot 0.05%. As a synergist, the citric acid content was 0.01%. As a synthetic antioxidant, propyl galate was used in the share of 0.01 %. Oxidative stability of the oil mixture was tested by the Oven Test at a temperature of 63 °C for 4 days. The test results show the peroxide number for the individual sample. Rosemary extract showed the best protection of the oil blend from oxidation, while the pomegranate extract and tocopherol blend show no protection for the oil blend. The best protection of oil blend is achieved by the addition of essential immoretelle oil, while equally good protection is shown by lavender and sweet wormwood essential oils. The best protection against oil oxidation for this mixture of oils was by citric acid which acts as a synergist with rosemary extract.

U ovom istraživanju određivana je oksidacijska stabilnost mješavine hladno prešanog lješnjakovog ulja i lanenog ulja u omjeru 50 : 50 sa i bez dodataka prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa te sinergista. Primjenom standardnih metoda, određeni su parametri kvalitete ulja (peroksidni broj, slobodne masne kiseline). Antioksidansi koji su korišteni u ovom radu su ekstrakti nara, ružmarina i kadulje, eterično ulje konopljike, lavande, slatkog pelina, divlje mrkve, smilja, propil galat i mješavina tokoferola te sinergist limunska kiselina. Oksidacijska stabilnost ulja ispitivana je primjenom Oven testa. Rezultati ispitivanja prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidog broja tijekom 4 dana trajanja testa. Primjena ekstrakta ružmarina pokazala je bolju zaštitu mješavine ulja od oksidacije u odnosu na ekstrakt kadulje i nara. Dodatkom eteričnog ulja smilja i lavande postignuta je veća zaštita mješavine hladno prešanog lješnjakovog ulja i lanenog ulja prema oksidacijskom kvarenju. Dodatkom sinergista limunske kiseline, prirodnom antioksidansu ekstraktu ružmarina ostvarena je najveća zaštita mješavine ulja od oksidacijskog kvarenja. In this research was determined oxidation stability of mixture consisted of cold-pressed oil of hazelnut and linseed oil in ratio 50 : 50, with and without natural and synthetic antioxidants and synergists. Using standard methods it was defined oil quality parameter (peroxide number, free fatty acids). Antioxidants that were used in this research are: pomegranate extract, rosmary and sage extract, essential oils of hemp, lavander, sweet wormwood, wild carrot, immortelle, propyl galate, tocopherol mix and syinergistic citric acid. Oil oxidation stability was tested using Oven test. The results of testing are shown in peroxide number value during the 4 days of testing. Use of rosmary extract showed better protection of oil mixture from oxidation in comparison with pomegranate and sage extract. By adding essential oil of immortelle and lavander it was achieved greater protection of mixture consisted of cold-pressed oil of hazelnut and linseed to oxidation degradation. With the addition of synergistic citric acid to natural antioxidant rosemary extract, has been proven the highest protection against oil oxidation.

U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj procesnih parametara hladnog prešanja sjemenki konoplje na iskorištenje ulja. Ispitivani su parametri frekvencija elektromotora, veličina otvora glave preše za izlaz pogače i temperatura grijača glave preše. Također je istraživan utjecaj mikrovalnog zagrijavanja na oksidacijsku stabilnost ulja konoplje, sa i bez dodatka antioksidansa i sinergista. Od prirodnih antioksidansa korišteni su ekstrakt ružmarina, ekstrakt kadulje, sintetski antioksidans BHA te sinergist limunska kiselina. Uzorci ulja zagrijavani su u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod konstante snage u različitom vremenskom periodu. Također su uzorci zagrijavani kod različite snage uređaja i konstantnom vremenskom periodu. Rezultat testa ubrzane oksidacije ulja konoplje izražen je peroksidnim brojem. Porastom frekvencije elektromotora i veličine otvora glave preše za izlaz pogače dolazi do smanjenja količine proizvedenog ulja konoplje. Porastom temperature glave preše povećava se proizvodnja sirovog ulja i hladno prešanog ulja. Mikrovalnim zagrijavanjem uzoraka ulja u vremenu 10-50 minuta dolazi do porasta temperature i peroksidnog broja, dolazi do porasta oksidacijskog kvarenja ulja. Najveća stabilnost ulja konoplje postignuta je kombinacijom ekstrakta ružmarina i sinergista limunske kiseline., In this study the influence of process parameters of cold pressing hemp seeds on yield oil was researched. Electric motor frequency, nozzle size and nozzle heater temperature were the investigated parameters. The effect of microwave heating to oxidative stability of hemp oil, with and without the addition of antioxidants and synergists, was also researched. Out of natural antioxidants there were used rosemary extract and sage extract, BHA synthetic antioxidant and citric acid synergist. Oil samples were heated in microwave oven at constant power in different time intervals. Samples were also heated with different appliance power and in constant period. The result of accelerated hemp oil oxidation test is expressed by peroxide number. The increase in electric motor frequency and nozzle size results in the quantity decrease of produced hemp oil. The increase in the nozzle size temperature increases the production of crude oil and cold pressed oil. Microwave heating of oil samples in the period of 10 to 50 minutes leads to the increase of temperature and peroxide number which further leads to oxidative degradation. The highest hemp oil stability was achieved by the combination of rosemary extract and citric acid synergists.

Djevičansko maslinovo ulje ima veliku otpornost prema oksidacijskom kvarenju, zbog sastava triacilglicerola s niskim udjelom polinezasićenih masnih kiselina i skupine fenolnih antioksidansa sastavljenih uglavnom od polifenola i tokoferola. U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj mikrovalnog zagrijavanja na oksidacijsku stabilnost ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja, sa i bez dodatka antioksidansa i sinergista. Od prirodnih antioksidansa korišteni su ekstrakt ružmarina i ekstrakt zelenog čaja te sinergist limunska kiselina. Uzorci ulja sa i bez dodatka antioksidansa i sinergista zagrijavani su u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod konstante snage 300 W u različitom vremenskom periodu (5, 10, 15 i 20 minuta). Uzorci su također zagrijavani i kod različite snage uređaja (180, 300, 450W) u konstantnom vremenskom periodu 5 minuta. Rezultat testa ubrzane oksidacije ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja izražen je peroksidnim brojem. Mikrovalnim zagrijavanjem uzoraka tijekom duljeg vremena zagrijavanja dolazi do porasta temperature i vrijednosti peroksidnog broja, odnosno dolazi do porasta oksidacijskog kvarenja ulja. Dodatkom antioksidansa i sinergista povećana je stabilnost ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja. Najveća stabilnost ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja postignuta je kombinacijom ekstrakta zelenog čaja i sinergista limunske kiseline., Virgin olive oil has a high resistance to oxidative deterioration due to both a triacylglycerol composition low in polyunsaturated fatty acids and a group of phenolic antioxidants composed mainly of polyphenols and tocopherols. This essay discusses the effect of microwave heating on the oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil with or without the addition of antioxidants and synergists. Of natural antioxidants are used rosemary extract and green tea extract and citric acid synergist. Oil samples with or without the addition of antioxidants and synergists were heated in a microwave oven at a constant power of 300 W over a different time period (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes). Samples were also heated at different power levels (180, 300, 450W) in a constant time period of 5 minutes. The result of the accelerated oxidation test of olive oil is expressed by the peroxide number. Microwave heating of the samples during a longer heating time increases the temperature and the value of the peroxide number, which results in an increase in oxidative oil degradation. Addition of antioxidants and synergists increased the stability of olive oil. The highest stability of extra virgin olive oil was achieved by a combination of green tea extract and synergistic citric acid.

U ovom radu istraživan je utjecaj mikrovalnog zagrijavanja na oksidacijsku stabilnost ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja, sa ili bez dodatka antioksidanasa i sinergista. Od prirodnih antioksidanasa korišteni su ekstrakt ružmarina i ekstrakt zelenog čaja te sinergist limunska kiselina. Uzorci ulja sa ili bez dodatka antioksidanasa i sinergista zagrijavani su u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod konstante snage 300 W u različitom vremenskom periodu (5, 10, 15 i 20 minuta). Uzorci su također zagrijavani i kod različite snage uređaja (180, 300, 450 W) u konstantnom vremenskom periodu 5 minuta. Rezultat testa ubrzane oksidacije maslinovog ulja izražen je peroksidnim brojem. Mikrovalnim zagrijavanjem uzoraka tijekom duljeg vremena zagrijavanja dolazi do porasta temperature i vrijednosti peroksidnog broja, odnosno dolazi do porasta oksidacijskog kvarenja ulja. Dodatkom antioksidanasa i sinergista povećana je stabilnost maslinovog ulja. Najveća stabilnost ekstra djevičanskog maslinovog ulja postignuta je kombinacijom ekstrakta zelenog čaja i sinergista limunske kiseline. This essay discusses the effect of microwave heating on the oxidative stability of extra virgin olive oil with or without the addition of antioxidants and synergists. Of natural antioxidants are used rosemary extract and green tea extract and citric acid synergist. Oil samples with or without the addition of antioxidants and synergists were heated in a microwave oven at a constant power of 300 W over a different time period (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes). Samples were also heated at different power levels (180, 300, 450W) in a constant time period of 5 minutes. The result of the accelerated oxidation test of olive oil is expressed by the peroxide number. Microwave heating of the samples during a longer heating time increases the temperature and the value of the peroxide number, which results in an increase in oxidative oil degradation. Addition of antioxidants and synergists increased the stability of olive oil. The highest stability of extra virgin olive oil was achieved by a combination of green tea extract and synergistic citric acid.

Investigating the impact of pesticides on non-target organisms is essential for sustainable integrated pest management programs. We therefore assessed the toxicity of ten insecticides to the brassica caterpillar Ascia monuste and its ant predator Solenopsis saevissima and examined the effect that the insecticide synergists had on toxicity to the predator. We also assessed the residual period of control and impact of the insecticides during the brassica growing cycle. All insecticides except flubendiamide exhibited mortality above the threshold required by Brazilian legislation (80%). Chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad exhibited lower toxicity to the ant predator than they did to the brassica caterpillar. The results obtained for synergized insecticides suggest that selectivity to the predator was due the involvement of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases. Chlorfenapyr and cyantraniliprole exhibited the highest residual periods of control to the brassica caterpillar, whereas malathion had the greatest impact on the predator. Most of the insecticides efficiently controlled the brassica caterpillar, but not all exhibited selectivity to the predator. Therefore, due to the distinctive responses of organisms with respect to residual periods of control and the impact of the insecticides, spraying frequency must be strongly considered in integrated pest management programs.

International audience; Laboratory and field investigations to identify and evaluate plant co-attractants of the aggregation pheromone of the date palm pest Oryctes agamemnon are reported. Volatiles emitted by freshly cut palm core and palm core with feeding males, were collected, analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and evaluated in olfactometers alone or combined with synthetic pheromone. A collection of palm odor without male effluvia was attractive alone and enhanced attraction to synthetic pheromone in an olfactometer similar to that to a collection of palm odor emitted with feeding males and containing natural pheromone. Behavioral responses to collections of palm volatiles were correlated to the amount of volatiles material in them. Enhancement of the attractiveness of the pheromone was not correlated to chemicals specific to beetle feeding. The chemicals common to the active collections extracts were benzoate esters, mostly ethyl benzoate, anisole derivatives and sesquiterpenes. Blends of the most abundant components of the extracts were evaluated for enhancement of the attractiveness of pheromone (1 mu g) in olfactometers at 1 or 10 mu g doses. The mixtures were further evaluated by field trapping in Tunisia at 3-10 mg/day using reference (6 mg/day) or experimental pheromone formulations. A mixture of ethyl benzoate, 4-methylanisole and farnesol (1:1:1 w/w at 6.5 mg/day) enhanced captures in pheromone baited traps in 2014 and 2015 and this mixture was as active as the natural palm bait. The practical prospect of the result for the management for O. agamemnon, and other palm beetles is discussed.

BACKGROUND Metabolic resistance is an important consideration in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, where an esterase‐based mechanism has been attributed to pyrethroid resistance and over‐expression of the cytochrome P450, CYP6CM1, has been correlated to resistance to imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids. RESULTS In vitro interactions between putative synergists and CYP6CM1, B and Q‐type esterases were investigated, and structure–activity relationship analyses allowed the identification of chemical structures capable of acting as inhibitors of esterase and oxidase activities. Specifically, methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP) moieties with a polyether chain were preferable for optimum inhibition of B‐type esterase, whilst corresponding dihydrobenzofuran structures were potent for the Q‐esterase variation. Potent inhibition of CYP6CM1 resulted from structures which contained an alkynyl chain with a terminal methyl group. CONCLUSIONS Synergist candidates could be considered for field control of B. tabaci, especially to abrogate neonicotinoid resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Hladno prešano konopljino ulje proizvodi se prešanjem visokokvalitetnih sjemenki industrijske konoplje kroz nekoliko osnovnih koraka pripreme sirovine(čišćenje, sušenje, ljuštenje i mljevenje). Nakon pripreme slijedi cijeđenje sirovog ulja iz sjemenki, tj. prešanje te čišćenje prešanog sirovog ulja za očuvanje senzorskih svojstava ulja. Za stabilizaciju ulja i spriječavanjeautooksidacije, koriste se prirodni (ekstrakti začinskih biljaka) i sintetski antioksidansi te sinergisti. Kako bi ulje bilo što kvalitetnije, prate se osnovni parametri kvalitete koji su pokazatelji da li je došlo do kvarenja ulja još u sjemenkama, tijekom loših uvjeta skladištenja ili se prerađivala sjemenka loše kvalitete. Cold-processed hemp oil is produced by pressinghigh quality industrial hemp seedsthrough some key steps in preparing (cleaning, drying, peeling and grinding). After preparation, crude oil issqueezed by pressing the seeds, and cleaned in order to maintain its good sensory properties. Natural (extracts of herbs) and synthetic antioxidants, as well as synergists are used for stabilization and prevention of autooxidation. To get high oil quality, we used monitored parameters of quality which are indicators of oil deterioration during storage or processing of seeds of poor quality.

Pistacija je nutritivno bogat orašasti plod. Sadrži 40-63 % ulja te je pogodna sirovina za proizvodnju ulja. U ovom istraživanju određivana je oksidacijska stabilnost hladno prešanog ulja pistacije sa i bez dodatka prirodnih i sintetskih antioksidanasa te sinergista. Primjenom standardnih metoda, određeni su parametri kvalitete ulja: peroksidni broj, udio slobodnih masnih kiselina. Antioksidansi koji su korišteni u ovom radu su ekstrakti zelenog čaja, nara, ružmarina, eterično ulje rtanjskog čaja, propil galat te sinergisti askorbinska i limunska kiselina. Oksidacijska stabilnost ulja ispitana je primjenom Oven testa. Rezultati ispitivanja prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidnog broja tijekom 4 dana trajanja testa. Primjena ekstrakta ružmarina pokazuje bolju zaštitu ulja od oksidcije u odnosu na ekstrakt zelenog čaja i nara. Dodatkom eteričnog ulja rtanjskog čaja postignuta je najveća zaštita ulja pistacije prema oksidacijskom kvarenju. Korištenjem sinergista boljim se pokazala limunska kiselina u odnosu na aksokrbinsku kiselinu u kombinaciji sa prirodnim antioksidansom. Pistachio is a nutritrive rich nut. It contains 40-63% of oils and therefore it is suitable for oil production. In this research oxidation stability of cold pressed pistachio oil, with or without added natural and sintetic antioxidants and synergist, is examined. With the application of standard methods, the oil quality parameters: peroxide number and free fat acids content were determined. Antioxidants used in this research were as follows:green tea extract,pomegranate extract,rosemary extract, essential oil of winter savory tea and propyl gallate. Synergists used in this research were ascorbic and citric acid.The oxidation stability of oil was tested using the Oven test. Test results are shown as a peroxide number value over the 4 days duration of the test.Extract of rosemary oil has better protection against oxidation as compared to the green tea extract and pomegranate.The most significant antioxidant effect is shown with addition of essential oil of winter savory tea. As a synergist better effect is shown by citric acid in regard to ascorbic acid in a combination with natural antioxidans.

Insecticides have played and still fulfil a very important role in sustainable production of food, animal feed and also as protection against disease vectors. They act to suppress insect populations and, as a consequence of their use, insecticide resistance has evolved. An overview of insecticide resistance mechanisms in insects is given, focusing on the metabolic systems involved in xenobiotic metabolism in the class Insecta. Several enzyme families (e.g., esterases, mixed function oxidases, glutathione S-transferases) are involved in insecticide detoxification, sequestration and excretion and have differing relative importance within the various taxonomic groups. A brief discussion of their impact on control strategies is given., Invertebrate Survival Journal, Vol 13 No 1 (2016)

U ovome radu je ispitan dodatak antioksidanasa na oksidacijsku stabilnost palmine masti. Osnovni parametri kvalitete palmine masti su peroksidni broj (Pbr) i slobodne masne kiseline (SMK). Od antioksidansa korišteni su ekstrakt zelenog čaja, ekstrakt ružmarina (Oxy 'Less CS), ekstrakt maslinovog lista, ekstrakt nara u koncentraciji 0,1 i 0,3 %, te eterična ulja bosiljka, majčine dušice i rtanjskog čaja u koncentraciji 0,05%. Održivost palmine masti prikazana je kroz Pbr tijekom 4 dana provedbe Oven testa i Testa održivosti na 98°C. Najveća razina zaštite palmine masti od oksidacijskog kvarenja postiže se dodatkom ekstrakta ružmarina(Oxy 'Less CS) kod obje koncentracije. Primjena sinergista limunske kiseline s ekstraktom ružmarina (Oxy 'Less CS), postignuta je dodatna zaštita palmine masti od oksidacijskog kvarenja. Eterično ulje rtanjskog čaja (0,05%) pokazuje veću zaštitu palmine masti od oksidacije u odnosu na eterično ulje bosiljka i majčine dušice. In this study is monitored the influence of antioxidants on oxidative stability of palm fat. The basic parameters of quality palms fats are: peroxide value and free fatty acids.The antioxidants used in this study are: green tea extract, rosemary extract (Oxy 'Less CS), olive leaf extract, pomegranate extract, at concentractions of 0,1% and 0,3%, thyme and basil volatie oil as well as sovary tea volatile oil at concntraction of 0,05 %. Sustanbility of palm grease is show trough the peroxide value, during the four days of the implementation of the Oven test and oxidation stability test 98 The higest efficiency of palm fat is shown on the rosemary extract (Oxy 'Less CS)at the both of concentraction. Application synergist of citric acid with rosemary extract (Oxy 'Less CS), additional protection palm fats from oxidative deterioration.The essential oil of sovary tea shows greater protection palm fat from oxidation in relation to the essential oil of basil and thyme.

Mikrovalno zagrijavanje je moderna i široko primjenjivana metoda za pripremanje hrane. U ovom radu je istraživan utjecaj mikrovalnog zagrijavanja na oksidacijsku stabilnost hladno prešanog ulja pistacije, sa i bez dodatka antioksidanasa i sinergista. Uzorci ulja su zagrijavani u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod različite snage uređaja u vremenu 5 minuta. Također, uzorci su zagrijavani u mikrovalnoj pećnici kod konstantne snage 300 W u različitom vremenskom periodu. Rezultati testa prikazani su vrijednostima peroksidnog broja nakon mikrovalnog zagrijavanja. Primjenom veće snage uređaja i duljeg vremena trajanja mikrovalnog zagrijavanja dolazi do povećanja oksidacijskog kvarenja ispitivanog ulja. Dodatkom antioksidanasa i sinergista postignuta je veća otpornost ulja prema oksidaciji. Nakon 25 minuta mikrovalnog zagrijavanja dobivene su niže vrijednosti peroksidnog broja u odnosu na uzorak ulja bez dodanog antioksidansa (kontrolni uzorak). Najbolju otpornost prema oksidacijskom kvarenju pokazao je dodatak eteričnog ulja rtanjskog čaja, u odnosu na dodatak drugih ispitivanih antioksidanasa. Microwave heating is a contemporary and widely applied method of food preparation. This essay discusses the influence of microwave heating on the oxidation of cold-pressed pistachio oil with and without the addition of antioxidants and synergists. Oils samples with and without the addition of antioxidants and synergists were heated in a microwave oven using different power settings at 5 minute intervals. Samples were also heated in microwave oven using constant power settings of 300 W at different time intervals. The test results are shown through peroxide value and measured after microwave heating. Higher power settings and prolonged microwave heating are causing more massive oxidative damage of the tested oil. The addition of antioxidants and synergists achieved greater resistance to oil oxidation. Microwave heating with duration of 25 minutes resulted with lower peroxide value comparing to the oil sample without added antioxidant (control sample). Best resistance to oxidation deterioration showed the addition of essential oil of winter savory, comparing to the addition of other antioxidants that were examined.

Šafranika (Chartamus tinctorus L.) je biljka koja ima sve veću primjenu u proizvodnji jestivih ulja. Međutim, kao i svaka druga vrsta ulja, ulje šafranike je podložno oksidacijskim promjenama koje utječu na njegovu nutritivnu vrijednost, te kemijska i senzorska svojstva. U ovom radu je ispitivana održivost hladno prešanog ulja šafranike uz dodatak prirodnih antioksidanasa te sinergista. Od antioksidanasa korišteni su: ekstrakt zelenog čaja, ekstrakt ružmarina (Oxy'Less CS), ekstrakt maslinovog lista, ekstrakt nara, u koncentracijama 0,1 i 0,3%, te eterična ulja majčine dušice, bosiljka i rtanjskog čaja u koncentraciji 0,05%. Istražen je i utjecaj sinergista, limunske kiseline, u koncentraciji 0,01% u kombinaciji s ekstraktom ružmarina (0,1%), te limunske kiseline i ekstrakta zelenog čaja (0,1%). Test održivosti ulja šafranike je proveden testom ubrzane oksidacije ulja, Schaal oven testom, na temperaturi 63 ⁰C. Održivost ulja šafranike je prikazana kroz peroksidni broj tijekom četiri dana provedbe Oven testa. Najveću učinkovitost na održivost ulja pokazao je ekstrakt ružmarina (Oxy'Less CS) u koncentraciji 0,3%, u odnosu na druge antioksidanse. Primjena sinergista limunske kiseline s ekstraktom ružmarina (Oxy'Less CS 0,1%) pokazala je približno iste vrijednosti peroksidnog broja kao i sam ekstrakt ružmarina (0,3%). Limunska kiselina i ekstrakt zelenog čaja (0,1%) su rezultirali nešto višim vrijednostima peroksidnog broja u odnosu na sam ekstrakt zelenog čaja (0,3%). Eterično ulje majčine dušice pokazuje veću zaštitu ulja šafranike od oksidacije. Safflower (Chartamus tinctorius L.) is a plant that has been increasingly used in the production of edible oils. However, like any other type of oil, safflower oil is susceptible to oxidative changes affecting it's nutritional value, as well as chemical and organoleptic properties. In this study we investigated the viability oc cold-pressed safflower oil with the addition of natural antioxidants and synergists. The antioxidants used in this study are: green tea extract, rosemary extract (Oxy'Less CS), olive leaf extract, pomegranate extract, at concentrations of 0,1% and 0,3%, thyme and basil volatile oil as well as savory tea volatile oil at concentration of 0,05%. Also, investigated the influence of the synergist, citric acid in a concentration of 0,01% in combination with rosemary extract (0,01%), and citric acid and green tea extract (0,1%). Testing sustainability safflower oil is implemented accelerated oxidation test oil, Schaal oven test at 63 ⁰C. Sustainability safflower oil is show through the peroxide value, during the four days of the implementation of the oven test. The higest efficiency of oil is shown on the rosemary extract (Oxy'Less CS) at the concentration of 0,3% comapred to other antioxidans. Application synergist of citric acid with rosemary extract (Oxy'Less CS 0,1%) showed approximately the same peroxide value like rosemary extract (0,3%). Citric acid and green tea extract (0,1%) resulted in some higher peroxide value as compared to the green tea extract. The essential oil of thyme shows greater protection sufflower oil from oxidation.

Hladno prešano suncokretovo ulje proizvodi se prešanjem najkvalitetnijih suncokretovih sjemenki. Postoji nekoliko faza pripreme sirovine: čišćenje, sušenje, ljuštenje i mljevenje. Sušenjem se odstranjuje voda, to je vrlo važna faza pripreme sirovine za preradu jer se osušene sjemenke mogu duže čuvati (skladištenje vlažne sirovine pogoduje razvoju plijesni), a osim toga i bolje se prerađuje od vlažne sirovine. Nakon pripreme sirovine, sirovo ulje se iz sjemenki cijedi prešanjem, a zatim se čisti kako bi se očuvala dobra senzorska svojstva ulja. Dobiveno ulje se može kvariti zbog brojnih utjecaja, od kojih je najčešće kvarenje uzrokovano oksidacijskim procesom. Kako bi se produljila trajnost hladno prešanog ulja i spriječila autooksidacija, primjenjuju se antioksidansi i sinergisti, koji usporavaju oksidacijsko kvarenje ulja. Za stabilizaciju biljnih ulja koriste se prirodni i sintetski antioksidansi. Danas se prednost daje prirodnim antioksidansima (ekstrakti začinskih biljaka). Cold-pressed sunflower oil is produced by pressing of the finest sunflower seeds. There are several stages in the preparation of raw materials: cleaning, drying , peeling and grinding. Drying implies removing the water, so this is a very important phase in preparation of raw materials for processing, because the dried seeds can be stored longer (wet storage of raw materials is suitable for the mold development), and better processing than wet materials. After preparation of raw materials, crude oil is squeezed by pressing the seeds, and then cleaned in order to maintain its good sensory properties. The resulting oil can spoil due to numerous influences, and the most common spoilage is caused by the oxidation process. To prolong the shelf life of the cold pressed oil and prevent autoxidation, producers apply antioxidants and synergists, which inhibit oil deterioration. The natural or synthetic antioxidants are used for stabilization of vegetable oils. The natural antioxidants are preferred today (extracts of herbs).

Recording motor unit (MU) action potentials during fast muscle contractions, specifically during movement, presents unique challenges that constrain the investigation of the upper limits of human MU performance. The anconeus muscle exhibits many advantageous characteristics that suggest it is an appealing model for the study of MU behaviour in challenging experiment paradigms. Thus, the purpose was to determine the MU recruitment and discharge properties associated with the generation of movement up to maximal angular velocities of elbow extension and to determine the effect of submaximal fatiguing movements on these MU properties. Due to the synergistic nature of the anconeus in the elbow extensor muscle group, a secondary purpose was to determine whether MUs of the muscles comprising the elbow extensor group behave differently during the production of high forces. Discharge rates and recruitment thresholds were tracked in 24 and 17 MUs, respectively. It was revealed that anconeus MUs increase discharge rates over two distinct linear ranges possessing different input-output gain relationships relative to elbow extension velocity. Anconeus MUs exhibited variable responses to increased resultant velocity when recruitment thresholds were considered. These variable responses, that were more common in higher threshold MUs, indicated that a compression of the MU recruitment range of the anconeus occurred as elbow extension velocity increased. Using the same recording techniques, fatigue-related changes in discharge rates and recruitment thresholds of 12 MUs were determined throughout a protocol comprised of fast, maximal, static muscle contractions, and submaximal and periodic maximal movements. Results of this study demonstrated that MU properties are graded differently in response to submaximal fatiguing movements depending on the intensity of the movement, but that contraction type did not affect the relative changes in these MU properties. Lastly, MUs in three elbow extensors including the anconeus were tracked during constant joint angle force production to near maximal intensities. Differences between the elbow extensors were observed for MU discharge rates and recruitment thresholds with increasing force. These findings support an integrated model of earlier established MU control strategies for the elbow extensors and show anconeus MU recruitment occurs over a greater range than previously believed.

Combining environmentally friendly insecticides with entomopathogenic nematodes may constitute an effective alternative to conventional chemical control of many insect pests. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate the effects of selected insecticides which are commonly used for pest control in vegetables in China on osmotically treated and untreated infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae strain All. The insecticides azadirachtin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, malathion, thiamethoxam and chlorantraniliprole-thiamethoxam had no adverse effects on nematode survival and infectivity. In contrast, bisultap, emamectin benzoate, phoxim and rotenone proved harmful to S. carpocapsae All mainly by reducing infectivity of the infective juveniles to larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Osmotic induction is a promising way to induce entomopathogenic nematodes into partial anhydro-biosis and thus increase environmental stress tolerance of the nematodes as well as their shelf life after production. The present results showed that osmotic treatment did not adversely affect fitness of the nematode in terms of its susceptibility to insecticides and even increased its tolerance to chlorpyrifos and rotenone. The results of this laboratory study indicate that several of the tested insecticides can be safely combined with S. carpocapsae All within an integrated pest management approach.

Bu çalışma 2-5 Ekim 2011 tarihinde Amsterdam’da düzenlenen VI. Uluslararası Moleküler Böcek Bilimi Sempozyumu’nda poster olarak sunulmuş ve özet olarak basılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Col.:Coccinellidae)un bir hassas (SSS) ve bir de daha az duyarlı (RSS) popülasyonunda bazı insektisitlere ve akarisitlere duyarlılıklarının saptanması yanında, bu popülasyonların duyarlılıklarıyla ilişkili karboksilesteraz (CarE), sitokrom P450 monooksigenaz (P450) and glutatyon S-transferaz (GST) aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, herbir ilacın bir sublethal ayırıcı dozu (~LD20) ile sinerjist maddeler olan S,S,S-tributilfosforotrithioate (DEF), piperonil butoksit (PBO) ve dietil maleyat (DEM) ile karıştırılarak, muhtemel fizyolojik tolerans mekanizmaları test edilmiştir. Bu popülasyonlarda paraoxon ve pirimicarb inhibitörleri kullanılarak, asetilkolinesteraz (AchE)ın duyarsızlığı saptanmıştır. SSS popülasyonunun LC50 değerleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, RSS popülasyonu abamectin, bifenazate, chlorpyrifos, cyhexatin, hexythiazox ve λ-cyhalothrine sırasıyla 2.1, 11.2, 6.7, 1.7, 1.6 ve 2.3-kat daha az duyarlı bulunmuştur. Sonuçta, S. gilvifronsun dirençli bahçe popülasyonu 4 ilaca orta düzeyde bir duyarlılık kaybı göstermiştir. Substrat ortamı olarak α-naftil asetat ve β- naftil asetat kullanıldığında, CarE aktivitesi RSSde SSSye oranla sırasıyla 1.5 ve 4.3 kat fazla olmuştur. Ayrıca, 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene ve 2,4- dinitro-1-iodobenzene substarları kullanıldığında GSTlerin aktivitesi RSS popülasyonunda önemli olarak sırasıyla 4.3 ve 1.4 kat daha fazla bulunmuştur. İnhibasyon kinetiklerine göre, 1mM primicarb kullanıldığında RSSnin AchEi SSSye göre 2.5 kat daha duyarsız olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, popülasyonların pestisitlere karşı duyarlılık farkları artan CarE, GST ve P-450 enzim aktivitelerini içeren çoklu fizyolojik mekanizmalarından kaynaklanmıştır. The susceptibilities to insecticides and acaricides, as well as carboxylesterase (CarE), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were evaluated in a susceptible (SSS) and an unsusceptible strain (RSS) of Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Col.: Coccinellidae). Synergism studies using S, S, S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) in combination with at a discrimination dose (similar to LD20) of selected pesticides were also conducted to test for possible physiological mechanisms. In addition, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) to the inhibitors, paraoxon and pirimicarb, is also determined. Compared with SSS, tolerance ratios of RSS, as indicated by LC50 values, was calculated 2.1, 11.2, 6.7, 1.7, 1.6 and 2.3-fold, respectively, for abamectin, bifenazate, chlorpyrifos, cyhexatin, hexythiazox and lambda-cyhalothrin. Thus, the field collected resistant S. gilvifrons population were tolerant at medium level to four compounds. CarE activity was significantly higher in RSS than in SSS, 1.5-fold for alpha-naphthyl acetate and 4.3-fold for beta- naphthyl acetate. Also significant enhanced GSTs activity were determined in RSS using two substrates, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (4.3-fold) and 2,4-dinitro-1-iodobenzene (1.4-fold), compared with SSS. Inhibition kinetics revealed that AchE from RSS was 2.5-fold more insensitive to inhibition by 1mM primicarb than AchE from SSS. The disparity in susceptibility to these pesticides in the predator populations were due to the responsibility of multiple physiological mechanisms, including elevated CarE, GSTs and P-450 enzymes activities.

Se evaluó la respuesta a los insecticidas organofosforados malatión y pirimifos-metil en poblaciones de campo de adultos Culex spp. del Municipio Mario Briceño Iragorry del Estado Aragua. Se realizaron los bioensayos en botellas tratadas con insecticidas. La determinación del tiempo-mortalidad, permitió obtener la línea base de susceptibilidad de los insecticidas evaluados. Se definió la dosis diagnóstica como la menor dosis que mata el mayor porcentaje de los insectos expuestos. El número de sobrevivientes a los 60 minutos de exposición a dichas dosis fue considerado como criterio de resistencia definiéndose dicho tiempo, como el umbral de resistencia. Los mosquitos resultaron resistentes a malatión a las concentraciones 0,1; 1 y 5 μg/mL con valores de TL100= 90; 90 y 75 minutos respectivamente y susceptibles a pirimifos-metil a las concentraciones 1 y 5 μg/mL con valores TL100= 30 y 15 minutos respectivamente, a la concentración 0,1 μg/mL se obtuvo TL100= 75 lo cual no se estimó por ser una dosis baja. Las concentraciones 5 μg/mL de malatión, 0, μg/ml de pirimifos-metil se sugieren como dosis referenciales. Se identificaron mecanismos de resistencia con el sinergista butóxido de piperonilo (PB) a las concentraciones de malatión 1 y 5 μg/mL con FS = 2 y 2,5 respectivamente. Las enzimas de multifunción oxidasa (MFO) juegan un papel importante en la resistencia al insecticida malation. Los resultados obtenidos, aportan información básica para futuros programas de control de Culex spp., si fuese necesario, debido a su importancia como plaga de ambientes turísticos y como vector de Filariasis (bancroftiasis) y Fiebre del Nilo. We evaluated the response to the organophosphorus insecticides malathion and pirimiphos-methyl in field populations of adult Culex spp. Mario Briceño Iragorry Municipality Aragua state. Bioassays were carried out using the bottles treated with insecticides. The time-mortality determination allowed us to obtain the baseline susceptibility of the insecticides evaluated. Diagnostic dose was defined as the lowest dose that kills the highest percentage of exposed insects. Survivors after 60 minutes of exposure to these doses was considered as resistance criterion defining this time, as the threshold of resistance. The mosquitoes were resistant to malathion at concentrations 0.1; 1 and 5 μg/mL with values of TL100= 90; 90 and 75 minutes respectively and susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl at concentrations 1 and 5 μg/mL with values of TL100= 30 and 15 minutes respectively, was obtained at the concentration 0.1 μg /mL TL100= 75 which was not considered to be a low dose. The concentrations 5 μg /mL of malathion, 0.1 μg / ml of pirimiphos-methyl are suggested as a reference dose. Resistance mechanisms were identified with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PB) at concentrations of malathion 1 and 5 μg/mL with FS = 2 and 2.5 respectively. Multifunction oxidase enzymes (MFO) play an important role in resistance to the insecticide malathion. The obtained results provide basic information for future monitoring programs of Culex spp, if necessary, due to its importance as a pest of tourist environments and as a vector of Filariasis (bacroftiosis) and West Nile Fever.

Kırmızıörümcek avcısı Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)' un duyarlı ve dayanıklı ırklarının insektisitlere ve akarisitlere olan duyarlılıklarının yanında karboksilesteraz (CarE), Glutatyon S-transferaz (GST), Sitokrom P450 monooksigenaz (P450) aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sinerjist çalışmalarında olası direnç mekanizmalarını test etmek için pestisitlerin ayırıcı dozlarıyla (LD10) birlikte S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) ve diethyl maleate (DEM) sinerjist maddeleri kullanılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) duyarsızlığını belirlemek için paraxon ve pirimicarb kullanılmıştır. Çalışmalar 8 farklı popülasyon üzerinden yürütülmüş olup, ayırıcı doza göre duyarlılık farklılığı gösteren popülasyonlarda biyoassay ve biyokimyasal çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Dirençli popülasyonun abamectin, bifenazate, chlorpyrifos, cyhexatin, hexythiazox ve ?-cyhalothrin' ne LD50 değerleri için sırasıyla 2,2, 11,2, 6,7, 5,6, 4,8 ve 4,3 kat duyarlılık kaybı saptanmıştır. Böylece S. gilvifrons püpülasyonlarının abamectin hariç diğer beş bileşiğe karşı düşük düzeyde bir tolerans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Dirençli popülasyonda oluşan tolerans bifenazate ve chlorpyrifos' ta DEF, ?-cyhalothrin ve hexythiazox' ta DEF+DEM, cyhexatin' de ise DEF+DEM+PBO ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. CarE aktivitesi ?-naphthyl acetate kullanıldığında duyarlı popülasyona göre dirençli popülasyonda 1,5 kat, ß- naphthyl acetate kullanıldığında daha yüksek 4,3 kat daha yüksek aktivite oluşmuştur. Doğal poliakrilamid jelde 4µM paraxon uygulandığında dirençli ırkta 3 aktif zon belirlenirken, hassas ırkta tüm isozim' ler engellenmiştir. Ayrıca GST aktivitesinde dirençli ırkta 2 substrat kullanılmış olup, duyarlı ırka göre 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene' de 4,3 kat, 2,4-dinitro-1-iodobenzene' de de 1,4 kat yüksek aktivite belirlenmiştir. P450 aktivitesi ise dirençli ırkta duyarlı ırka göre 1,5 kat daha yüksek olmuş fakat istatiksel anlamda bir fark bulunamamıştır. Dayanıklı popülasyondaki AChE engelleme kinetiklerinin duyarlı ırka göre 1µM pirimicrab ile oluşturulan engellemenin 1,7 kat daha duyarsız olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğal düşman popülasyonlarına karşı kullanılan pestisitlerde oluşan eşit olmayan duyarsızlıklar biyokimyasal dayanıklılık mekanizmalarından, özellikle CarE, GST ve PBO' dan oluşan yüksek aktivitelerden kaynaklanabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. The susceptibilities to insecticides and acaricides, as well as carboxylesterase (CarE), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were evaluated in a susceptible (SSS) and a resistant strain (RSS) of the spider mite predator, the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Synergism studies using S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) in combination with at a discrimination dose (LD10) of selected pesticides were also conducted to test for possible resistance mechanisms. In addition, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to the inhibitors, paraoxon and pirimicarb, is also determined. Studies have been taken over 8 different populations, among these populations, they indicating differences in sensitivity according to a diagnostic dose, were carried out bioassay and biochemical studies. Compared with SSS, resistance ratios of RSS, as indicated by LC50 values, was calculated 2.2, 11.2, 6.7, 5.6, 4.8 and 4.3-fold, respectively, for abamectin, bifenazate, chlorpyrifos, cyhexatin, hexythiazox and ?-cyhalothrin. Thus, the field collected resistant S. gilvifrons population were tolerant at medium level to five compounds, except abamectin. The tolerance to the pesticides in RSS was associated with the tolerance to DEF in bifenazate and chlorpyrifos, DEF+DEM in ?-cyhalothrin and hexythiazox and DEF+DEM+PBO in cyhexatin resistances. CarE activity was significantly higher in RSS than in SSS, 1.5-fold for ?-naphthyl acetate and 4.3-fold for ß- naphthyl acetate. RSS strain possessed three activity zones in native gel that could be inhibited by 4µM paraxon, while SSS strain all esterases inhibited. Also significant enhanced GSTs activity were determined in RSS using two substrates, 1-chloro-2,4- dinitrobenzene (4.3-fold) and 2,4-dinitro-1-iodobenzene (1.4-fold), compared with SSS. Although 1.5-fold higher P450 activity in RSS than SSS was observed, a significant difference was not found. Inhibition kinetics revealed that AChE from RSS was 1.7-fold more insensitive to inhibition by 1µM pirimicarb than AChE from SSS. The disparity in susceptibility to these pesticides in the predator populations were due to the responsibility of multiple biochemical resistance mechanisms, including mainly elevated CarE, GSTs and PBO activities.

Aksoy, Abdurrahman/0000-0001-9486-312X; Cenesiz, Metin/0000-0003-2494-1959; Atmaca, Enes/0000-0002-8978-3755; GULBAHAR, MUSTAFA YAVUZ/0000-0001-8268-7659; Gulbahar, M. Yavuz/0000-0002-4129-4434 WOS: 000351999100001 PubMed: 23299193 In this study, 70 Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups (six experimental and one control), which consisted of animals belonging to both sexes. Different combinations of insecticides were administered daily to the experimental groups (group 1: cypermethrin+piperonyl butoxide (PBO); group 2: alphacypermethrin+PBO; group 3: deltamethrin+PBO; group 4: cypermethrin+PBO+tetramethrin; group 5: alphacypermethrin+PBO+tetramethrin; and group 6: deltamethrin+PBO+tetramethrin) for 28days. During the study period, mortality and serious clinical findings were not observed in any animal. However, feed consumptions decreased in groups 1 and 3 (p

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus has been pesticide-controlled for several decades in the pacific island of New Caledonia. Since 1996, pesticide-control has been based on either deltamethrin (Butox®) or amitraz (Taktic®) in herds harbouring deltamethrin-resistant ticks. In this island, the first R. microplus deltamethrin- and amitraz-resistances were detected in 1992 and 2003, respectively. Using LPT bioassays, we have undertaken to update data regarding the geographical distribution and the physiological diversity likely to be involved in these resistances. We confirmed that after 17 years of intensive use of deltamethrin, several resistances of moderate levels (

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas -- PAGS nros. 1836-1843, The Mediterranean fruit ßy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is considered one of the most economically damaging pests of citrus orchards in Spain. Insecticide treatments for the control of this pest are mainly based on aerial and ground treatments with malathion bait sprays. However, the frequency of insecticide treatments has been increased in some areas of the Comunidad Valenciana in the last years, because of problems with the control of C. capitata.Wehave found that Þeld populations from citrus and other fruit crops from different geographical areas in Spain showed lower susceptibility to malathion (6- to 201-fold) compared with laboratory populations. More importantly, differences in susceptibility could be related to the frequency of the Þeld treatments. A resistant strain (W), derived from a Þeld population, and a susceptible laboratory strain (C) were maintained in the laboratory. The W strain showed cross-resistance to the organophosphate fenthion (10-fold) but not to spinosad. Enzymatic assays showed that acethylcholinesterase activity was less inhibited in vivo by malathion and in vitro by malaoxon (active form of malathion) in adult ßies from the W-resistant strain. Experiments to evaluate the effects of synergists revealed that the esterase inhibitor S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) partially suppressed malathion resistance. Thus, target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance mediated by esterases might be involved in the loss of susceptibility to malathion in C. capitata. Nonetheless, additional biochemical and molecular studies will be required to conÞrm this hypothesis, This work received Þnancial support from CICYT (AGL2004-05169)

Anopheles aquasalis del estado Aragua se encuentra en zonas de desarrollo agropecuario cercanas al Lago de Valencia y recibe presión de insecticidas en forma indirecta, la misma dirigida al control de plagas agrícolas. En esta especie, se determinó el nivel de resistencia al insecticida piretroide lambdacialotrina y al organofosforado pirimifosmetil. Los bioensayos se realizaron con el método de las botellas tratadas con insecticidas, a fin de determinar el umbral de resistencia el cual es definido como la sobrevivencia de los mosquitos a 60 minutos de exposición a una dosis específica de los productos evaluados. De tal manera que para lambdacialotrina 0,1 μg/mL se obtuvo un TL98 de 140,7 minutos y para pirimifosmetil 0,1 μg/mL se obtuvo un TL98 de 93,0 minutos. Se identificaron mecanismos de resistencia IN VIVO con los sinergistas Butóxido de Piperonilo (PB) y S, S, S, Tributilfosforotriotioato (DEF) e IN VITRO con el substrato beta naftil acetato. Las enzimas de multifunción oxidasa (MFO) y las esterasas confieren resistencia a estos grupos de insecticidas. Los resultados aquí obtenidos contribuirán al mejor conocimiento de la resistencia a insecticidas en esta especie de importancia médica. Anopheles aquasalis from Aragua State is found in zones of developed agriculture and fishing near Valencia Lake and receives indirect pressure from the insecticides which are directed against agricultural pests. The level of resistance to the insecticides lambdacyhalothrin and pirimiphosmethyl was determined. Bioassays were carried out using the bottle method in which mosquitoes are exposed to glass bottles treated with insecticides, estimating as a threshold of resistance the survival of mosquitoes after 60-min exposure to a specific dose of the products evaluated. Mosquitoes turned out to be resistant to the pyrethroid lamdacyhalothrin at 0.1 μg/mL with TL98 at 140.7 min and to the organophosphate primiphosmethyl 0.1 μg mL with TL98 at 93.0 min. Resistance mechanisms were detected IN VIVO using the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S, S, S, Trisbutylphosphotristioate and in IN VITRO using the substrate betanaphtylacetate. Multfunctional oxidases (MFO) and esterases are suggested as cause of resistance in these groups of insects. The values of the slope were between 3.7 and 7.6 which means that the population response was stable and homogenous. The results obtained contribute to a better knowledge of the insecticide resistance of this medically important species.

Anticoagulant compounds are likely to play an important role in the control of commensal rodents for crop protection and conservation for the foreseeable future. However there are concerns regarding their persistence and the development of more widespread resistance. We are seeking to retrieve and retain older alternatives and develop novel rodenticides. Our three pronged approach is firstly to improve the performance of older non-anticoagulant rodenticides such as zinc phosphide, secondly to optimise the performance of 1st generation anticoagulants and thirdly to identify alternatives to anticoagulant rodenticides with the same mode of action as paraminopropiophenone (PAPP), which was registered in New Zealand as a predacide in April 2011.

The history of research, development and production of sulfonamides within PLIVA was described. Theree generation of sulfonamides with antibacterial activity were covered, as well as sulfonamides with diuretic and antidiabtetic activity. This paper also describes the synthesis of sulfonamide synergists, as well as mechanism of action and their metabolism. A survey is also given of the studies performed with newly synthesized compounds, potential new sulfonamide synergists.