Search

This article uses oral history, archival material, and published primary sources to examine the competing conceptions of “innovation” at work in the creation and operation of the West Philadelphia Community Free School (WPCFS) from 1969 to 1978. One of the longest-running initiatives in the School District of Philadelphia's experimental Office of Innovative Programs, the WPCFS stood at the crossroads of conflicting imperatives for “innovation.” These included: (1) institutional interests in advancing “humanizing” pedagogy; (2) Black activists’ interests in operating a community-controlled school for students of color in West Philadelphia; and (3) teachers’ interests in balancing their commitments to “humanizing” instruction and a surrounding community with different educational priorities. We highlight two instances where the frictions between these uses of “innovation” became pronounced in the WPCFS—debates over “free time” and the 1973 teachers’ strike. These incidents clarify how the burden of reconciling opposing innovations fell unevenly on the teachers and community members—often in ways that pitted the groups against one another—and exacerbated raced and classed inequalities in the school and district. While the account focuses on the 1960–1970s, we suggest that the WPCFS is relevant for us today, offering insights for the present into the longer discursive history of “innovation” as a lever for school reform, and into its impacts on educational equity.

The school lives of students and educators have long been affected by technological changes, but the advent of digital technologies, from smartphones to social media, have amplified the effects on their daily lives. Unfortunately, school curricula rarely focus on critically examining our relationships with technologies. Daniel G. Krutka, Jacob Pleasants, and T. Philip Nichols offer a framework called the technology education iceberg to help educators plan and reflect on how they teach about technology. They argue that the science, social studies, and English subject areas offer opportunities to encourage a technoskeptical stance in students and educators that is needed for flourishing lives and democratic societies.

Copper matrix composites (CMCs) are known to be lightweight and possess competent mechanical properties, hence is highly suitable for a broad range of advanced applications. Its significance in aerospace, marine, and structural domains make it worthwhile to be investigatedfor low-cost manufacturing and selection of appropriate reinforcements. A comprehensive understanding of CMCs in terms of its fabrication methodologies and the diverse properties achievable through the incorporation of discrete reinforcement materials are essential to beexplored. Given, this manuscript evaluates the distinct methodologies for the preparation of CMCs through various fabrication routes. Besides, the substantial improvement/variation in properties such as mechanical (strength, toughness, hardness and creep), metallurgical (microstructure, grain size and grain boundaries), thermal properties (thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion) and tribological properties (friction, wear) through the incorporation of reinforcements (additives/filler materials/adhesives) of CMCs also is brought under detailed discussion.

T. Philip Nichols and Alexander Monea explore the spread of data-driven surveillance (i.e., dataveillance) technologies in schools, which are increasingly used as a strategy for mitigating safety risks. They argue that the sense of security schools derive from these technologies often comes at the cost of students’ actual well-being and privacy. Drawing on research with teachers and administrators, they highlight several ethical challenges dataveillance technologies raise as they are incorporated into classrooms. They conclude with suggestions for how educators might de-escalate their dependence on dataveillance without compromising students’ safety.

In this introductory essay in the “Platform Studies in Education” symposium, T. Philip Nichols and Antero Garcia consider the expanding role of platform technologies in teaching, learning, and administration and the contributions of education research to the emerging multidisciplinary literature of platform studies. Their essay outlines theoretical lineages that identify platforms not as standalone tools but as multisided markets linking their users to competing social, technical, and political-economic imperatives. It also highlights connections to related education research that demonstrates the impact of these conflicting imperatives for equitable student learning, teacher education, and policy making. The authors conclude by reflecting on the critical interventions that greater attention to platform relations in education might offer and the forms of coalitional work, across disciplinary and geographic borders, needed to realize these potentials.

In this contribution to the Platform Studies in Education symposium, Luci Pangrazio, Amy Stornaiuolo, T. Philip Nichols, Antero Garcia, and Thomas M. Philip explore how digital platforms can be used to build knowledge and understanding of datafication processes among teachers and students. The essay responds to the turn toward data-driven teaching and learning in education and argues that digital data is not only generated through national, state, and classroom-level assessments but also produced through the platform technologies that increasingly support all kinds of school operations. While much has been written about the promise of such technologies for schools, less is known about the role digital platforms play in constituting this data and how the platforms can be critically engaged to build knowledge and understanding of datafication processes in classrooms. This article explores these dynamics through three vignettes that investigate platforms as an interface for teaching and learning about data. In doing so, the essay speaks back to three interrelated properties of datafication—reduction, abstraction, and individualization— in ways that can be made visible for analysis, critique, and resistance in schools.

The microstructural analysis of some reinforcement steel rods used for concrete reinforcement and their effect on the mechanical properties, and carbon equivalent values of the reinforcement steel rods have been studied. The work subjected the samples to test specimen preparation as required by standard specification for each test. Samples from five different mini mills were investigated for hardness, impact strength, composition, and microstructure. The result obtain from the work, has clearly shown that the microstructure of all the samples investigated reflected the hardness, impact strength, and the CEV of the samples. The microstructure of sample D with spheroidal pearlite dark areas, and a ferrite matrix had the highest hardness value of 34.61BHN, impact strength of 274.7J and CEV of 0.545. These values correlate with the microstructure. The work showed that as the CEV is increased the hardness and the impact strength of the material also increased. The work also show that as the total carbon (TC) % in the samples increased the microstructure becomes darker and the hardness and the impact strength also increased. In conclusion the microstructure of the reinforcement steel rods had effect on the hardness, impact strength properties, and carbon equivalent value of the reinforcement steel rods.

Aim and Objectives Health care education is an important issue in the development of countries. Stress and anxiety among health care students and workers are an area of increasing concern worldwide. Meditative practices have been shown to improve overall wellness. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and feasibility of a brief Heartfulness-Based Start ‘U’p program to reduce anxiety and perceived stress in allied health students of Mahatma Gandhi Mission School of Biomedical Sciences (MGMSBS), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (MGMIHS), Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The objective of this study was first to study the prevalence of anxiety and perceived stress in allied health students of MGMSBS, MGMIHS, Navi Mumbai, and then to study the effect of heartfulness meditation on measures of said emotional wellness. Methods Seven sessions of Start ‘U’p Heartfulness Meditation of 2-hour duration once in every week was held over the course of 7 weeks. Two hundred and three participants enrolled for the heartfulness intervention. Changes in stress levels, anxiety levels, and mindfulness skills were assessed. Three self-reporting questionnaire tools—Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)—were used to determine the categorical scales (low, medium, and high) for anxiety and stress among students from baseline to post-intervention. Results Our study revealed an improvement in anxiety and perceived stress post-intervention of brief Heartfulness-Based Start ‘U’p Program. Out of 203 students in this study, 75.86% were female and 24.14% were male. Students' BAI scores dropped an average of 2.91 points, whereas PSS scores dropped an average of 1.61 points. The largest increase in mindfulness was seen for nonjudging, with an average increase of 2.1 points (p ≤ 0.05) in categorical data from pre- to post-intervention based on the FFMQ tool. Conclusion Our results indicate that heartfulness meditation practice offers an accessible and efficient method by which students' anxiety and stress can be improved. This may also improve their engagement in learning-oriented approaches and class activities.

Pythia’s Oasis is a newly discovered seafloor seep on the Central Oregon segment of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, where focused venting emits highly altered fluids ~9°C above the background temperature. The seep fluid chemistry is unique for Cascadia and includes extreme enrichment of boron and lithium and depletion of chloride, potassium, and magnesium. We conclude that the fluids are sourced from pore water compaction and mineral dehydration reactions with minimum source temperatures of 150° to 250°C, placing the source at or near the plate boundary offshore Central Oregon. Estimated fluid flow rates of 10 to 30 cm s −1 are orders of magnitude higher than those estimated elsewhere along the margin and are likely driven by extreme overpressures along the plate boundary. Probable draining of the overpressured reservoir along the vertical Alvin Canyon Fault indicates the important role that such faults may play in the regulation of pore fluid pressure throughout the forearc in Central Cascadia.

Purpose: As the federal government has retreated from taking a dominant role in encouraging implementation of common K–12 standards, states and districts have moved to fill this education policy va...

In field-based research, masking practices, as well as the general practice of relegating historical context to abstracted ‘site descriptions’ in a paper’s methodology section, can produce a tacit ...

Recently, talk of “fake news” – and its relation to wider epistemic crises, from climate denialism to the creep of global ethno-nationalism – has renewed attention to media literacy in education. F...

The emergence and establishment of electrical discharge machining (EDM) have aided as a practical solution for the processing of advanced materials, including superalloys, viz. Ti6Al4V, Inconel 718, and Hastelloy. Several primary demerits of the EDM process got overcome by its extended/advanced version; namely, powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM). The transition from EDM to PMEDM hitherto remains open-ended, as a comprehensive understanding of the latter in the context of process dynamics, the role of added powders/particulates (based on their type and properties), potential to act as a surface modification technique, limitations, and possibilities for future advancements, remains unclear. Hence, this paper contributes an extensive overview of the minute nuances that control EDM and PMEDM process mechanisms, the effect/impact of distinct powder additives (metallics, ceramics, and solid lubes) suspended in the dielectric on the (PMEDM) process efficiency and characteristics of the machined surfaces, and discussions about major domains which can get possibly benefitted through deposition of an alloyed layer. Besides, Ti6Al4V is given more emphasis as the work material (for discussion) alongside with other discrete materials.

The demand for high temperature-resistant superalloys such as Inconel 718 is increasing rapidly, as they possess superior mechanical, chemical, and physical properties. Hence, these materials are h...

Antero Garcia and T. Philip Nichols explore how classrooms and schools must reframe their conceptions of technology from a focus on tools that serve specific purposes to a focus on platforms and their ecologies. In doing so, they argue, educational stakeholders should attend to three different dimensions of how technology is integrated in schools: the social uses of digital technologies, the design decisions that were made about these products, and the material resources that help make them operate. This approach requires educators to ask complicated questions about what technology does in schools and how to teach with and about it.

The purpose of this study was to explore the treatment planning methods of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT), commonly referred to as GRID therapy, in the treatment of breast cancer patients using multileaf collimator (MLC) in the prone position. A total of 12 patients with either left or right breast cancer were retrospectively chosen. The computed tomography (CT) images taken for the whole breast external beam radiation therapy (WB‐EBRT) were used for GRID therapy planning. Each GRID plan was made by using two portals and each portal had two fields with 1‐cm aperture size. The dose prescription point was placed at the center of the target volume, and a dose of 20 Gy with 6‐MV beams was prescribed. Dose‐volume histogram (DVH) curves were generated to evaluate dosimetric properties. A modified linear‐quadratic (MLQ) radiobiological response model was used to assess the equivalent uniform doses (EUD) and therapeutic ratios (TRs) of all GRID plans. The DVH curves indicated that these MLC‐based GRID therapy plans can deliver heterogeneous dose distribution in the target volume as seen with the conventional cerrobend GRID block. The plans generated by the MLC technique also demonstrated the advantage for accommodating different target shapes, sparing normal structures, and reporting dose metrics to the targets and the organs at risks. All GRID plans showed to have similar dosimetric parameters, implying the plans can be made in a consistent quality regardless of the shape of the target and the size of volume. The mean dose of lung and heart were respectively below 0.6 and 0.7 Gy. When the size of aperture is increased from 1 to 2 cm, the EUD and TR became smaller, but the peak/valley dose ratio (PVDR) became greater. The dosimetric approach of this study was proven to be simple, practical and easy to be implemented in clinic.

In this work, we synthesize hierarchical ZnO nanowires in a customized atmospheric CVD furnace and investigate their surface modification behavior for prospective nitroaromatic sensing applications. The morphology and crystal structure of pristine nanowires are characterized through FE-SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction and EDAX studies. Photoluminescence behavior of pristine nanowires is also reported. Surface modification behavior of synthesized nanowires on a ZnO–oleic acid system is studied by utilizing Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Based on these findings, 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) has been identified as an appropriate fluorescent receptor for sensing p-nitrophenol. Fluorescence quenching experiments on a PBA–p-nitrophenol system are reported and a detection limit of up to 28 ppb is envisaged for PBA-grafted ZnO nanowire-based optical sensor.

Recently, makerspaces have captured the imaginations of educators as resources for transforming school-based learning. Aligning informal making practices with the formal aims of the school curriculum, however, can present challenges. In this article, Philip Nichols and Kurt Salisbury show how educators in two very different contexts — a suburban middle school math class and an urban secondary humanities class — empowered student learning by integrating making into their content-area instruction. They also highlight three takeaways for educators interested in bringing making into their own classrooms.

Interferon lambda (IFN-λ) (type III IFN) is constitutively secreted from human placental cells in culture and reduces Zika virus (ZIKV) transplacental transmission in mice. However, the roles of IFN-λ during healthy pregnancy and in restricting congenital infection remain unclear. Here, we used mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (

Interferon lambda (IFN-λ, type III IFN) is constitutively secreted from human placental cells in culture and reduces Zika virus (ZIKV) transplacental transmission in mice. However, the roles of IFN-λ during healthy pregnancy and in restricting congenital infection remain unclear. Here we used mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-) to generate pregnancies lacking either maternal or fetal IFN-λ responsiveness and found that the antiviral effect of IFN-λ resulted from signaling exclusively in maternal tissues. This protective effect depended on gestational stage, as infection earlier in pregnancy (E7 rather than E9) resulted in enhanced transplacental transmission of ZIKV. In Ifnar1-/- dams, which sustain robust ZIKV infection, maternal IFN-λ signaling caused fetal resorption and intrauterine growth restriction. Pregnancy pathology elicited by poly(I:C) treatment also was mediated by maternal IFN-λ signaling, specifically in maternal leukocytes, and also occurred in a gestational stage-dependent manner. These findings identify an unexpected effect of IFN-λ signaling specifically in maternal (rather than placental or fetal) tissues, which is distinct from the pathogenic effects of IFN-αβ (type I IFN) during pregnancy. These results highlight the complexity of immune signaling at the maternal-fetal interface, where disparate outcomes can result from signaling at different gestational stages.IMPORTANCEPregnancy is an immunologically complex situation, which must balance protecting the fetus from maternal pathogens with preventing maternal immune rejection of non-self fetal and placental tissue. Cytokines, such as interferon lambda (IFN-λ), contribute to antiviral immunity at the maternal-fetal interface. We found in a mouse model of congenital Zika virus infection that IFN-λ can have either a protective antiviral effect or cause immune-mediated pathology, depending on the stage of gestation when IFN-λ signaling occurs. Remarkably, both the protective and pathologic effects of IFN-λ occurred through signaling exclusively in maternal immune cells, rather than in fetal or placental tissues, or in other maternal cell types, identifying a new role for IFN-λ at the maternal-fetal interface.

Copper/Diamond composites have gained a lot of attention in recent years due to their excellent thermal conductivity and their potential for use in high-power electronic devices. The current work targets on an experimental investigation of the tribological,mechanical, and thermal behaviour of copper diamond composite by using reinforced micro-diamond particles. Copper matrix composites with varying weight percentages of diamond particles were produced with the aid of the powder metallurgy. The wear tests were carried out on Pin-on-Disc wear test machine as per ASTM G99. The doping of an optimum amount of diamond particles (1% wt.) improved the overall wear performance by 51% under a normal load of 80 N. The doping had also showed a significant improvement in hardness by 26% and thermal conductivity by 1%. The primary wear mechanisms of Cu-Diamond composites appear to be a combination of brittle fracture, fragmentation of diamond-reinforced particles and ploughing in the Cu-alloy matrix.

Evidence has accumulated to demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota enhances mammalian enteric virus infections1. For example, we and others previously reported that commensal bacteria stimulate acute and persistent murine norovirus infections2-4. However, in apparent contradiction of these results, the virulence of murine norovirus infection was unaffected by antibiotic treatment. This prompted us to perform a detailed investigation of murine norovirus infection in microbially deplete mice, revealing a more complex picture in which commensal bacteria inhibit viral infection of the proximal small intestine while simultaneously stimulating the infection of distal regions of the gut. Thus, commensal bacteria can regulate viral regionalization along the intestinal tract. We further show that the mechanism underlying bacteria-dependent inhibition of norovirus infection in the proximal gut involves bile acid priming of type III interferon. Finally, the regional effects of the microbiota on norovirus infection may result from distinct regional expression profiles of key bile acid receptors that regulate the type III interferon response. Overall, these findings reveal that the biotransformation of host metabolites by the intestinal microbiota directly and regionally impacts infection by a pathogenic enteric virus.

The deleterious innate attribute of Ti6Al4V, the workhorse material among the alloy series of titanium is its incompetent tribo-behavior. Infinite surface modification techniques, viz., the accretion of adherent appendage layers, diffusion hardening, infusion of residual stresses, microstructural evolution, and phase transformations were attempted to enhance the wear resistance of the alloy. The need lies to establish a bridge between the indigenous material properties and the tribo-characteristics of Ti6Al4V so that the enforced improvement techniques can raise the barriers of its applicability. A critical review of the microstructural transitions, mechanisms governing tribo-behavior and the parametric conditions leading to material removal at dry sliding conditions of Ti6Al4V, falls under the scope of this manuscript. Hence, the prime focus of the approach is to impart a clear-cut perception of the minute variations in mechanical, metallurgical, and tribological characteristics of the alloy at interactive instances with distinct counter-body surfaces.

Purpose Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is well-known for its credibility in the processing of advanced materials, which are electrically conductive. The strenuous effort associated with machining of Ti6Al4V (Ti64) using conventional methods, and its low tribological behavior, present an immediate need to develop solutions to monitor and improve the compatible techniques such as EDM. Design/methodology/approach The present work includes following: monitoring the ED process parameters, namely, current (I) and pulse on time (Ton), in controlling the material removal rate and surface roughness (Ra and Sa) for development of tribo-adaptive surfaces; and investigation on the role of oxides pertinent to the tribo-behavior of Ti64 (bare and EDMed) surfaces. Findings The tribological behavior of Ti6Al4V surfaces got remarkably improved through ED machining, which points to the credibility of the process to establish itself as a surface alloying technique. The recast layer (RL, alloyed matrix) acted as a protective coating; stable enough to assist the developed tribo-oxides such as TiO and Ti8O15 in rendering improved sliding performance at load = 50 N and speed = 0.838 ms−1. Originality/value The surface modification through ED machining was experimentally proven to improve the wear behavior of Ti6Al4V surfaces.

Context: Intrasyringal hemorrhage was first described in literature in the renowned Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System by Sir William Richard Gowers [Gowers W. A lecture on syringal haemorrhage into the spinal cord. Lancet [Internet]; 162(4180):993–997. [cited 2019 August 19]. Available from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673601362785]. The pathophysiology of this disease is a hemorrhage within a preexisting intramedullary fluid-filled cavity or hydrosyringomyelia in the spinal cord. Most common symptoms of this disease are numbness, weakness, paresthesia in the extremities and gait disturbances. Since first noted in 1903, there have been just fourteen confirmed cases of this disease reported in literature, making it extremely rare and difficult to study. Findings: Here we discuss a unique presentation of Gowers intrasyringal hemorrhage. The patient is a male in his late teens with no prior established neurological history. He presented at our institution four days post suspected injury with persistent mild left upper extremity numbness and weakness. The patient was admitted and underwent an MRI of the cervical spine without intravenous contrast. The imaging findings confirm subacute on chronic Gowers intrasyringal hemorrhage in the setting of a Chiari 1 malformation. This patient underwent neurosurgical intervention four months post initial presentation and had complete postoperative resolution of his interval non-progressive but persistent symptoms. Clinical relevance: This unique case suggests immediate surgical intervention may not always be necessary for treating Gowers intrasyringal hemorrhage.

In this article, we examine the sociopolitical implications of AI technologies as they are integrated into writing instruction and assessment. Drawing from new materialist and Black feminist though...

The tribological characteristics of coconut oil added with ceria-zirconia hybrid (Ce-Zr) nanoparticle additives are investigated using a sophisticated pin-on-disk tribometer. A chemical pro...

Ti–6Al–4V alloy exhibit a unique combination of mechanical, physical, and chemical properties; that pronounced its desirability for implementation in the fields of aerospace, automobile, an...

The low tribo-characteristics of Ti6Al4V (Ti64) have delimited its range of applicability. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, the friction and wear behavior of Ti64 at elevated pin speeds (200 rpm, 300 rpm and 400 rpm), constant load (50 N) and temperature (ambient) conditions were initially evaluated. The wear, coefficient of friction and frictional force characteristics of the material were identified to follow incessant unsteady transitions, during test run. The pin speed of 300 rpm marked the highest wear, governed by the frictional heating, asperity flattening, centrifugal forced clearance (of the wear track) and third-body abrasion-assisted delamination. The reduced wear trend at 200 rpm and 400 rpm could be attributed to the protective coatings formed by tribo-oxidation and mechanically mixed layer, respectively. Further, the electrical discharge machined Ti64 samples were developed and subjected to friction and wear analyses at varying loads of 50 N and 100 N. In contrast, at similar testing conditions (load 50 N, speed 200 rpm, temperature ambient, sliding distance 1000 m), the electrical discharge machined Ti64 (with a peak wear value of 220 μm) showed enhanced tribo-characteristics compared to that of bare Ti64 (with a peak wear value of 370 μm). The improved tribo-behavior of the former was due to the presence of hard, fine-grained and non-etchable recast layer, which got spalled off at an increased load of 100 N.

In this article, we examine the historical emergence of the concept of “digital literacy” in education to consider how key insights from its past might be of use in addressing the ethical and political challenges now being raised by connective media and mobile technologies. While contemporary uses of digital literacy are broadly associated with access, evaluation, curation, and production of information in digital environments, we trace the concept’s genealogy to a time before this tentative agreement was reached—when diverse scholarly lineages (e.g., computer literacy, information literacy, media literacy) were competing to shape the educational agenda for emerging communication technologies. Using assemblage theory, we map those meanings that have persisted in our present articulations of digital literacy, as well as those that were abandoned along the way. We demonstrate that our inherited conceptions of digital literacy have prioritized the interplay of users, devices, and content over earlier concerns about technical infrastructures and socio-economic relations. This legacy, we argue, contributes to digital literacy’s inadequacies in addressing contemporary dilemmas related to surveillance, control, and profit motives in connective environments. We propose a multidimensional framework for understanding digital literacies that works to reintegrate some of these earlier concerns and conclude by considering how such an orientation might open pathways for education research and practice.

Brain-computer interfaces are sophisticated signal processing systems, which directly operate on neuronal signals to identify specific human intents. These systems can be applied to overcome certain disabilities or to enhance the natural capabilities of human beings. The visual P300 mind-speller is a prominent one among them, which has opened up tremendous possibilities in movement and communication applications. Today, there exist many state-of-the-art visual P300 mind-speller implementations in the literature as a result of numerous researches in this domain over the past 2 decades. Each of these systems can be evaluated in terms of performance metrics like classification accuracy, information transfer rate, and processing time. Various classification techniques associated with these systems, which include but are not limited to discriminant analysis, support vector machine, neural network, distance-based and ensemble of classifiers, have major roles in determining the overall system performances. The significance of a proper review on the recent developments in visual P300 mind-spellers with proper emphasis on their classification algorithms is the key insight for this work. This article is organized with a brief introduction to P300, concepts of visual P300 mind-spellers, the survey of literature with special focus on classification algorithms, followed by the discussion of various challenges and future directions.

This study identifies seven major trends in how states and districts are implementing college- and career-ready standards for general education students and for two special populations often the ta...

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables the dissociation of cancer cells from the primary tumor by facilitating tolerance to lack of cell-adhesion, decreasing cellular division and increasing motility of individual cells, which leads to an invasive phenotype that links EMT to metastasis. Furthermore, EMT results in the acquisition of stem-cell markers and an increased ability to initiate tumor growth, supporting the concept that EMT may contribute to the development of a small, persistent sub-population of the tumor called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cells that have undergone EMT have characteristically suppressed cell cycles, making them resistant to commonly used chemotherapies that target DNA replication or microtubule dynamics, processes essential to replicating cells. Nonspecific treatments can also rely on inducing apoptotic cell death; however, recent debates challenge the efficacy of apoptosis in solid tumors, citing high rates of acquired resistance. Utilizing a compound that induces alternative cell death, namely paraptosis, becomes attractive when these other treatments fail. Relying on an activated gene expression program, paraptosis results in the swelling of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and Apaf-1-independent alternative caspase-9 activity. Treating with paraptosis-inducing compounds such as Ophiobolin A (OpA) specifically targets otherwise-insensitive CSC and EMT cells to re-sensitize bulk tumor populations to chemotherapies. We describe EMT as a key driver of enhanced sensitivity to paraptosis-induced cell death following short-term treatment with OpA or other paraptosis-inducing compounds. Further, paraptosis selectively eliminates the CSC sub-population by reducing stem cell activity and highlights the potential of this pathway in breast cancer treatment. Citation Format: Reisenauer K, Tao Y, Ingros A, Philip T, Evidente A, Kornienko A, Romo D, Taube J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition sensitizes breast cancer cells to paraptosis-mediated cell death via the fungus-derived sesterpenoid, Ophiobolin A [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-10.

Extensive efforts (mathematical, numerical, and analytical) have been earlier tried to replicate the EDM process in its true nature. In the present work, the surface roughness (Ra) of the electrical discharge textured Ti6Al4V has got mathematically modeled. The parametric influence on the morphology of the developed craters got elucidated at distinct process conditions. The influential factors, viz. current (I, 2–10 A) and pulse on time (Ton, 100–300 μs), were varied to conduct a full factorial set of simulations and experimentations, keeping voltage (V, 30 V) as a constant. The I and V possessed dominant influence for material removal along the radial and axial directions (respectively), whereas the impact of Ton remained uniform in both the directions. Besides, two distinct considerations (based on the positioning of multi-overlapping craters) for prediction of Ra got proposed; the secondary craters superimposing with the primary along its circumference were found to fetch convincing results [with a maximum possible error (average) of 16%]. Simulation and experimentation results were compared using Ra data, crater morphological images, and radius to depth ratio (Rrd) plots. The outcomes were in close concordance with acceptable tolerances. The variation got attributed to the uncontrollable/disregarded factors (formation of recast layer and short circuit ensuing debris interference), prevalent in the case of in situ work environments.

PurposeBuilding on the growing interest in school-based “making” and “makerspaces,” this paper aims to map the emergence of a literacy-oriented makerspace in a non-selective urban public high school. It examines how competing conceptions of literacy came to be negotiated as students and teachers shaped this new space for literacy practice, and it traces how the layered uses of the space, in turn, reworked understandings of literacy in the larger school community.Design/methodology/approachPart of a longitudinal design-research partnership with an urban public high school, the paper draws on two years of ethnographic data collection to follow the creation, development and uses of a school-based literacy-oriented makerspace.FindingsUsing notions of “re-territorialization,” the paper examines how the processes of designing, mapping and building a literacy lab offered space for layered and contested purposes that instantiated more expansive views of literacy in the school – even as it created new frictions. In presenting two analytic mappings, the paper illustrates how mapping can offers resources for people to make and remake the spaces they inhabit, a form of worldmaking that can open possibilities for reshaping the built world in more just and equitable ways.Originality/valueThe study offers insights into how mapping can serve as a research and pedagogical resource for making legible the emergent dimensions of literacy practice across time and spaces and the multiple perspectives that inform the design and use of educational spaces. Further, it contributes to a growing literature on “making” and literacy by examining how informal making practices are folded into formal school structures and considering how this reconfigures literacy learning.

Background: Student-run health initiatives in the community setting have been utilized to provide practical experience for undergraduate students to develop professional competencies, gain exposure to diverse populations, and to engage in activities of social accountability. There is much literature on student-run health initiatives; however, there is no consensus on a definition of this concept or a comprehensive synthesis of the literature that describes student-run health initiatives offered by students in pre-licensure healthcare education programs. Purpose: To provide a concept analysis of, and propose a definition for, student-run health initiatives that provide community-based services for students during pre-licensure health discipline education. Methods: A systematic literature search and review process was used to identify and synthesize peer-reviewed articles from 7 academic databases covering a range of pre-licensure health disciplines and education. Walker and Avant’s framework for concept analysis was used to guide exploration of attributes, antecedents and consequences of student-run initiatives, and to inform development of a definition for this concept. Results: The review yielded 222 articles for data extraction and represented 17 distinct pre-licensure health disciplines, 18 health-related disciplines, and a range of other baccalaureate and graduate programs. Our analysis revealed 16 definitions, 5 attributes, 6 antecedents, and consequences identified for student-run health initiatives. Attributes were Provision of Service, Service is Free, Target Clientele, Volunteerism, and Student Governance. Antecedents included Purpose/Rationale, Affiliation with Academic Unit, Location and Partnerships, Funding and Resources, Professional Oversight, and Preparation for Student Role. Consequences were improved access to services and outcomes for clients; competency development, personal gains and interprofessional learning for students; and positive outcomes for broader systems, such as decrease of service utilization and cost/benefit. Conclusions: There was no clear conceptual definition for student-run health initiatives, but many defining characteristics and well-described exemplars in the literature. Given the variations in purpose and scope of these initiatives, particularly to distinguish degree of students’ roles in operations and the involvement of academic institutions, we propose 3 distinct conceptual definitions: student-run, student-led, and student-infused health initiatives.

Noroviruses are the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks and childhood diarrhoea globally, estimated to be responsible for 200,000 deaths in children each year 1-4 . Thus, reducing norovirus-associated disease is a critical priority. Development of vaccines and therapeutics has been hindered by the limited understanding of basic norovirus pathogenesis and cell tropism. While macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and stem-cell-derived enteroids can all support infection of certain noroviruses in vitro 5-7 , efforts to define in vivo norovirus cell tropism have generated conflicting results. Some studies detected infected intestinal immune cells 8-12 , other studies detected epithelial cells 13 , and still others detected immune and epithelial cells 14-16 . Major limitations of these studies are that they were performed on tissue sections from immunocompromised or germ-free hosts, chronically infected hosts where the timing of infection was unknown, or following non-biologically relevant inoculation routes. Here, we report that the dominant cellular targets of a murine norovirus inoculated orally into immunocompetent mice are macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and T cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Importantly, we also demonstrate that a norovirus can infect T cells, a previously unrecognized target, in vitro. These findings represent the most extensive analyses to date of in vivo norovirus cell tropism in orally inoculated, immunocompetent hosts at the peak of acute infection and thus they significantly advance our basic understanding of norovirus pathogenesis.