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In this paper, we obtain a measure of inaccuracy between rth concomitant of generalized order statistic and the parent random variable in Morgenstern family. Applications of this result are given for concomitants of order statistics and record values. We also study some results of cumulative past inaccuracy (CPI) between the distribution function of rth concomitant of order statistic (record value) and the distribution function of parent random variable. Finally, we discuss on a problem of estimating the CPI by means of the empirical CPI in concomitants of generalized order statistics.

Aim: Hydroxychloroquine HCQ is an antimalarial drug used to treat symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) diseases. This drug is having certain side effect on retina in visual system. The purpose of this study is to check the visual pathway of this patients using visual evoked potential (VEP). Method: Thirty RA female patients with 25-35 of age range were selected. They were under 200 mg/day of HCQ treatment for at least three years. They had normal visual acuity. VEP test was examined in total subjects. Latency (msec) and amplitude (µv) were measured for each patient. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for total case group. The result obtained was compared with the control group with same demographical condition of the patients, but no HCQ intake. Results: Two case and control groups had approximately same demographical conditions. The mean latency of VEP, P100 peak/S.D were 98/8.15 and 102/9.2 msec in control and case groups respectively. The mean amplitude of VEP, P100 Peak/S.D. were 8.2/2.25 and 7.4/2.18 µv in control and case group respectively. There were not statistical differences between mean latency and amplitude of VEP, P100 peak as far as case and control groups are concerned. Conclusion: From the results of present study one can conclude that HCQ does not affect visual pathway which can be proved using visual evoked potential.

Siyamak Tahmasebi,1 Saman Mafakheri Bashmaq,2 Mansoureh Karimzadeh,3 Robab Teymouri,4 Mahdi Amini,5 Maryam Sadat M vaghefi,6 M Ali Mazaheri7 1Department of Preschool Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Psychology and Exceptional Children’s Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Preschool Education, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 5Addiction Department, Center of Excellence in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Institute of Tehran Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 6Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 7Department of Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Abstract: If mothers work outside the home, some degree of mother–child separation will be experienced and mother–child attachment will be affected. In this study, regarding the attachment styles, sociobehavioral problems in first-grade children with experience of preschool and in those taught by their mothers at-home are compared. A casual-comparative method was used to compare children in the two groups. A total of 320 first-grade children participated in the study. The study measures included a separation anxiety test, an adaptive behavior scale, and a children’s symptom inventory. Data were analyzed using multivariate statistics. Secure attachment in the group with experience of preschool was significantly higher than that in the at-home group. None of the variables, including parents’ education and father’s income, significantly affected attachment style. Neither father’s education, father’s income, or attachment significantly influenced adjustment. Father’s education significantly influenced children’s symptoms. Attachment style and hours of preschool attendance had no effect on Child Symptom Inventory scores. Associations among age at joining preschool, attachment style, and behavioral and adaptive problems in first-grade children were nonlinear and multivariate. By taking into account parents’ awareness, sensitivity, and responsiveness, relative welfare, appropriate quality of child-care centers, and having fewer hours of preschool attendance, the risk factors for early parent–child separation and institutional care can be reduced. Keywords: separation, attachment, adjustment, pathological symptoms, first-grade children

Bilateral synchronous male breast cancer is very rare. A 63-year-old male presented with rapidly progressive enlarging bilateral breast masses without ulceration and bloody nipple discharge. Synchronous bilateral breast cancer was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Pathology study revealed grade 2 invasive ductal carcinoma in both breasts. He underwent a bilateral modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The importance of this case report is to create increased attention to the fact that, although rare, breast cancer can occur in males. Early presentation and compliance with treatment modality provide a better outcome.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women. This tumor is hormone dependent tumor and oncologists use estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 for treatment of this malignancy. Androgens like testosterone and their receptors (AR) have a role in the pathophysiology of breast cancer but their clinical values are not clear. Method: AR expression was evaluated in 49 patients with breast cancers using immunohistochemistry. Testosterone was evaluated with ELISA. The relation of clinical characteristics and biomarkers with AR and testosterone were analyzed. According to the percentage of stained cells AR categorized to: AR-absent (0%), AR-poorly (1%-10%), AR-moderately (>10%-50%), and AR-highly (>50%) positive. Results: Among 49 patients with breast cancer, 34% were AR-positive and 44% of ERpositive and 22% of ER negative patients were AR-positive. There was no significant association between mean of testosterone and AR, ER, PR and HER2. AR was positive more frequently but not significantly statistically in older patients and patients less than 45 years of age. Testosterone level was higher in ER positive patients than ER negative and lower in AR positive patients than AR negative patients, but these findings were not statistically significant. ten persent of breast cancers were triple negative and AR was negative in all of them. Conclusion: Androgens and AR have role in pathophysiology of breast cancer and in the future one can use the potency of this pathway for the treatment of breast cancer.

Background: Phyllodes tumors are uncommon neoplasms of the breast. Data about their outcome is limited. This study aims to evaluate patients diagnosed with phyllodes tumors in terms of local recurrence, distant metastasis and overall survival. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 129 women with phyllodes tumors who referred to our center from 1999 to 2013. Clinical and pathological features, local and regional recurrence, distant metastasis and overall survival were determined. SPSS 15.0 statistical software was used for analysis. Results:Mean patient age was 39 years (17-67 years). Mean size of the tumor was 5.38 cm. There were 105 (81.4%) benign, 8 (6.2%) borderline and 16 (12.4%) malignant tumors. The mean follow-up period of patients was 28 months (6 to 128 months). The rate of local recurrence among benign tumors was 3.8% (4 cases); in borderline cases the rate was 12.5% (1 case) and for malignant cases, it was 18.7% (3 cases). Three patients each recurred twice and one patient had local recurrence for a third time. Two patients died of malignant tumor-related disease - one due to advanced regional recurrence and lung metastasis, and the other to wide-spread metastasis. Another patient died from an unrelated cause (myocardial infarction) one year after surgery. For those with malignant phyllodes tumors, the five-year overall survival was 77.8% and disease-free survival rate was 85.7%. Conclusion: Although, the prognosis for phyllodes tumors is good, the malignancy rate is higher in older patients and those with larger tumors. A higher local recurrence rate in malignant phyllodes tumors suggests the importance for adequate resection of margins in surgical management of these tumors.

Background: Marjoram belongs to the Lamiaceae family of plants is common in most parts of the world as a medicinal plant used. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and compare the essential oil of two Origanum species to determine their composition is the most important. Methods: The aerial parts of two species of plants belong to Origanum genus, including Origanum vulgare L. and Origanum majorana L. in July 2013, in the beginning of flowering stage, were collected from the farm research of Medicinal Plants Institute. The aerial parts were dried in shadow condition in room and then after the essential oil content and its components were measured. The essential oils were extracted by clevenger apparatus and its constituents were determined by GC-MS. Results: The results indicated that amount of essential oil in O. vulgare was 0.13% (v/v), and its main components were trans-caryophyllene (21.46%), germacrene D (18.99%) and (E, E-α) farnesene (9.12%). While amount of essential oil in O. majorana was 1.09% (v/v), and its main components consisted of terpinolene-4-ol (23.11%), γ-terpinene (13.94%) and α-terpinene (8.11%). Conclusion: General differentiation between two species related to amount of component groups and their most important essential oil content. In O. vulgare, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (69/18%) are the most amount of essential oil while in O. majorana, monoterpene hydrocarbons (42/53%) are the major parts of essential oil.

Background: The axillary lymph node stage is one of the single most important determinants in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The disadvantages of the two previous methods used for evaluating axillary node metastasis, i.e., axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy, have directed researchers to investigate new techniques for this purpose. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of axillary ultrasonography in detecting axillary metastasis. Methods: This study was conducted during a 12-month period. The breast cancer cases included in this study were all clinically diagnosed as stages I and II, with no prior treatment to the axillary region by surgery and/or chemo-radiotherapy. Excluded from the study group were patients with palpable axillary lymph nodes, those who had major organ failure or concomitant malignancy. All included patients with non-palpable axillary lymph nodes underwent axillary ultrasound examination. An ultrasound- guided core needle biopsy was performed on patients with suspected metastasis. Results: There were 125 female patients with a mean age of 49.6 years included in this study. From these, 16 (12.8%) cases had positive axillary sonographic findings. Pathologic evaluation of tissue specimens (taken by ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy) in 10 (62.5%) out of 16 patients were positive, and in the patient group of 6 (37.5%) cases, studies were negative. Axillary ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 35.7%, specificity of 93.8%, positive predictive value of 62.5%, and negative predictive value of 83.5%. Conclusion: The axillary ultrasonogram is a reliable technique in the determination of axillary nodal metastatic involvement in breast cancer patients. By use of this method a significant amount of complications and costs related to the previous techniques can be avoided.

Background: The KW-2449 is a novel multikinase inhibitor that inhibits FLT3, ABL, ABL-T315I, and Aurora A. FLT3 and Aurora A kinases play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). KW-2449 could modulate immune cells, but the immunomodulatory effects of KW-2449 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have not been investigated yet. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of KW-2449 on EAE mouse model. Methods: In this study, C57BL/6 EAE mice were orally treated with (10 mg/kg/day) KW-2449 solution and compared with EAE and control mice. Following the treatment, histological analyses were performed on the brain and cerebellum to evaluate the pathological score. The gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were measured using qRT-PCR. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2 and MMP-2 were determined by using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The results indicated that the clinical score, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the demyelination in EAE mice treated with KW-2449 decreased significantly compared to control groups. KW-2449 also decreased TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2 inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-2 in both brain mRNA expressions and serum levels of EAE mice. Conclusion: The KW-2449, aging as a multi-kinase inhibitor, modulates the inflammatory responses of cytokine cascades either in the brain or in plasma and reduces EAE pathogenesis manifestation.

In this paper, we consider the information content of maximum ranked set sampling procedure with unequal samples (MRSSU) in terms of Tsallis entropy which is a non-additive generalization of Shannon entropy. We obtain several results of Tsallis entropy including bounds, monotonic properties, stochastic orders, and sharp bounds under some assumptions. We also compare the uncertainty and information content of MRSSU with its counterpart in the simple random sampling (SRS) data. Finally, we develop some characterization results in terms of cumulative Tsallis entropy and residual Tsallis entropy of MRSSU and SRS data.

In this paper, we consider a shift-dependent measure of generalized cumulative entropy and its dynamic (past) version in the case where the weight is a general non-negative function. Our results include linear transformations, stochastic ordering, bounds and aging classes properties and some relationships with other survival concepts. We also define the conditional weighted generalized cumulative entropy and weighted generalized cumulative Kerridge inaccuracy measure. For these concepts, we obtain some properties and characterization results under suitable assumptions. Finally, we propose an estimator of this shift-dependent measure using empirical approach. In addition, we study large sample properties of this estimator.