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This chapter elucidates the position of smart contracts from the perspective of contracts as a means of connecting execution to human intentions, and draws several conclusions with regards to the consequences and limitations of the use of smart contracts. Contracts presume a human execution chain: humans interpret the contractual rules to realize the contract through actions. Interpretation functions as a means of making execution conform to party expectations, with the help of contractual terms in human-readable form, corrected by contract law. Smart contracts offer an alternative, an automated execution chain. This does not remove the need for translating party expectations into a specification of actions (the contract). It does imply that the specification is liberated from the need to be readable by humans. Consequentially, this chapter argues that the smart contract has no expressive force as to its actions: the impression given by the code to a human reader has no intrinsic connection to what the smart contract will do. As a result, smart contracts can execute contracts without exactly following contract law doctrines, although parties probably expect smart contracts to broadly conform to contract law as protecting background expectations. Smart contracts are limited in only following background expectations that have explicitly been programmed: they are unable to follow the precise, case-based and ex-post decided way in which equity and fairness operate as correctives. Parties to a smart contract should realize that they lose ex-post control such as unfair terms protection.

De ‘methodenstrijd’ in de rechtswetenschap kan verder worden geholpen als we erkennen dat er diverse vormen van rechtswetenschap zijn die verschillende doelen en methoden hebben. Deze bijdrage wil een verduidelijking geven van deze pluriformiteit en de verhouding tussen de verschillende vormen. Dat is niet alleen zinvol voor de interne methodologische discussie, maar kan ook helpen om de rechtswetenschappelijke arbeid tegenover andere disciplines te rechtvaardigen. Verder wordt in deze bijdrage ingegaan op nieuwe onderzoekstechnieken en op de vraag hoe deze zich verhouden tot de traditionele technieken en methoden van rechtswetenschappelijk onderzoek.

Textbook introduction to tort law in comparative perspective.

Explanation of blockchain and legal consequences

Description of data pipeline for case law analysis, with methodological points of attention

Hoe kan in de context van medische aansprakelijkheid meer duiding worden gegeven aan de omvang van de verplichtingen van individuen die betrokken zijn bij een concreet geval waarin informatie niet op het juiste moment bij de juiste persoon aanwezig is? De analyse van de rechtspraak in dit artikel bevestigt dat er in deze context kan worden gewerkt met een onderverdeling in doorgeefplichten en navraagplichten die duidelijker maakt wat we van welke personen verwachten, en hoe de concrete verplichtingen op elkaar inwerken. Een nadruk op individuele plichten maakt een betere indeling van casuïstiek mogelijk en maakt duidelijker welke afwegingen er zijn te maken. De aansprakelijkheidsvraag wordt dan beantwoord aan de hand van de uitkomst van het samenspel van verplichtingen die in de casus aan de orde zijn. Dat is winst ten opzichte van de tot nog toe zeer algemene benadering in de literatuur over het medisch aansprakelijkheidsrecht, waar men zich te gemakkelijk verschuilt achter ‘de omstandigheden van het geval’.

Analysis of private law aspects of servitization, in particulalr due to IT, such as IP rights, dependence on servers and updates

The status of platform labour according to contract law and labour law

Defending law as also involving a poetic act with expressive linguistic force

Discussing the changing role of law as a mediating factor between humans, when technology is taking over functions of the law.

Interdisciplinary introduction to blockchain and smart contracts

Analysis of complications and limitations in using smart contracts in practice, focusing on the topic of excuses for breach of contract

Analysis of Dutch law regarding multi-party contracts and linked contracts, with comparative remarks

Comparative overview of liablity for robots and algorithms

Platforms cannot easily be qualified in private law. Analysis shows that certain characteristics need to be taken into account, which requires further research.

Commentary on the Dutch law of services

The author defends that data files should be treated analogous to property of tangible objects, as this solves several issues regarding data files.

Analysis whether blockchain technology can serve as an alternative of the role of the notary public.

A European concept of damages

This chapter aims to give an overview of the contractual issues that have arisen in relation to the use of data. Since the use of data has far-reaching consequences for consumer markets, the chapter focuses on issues that have arisen in those markets and the regulatory responses that have emerged, or are emerging, in consumer law. It considers in particular what effects the use of data has on the autonomy of contracting parties and on the balance of contractual fairness, and examines three more specific issues for consumer contract law, namely transparency, payment with data, and the question whether the ‘consumer’ concept needs adjusting. The focus of this chapter is mainly on the EU, with occasional references to the US, seeing that Europe has developed a fairly coherent regime of harmonised consumer contract law that in many aspects already applies to data-related contracts.

This chapter discusses the concept of data-driven regulation and governance in the context of smart cities by describing how these urban centres harness these technologies to collect and process information about citizens, traffic, urban planning or waste production. It describes how several smart cities throughout the world currently employ data science, big data, AI, Internet of Things (‘IoT’), and predictive analytics to improve the efficiency of their services and decision-making. Furthermore, this chapter analyses the legal challenges of employing these technologies to influence or determine the content of local regulation and governance. This chapter explores in particular three specific challenges: the disconnect between traditional administrative law frameworks and data-driven regulation and governance, the effects of the privatization of public services and citizen needs due to the growing outsourcing of smart cities technologies to private companies; and the limited transparency and accountability that characterizes data-driven administrative processes. This chapter draws on a review of interdisciplinary literature on smart cities and offers illustrations of data-driven regulation and governance practices from different jurisdictions.

BACKGROUND: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy. This report describes the survival of children with ALL in the United States using the most comprehensive and up-to-date cancer registry data. METHODS: Data from 37 state cancer registries that cover approximately 80% of the US population were used. Age-standardized survival up to 5 years was estimated for children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with ALL during 2 periods (2001-2003 and 2004-2009). RESULTS: In total, 17,500 children with ALL were included. The pooled age-standardized net survival estimates for all US registries combined were 95% at 1 year, 90% at 3 years, and 86% at 5 years for children diagnosed during 2001-2003, and 96%, 91%, and 88%, respectively, for those diagnosed during 2004-2009. Black children who were diagnosed during 2001-2003 had lower 5-year survival (84%) than white children (87%) and had less improvement in survival by 2004-2009. For those diagnosed during 2004-2009, the 1-year and 5-year survival estimates were 96% and 89%, respectively, for white children and 96% and 84%, respectively, for black children. During 2004-2009, survival was highest among children aged 1 to 4 years (95%) and lowest among children aged

The termination rule of art. 7:411 of the Dutch Civil Code for service contracts builds on an incoherent understanding of termination and right to damages: this article proposes a modification to the code.

Analysis of liability for robots and algorithms under Dutch law, with comparative notes

This contribution discusses Dutch law regarding general conditions as pertains to service contracts

Problems of multiparty agreements as treated in Dutch case law

Review of book about principles of Dutch Law of civil procedure

Analysis of smart contract, whether code supplants law, and legal issues of smart contracts.

The author notes several deficiencies in de rules regarding non-performance in the Dutch Civil Code of 1992.

Brief investigation of possibilities to correct a mistake when starting a civil procedure during the interim period of two codes of civil procedure in The Netherlands

Explanation and argument why and how Book 7A of the Dutch BW is to be removed.