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Research into the cognitive processes that may determine whether participants are likely or unlikely to start/continue to use PrEP (tenofovir/emtricitabine) as preventive measure of HIV.

Pension trustees make surrogate decisions on behalf of scheme members. However, prior research has not explored how this might affect pension adequacy. Our results show that when setting targets for pension replacement income, trustees project their own preferences instead of reflecting member preferences. Furthermore, projection was more pronounced for trustees with lower financial literacy. Trustees choose significantly higher pension replacement rates for members than members choose for themselves. Trustees also choose replacement rates higher than current benchmarks. The economic consequences are potentially considerable, due to high levels of pension contributions and incompatible risk-taking. A better understanding of the dynamics of decisions made by trustees is needed to ensure better member outcomes.

Adults with ADHD symptoms demonstrate weaknesses in executive functioning and appear to differ in their approach to thinking and decision-making (Elisa & Parris, 2015; Mäntylä et al., 2012). Dual-process theories of thinking and decision-making suggest that cognitive processes involve two key types: the intuitive and fast “Type 1” processing (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974) and reflective, analytical and slow “Type 2” processing (Evans, 2003, 2010). More recently, Stanovich (2009, 2011) distinguished the “algorithmic mind” and the “reflective mind” within the Type 2 processing. The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005) has often been used to research the degree of engagement in reflective Type 2 thinking in problem-solving context. Researchers from across the psychological sciences put forward inhibition as a catalyst for executive functions (Barkley, 1997), enabling capacity for reflective thinking (Houdé, 2019). However, there is no clear evidence that that those displaying ADHD symptoms perform differently when presented with CRT or that inhibition is a significant variable when assessing engagement in cognitive reflection (Elisa & Parris, 2015; Littrell et al., 2020). On the other hand, inattention strongly correlated with the daily life executive functions of self-organisation and self-management to time (Barkley, 2011b), and significantly contributed to the model which predicted CRT performance (Elisa & Parris, 2015). Therefore, this study is designed to assess CRT performance along the ADHD symptoms and daily life executive functions continuums, while controlling for numeracy deficits frequent in those displaying ADHD symptoms (Desoete, 2008; Gross-Tsur et al., 1996).

Processing capacity for famous faces is impaired when target faces are presented in a small crowd of anonymous frontal faces. The present experiments tested whether this finding extends to three-quarter views of faces. Participants made speeded categorization decisions regarding a famous person (politician or film star) accompanied by a peripheral distracter face (either the same or from the opposite target category). The first experiment replicated the finding that processing of a peripheral distracter face is independent of load when the search set contains name strings. The search set in the second experiment consisted of faces. Interference effects between target face and distracter face were found under low load, but not under high load. This was true for both unfamiliar frontal and three-quarter view non-target faces. However, search performance was better for the three-quarter view load conditions. These results indicate that capacity limitations are face-specific and relatively independent of view changes.

List of items used in Animal Tails Test and associated accuracy percentages

The effects of spatial attention and part-whole configuration on recognition of repeated objects were investigated with behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures. Short-term repetition effects were measured for probe objects as a function of whether a preceding prime object was shown as an intact image or coarsely scrambled (split\ud into two halves) and whether or not it had been attended during the prime display. In line with previous behavioral experiments, priming effects were observed from both intact and split primes for attended objects, but only from intact (repeated sameview) objects when they were unattended. These behavioral results were reflected in ERP waveforms at occipital–temporal locations as more negative-going deflections for repeated items in the time window between 220 and 300 ms after probe onset (N250r). Attended intact images showed generally more enhanced repetition effects than split ones. Unattended images showed repetition effects only when presented in an intact configuration, and this finding was limited to the right-hemisphere electrodes. Repetition effects in earlier (before 200 ms) time windows were limited to attended conditions at occipito-temporal sites during the N1, a component linked to the encoding of object structure, while repetition effects at central locations during the same time window (P150) were found for attended and unattended probes but only when repeated in the same intact configuration. The data indicate that view-generalization is mediated by\ud a combination of analytic (part-based) representations and automatic view-dependent representations.

Three priming experiments investigated the role of attention and view changes when common objects were rotated in depth. Objects were shown in prime-probe trial pairs. Experiment 1 extended findings by Stankiewicz, Hummel, and Cooper (1998) showing that attended objects primed themselves in the same but not in a reflected view, whereas ignored objects only primed themselves in the same view. In Experiment 2, depth-rotations produced changes in the visible part structure between prime and probe view of an object. Priming after depth-rotation was more reduced for attended objects than for ignored objects. Experiment 3 showed that other depth rotations that did not change the perceived part structure revealed a priming pattern similar to that in Experiment 1, with equivalent reduction in priming for attended and ignored objects. These data indicate that recognition of attended objects is mediated by a part-based (analytic) representation together with a view-based (holistic) representation, whereas ignored images are recognized in a strictly view-dependent fashion.