Search

Taekwondo is a martial art that focuses on punching and kicking movements while upholding the values of discipline, ethics, and good behavior. Discipline is built with routine training to make someone proficient in taekwondo martial arts. Training cannot be carried out flexibly because it must be accompanied by a sabouem to know the correct taekwondo movements. Machine learning can be used as a solution for taekwondo movement recognition by building a learning machine model that recognizes the correct taekwondo movement. The MediaPipe framework has the advantage of being able to recognize human posture with 33 points or landmarks. The research was carried out by conducting a literature study, where similar research was found but only based on the values of the x and y axes. So a problem arises where the majority of taekwondo movements require the z axis to know the correct taekwondo movements. The research was conducted to add z-axis values and change calculations, which were adjusted to reconstruct a training data object in the form of an image into a three-dimensional shape. From this study, it was found that machine learning using the x, y, and z axes is much better for its use, especially when detecting taekwondo movements from different viewpoints from the training data. This research can be developed by enlarging the image dataset and packaging the model into a mobile application so that it can be used for taekwondo training up to taekwondo movement assessment.

Background: The correct diagnosis of placenta previa is a crucial task to prevent associated complications. Ultrasound is considered the gold standard technique. However, the appropriate technique, with 100% sensitivity is not yet determined.The aim of the work: The current study aimed to compare the transabdominal 3D versus transvaginal 2D ultrasound in the assessment of placental invasion in women with placenta previa with previous uterine scar.Patients and Methods: The study included sixty patients with confirmed ultrasound placenta previa. Each patient was evaluated by the full history taking, clinical examination. Finally, ultrasound was performed for all women. The placenta was examined while the bladder is partially full [about 300 ml] for adequate visualization and precise localization. A complete US scan had been performed and included 2D vaginal ultrasound, and 3D abdominal ultrasound. At delivery, intraoperative definitive diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta was made. Data compared to the previous ultrasound diagnosis.Results: The hematocrit value was significantly decreased after the operation compared to preoperative values [27.16 ± 2.51 vs 30.92 ± 2.78, respectively, p = 0.024]. The sensitivity of 3D transabdominal ultrasound was 53.3%, 65.0%, 88.3% and 73.3% for the detection of retroplacental clear zone, myometrial thinning, uterovesical vascularity and bladder wall interruption, successively. Otherwise, the 2D transvaginal ultrasound sensitivity was 75%, 71.6%, 83.3% and 7.7% for the same conditions. The 3D transabdominal US was 72.5% sensitive, 90% specific, 84.1% PPV, 60.9% NPV and 76.7% accuracy. The 2D transvaginal US revealed 87.4% sensitivity, 73.7% specificity, 93.3% PPV, 41.6% NPV and 89.3% accuracy.Conclusion: 2D vaginal ultrasound is more sensitive compared to the 3-D abdominal sonography in detecting placenta previa. However, the 3D transabdominal US higher sensitivity in detecting some radiological signs of this lesions like uterovesical vascularity.

Smile appearance has a major psychological impact. Orthognathic surgery, which has harmonizing results on skeletal structures, can negatively influence the smile appearance due to soft tissue effects. To enhance the aesthetic effects of orthognathic surgery on soft tissues, reference models for large parts of the hospital’s adherent area are called for. This study aims to create average facial models for different sex and age groups in two facial exercises: maximum closed smile, and pouting. These models were created using coherent point drift and Procrustes algorithms in MATLAB. Principal component analysis was performed, and of 20 surgical landmarks, the in-group variation using standard deviation was calculated. Three distances were analyzed: nasal width, philtral width, and mouth width. To correct for facial size, these distances were analyzed as a ratio of intercanthal width. In total, 328 healthy subjects were included in the study. Subjects were grouped by sex, and in age categories spanning four years each, with an adult group with all ages >16 years. For both smiling and pouting faces, all ratios increased with ageing. These templates and data can benefit facial surgeons, to obtain an expected outcome according to the age of the patient.

IntroductionLearning anatomy is fundamental for medical students, but remains complex. It requires the acquisition of a new vocabulary, good visual-spatial skills and mental rotation. This learning was traditionally done through lectures and dissection sessions in the anatomy laboratory. The decrease in the number of teaching hours, the passive aspect of lectures for students and the logistical and economic difficulties of access to anatomical parts have led teachers to develop new teaching methods and to use new technologies, particularly digital technologies, to facilitate this teaching.A new pedagogical concept, called embodied learning, is a concept from cognitive psychology, which refers to thoughts (cognition), feelings (emotions) and behaviours (body), based on sensory experiences and body positions. It is particularly interesting in learning anatomy because the object of learning is also the object of study.Our primary aim was to investigate the pedagogical impact of embodiment on the learning of anatomy. Our secondary aims were to explore the factors influencing and being influenced by such learning, as well as to consider its inclusion in existing educational pathways.Materials and methodsWe conducted two studies with high levels of bodily engagement, incorporating embodiment into the important task.A first ecological study on STAPS students, to investigate the impact of integrating embodied learning within a kinesiology curriculum at the University of Lyon. Then we developed a digital, interactive, 3-dimensional anatomy learning software, and conducted a randomized controlled study on the pedagogical impact of embodiment, on a group of 2nd year medical students at the University of Grenoble-Alpes.ResultsOur first study showed no significant pedagogical impact of embodiment in the short and medium term, but a significant pedagogical impact for the experimental group in the long term. Moreover, this pedagogical modality was simple to set up within a school and inexpensive. Our second study did not show a statistically positive pedagogical impact of the implementation of embodiment compared to the control group, but we did show a better progression of the students with the least visual-spatial abilities thanks to this tool, but not significantly. The overall satisfaction in both cases was high, making it a tool envied by the students and therefore probably stimulating learning.DiscussionOur work describes an improvement in the long-term pedagogical impact of embodiment, as well as high student satisfaction with the use of these tools. These teaching methods do not seem to increase the mental load of the students. The new technologies, especially in digital 3D, seem to bring a learning gain to students with the least visual-spatial abilities (with the lowest scores in the mental rotation test).Our work has some limitations, particularly methodological.ConclusionEmbodied learning appears to be beneficial for learning anatomy, especially functional anatomy, and for long-term retention, without increasing mental workload. It is also a modality that is well adopted by students, stimulating their motivation and interest in their work. Further research and evaluation of these teaching tools is required to ensure that they are fully integrated into the holistic teaching pathway of a comprehensive anatomy programme.; L’apprentissage de l’anatomie est fondamental pour les étudiants en médecine, mais reste complexe. Il nécessite l’acquisition d’un nouveau vocabulaire, de bonnes capacités visuo-spatiales et de rotation mentale. Cet apprentissage se faisait classiquement par des cours magistraux et des séances de dissection au laboratoire d’anatomie. La diminution du nombre d’heure d’enseignement, le coté passif pour les étudiants des cours magistraux et les difficultés logistiques et économiques d’accès aux pièces anatomiques ont conduit les enseignants à développer de nouveaux moyens pédagogiques et à s’aider des nouvelles technologies, notamment numériques pour faciliter cet enseignement.Un nouveau concept pédagogique, appelé apprentissage incarné (ou encorporé) est un concept issu de la psychologie cognitive, qui fait référence aux pensées (cognition), aux sentiments (émotions) et aux comportements (corps), basés sur les expériences sensorielles et sur les positions corporelles. Il est particulièrement intéressant dans l’apprentissage de l’anatomie car l’objet de l’apprentissage est également l’objet d’étude.Notre objectif principal était d’étudier l’impact pédagogique de l’incarnation sur l’apprentissage de l’anatomie. Nos objectifs secondaires étaient d’explorer les facteurs influençant et influencer par un tel apprentissage, ainsi que de réfléchir à son inclusion dans les parcours pédagogiques existants.Matériel et méthodeNous avons conduit deux études à niveaux d’engagement corporel élevé, avec intégration de l’incarnation à la tâche importante.Une première étude écologique sur des étudiants de STAPS, pour étudier l’impact de l’intégration d’un apprentissage incarné, au sein d’un cursus de kinésiologie de l’université de Lyon. Puis nous avons développé un logiciel d’apprentissage de l’anatomie, numérique, interactif en 3 dimensions, et mené une étude randomisée contrôlée sur l’impact pédagogique de l’incarnation, sur un groupe d’étudiants en 2ème année de médecine à l’université de Grenoble-Alpes.RésultatsNotre première étude n’a pas montré d’impact pédagogique significatifs de l’incarnation à court et moyen terme, mais un impact pédagogique significatif pour le groupe expérimental à long terme. De plus, cette modalité pédagogique était simple à mettre en place au sein d’un enseignement, et peu couteuse. Notre seconde étude n’a pas montré d’impact pédagogique statistiquement positif de l’implémentation de l’incarnation par rapport au groupe contrôle, mais nous avons mis en évidence une meilleure progression des étudiants ayant le moins de capacités visuo-spatiales grâce à cet outil, mais de manière non significative. La satisfaction globale dans les deux cas était en revanche élevée, en faisant un outil envié par les étudiants et donc probablement stimulant l’apprentissage.DiscussionNotre travail permet de décrire une amélioration de l’impact pédagogique à long terme de l’incarnation, ainsi qu’une grande satisfaction des étudiants quant à l’utilisation de ces outils. Ces méthodes d’enseignement ne semblent par ailleurs pas augmenter la charge mentale des étudiants. Les nouvelles technologies, notamment en 3D numériques semble apporter un gain d’apprentissage aux étudiants ayant les moins bonnes capacité visuo-spatiales (ayant les moins bons scores aux test de rotation mentale).Notre travail possède quelques limites, notamment méthodologiques.ConclusionL’apprentissage incarné semble bénéfique sur l’apprentissage de l’anatomie, notamment fonctionnelle et sur la rétention à long terme, sans pour autant augmenter la charge mentale. Il s’agit de plus d’une modalité bien adoptée par les étudiants, stimulant leur motivation et leur intérêt au travail. Il convient de poursuivre les recherches et l’évaluation de ces outils pédagogiques pour les intégrer parfaitement au parcours pédagogique holistique d’un programme anatomique complet

Organoids have been used to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) organization and function of their respective organs. These self-organizing 3D structures offer a distinct advantage over traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture techniques by creating a more physiologically relevant milieu to study complex biological systems. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of establishing organoids from various pediatric liver diseases and characterize the long-term evolution of cholangiocyte organoids (chol-orgs) under a single continuous culture condition. We established chol-orgs from 10 different liver conditions and characterized their multicellular organization into complex epithelial structures through budding, merging, and lumen formation. Immunofluorescent staining, electron microscopy, and single-nucleus RNA (snRNA-seq) sequencing confirmed the cholangiocytic nature of the chol-orgs. There were significant cell population differences in the transcript profiles of two-dimensional and organoid cultures based on snRNA-seq. Our study provides an approach for the generation and long-term maintenance of chol-orgs from various pediatric liver diseases under a single continuous culture condition.

This study aims to develop a three-dimensional (3D) measurement for acetabular fracture displacement, determine the inter- and intra-observer variability, and correlate the measurement with clinical outcome. Three-dimensional models were created for 100 patients surgically treated for acetabular fractures. The ‘3D gap area’, the 3D surface between all the fracture fragments, was developed. The association between the 3D gap area and the risk of conversion to a total hip arthroplasty (THA) was determined by an ROC curve and a Cox regression analysis. The 3D gap area had an excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The preoperative median 3D gap area for patients without and with a THA was 1731 mm2 versus 2237 mm2. The median postoperative 3D gap area was 640 mm2 versus 845 mm2. The area under the curve was 0.63. The Cox regression analysis showed that a preoperative 3D gap area > 2103 mm2 and a postoperative 3D gap area > 1058 mm2 were independently associated with a 3.0 versus 2.4 times higher risk of conversion to a THA. A 3D assessment of acetabular fractures is feasible, reproducible, and correlates with clinical outcome. Three-dimensional measurements could be added to the current classification systems to quantify the level of fracture displacement and to assess operative results.

Purpose: Multi-phase computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the pre-procedural planning of TAVR presents a unique opportunity to assess 3D myocardial biomechanics. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and predictive utility of 3D myocardial deformation analysis (3D-MDA) based principal strain to predict heart failure or death following TAVR using pre-procedural, multi-phase computed tomography angiography (CTA) datasets. Methods: Two hundred and five patients undergoing pre-TAVR multi-phase gated CTA followed by successful TAVR were retrospectively identified. Whole heart 3D mesh chamber models were generated followed by 3D-MDA of the left ventricle (LV) to determine global LV minimum principal strain (minPS) for endocardial, epicardial and transmural layers. Results: Of the 205 patients, 196 (96%) had analyzable CTA data for 3D-MDA [median (IQR) age of 85 (79.588) years (55% male); STS-PROM score: 3.10 (2.104.55); and echocardiographic LVEF 60.0 (55.965.0)%]. At a median 25 (11–36) months following TAVR, 55 patients (28%) experienced a composite clinical outcome of heart failure hospitalization or death. Patients with a global minPS below a 23.7% experienced a 3-fold higher rate of the primary outcome (p Conclusions: CT derived 3D-MDA is feasible and delivers novel deformation markers strongly and independently predictive of future cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing TAVR.

Purpose The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of current applications of 3D technologies in surgical management of tibial plateau fractures and to assess whether 3D-assisted surgery results in improved clinical outcome as compared to surgery based on conventional imaging modalities. Methods A literature search was performed in Pubmed and Embase for articles reporting on the use of 3D techniques in operative management of tibial plateau fractures. This systematic review was performed in concordance with the PRISMA-guidelines. Methodological quality and risk of bias was assessed according to the guidelines of the McMaster Critical Appraisal. Differences in terms of operation time, blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, intra-operative revision rates and patient-reported outcomes between 3D-assisted and conventional surgery were assessed. Data were pooled using the inverse variance weighting method in RevMan. Results Twenty articles evaluating 948 patients treated with 3D-assisted surgery and 126 patients with conventional surgery were included. Five different concepts of 3D-assisted surgery were identified: ‘3D virtual visualization’, ‘3D printed hand-held fracture models’, ‘Pre-contouring of osteosynthesis plates’, ‘3D printed surgical guides’, and ‘Intra-operative 3D imaging’. 3D-assisted surgery resulted in reduced operation time (104.7 vs. 126.4 min; P P P P = 0.23). Conclusions Five concepts of 3D-assisted surgical management of tibial plateau fractures emerged over the last decade. These include 3D virtual fracture visualization, 3D-printed hand-held fracture models for surgical planning, 3D-printed models for pre-contouring of osteosynthesis plates, 3D-printed surgical guides, and intra-operative 3D imaging. 3D-assisted surgery may have a positive effect on operation time, blood loss, and fluoroscopy frequency.

A major focus of current biological studies is to fill the knowledge gaps between cell, tissue and organism scales. To this end, a wide array of contemporary optical analytical tools enable multiparameter quantitative imaging of live and fixed cells, three-dimensional (3D) systems, tissues, organs and organisms in the context of their complex spatiotemporal biological and molecular features. In particular, the modalities of luminescence lifetime imaging, comprising fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLI) and phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM), in synergy with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays, provide a wealth of information. On the application side, the luminescence lifetime of endogenous molecules inside cells and tissues, overexpressed fluorescent protein fusion biosensor constructs or probes delivered externally provide molecular insights at multiple scales into protein–protein interaction networks, cellular metabolism, dynamics of molecular oxygen and hypoxia, physiologically important ions, and other physical and physiological parameters. Luminescence lifetime imaging offers a unique window into the physiological and structural environment of cells and tissues, enabling a new level of functional and molecular analysis in addition to providing 3D spatially resolved and longitudinal measurements that can range from microscopic to macroscopic scale. We provide an overview of luminescence lifetime imaging and summarize key biological applications from cells and tissues to organisms.

Graphical abstract Superselective intraarterial infusion chemoradiotherapy is a modality of oral cancer therapy in which the artery feeding the tumor is catheterized. 3D information about the carotid artery is required to enable the surgeon to judge whether to advance, retract, or rotate the catheter. For this purpose, we proposed and conducted a model experiment to assess a new method of catheterization that applies a tracking system using registration with a monocular camera using the maxillary arch as the anatomical landmark. In this method, the preoperative 3D computer tomography angiographic image of the carotid artery that the catheter will be passed through is overlaid on the 2D video image. The mean TRE was 0.96 ± 0.36 mm and 0.88 ± 0.31 mm and 1.12 ± 0.46 mm when images were registered with the anterior and posterior teeth as the landmarks, respectively; the difference was not significant (p = 0.21). This tracking system that enables markerless registration simply by taking images of the maxillary anterior teeth with a single camera was convenient and effective for catheterization. In this study, we propose the new application of this tracking system and a novel method of catheterization for superselective intraarterial infusion chemoradiotherapy for oral cancer. In retrograde superselective intraarterial catheterization, a catheter is inserted into a tumor-feeding artery originating from the external carotid artery (ECA) (the lingual artery [LA], facial artery [FA], or maxillary artery [MA]). Because the maxillary dentition is located near the external carotid artery, we focused on real-time markerless registration using maxillary dentition fixed to the skull.

Introduction The benefit of three-dimensional (3D) visualization for liver disease is uncertain. Aim To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 3D versus two-dimensional (2D) video-assisted hepatectomy for LD. Material and methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Medline, and Web of Science for studies addressing 3D versus 2D for 2D until 30 February 2020. Study-specific effect sizes and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to calculate the pooled value using a fixed-effects or random-effects model. Results Nine studies with 808 patients were included. The 3D group had shorter operative time (mean difference (MD) = 34.39; 95% CI = 59.50, 9.28), experienced less intraoperative blood loss (MD = 106.55; 95% CI = 183.76, 29.34), and a smaller blood transfusion volume (MD = 88.25; 95% CI = 141.26, 35.24). The 3D group had a smaller difference between the predicted volume and the actual resected volume (MD = 103.25; 95% CI = 173.24, 33.26) and a lower rate of postoperative complications (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.91). Conclusions During surgery, 3D video-assisted hepatectomy could effectively reduce operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and blood transfusion volume, and had a smaller difference between the predicted volume and the actual resected volume and a lower rate of postoperative complications. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to verify the reliability and validity of our conclusion.

Background:The functional outcome of tibial plateau fractures depends a lot on stable osteosynthesis. It require an exact knowledge of the spatial configuration of the fracture. Our objective is to describe fracture plane base on computer tomography. Methods:We used Schatzker's three-dimensional classification to analyze computed tomography of patients admitted for tibial plateau fractures at the University Hospital Center of Oujda between January 2012 and August 2020. Results:We found 94 fractures, mostly type II and VI with 3 unclassifiable fractures. The anterolateral compartment is the most often affected. The overall tibial plateau coronal fracture lines was 14.89% and is most common among type IV. Conclusion:Characterization of complex tibial plateau fractures with use of the main shear presented in this study may be more reliable for communication among surgeons, comparison of studies, preoperative planning and guiding the surgical approach and specific fixation techniques.

This paper proposes a three–dimensional (3D) local boundary element model based on meshless moving least squares (MLS) method for ultrasonic wave propagation fractional order boundary value problems of functionally graded anisotropic (FGA) fiber-reinforced plates. The problem domain is split into several circular sub-domains. The nodal points are randomly distributed across the examined region. Each node is the focal point of a circular sub-domain that encircles it. The Laplace-transform approach is used to solve dynamic issues. In the local weak form of the governing equations for the converted quantities, a unit test function is utilized. The Gauss divergence theorem to the weak-form is used to produce local boundary-domain integral equations. A meshless approximation is achieved using the MLS method. To find time-dependent solutions, an inverse Laplace-transform approach is used. The effects of the fractional order parameter, functionally graded material, anisotropy, and the time characteristic of the laser pulse are investigated. The proposed method’s validity and performance are demonstrated for a two-dimensional problem with excellent agreement with the finite element method.

Purpose The use of three-dimensional (3D) thoracoscope provides improved depth perception and accuracy in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D VATS lobectomy for stage I lung cancer. Methods From January 2013 to May 2018, 354 patients underwent VATS lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I lung cancer. The 3D VATS system was introduced in July 2016 in our center. A total of 182 patients underwent 2D VATS lobectomy from January 2013 to June 2016, and 172 patients underwent 3D VATS lobectomy from July 2016 to May 2018. Results The thoracotomy conversion rate was lower (1.2% vs. 6.4%, P= 0.011) in the 3D VATS group than in the 2D VATS group. Operation time (mean: 119.0 minutes vs. 151.4 minutes, P< 0.001), operative blood loss (median: 100 mL vs. 150 mL, P< 0.001), and length of hospital stay after surgery (median: 5 days vs. 6 days, P< 0.001) were significantly lower in the 3D VATS group than in the 2D VATS group. A higher number of lymph nodes was resected in 3D VATS (mean: 15.9 vs. 13.8, P= 0.006). No significant difference was observed between 3D and 2D VATS in terms of operative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification grade ≥ 1; 14.7% vs. 14.6%, P= 0.322). None of the patients died postoperatively. Conclusion Our retrospective data showed that the 3D thoracoscope had better surgical outcomes than 2D thoracoscope for VATS lobectomy in patients with clinical stage I lung cancer.

This study concerns the three-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer due to a deformable (stretching/shrinking) plate with power-law velocity and orthogonal surface shear. The flow due to the shrinking sheet is maintained with the imposition of wall mass suction. The effect of adding Cu and Al2O3 nanoparticles are represented by a homogeneous mixture model with the modified thermophysical properties. Two types of thermophysical properties for hybrid nanofluids are discussed and compared in this interesting work. The three-dimensional model is then, reduced into a relevant set of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The results are generated using the bvp4c solver and presented in the tables and graphs. Duality of solutions are observed in both stretching and shrinking regions, however, only the first solution is proved to be stable and realistic. Surprisingly, the heat transfer rate augments when the power law velocity is used. The hybrid nanofluid with an upsurge of copper volume fraction also reduces the rate of heat transfer.

Background: The glenoid version of the shoulder joint correlates with the stability of the glenohumeral joint and the clinical results of total shoulder arthroplasty. We sought to analyze and compare the glenoid version measured by traditional axial two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images at different levels.Methods: A total of 30 cases, including 15 male and 15 female patients, who underwent 3D shoulder CT imaging was randomly selected and matched by sex consecutively at one hospital. The angular difference between the scapular body axis and 2D CT slice axis was measured. The glenoid version was assessed at three levels (midpoint, upper one-third, and center of the lower circle of the glenoid) using Friedman’s method in the axial plane with 2D CT images and at the same level of three different transverse planes using a 3D reconstructed image. Results: The mean difference between the scapular body axis on the 3D reconstructed image and the 2D CT slice axis was 38.4°. At the level of the midpoint of the glenoid, the measurements were 1.7° ± 4.9° on the 2D CT images and −1.8° ± 4.1° in the 3D reconstructed image. At the level of the center of the lower circle, the measurements were 2.7° ± 5.2° on the 2D CT images and −0.5° ± 4.8° in the 3D reconstructed image. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at all three levels. Conclusions: The glenoid version is measured differently between axial 2D CT and 3D reconstructed images at three levels. Use of 3D reconstructed imaging can provide a more accurate glenoid version profile relative to 2D CT. The glenoid version is measured differently at different levels.

We aim to provide an overview of the various digital three-dimensional visualizations used for learning anatomy and to assess whether these improve medical students' understanding of anatomy compared to traditional learning methods. Furthermore, we evaluate the attitudes of the users of three-dimensional visualizations. We included articles that compared advanced newer three-dimensional anatomy visualization methods (i.e., virtual reality, augmented reality, and computer-based three-dimensional visualizations) to traditionalmethods that have been used for a long time (i.e., cadaver and textbooks) with regard to users' understanding of anatomy. Of the 1,148 articles identified, 21 articles reported data on the effectiveness of using three-dimensional visualization methods compared to two-dimensional methods. Twelve articles found that three-dimensional visualization is a significantly more effective learning method compared to traditional methods, whereas nine articles did not find that three-dimensional visualization was a significantly more effective method. In general, based on these articles, medical students prefer to use three-dimensional visualizations to learn anatomy. In most of the articles, using three-dimensional visualization was shown to be a more effective method to gain anatomical knowledge compared to traditional methods. Besides that, students are motivated and interested in using these new visualization methods for learning anatomical structures. (C) 2019Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Aims: To analyze the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) laser scanner-GOM® (Gesellschaft für Optische; Messtechnik, Braunschweig Germany) model-ATOS triple II optical Scanner (Advanced topometric Sensor) in examination and identification of experimental bite marks (BM) in chocolate using Styrofoam exemplar (SE). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 25 volunteers from whom the dental cast exemplar (CE), SE, and experimental BMs in chocolate, were made. These were then digitized using the GOM® ATOS optical scanner and 3D models were generated using GOM® ATOS software. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test for inferential statistics. Results: On 3D analysis, the experimental BM matched with the presumed biters correctly using both SE and CE. The mean percentage matching of BM vs SE was found to be 92.55 ± 1.757, and in BM vs CE, the mean matching percentage was found to be 96.09 ± 1.311. Statistical analysis of the data was obtained using independent t-test, and the mean difference in percentage matching was significant (P < 0.05) Conclusion: Three-dimensional BM analysis using 3D optical scanner proved to be a reliable, accurate, and permanent method of documentation compared to the conventional two-dimensional methods.

Background To compare different methods of three-dimensional representations, namely 3D-Print, Virtual Reality (VR)-Glasses and 3D-Display regarding the understanding of the pathology, accuracy of details, quality of the anatomical representation and technical operability and assessment of possible change in treatment in different disciplines and levels of professional experience. Methods Interviews were conducted with twenty physicians from the disciplines of cardiology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthopedic surgery, and radiology between 2018 and 2020 at the University Hospital of Basel. They were all presented with three different three-dimensional clinical cases derived from CT data from their area of expertise, one case for each method. During this, the physicians were asked for their feedback written down on a pencil and paper questionnaire. Results Concerning the understanding of the pathology and quality of the anatomical representation, VR-Glasses were rated best in three out of four disciplines and two out of three levels of professional experience. Regarding the accuracy of details, 3D-Display was rated best in three out of four disciplines and all levels of professional experience. As to operability, 3D-Display was consistently rated best in all levels of professional experience and all disciplines. Possible change in treatment was reported using 3D-Print in 33%, VR-Glasses in 44%, and 3D-Display in 33% of participants. Physicians with a professional experience of more than ten years reported no change in treatment using any method. Conclusions 3D-Print, VR-Glasses, and 3D-Displays are very well accepted, and a relevant percentage of participants with less than ten years of professional work experience could imagine a possible change in treatment using any of these three-dimensional methods. Our findings challenge scientists, technicians, and physicians to further develop these methods to improve the three-dimensional understanding of pathologies and to add value to the education of young and inexperienced physicians.

This paper investigates the influence of three forms of uncertainty on the probabilistic stability of an idealised 3D embankment slope. These are: 1D spatial variability in the external geometry of the slope along its length, 2D spatial variability in the depth of the boundary between the embankment material and the foundation layer, and 3D spatial variability in the shear strength properties of the slope and foundation materials. The relative influence of each uncertainty has been investigated using the random finite element method, based on statistics consistent with a Dutch regional dyke. The results indicate that, for such a structure, the soil spatial variability has a much greater influence than uncertainties relating to embankment geometry and inter-layer boundary. In particular, it is demonstrated that the spatial correlation of material properties along the length of the embankment has a greater influence on the probabilistic characteristics of the embankment slope stability and failure consequence than the spatial correlation of properties perpendicular to it. A worst case scale of fluctuation for the material properties is identified.

This work was supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and Centro2020 through the following Projects: UIDB/04044/2020, UIDP/04044/2020, LA/P/0112/2020, PAMIROTEIRO/0328/2013 (N0 022158). Three-dimensional printing offers possibilities for the development of new models in endodontics. Numerous studies have used 3D-printed teeth; however, protocols for the standardization of studies still need to be developed. Another problem with 3D-printed teeth is the different areas of literature requested to understand the processes. This review aims to gather evidence about 3Dprinted teeth on the following aspects: (1) why they are advantageous; (2) how they are manufactured; (3) problems they present; and (4) future research topics. Natural teeth are still the standard practice in ex vivo studies and pre-clinical courses, but they have several drawbacks. Printed teeth may overcome all limitations of natural teeth. Printing technology relies on 3D data and post-processing tools to form a 3D model, ultimately generating a prototype using 3D printers. The major concerns with 3D-printed teeth are the resin hardness and printing accuracy of the canal anatomy. Guidance is presented for future studies to solve the problems of 3D-printed teeth and develop well-established protocols, for the standardization of methods to be achieved. In the future, 3D-printed teeth have the possibility to become the gold standard in ex vivo studies and endodontic training. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Aim: We aimed to evaluate whether the measurement of subchorionichematoma (SCH) size with 2D and 3D ultrasonography affects adverse pregnancyoutcomes. Methods: One hundred fifty-eight pregnant patients having SCH wereenrolled in the study. The diagnosis of SCH was made by 2D and 3Dultra-sonographic methods in the first trimester, between 6th and 14thgestational weeks. Patients having SCH were determined with adverse pregnancyoutcomes such as miscarriage, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), and pretermlabor (PL). Logistic regression analyses were applied for the relationship of miscarriage,IUFD, PL, and SCH. Results: There were no statistically significant differences for bodymass index, 2-D hematoma sizes, 3-D hematoma sizes, and pregnancy outcomesbetween the groups. Miscarriage/IUFD rate was 4.6%, PL rate was 6.9%, and theterm delivery rate was 88.5% in the primiparas having SCH. Miscarriage/IUFDrate was 7%, PL rate was 3.5%, and the term delivery rate was 89.5% in themultiparas having SCH. No significant association was observed between 2D and3D hematoma sizes and IUFD and PL. In the logistic regression model, SCH ≥ 500cm3 was found to be a risk factor associated with PL, not regardingthe measurement technique (OR:1.008, 95% CI: 1.002-1.012, p=0.006).Conclusion: We determined that SCH size increases therisk of PL. We observed no effect of diagnosis and follow-up of SCH, by 2D and3D ultrasonography techniques on adverse pregnancy outcomes such asmiscarriage, IUFD, and PL., Amaç: Subkoryonik hematom (SKH) boyutunun 2B ve 3B ultrason ileölçülmesinin olumsuz gebelik sonuçlarına etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçladık.Yöntemler: Yüz elli sekiz SKH olan gebe çalışmaya alındı. SKH tanısı ilktrimesterde, 6. ve 14. gebelik haftaları arasında, 2 ve 3 boyutluultra-sonografik yöntemlerle konuldu. SKH olan gebelerin düşük, intrauterinfetal ölüm [IUFÖ] ve preterm doğum [PD] gibi olumsuz gebelik sonuçlarıbelirlendi. SKH ile düşük, intrauterin fetal ölüm ve erken doğum arasındakiilişkiyi belirlemek için lojistik regresyon analizleri yapıldı.Bulgular: Primipar ve multipar gebeler arasında vücut kitle indexi, 2B ultrasonografikhematom boyutları, 3B ultrasonografik hematom boyutları ve gebelik sonuçlarıaçısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark yoktu. SKH olan primiparlarda düşük/IUFÖ hızı %4,6, PD hızı %6,9 ve miad doğum hızı %88,5 idi. SKH olan multiparlardaise düşük/ IUFÖ hızı %7, PD hızı %3,5 ve miad doğum hızı %89,5 idi. 2B ve 3Bhematom büyüklüğü ile IUFÖ ve PD arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmedi.Lojistik regresyon modelinde ölçüm tekniğinden bağımsız olarak SKH’un ≥500 cm3olması erken doğumla ilişkili risk faktörü olarak bulundu (OR:1,008, %95 CI: 1,002-1,012,p=0,006).Sonuç: SKH boyutunun PD riskini artırdığını belirledik. SKH'un teşhis vetakibinin 2B ve 3B ultrasonografik ölçüm ile yapılmasının düşük, IUFÖ ve PDgibi olumsuz gebelik sonuçlarına etkisinin olmadığını gördük.

Porous polymer coatings are used to control drug release from pharmaceutical products. The coating covers a drug core and depending on the porous structure, different drug release rates are obtained. This work presents mass transport simulations performed on porous ethyl cellulose films with different porosities. The simulations were performed on high spatial resolution 3D data obtained using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope. The effective diffusion coefficient of water was determined using a diffusion chamber. Lattice Boltzmann simulations were used to simulate water diffusion in the 3D data. The simulated coefficient was in good agreement with the measured coefficient. From the results it was concluded that the tortuosity and constrictivity of the porous network increase with decreasing amount of added hydroxypropyl cellulose, resulting in a sharp decrease in effective diffusion. This work shows that high spatial resolution 3D data is necessary, and that 2D data is insufficient, in order to predict diffusion through the porous structure with high accuracy.

Introduction: Hypopituitarism is a rare, often underdiagnosed, complex hormonal disease caused by the decreased secretion of one or more hormones in the pituitary gland. The present study was designed to assess left ventricular (LV) rotational mechanics in patients with treated hypopituitarism. It was also aimed to find possible differences in these parameters according to the origin of hypopituitarism (congenital vs. acquired).Methods: The present prospective study involved 35 treated patients with hypopituitarism; however, 4 patients had to be excluded due to inferior image quality. The mean age of the remaining 31 cases was 56.3 ± 13.2 years (18 males). The control group consisted of 29 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (mean age: 55.3 ± 4.8 years, 14 males). In all cases a complete two-dimensional echocardiography examination was performed followed by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.Results: No significant differences could be found in LV volumes between the controls and patients with hypopituitarism and hypopituitary subgroups. LV apical rotation (8.1 ± 5.1° vs. 10.6 ± 3.5°, p < 0.05) and LV twist (11.9 ± 5.3° vs. 15.1 ± 3.8°, p < 0.05) were impaired in the hypopituitary group with normally directed LV rotational mechanics as compared to the healthy controls. However, 13% of patients showed a near absence of LV twist called LV “rigid body rotation” (LV-RBR). There were no significant differences regarding LV apical and basal rotations and twist between acquired and congenital hypopituitary subgroups.Conclusions: Impaired LV apical rotation and twist could be demonstrated in hypopituitarism regardless of its origin. In the present study with small number of patients with hypopituitarism, LV-RBR was present in 13% of cases.

Isolation and culturing of cardiac fibroblasts (CF) induces rapid differentiation toward a myofibroblast phenotype, which is partly mediated by the high substrate stiffness of the culture plates. In the present study, a 3D model of Engineered Heart Matrix (EHM) of physiological stiffness (Youngs modulus similar to 15 kPa) was developed using primary adult rat CF and a natural hydrogel collagen type 1 matrix. CF were equally distributed, viable and quiescent for at least 13 days in EHM and the baseline gene expression of myofibroblast-markers alfa-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) was significantly lower, compared to CF cultured in 2D monolayers. CF baseline gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (Tgf beta 1) and brain natriuretic peptide (Nppb) was higher in EHM-fibers compared to the monolayers. EHM stimulation by 10% cyclic stretch (1 Hz) increased the gene expression of Nppb (3.0-fold), Ctgf (2.1-fold) and Tgf beta 1 (2.3-fold) after 24 h. Stimulation of EHM with TGF beta 1 (1 ng/mL, 24 h) induced Tgf beta 1 (1.6-fold) and Ctgf (1.6-fold). In conclusion, culturing CF in EHM of physiological stiffness reduced myofibroblast marker gene expression, while the CF response to stretch or TGF beta 1 was maintained, indicating that our novel EHM structure provides a good physiological model to study CF function and myofibroblast differentiation.

Because of rising traumatic accidents and diseases, the number of patients suffering from nerve injury is increasing. Without effective rehabilitation therapy, the patients will get motor or sensory function losses or even a lifelong disability. As for amputees, neural interface technology can be used to splice nerves and electrical wires together in a way that allows them to control an artificial limb as if it was a natural extension of the body. However, the means the need for an autologous nerve to stimulate axonal regeneration and extension into target tissues, which are limited by the supply of donor nerves. Based on the principle of mechanical force regulating axon growth, in this paper, we developed a three-dimensional nerve stretch growth device for an implantable neural interface. The device consists of three motors controlled by single chip microcomputer and some mechanical parts. The stability and reliability of the device were tested. Then, we used neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells by small chemical molecules to explore the optimal three-dimensional stretch culture parameters. Furthermore, we found that the axons were intact through 10 rotations per day and 1 mm of horizontal pulling per day. The results of this research will provide convenience for patients treated through an implantable neural interface.

An improved semi-analytical method for calculating the reliability of 3D slopes with spatially varying shear strength parameters is proposed. The response of an existing semi-analytical method has been compared with that of the computationally more intensive, but more general, random finite element method (RFEM), demonstrating that the simpler method underestimates the failure probability. An alternative relationship for the expected failure length and two correction factors are proposed, which modify the original formulation of the simpler method. The proposed approach gives substantially improved results that compare favourably with those obtained by RFEM, and therefore provides a more accurate simplified solution.

Background: Objective evidence is lacking as to the benefit of the addition of 3D vision to conventional laparoscopy in Gynecologic surgery. This study aims to compare 3-D visual system to traditional 2-D laparoscopic visualization for the laparoscopic closure of the vaginal cuff during total laparoscopic hysterectomy by surgeons-in-training [defined as senior OBGYN resident or Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery (MIGS) fellow]. Methods: 51 patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy at two tertiary care academic hospitals were randomized to two-dimensional or three-dimensional vision system with cuff closure performed by surgeons-in-training. The primary outcome was the time taken for vaginal cuff closure. Secondary outcomes included peri-operative outcomes and assessment of surgeon’s perception of ease of cuff closure. Results: 27 (52.9%) cases were allocated to cuff closure with the 2D system and 24 (47.1%) cases to closure with the 3D vision system. Patient baseline characteristics were similar between the vision systems. Mean vaginal cuff closure time was not significantly different between 2D and 3D vision (10.1 min for 2D versus 12 min for 3D, p = 0.31). An additional 24 s was added to cuff closure time with each 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI, after controlling for potential confounders (p = 0.003). There was no difference in the surgeon rating of ease of cuff closure between 2D and 3D. Peri-operative outcomes are similar among the two groups. Conclusion: We did not demonstrate any benefits of 3D vision system over conventional 2D for the task of laparoscopic vaginal cuff suturing performed by surgeons-in-training. RCT Registration Number NCT02192606 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02192606 (July 17, 2014).

Contains fulltext : 219639.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We aim to provide an overview of the various digital three-dimensional visualizations used for learning anatomy and to assess whether these improve medical students' understanding of anatomy compared to traditional learning methods. Furthermore, we evaluate the attitudes of the users of three-dimensional visualizations. We included articles that compared advanced newer three-dimensional anatomy visualization methods (i.e., virtual reality, augmented reality, and computer-based three-dimensional visualizations) to traditional methods that have been used for a long time (i.e., cadaver and textbooks) with regard to users' understanding of anatomy. Of the 1,148 articles identified, 21 articles reported data on the effectiveness of using three-dimensional visualization methods compared to two-dimensional methods. Twelve articles found that three-dimensional visualization is a significantly more effective learning method compared to traditional methods, whereas nine articles did not find that three-dimensional visualization was a significantly more effective method. In general, based on these articles, medical students prefer to use three-dimensional visualizations to learn anatomy. In most of the articles, using three-dimensional visualization was shown to be a more effective method to gain anatomical knowledge compared to traditional methods. Besides that, students are motivated and interested in using these new visualization methods for learning anatomical structures. Clin. Anat. 32:25-33, 2019. (c) 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Large-area crack-free 2D and 3D WO 3 inverse opal (IO) films, using a wide range of sizes of sacrificial PS spheres as colloidal crystal template, were fabricated by “dynamic hard template infiltration strategy”. First a dynamic PS opal film was formed floating on the surface of water followed by infiltration of a preformed WO 3 sol underneath the PS opal film. The resultant PS/WO 3 opal composite film was then deposited on various types of substrates (rigid and flexible) and 2D WO 3 IO films were obtained following the removal of the PS template by chemical method. Based on this strategy, multiple layer WO 3 IOs were fabricated through a layer by layer route. The WO 3 IO films deposited on indium tin oxide coated conductive (ITO) substrates were used as active electrode in the fabrication of electrochromic devices, demonstrating their advanced properties for electrochromic application.

Purpose High-dose-rate, multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy is technically complex and operator-dependent, requiring lengthy training and specialized skills. Furthermore, until the advent of contouring on computerized tomography (CT) images, difficulties existed in locating the target volume precisely. The present article reports the results of a study that aimed at producing and validating a 3D-printed template to aid in target volume localization for multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy in patients with breast cancer. Methods and Materials Thirteen patients, candidates for accelerated partial breast irradiation or boost, were enrolled in the study. The target volume was defined on CT slices, and a template with empty spaces corresponding to the target volume projection on the patient's skin was produced by a 3D printer. The procedure was compared with the standard method followed in our center (1) visually, by assessing overlap between the target volume projections on the patient's skin, (2) by X-ray findings, and (3) by intraclass correlation coefficient. Results Visual assessment and X-ray findings showed the 3D-printed target volume always fell within the standard volume in all 13 patients. The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated moderate agreement for both the medial and the lateral skin projections. Conclusions The 3-D printed templates constitute a quick, easy, and reliable method to localize the target volume for high-dose-rate interstitial multicathether brachytherapy in patients with breast cancer and can safely be used in clinical practice.

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of current applications of 3D technologies in surgical management of tibial plateau fractures and to assess whether 3D-assisted surgery results in improved clinical outcome as compared to surgery based on conventional imaging modalities.METHODS: A literature search was performed in Pubmed and Embase for articles reporting on the use of 3D techniques in operative management of tibial plateau fractures. This systematic review was performed in concordance with the PRISMA-guidelines. Methodological quality and risk of bias was assessed according to the guidelines of the McMaster Critical Appraisal. Differences in terms of operation time, blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, intra-operative revision rates and patient-reported outcomes between 3D-assisted and conventional surgery were assessed. Data were pooled using the inverse variance weighting method in RevMan.RESULTS: Twenty articles evaluating 948 patients treated with 3D-assisted surgery and 126 patients with conventional surgery were included. Five different concepts of 3D-assisted surgery were identified: '3D virtual visualization', '3D printed hand-held fracture models', 'Pre-contouring of osteosynthesis plates', '3D printed surgical guides', and 'Intra-operative 3D imaging'. 3D-assisted surgery resulted in reduced operation time (104.7 vs. 126.4 min; P CONCLUSIONS: Five concepts of 3D-assisted surgical management of tibial plateau fractures emerged over the last decade. These include 3D virtual fracture visualization, 3D-printed hand-held fracture models for surgical planning, 3D-printed models for pre-contouring of osteosynthesis plates, 3D-printed surgical guides, and intra-operative 3D imaging. 3D-assisted surgery may have a positive effect on operation time, blood loss, and fluoroscopy frequency.

We conducted a comprehensive review of surgical simulation models used in robotic surgery education. We present an assessment of the validity and cost-effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality simulation, animal, cadaver and synthetic organ models. Face, content, construct, concurrent and predictive validity criteria were applied to each simulation model. There are six major commercial simulation machines available for robot-assisted surgery. The validity of virtual reality (VR) simulation curricula for psychomotor assessment and skill acquisition for the early phase of robotic surgery training has been demonstrated. The widespread adoption of VR simulation has been limited by the high cost of these machines. Live animal and cadavers have been the accepted standard for robotic surgical simulation since it began in the early 2000s. Our review found that there is a lack of evidence in the literature to support the use of animal and cadaver for robotic surgery training. The effectiveness of these models as a training tool is limited by logistical, ethical, financial and infection control issues. The latest evolution in synthetic organ model training for robotic surgery has been driven by new 3D-printing technology. Validated and cost-effective high-fidelity procedural models exist for robotic surgery training in urology. The development of synthetic models for the other specialties is not as mature. Expansion into multiple surgical disciplines and the widespread adoption of synthetic organ models for robotic simulation training will require the ability to engineer scalability for mass production. This would enable a transition in robotic surgical education where digital and synthetic organ models could be used in place of live animals and cadaver training to achieve robotic surgery competency.

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the validity of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) root canal length measurements of molar teeth compared with actual root canal lengths and the influence of canal curvature on the accuracy of CBCT measurements.Materials and MethodsSeventy root canals of 24 molar teeth were scanned using CBCT, and the root canals were categorized as; ‘straight/curved,’ ‘highly curved,’ and ‘multiple curved.’ The 2D measurements were performed within a suitable slice between the major foramen and the corresponding cusp. The 3D measurements were performed within the slices in regular intervals of axial planes in between the same reference points. The reproducibility and reliability of the methods were analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficient. Differences between the actual and CBCT root canal lengths were evaluated by chi-square and McNemar tests if the measurements were within acceptable limits of ±0.5 mm.ResultsBoth methods were found to be reproducible and presented excellent reliability. However, the 3D method was significantly more accurate, with an 85.7% frequency of measurements within acceptable limits (p

Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is highly promising as a quantitative MRI technique due to its accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Previous studies have found high repeatability and reproducibility of 2D MRF acquisitions in the brain. Here, we have extended our investigations to 3D MRF acquisitions covering the whole brain using spiral projection k-space trajectories. Our travelling head study acquired test/retest data from the brains of 12 healthy volunteers and 8 MRI systems (3 systems at 3 T and 5 at 1.5 T, all from a single vendor), using a study design not requiring all subjects to be scanned at all sites. The pulse sequence and reconstruction algorithm were the same for all acquisitions. After registration of the MRF-derived PD T1 and T2 maps to an anatomical atlas, coefficients of variation (CVs) were computed to assess test/retest repeatability and inter-site reproducibility in each voxel, while a General Linear Model (GLM) was used to determine the voxel-wise variability between all confounders, which included test/retest, subject, field strength and site. Our analysis demonstrated a high repeatability (CVs 0.7–1.3% for T1, 2.0–7.8% for T2, 1.4–2.5% for normalized PD) and reproducibility (CVs of 2.0–5.8% for T1, 7.4–10.2% for T2, 5.2–9.2% for normalized PD) in gray and white matter. Both repeatability and reproducibility improved when compared to similar experiments using 2D acquisitions. Three-dimensional MRF obtains highly repeatable and reproducible estimations of T1 and T2, supporting the translation of MRF-based fast quantitative imaging into clinical applications.

Objective: To compare the short-term outcomes of three dimensional (3D) versus two dimensional (2D) laparoscopic procedures used for cholecystectomy. Methods: This study was conducted at minimally invasive surgery center of Liaquat University of Medical Health and Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro Pakistan, between 15th May 2017 to 16th December 2017 after taking informed consent. All patients were diagnosed cases of cholelithiasis without any complications. Patients having risk factors for inability to get access to gall bladder via laparoscope and in whom the chances of conversion to open cholecystectomy were greater were not included as part of study. One group of patients underwent cholecystectomy under 3D laparoscopy while other group underwent 2D laparoscopy. Surgeons included in the study were all well-trained. The short-term outcome noted were intraoperative and postoperative complications, conversion to open, operative time, mortality and hospital stay. Visual strain and headache for the surgeon in three D laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: A total of one hundred forty patients were included in the study. Group-A consists of sixty two females and eleven males whereas Group-B comprised of fifty eight females and fifteen males. Eight percent of patients in Group-A whereas in Group-B two percent had gallbladder rupture. Fifteen percent of patients in Group-A whereas 5.4% from Group-B had bleeding from liver bed. One patient from Group-A had CBD (Common Bile Duct) injury. Post-operatively two (2.73%) patients from Group-A had port site bleeding. Six (8.21%) patients had port site infection in Group-A. Conclusion: Three dimensional was found to have low incidence of intra-operative and post-operative complications compared to 2D laparoscopic cholecystectomy. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3721 How to cite this:Shaikh AR, Shaikh AA, Abbasi M. Short term outcomes of three dimensional versus two-dimensional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):162-166. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3721 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background Few studies have been reported regarding the accuracy of 3D-printed models for orthodontic applications. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of 3D-printed dental models of different tooth surfaces. Methods Thirty volunteers were recruited from the hospital, and then their dental models were produced by means of oral scanning and a stereolithography-based 3D printer. Each printed model was digitally scanned and compared with the oral-scanned STL file via superimposition analysis. A color map was used to assess the accuracy of different surfaces (occlusal, buccal, lingual) of anterior and posterior teeth. The Tukey test was used to evaluate the differences between the superimposition. Results Statistically significant differences were found in the average deviations of different tooth surfaces (P P Conclusions Occlusal surfaces, especially pits and fissures of posterior teeth on 3D printed maxillary dental models, showed greater distortions than those of other teeth and regions.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology is based on the fabrication of biomimetic tissue, self-assembling and mini-tissue. The objective of this work was to perform a patent technology search in the database of the National Institute of Intellectual Property (INPI), and in the international databases; European Patent Office (EPO) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on tissue and organ bio-printing (3D). The terms used to search were: 3D bioprinting, tissue engineering, bioprinted tissue, tissue bioprinting, 3D tissue printing and bioprinting. The results showed that the EPO database had 915 filed patents, WIPO with 869 and INPI with 360 patents. It is noticeable the advance of research for the development of bioprinted tissues and organs with applicability in human medicine, where it presents itself as a promising technique regarding the reduction of waiting for time and rejection of patients to be transplanted. A tecnologia de bioimpressão tridimensional (3D) é baseada na fabricação de tecidos biomiméticos, automontagem autônoma e minitecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma prospecção tecnológica de patentes no banco de dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) e nos bancos de dados internacionais: European Patent Office (EPO) e no World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) sobre a bioimpressão (3D) de tecidos e órgãos. Os termos usados para fazer as buscas foram: bioimpressão 3D, engenharia de tecidos, tecido bioimpresso, bioimpressão de tecido, impressão 3D de tecido e bioimpressão. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que o banco de dados EPO apresentou 915 patentes depositadas, o da WIPO 869, e o do INPI, 360 patentes. É perceptível o avanço de pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de tecidos e órgãos bioimpressos com aplicabilidade na medicina humana, já que esta se apresenta como uma técnica promissora com relação à redução do tempo de espera e à rejeição dos pacientes a serem transplantados.

BackgroundClassification of the spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains two-dimensional (2D) as the spinal radiographs remain the mainstay in clinical evaluation of the disease. 3D classification systems are proposed, however are time consuming. We here aim to evaluate the clinical application of a 3D classification system by the use of only posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs in Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).MethodsForty Lenke 1 AIS were classified by five observers following a three-step flowchart, developed based on our previous 3D classification system. This 3D classification characterizes the curve in the frontal and sagittal views and infers the third dimension with rules based on prior data to determine the 3D subtypes of the curve. Repeated rating was performed for 20 randomly selected patients in the same cohort. In addition to the classification by the raters, the 3D model of the spines were generated to determine the actual curve subtype based on the algorithm that was originally used to develop the 3D classification system. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability and the classification accuracy were determined for both 3D and axial classifications of the cohort.ResultsThe interobserver reliability was moderate to strong with a kappa value between 0.61–0.89 for 3D and axial classifications. Comparing the mathematical classification and the raters’ classification, the classification accuracy among all raters ranged between 56 and 89%.ConclusionWe evaluated the reliability of a previously developed 3D classification system for Lenke 1 AIS patients when only two-view spinal radiographs are available. Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons were able to identify the 3D subtypes of Lenke 1 AIS from the patients’ radiographs with moderate to strong reliability. The new 3D classification has the potential to identify the subtypes of the Lenke 1 AIS without a need for quantitative 3D image post-processing.

With rising focus on interventional treatment of the tricuspid valve (TV), the need for good echocardiographic imaging increases. Aim of this study was to develop a scoring system describing how accurate three dimensional (3D) echocardiographic imaging of TV and its anatomical structures is. Methods and results In this retrospective exploratory cohort study, we analysed data from consecutive patients undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). 3D sequences were stored using eight different views. In each view, scoring focused on visualisation of five (in TOE 6) anatomical structures with a maximum of three points per structure for excellent imaging quality. We compared the scores of patients with and without relevant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (cut-off effective regurgitant orifice 0.4 cm² measured in two-dimensional (2D) TTE using velocity time integral and proximal isovolumetric velocity area). 108 consecutive patients were examined, 40.7% presented with relevant TR. With the exception of coaptation, a higher score was achieved for all structures in TOE than in TTE. TV ring (TVR) was easiest to visualise with TOE in four-chamber view (4 CV) (2.42±0.67 points) presenting the highest score independent of anatomical structure and view. Posterior leaflet had best imaging scores in TOE in 4 CV (2.0±0.86) compared with TTE in 4 CV (1.64±0.80), p=0.001. Patients with relevant TR had significantly better 3D imaging scores in 4 CV compared with patients without relevant TR (TTE p

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Área de especialização: Imagem por Ressonância Magnética. Submitted by Maria da Luz Antunes (mluz.antunes@estesl.ipl.pt) on 2020-08-05T11:38:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Avaliação da utilização da sequência 3D-T2w em ressonância magnética biparamétrica no estadiamento do carcinoma da próstata.pdf: 6775554 bytes, checksum: fa848f56b4b6f53f239490aa00e6e372 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-05T11:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avaliação da utilização da sequência 3D-T2w em ressonância magnética biparamétrica no estadiamento do carcinoma da próstata.pdf: 6775554 bytes, checksum: fa848f56b4b6f53f239490aa00e6e372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-07 N/A

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the distinct advantage of being able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Target cells or tissues derived from hPSCs have many uses such as drug screening, disease modeling, and transplantation therapy. There are currently a wide variety of differentiation methods available. However, most of the existing differentiation methods are unreliable, with uneven differentiation efficiency and poor reproducibility. At the same time, it is difficult to choose the optimal method when faced with so many differentiation schemes, and it is time-consuming and costly to explore a new differentiation approach. Thus, it is critical to design a robust and efficient method of differentiation. In this review article, we summarize a comprehensive approach in which hPSCs are differentiated into target cells or organoids including brain, liver, blood, melanocytes, and mesenchymal cells. This was accomplished by employing an embryoid body-based three-dimensional (3D) suspension culture system with multiple cells co-cultured. The method has high stable differentiation efficiency compared to the conventional 2D culture and can meet the requirements of clinical application. Additionally, ex vivo co-culture models might be able to constitute organoids that are highly similar or mimic human organs for potential organ transplantation in the future.

Authors wish to thank the DST, New Delhi, for extending the financial support under DST-PURSE-Phase-II Program (Grant No. SR/PURSE-Phase-2/3-G). Authors will remain grateful to Skanda Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, for supporting the cell culture study Polycaprolactone (PCL) is considered as a most widely used biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering. But, PCL is also associated with certain limitations like, low stiffness, hydrophobic nature and limited cell affinity. These drawbacks are addressed in the present study by incorporating different wt% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) in the PCL matrix. 3D scaffolds were developed using a novel BioExtruder. The physicochemical properties, thermal stability and wettability of the composite scaffolds were studied systematically. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopic images were analysed for morphological evaluation of the scaffolds. The pore size of the developed scaffolds increased from 290 to 315 μmwith increasing SiO2 content, as examined by scanning electron microscope. An improved compressive modulus of 68.82 MPa was observed for 15 wt% SiO2 incorporated composite scaffold. The in-vitro degradation study of the composite scaffolds demonstrated an increase in the degradation rate for PCL/HAp scaffolds, while no significant change was observed for SiO2 incorporated scaffolds. Further, the cytotoxicity and cell proliferation studies were carried out using L929 Mouse Fibroblasts and MG-63 Osteoblasts respectively. The developed scaffolds revealed no toxic effects towards the cellular response and an increase in cell proliferation of ≥90% was observed during 7 days of cell culture. Thus, the scaffolds were proved to be potential candidate for bone tissue engineering application, particularly the scaffold with 10 wt% SiO2 incorporation into PCL/HAp (75/15) composite has resulted into higher cell proliferative % and improved mechanical strength. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

As the semiconductor industry moves beyond the 10 nm node, power consumption constraints and reduction of the negative impact of parasitic elements become important. Silicon germanium (Si1−xGex) alloys have been used to amplify the performance of Si based devices and integrated circuits (ICs) for decades. Selective epitaxial growth of heavily doped Si and/or Si1−xGex is commonly employed to reduce the effect of parasitic resistance. Reducing the supply voltage leads to lower dynamic power consumption in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Monolithic three-dimensional integration (M3D) is a technology that employs vertical stacking of the device tiers. This approach reduces the wiring length, effectively reducing interconnect delay, load capacitance and ultimately reducing the power consumption. Among the integration challenges M3D is facing, one can distinguish the available thermal budget for fabrication, the crystalline quality of the device active layer and finally the actual device or circuit performance.Germanium channel devices can benefit M3D integration. Germanium metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) can be fabricated at significantly lower temperatures than Si. In addition, they potentially can have higher performance compared to Si due to the superior electron and hole mobilities of Ge. Active layer transfer of crystalline quality layers is a key step in a M3D fabrication flow. Direct wafer bonding techniques offerthe possibility to transfer a Ge layer on a patterned wafer. This thesis studies the various applications of Si1−xGex films in M3D. An initial implementation of an in situ doped Si1−xGex film on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and germanium substrates is first presented. A Si1−xGex film isgrown selectively on SOI substrates to be used as a contact electrode on Si nanowire biosensors. On Ge bulk substrates, in situdoped Si1−xGex is epitaxially grown to form p+-n junctions. The junction leakage current and the mechanisms at play are studied. The analysis ofthe junction performance provides insights on the junction leakage mechanisms,an important issue for the implementation of in situ doped Si1−xGex in M3D. A low temperature germanium-on-insulator (GOI) fabrication flow based on room temperature wafer bonding and etch back is presented in this work. The method suggested in the thesis produces high quality, crystalline Ge device layers with excellent uniformity. The thesis also reports on the development and integration of Si1−xGex in the GOI fabrication as an etch stop layer, enabling the stability of the layer transfer process. Finally this thesis presents Ge p-channel field-effect transistor (PFET) devices fabricated on the previously developed GOI substrates.The technologies presented in this thesis can be integrated in large scale Ge device fabrication. The low temperature GOI and Ge PFET fabrication methods are very well suited for sequential device fabrication. The processes and applications presented in this thesis meet the current thermal budget, device performance and active layer transfer demands for M3D technology. QC 20200310Disputation via Zoom (Campus closed)Join Zoom Meetinghttps://kth-se.zoom.us/j/664249709

Introduction: India struggles with poor quality of medical education, incompetent medical workforces, and insignificant research contribution to the world. Aim: Teaching-learning methods form an integral part of any curriculum hence, we aim to review the application of technology in teaching-learning methods at medical institutions across the world. Materials and Methods: An online search for articles and abstracts published from 2000 to 2020 on PubMed Central, Medline, Scopus, Google scholar using the MeSH terms like medical, education, innovative teaching, three dimensional, curriculum, etc., was conducted. A total of 49 articles were shortlisted by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 38 articles were finally selected after thorough reading and were analysed and summarised. Results: Four themes emerged from this review: understanding learner characteristics; innovative newer techniques with the incorporation of advanced technology; cast models and plastination; and future trends for medical education. The more specific findings can be further divided into: online digital learning module; flip classroom; 3D printed models; 3D virtual reality-based technology; simulation techniques; real patient learning practical’s; medical student collaborative clinics; student-driven undergraduate research committee; patient-family interactive programs; death-and-dying discussions and community-based service project. Conclusion: Amendment in the curriculum and selection of teaching-learning methods should be considered after understanding the student characteristics. Modern technology should be used rationally in teaching-learning methods thereby, restricting its negative impact on the students.

Günümüzde animasyonun ve dijital efektlerin büyük ilerlemeler kaydettiği görülmektedir. 3d ve 4d modelleme ve grafik tabanlı programların bu süreçte görsel katkısı önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Filmlerde kullanılan teknik donanımlar çekim kalitesini ve etkisini değiştirmiştir. Gerçekliğini sorgulamadığımız bir dünyaya ulaştığımız derin ve etkili bir dil kullanıldığı gözlemlenmektedir. İnsanoğlunun geçmişten bugüne görsel zekası ve birikimine uygun, animasyon ve efekt kullanma ve tekniğimizin, teknoloji ile bir bütün şekilde ilerlediğini görmek ve gerçeği yansıtmak artık yeni sonuçlar doğurduğunu göstermek mümkün hale gelmiştir., Animation and digital effects are seem to be making great progress nowadays. The visual contribution of 3d and 4d modeling and graphic based programs is an important part of this progress. The technical equipment used in movies has changed the shooting quality and effect. It is observed that a deep and effective language is used in which we reach a world where we cannot question its realism. It has now become possible to see that our use of animation and effects, which is compatible with the visual intelligence and accumulation of human beings from past to present, is progressing in a whole way with technology, reflecting the reality and producing new results.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Methoden zur Segmentierung des Myokards, unter Verwendung der Software „Mimics Innovation Suite 22“, ausfindig zu machen und zu untersuchen, ob ein 3D-Modell, welches mit dieser Software erstellt wurde, mit einem 3D-Drucker gedruckt werden kann. Es wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, wobei Studien mit den Inhalten: Bildsegmentierung, Segmentierungssoftware, 3D-Druck, Herz beziehungsweise Myokard, analysiert wurden. Insgesamt liegen 32 Studien vor, jedoch waren nur vier Studien für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage relevant. Bei den verwendeten Methoden zur Segmentierung handelt es sich um „thresholding“, „region growing“, die „Dateninterpolation“, das manuelle Einzeichnen und Hinzufügen von Strukturen, das manuelle Löschen von falschen Strukturen, die manuelle Änderung von Strukturfarben sowie das manuelle Glätten der segmentierten 3D-Modelloberfläche. Es konnten Segmentierungsmethoden für das Herz und das Myokard ausfindig gemacht werden. Jedoch verdeutlicht die geringe Anzahl an relevanten Studien die Wichtigkeit zur weitergehenden Forschung über diese Technologien. The objective of this thesis was to identify methods for segmenting the myocardium using the software "Mimics Innovation Suite 22" and examine whether a 3D model, created with this software, is able to get printed with a 3D printer. A systematic literature search was carried out, whereby available studies with the following contents were analyzed: image segmentation, segmentation software, 3D printing, heart or myocardium. As result, a total of 32 has been identified, but only four studies were relevant to address the respective research question. The methods used for segmentation are „thresholding“, „region growing“, „data interpolation“, manual drawing and adding structures, manual deleting of false structures, manual changing of structure colors, and manual smoothing of the segmented 3D model surface. In conclusion, several methods for the segmentation of the heart and myocardium have been identified. However, the low available amount of relevant studies underlines the importance of further research on these technologies.

Aim. To investigate the effect of changes in incisor tip, apex movement, and inclination on skeletal points A and B and characterize changes in skeletal points A and B to the soft tissue points A and B after incisor retraction in Angle Class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion. Methods. Twenty-two patients with Angle Class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion treated with four first premolar extractions were included in this study. The displacement of skeletal and soft tissue points A and B was measured using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using a three-dimensional coordinate system. The movement of the upper and lower incisors was also measured using CBCT-synthesized lateral cephalograms. Results. Changes in the incisal tip, apex, and inclination after retraction did not significantly affect the position of points A and B in any direction (x, y, z). Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between skeletal point A and soft tissue point A on the anteroposterior axis (z). Skeletal point A moved forward by 0.07 mm, and soft tissue point A moved forward by 0.38 mm, establishing a ratio of 0.18: 1 (r = 0.554, p < 0.01). Conclusion. The positional complexion of the skeletal points A and B was not directly influenced by changes in the incisor tip, apex, and inclination. Although the results suggest that soft tissue point A follows the anteroposterior position of skeletal point A, its clinical significance is suspected. Thus, hard and soft tissue analysis should be considered in treatment planning.

Three dimensional (3-D) elasticity solution is presented for simply supported functionally graded (FG) material plate by using a semi analytical approach . Formulation is based on solution of a two-point boundary value problem (BVP) governed by a set of coupled first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through thickness of plate. Fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm is used for numerical integration of these ODEs. A comprehensive comparison of the present formulation with other 3-D elasticity approaches available in the literature is also attempted. The proposed semi-analytical model is very simple, efficient and highly accurate. Both displacements and stresses are evaluated simultaneously with the same degree of accuracy which is the main feature of the present development.

A numerical study on the structure of the laminar premixed flames established on perforated plate burners is performed. Three dimensional numerical simulations are performed on different perforated plate geometries, under various operating conditions, using methane reaction mechanism consisting 36 species and 253 reactions. The comparison of numerical results of inline and staggered configurations of perforated plate burner models show that the flame interaction has significant role in the structure and stabilization of perforated burner flame. The flame structure, flame height and the standoff distances are studied for both inline and staggered configurations at fuel lean and rich conditions. The flame standoff distance and the flame height found to be higher for staggered configuration in comparison to the inline configuration. The flame structure is studied for different hole-to-hole distances. The numerical results show an increase in flame base curvature with an increase in hole-to-hole distance for both inline and staggered configurations. The flame thickness reduces with an increase in hole-to-hole distance for both inline and staggered cases. The effect of recirculation and flame base curvature causes the flame base to get stabilized at a higher distance in staggered configuration in comparison to the inline configuration.