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Description of a tsunami numerical simulations to verify if a hypothetical earthquake rupture on the Alfeo Fault System could generate a significant tsunami in the Ionian Sea., {"references":["Argnani, A., Armigliato, A., Pagnoni, G., Zaniboni, F., Tinti, S., and Bonazzi, C. (2012). Active tectonics along the submarine slope of south-eastern Sicily and the source of the 11 January 1693 earthquake and tsunami. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 12, 1311–1319. doi:10.5194/nhess-12-1311-2012.","Basili, R., Brizuela, B., Herrero, A., Iqbal, S., Lorito, S., Maesano, F. E., et al. (2019). NEAMTHM18 Documentation: the making of the TSUMAPS-NEAM Tsunami Hazard Model 2018. Roma, Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV); DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3406625.","Basili, R., Tiberti, M. M., Kastelic, V., Romano, F., Piatanesi, A., Selva, J., et al. (2013). Integrating geologic fault data into tsunami hazard studies. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. 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(2019). CFTI5Med, the new release of the catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy and in the Mediterranean area. Sci. Data 6, 80. doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0091-9.","Gutscher, M.-A., Dominguez, S., de Lepinay, B. M., Pinheiro, L., Gallais, F., Babonneau, N., et al. (2016). Tectonic expression of an active slab tear from high-resolution seismic and bathymetric data offshore Sicily (Ionian Sea). Tectonics 35, 39–54. doi:10.1002/2015TC003898.","Gutscher, M.-A., Kopp, H., Krastel, S., Bohrmann, G., Garlan, T., Zaragosi, S., et al. (2017). Active tectonics of the Calabrian subduction revealed by new multi-beam bathymetric data and high-resolution seismic profiles in the Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 461, 61–72. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.020.","Gutscher, M.-A., Roger, J., Baptista, M.-A., Miranda, J. M., and Tinti, S. (2006). Source of the 1693 Catania earthquake and tsunami (southern Italy): New evidence from tsunami modeling of a locked subduction fault plane. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L08309. doi:10.1029/2005GL025442.","Kajiura, K. (1963). The leading wave of a tsunami. Bull Earthq Res Inst 41, 535–571.","Macías, J., Castro, M. J., Ortega, S., Escalante, C., and González-Vida, J. M. (2017). Performance Benchmarking of Tsunami-HySEA Model for NTHMP's Inundation Mapping Activities. Pure Appl. Geophys. 174, 3147–3183. doi:10.1007/s00024-017-1583-1.","Maesano, F. E., Tiberti, M. M., and Basili, R. (2017). The Calabrian Arc: three-dimensional modelling of the subduction interface. Sci. Rep. 7, 8887. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09074-8.","Maesano, F. E., Tiberti, M. M., and Basili, R. (2020). Deformation and Fault Propagation at the Lateral Termination of a Subduction Zone: The Alfeo Fault System in the Calabrian Arc, Southern Italy. Front. Earth Sci. 8. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00107.","Maramai, A., Brizuela, B., and Graziani, L. (2014). The Euro-Mediterranean Tsunami Catalogue. Ann. Geophys. 57. doi:10.4401/ag-6437.","Okada, Y. (1985). Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135–1154.","Piatanesi, A., and Tinti, S. (1998). A revision of the 1693 eastern Sicily earthquake and tsunami. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 103, 2749–2758. doi:10.1029/97JB03403.","Pirrotta, C., and Barbano, M. S. (2020). New Macroseismic and Morphotectonic Constraints to Infer a Fault Model for the 9 (Mw6.1) and 11 January (Mw7.3) 1693 Earthquakes (Southeastern Sicily). Front. Earth Sci. 8, 550851. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.550851.","Polonia, A., Torelli, L., Artoni, A., Carlini, M., Faccenna, C., Ferranti, L., et al. (2016). The Ionian and Alfeo–Etna fault zones: New segments of an evolving plate boundary in the central Mediterranean Sea? Tectonophysics 675, 69–90. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2016.03.016.","Polonia, A., Torelli, L., Mussoni, P., Gasperini, L., Artoni, A., and Klaeschen, D. (2011). The Calabrian Arc subduction complex in the Ionian Sea: Regional architecture, active deformation, and seismic hazard. Tectonics 30, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2010TC002821.","Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., and Gasperini, P. (2019). Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI15), versione 2.0. 4760 earthquakes. doi:10.13127/CPTI/CPTI15.2.","Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., and Gasperini, P. (2020). The Italian earthquake catalogue CPTI15. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 18, 2953–2984. doi:10.1007/s10518-020-00818-y.","Scala, A., Lorito, S., Romano, F., Murphy, S., Selva, J., Basili, R., et al. (2020). Effect of Shallow Slip Amplification Uncertainty on Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis in Subduction Zones: Use of Long-Term Balanced Stochastic Slip Models. Pure Appl. Geophys. 177, 1497–1520. doi:10.1007/s00024-019-02260-x.","Selva, J., Tonini, R., Molinari, I., Tiberti, M. M., Romano, F., Grezio, A., et al. (2016). Quantification of source uncertainties in Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (SPTHA). Geophys. J. Int. 205, 1780–1803. doi:10.1093/gji/ggw107.","Tinti, S., Armigliato, A., and Bortolucci, E. (2001). Contribution of tsunami data analysis to constrain the seismic source: the case of the 1693 eastern Sicily earthquake. J. Seismol. 5, 41–61. doi:10.1023/A:1009817601760.","Tonini, R., Basili, R., Maesano, F. E., Tiberti, M. M., Lorito, S., Romano, F., et al. (2020). Importance of earthquake rupture geometry on tsunami modelling: the Calabrian Arc subduction interface (Italy) case study. Geophys. J. Int. 223, 1805–1819. doi:10.1093/gji/ggaa409."]}

Il progetto SPOT (Sismicità Potenzialmente innescabile Offshore e Tsunami) è stato sviluppato con lo scopo di supportare le Autorità italiane nell'applicazione della Direttiva Europea sulla sicurezza delle operazioni in mare nel settore degli idrocarburi (2013/30/EU), su fondi di cui art. 35 del Decreto Legge 83/2012, e dei decreti italiani che ne derivano (Antoncecchi et al., 2019). Il progetto, della durata di 21 mesi, è stato ideato e finanziato dal Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico italiano – Direzione Generale per la sicurezza delle attività minerarie ed energetiche (DGS-UNMIG) nell’ambito della rete di ricerca CLYPEA, con il supporto tecnico del Dipartimento della Protezione Civile nazionale. Attività svolta nell'ambito del programma CLYPEA - Innovation Network for Future Energy, finanziato dal Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico su fondi per la "sicurezza offshore" ai sensi dell'art.35 D.L. 83/2012., Ministero dello sviluppo economico DGS-UNMIG Direzione generale per la sicurezza anche ambientale delle attività minerarie ed energetiche Ufficio nazionale minerario per gli idrocarburi e le georisorse Palazzo Piacentini - Via Veneto, 33 - 00187 Roma Tel. (+39) 06 4705 2859 Fax. (+39) 06 4788 7802 Email: dgsunmig.segreteria@mise.gov.itPEC: dgsunmig.dg@pec.mise.gov.it

Proposal of the INGV-T3 Research Project 2015-2016 "HYbrid ground motion prediction equations forPSha purposes: the study case of souTHERn Italy". TheHYPSTHERproject is devoted to develop amethodological approach to retrieve ground motion prediction models for Southern Calabria and Sicily, based on the integration between recorded and synthetic data.&nbsp

Gruppo composto da ricercatori e tecnologi di diversi enti di ricerca italiani con competenze sull’analisi di dati geologici di superficie e di sottosuolo per la ricostruzione di un modello geologico dell'area interessata dalla sequenza sismica del 24 agosto

This study, carried out in central-southern Italy, shows that surficial density contrasts markedly affect the regional gravity anomalies trend, conditioning both the reconstruction and the interpretation of this trend. Actually, Bouguer anomalies can be very dependent on density contrast in the upper crust, which can, in turn, greatly condition the Bouguer anomalies spatial distribution. Therefore the Bouguer anomalies distribution cannot be considered a direct expression of the deep structures. Maps of the Moho based on the Bouguer anomaly trend, or on filtered gravity anomalies, are affected by this uncertainty.To deal with this problem we applied a methodology that can be used to sort out the contributions of deep and surficial bodies. Such a methodology, called “stripping”, was applied in the present work. The obtained map of the deep-sourced gravity anomalies from this region provides a useful tool for investigating the deep features of the Apennines, revealing that also the deep structures of the Apennine chain are characterized by low cylindrism.

The backbone of the Southern Apennines is perhaps the largest seismic moment release area in Italy. The region is dominated by an extensional regime dating back to the Middle Pleistocene, with maximum extension striking SW-NE (i.e. orthogonal to the mountain belt). The full length (~ 200 km) of the mountain range has been the locus of several destructive earthquakes occurring in the uppermost 10-12 km of the crust. This seismicity is due to a well documented normal faulting mechanism. Instrumental earthquakes (e.g. 5 May 1990, 31 Oct 2002, 1 Nov 2002; all M 5.8) that have occurred in the foreland, east of the Southern Apennines, have posed new questions concerning seismogenic processes in southern Italy. Although of moderate magnitude, these events unveiled the presence of E-W striking, deeper (13-25 km) strike-slip faults. Recent studies suggest that these less known faults belong to inherited shear zones with a multi-phase tectonic history, the most recent phase being a right-lateral reactivation. The direction of the maximum horizontal extension of these faults (in a transcurrent regime) coincides with the maximum horizontal extension in the core of the Southern Apennines (in an extensional regime) and both are compatible with the general framework provided by the Africa-Europe convergence. However, the regional extent along strike of the E-W shear zones poses the issue of their continuity from the foreland towards the thrust-belt. The 1456 (M 6.9) and 1930 (M 6.7) earthquakes, that occurred just east of the main extensional axis, were caused by faults having a strike intermediate between the E-W, deeper strike-slip faults in the foreland and the NW-SE-trending, shallower normal faults in the extensional belt. Hence, the location and geometry of these seismogenic sources suggests that there could be a transition zone between the crustal volumes affected by the extensional and transcurrent regimes. To image such transition, we built a 3D model that incorporates data available from surface and subsurface geology (published and unpublished), seismogenic faults, seismicity, focal mechanisms, and gravity anomalies. We explored the mechanisms of fault interaction in the Southern Apennines between the extensional upper portion and the transcurrent deeper portion of the seismogenic layer. In particular, we studied (a) how the reactivation of regional shear zones interacts with an adjacent, although structurally independent, extensional belt; (b) at what depth range the interaction occurs; and (c1) whether oblique slip in earthquakes like the 1930 event is merely due to the geometry of the causative fault, or (c2) such geometry and kinematics are the result of oblique slip due to fault interaction. We propose that (a) the 1456 and 1930 earthquakes are the expression of the transition between the two tectonic regimes, and that (b) these events can be seen as templates of the seismogenic oblique-slip faulting that occurs at intermediate depths between the shallower extensional faults and the deeper strike-slip faults. These findings suggest that a transtensional faulting mechanism governs the release of major earthquakes in the transition zone between extensional and transcurrent domains., The 3D model whose rendering is shown in this poster was performed by inputting data from the seismogenic sources into 3D GeoModeller (© BRGM and Intrepid Geophysics, 2004). Assistance from Intrepid Geophysics during the construction of the 3D model is highly appreciated. Work financially supported by project DPC-INGV S2 (U.R. 1.1 and 2.4).

Tear faults are common structures in subduction zones, especially at slab edges, where they origin from differential forces applied to a subducting slab in areas close to the trench. Presence and geometry of tears have been sometimes inferred from bathymetric features, suggesting the abrupt lateral termination of the subduction zone.Differential forces acting at the subduction boundaries can be related to different mechanisms, such as slab retreat, differential velocities along plate margins, complex mantle flow, differential lateral rheology. As a result, plates down-warp and tear in a scissor-like motion, with both strike-slip and dip-slip kinematics.The goal of this work is to gain insights into the evolution of tear faults by adopting an analogue modelling approach and comparing the results with natural cases. In particular, we focus on the bathymetric observation made in subduction zones where the upper plate accretionary wedge is not well developed. Two scenarios were considered: 1) tear faults nucleating and evolving in a homogeneous setting, i.e. without large mechanical discontinuities (e.g., Tonga subduction zone); and 2) tear faults reactivating pre-existing strike-slip faults as an analogue of transform faults (e.g., South Sandwich subduction zone).The experimental apparatus was designed to reproduce the lateral propagation of a tear fault using two blocks: one entirely flat and the other with an inclined plane. Wet kaolin acts as the analogue of the intact rocks above a propagating tear fault.Our results revealed different evolutionary processes: in the homogeneous setting, the tear fault generates a symmetric subsidence zone with an axis perpendicular to the fault zone and a depocenter located in the centre; in the second case, the depocenter is located in front of the fault plane and the subsidence zone is asymmetric. Both cases depict a symmetrical Gaussian shape of the displacement profile, with the maximum displacement located at the centre of the fault. However, the maximum slip (Dmax) and the fault length (L) are both larger in the experiment involving a strong re-activation of the strike-slip fault than those in the case of the homogeneous setting.

We show and discuss the similarities among the 2016 Amatrice (Mw 6.0), 1997 Colfiorito-Sellano (Mw 6.0-5.6) and 2009 L’Aquila (Mw 6.3) earthquakes. They all occurred along the crest of the central Apennines and were caused by shallow dipping faults between 3 and 10 km depth, as shown by their characteristic InSAR signature. We contend that these earthquakes delineate a seismogenic style that is characteristic of this portion of the central Apennines, where the upward propagation of seismogenic faults is hindered by the presence of pre-existing regional thrusts. This leads to an effective decoupling between the deeper seismogenic portion of the upper crust and its uppermost 3 km.The decoupling implies that active faults mapped at the surface do not connect with the seismogenic sources, and that their evolution may be controlled by passive readjustments to coseismic strains or even by purely gravitational motions. Seismic hazard analyses and estimates based on such faults should hence be considered with great caution as they may be all but representative of the true seismogenic potential.

We reconstruct the tectonic framework of the 24 August 2016, Amatrice earthquake. At least three main faults, including an older thrust fault (Sibillini Thrust), played an active role in the sequence. The mainshock nucleated and propagated along an extensional fault located in the footwall of the Sibillini Thrust, but due to the preliminary nature of the data the role of this thrust is still unclear. We illustrate two competing solutions: 1) the coseismic rupture started along an extensional fault and then partially used the thrust plane in extensional motion; 2) the thrust fault acted as an upper barrier to the propagation of the mainshock rupture, but was partially reactivated during the aftershock sequence. In both cases our tectonic reconstruction suggests an active role of the thrust fault, providing yet another example of how structures inherited from older tectonic phases may control the mainshock ruptures and the long-term evolution of younger seismogenic faults.