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The article aims to develop a technology for producing a modern fuel briquette from rice husks(RH), which can be used in a complex, gives little flame, and does not emit toxic substances during combustion. The possibility of using such briquettes is used for heating and cooking on the street and unequipped places. Consumers of briquettes can be military units in combat operations or exercises, expeditions, and tourists working in areas where a stable fuel supply is complex. To this end, oxygen-rich components are adsorbed during thermal decomposition, using the sorption properties of activated carbon associated with an increase in its specific surface area, specific volume, and pores, including a solution of oxidants in an aqueous medium, which significantly increases the combustion rate of carbon-containing composite fuel.

Pollution of the environment with metals such as lead, nickel, copper, titanium, and zinc is a worldwide public problem, as evidenced by the elevated levels in the blood of people living in polluted areas. The physicochemical analysis of the initial waste slags determined the phase and mineralogical features, as well as the elemental composition of the waste slags of lead production and refractory clays of the Sairam district of the Turkestan region. Thermodynamic studies of the calculation of the Gibbs energy of possible reactions of joint chlorinating roasting of non-ferrous and refractory metals have established the probability of reactions involving lead oxides, and nickel oxides in the presence of aluminum oxides, iron, and calcium chloride. An analysis of the obtained calculated data of the Gibbs energy showed that only in the high-temperature region is possible the joint chlorination of copper and nickel oxides in the presence of aluminum oxide, and in the presence of iron oxide, thermodynamic reaction 6 is likely. Mathematical planning of the experiment determined the technological parameters of the process, ensuring the extraction of nickel up to 94% when firing a mixture of slag and clay at 87-8%.

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In the paper, bulk property and chemical composition of Kazakhstan vacuum residuum were characterized. Sulfides and thiophenes were selectively isolated from the residuum and characterized by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Molecular weights of the sulfur compounds were varied from 150 to 800 Da and S1 , S2 , O1S1 , O2S1 , N1S1 class species were assigned in the heavy oil derived methylsulfonium. Vanadyl porphyrins characterized by positive-ion electrospray ionization and FT-ICR MS, which showed that etioporphyrins (ETIO) (CnH2n-28N4V1O1 , corresponding to DBE = 17) and deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrins (DPEP) (CnH2n-30N4V1O1, corresponding to DBE = 18). It should be noted that the vanadyl porphyrins were most abundant.

The article comprises the selection of high-efficiency and cost-effective draining agents for the extraction of waste oil, which is becoming a global problem. The effectiveness of pushing residual oil with nitrogen in small cavities of the oil layer and in the capillary matrix was discussed. The theory of the mechanism of pushing residual oil in the porous cavities using nitrogen and it is important to test in the laboratory. The nitrogen is denser than oil; moreover it is gas which it can penetrate intensively at high pressures into cavities and capillary matrices, displacing residual oil from them along the cavities to the production wells. In this laboratory experiment was used core samples from the North Karamandybas field after drying and then they are saturated with oil in the vacuum with weighting each ones. Then, a specially designed device was used to push oil using the nitrogen. It was concluded that the experience of pushing oil in oil-saturated cores samples with nitrogen has yielded positive results, using this method will be increased the oil recovery of the formation in the field.

This study focused on the purification of ethylene from acetylene using a catalyst made of cobalt deposited on a carbon-containing material, such as clay. Cobalt catalysts with different mass fractions were carbonized at a temperature of 550 °C, activated with 5% and 10% nitric acid and tested for the hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. The physicochemical properties were investigated by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and TG/DSC. The reaction products were analyzed using a Chrom-3700 gas chromatograph and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Agilent 7890A/5975C). The conversion of a 7% Co/CL-10 catalyst, carbonized at 550 °C, was 82% at 100 °C, and reached 95% at 140 °C. Side reactions were activated when the temperature rose above 140 °C, which reduced the ethylene yield. The carbonized catalysts exhibited more activity than traditional impregnated catalysts that had not been subjected to carbonization. This paper outlines a simple method for preparing Co/CL-10 catalysts with high catalytic activities for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene, using the carbonization process on a chemically-activated carrier clay.

Nowadays in the world, due to the constant desire for recycling, many countries are considering the use of recycled plastics on roads. Modification of bitumen for roads in Kazakhstan is considered one of the most suitable and popular approaches. This paper presents the results of research on the modification of bitumen by recycled plastics from waste materials. The paper describes the details of the use of plastic waste as bitumen modifiers, with a specific focus on recycled plastics and how they can potentially be used to enhance bitumen performance and the road durability. The main physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified bitumen were determined after routine tests, penetration and plasticity, softening temperature, brittleness temperature on Fraas and microscopic analysis. The morphology of the modified bitumen was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that the modified bitumen complies with the requirements for polymer-bitumen binder of Kazakhstani standards and is suitable for the production of modified bitumen by its physical and chemical characteristics.

The only real way to deal with the consequences of oil and oil products spills is a complex of works, including mechanical or physico-chemical removal of spilled oil products with subsequent purification of the remaining oil in the soil by biological methods using phytoremediation with oil-oxidizing plants. One of the stages of the study of hydrocarbon-oxidizing plants before their introduction into the environment for remediation of contaminated sites is the study of the process of degradation of pollutants in model soil systems. Model experiments on cleaning and restoration of soils after their contamination with oil and oil products by plant biomass were studied. Oil samples from the Tengiz field were taken. During the experiments, the indicator of the total amount of biomass, as well as the oil content in the soil, was controlled. To correctly assess the participation of plant raw materials in the destruction of oil, experiments were carried out using non-sterile soils. Among other plant cultures, the most degrading activity was shown by plant cultures of the genus Fabaceae, which led to an increase in growth in the soil environment by an average of 7 sm in 20 days. This is observed for plants with oil concentrations of 3, 6 and 9 g. The results of physical and chemical analyses of phytoremediation products of crude oil, petroleum products and individual aromatic hydrocarbons can be important in microbiological and chemical studies with geobotanical indicators that allow analyzing the mechanism of action of biomass in the process of phytoremediation in the disposal of oil waste that pollutes the environment. The available data on the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on plants are very contradictory. The species diversity of plants capable of growing on oil-contaminated soils has not been sufficiently studied. Knowledge of the degree of resistance of plants to hydrocarbon pollution is necessary to address issues related, on the one hand, to the possibility of their cultivation on contaminated soil, and on the other - to use for the restoration of disturbed soil fertility. In connection with the above, it is of great scientific and practical interest to study the effect of various doses of oil on changes in vegetation cover, soil properties and assessment of their phytotoxicity, which together determines the relevance of the stated topic.

This work is devoted to the study of the influence of aluminum oxide content on the activity of cobalt catalysts in the reaction of selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. Cobalt catalysts modified with aluminum oxide having size between 50 to 500 nm were synthesized. Chemical contents and structure of carrier were investigated. The catalytic activity of 5 % Со /clay and 5% Co/SiAl catalysts at acetylene hydrogenation was studied in the temperature range 100-180 , with a ratio of 1:2 of acetylene and hydrogen. The ethylene yield is 87.8 % in modifying the cobalt catalyst with aluminum oxide, whereas with the same process parameters, the ethylene yield is 72 %. 5 % Cobalt catalysts modified with 1.5 % aluminum oxides are more active in hydrogenation acetylene process than 5 % Со /clay 450 ℃ catalyst.

The catalyst of the selection hydrogenation of benzene in engine fuels is developed. Methods ofdrawing low-percentage rhodium catalysts on the basis of natural and synthetic carriers are developed forhydrogenation of benzene in main products. It is established the optimum modes of carrying out hydrogenation ofbenzene on rhodium catalysts applied on zeolite and clay with the given structural characteristics. It is defined that1 % the rhodium catalysts supported on zeolite increases selectivity on cyclohexane. Results showed that carryingout reaction of hydrogenation of benzene on the developed rhodium catalyst allows to receive pollution-free motorfuel with the low maintenance of aromatics.

In the paper the sorption capacity of shungite rocks of the Koksu field (Kazakhstan) in relation to the oil from the Karazhanbas and Tengiz fields (Kazakhstan) were studied. Oil spills occurring during production, gathering, transportation, storage and refining, and repair work on wells are an urgent environmental problem. There are effective methods of soil purification, including particular interests addressed to sorption process. The aim of this research is to study oil sorption by shungite rocks of the Koksu deposit after mechanochemical activation. The mechanochemical activation of shungite rock samples was carried out in a planetary ball mill at different speeds of rotation and ratios of ball mass to the sample. The developed sorbents based on shungite rocks of the Koksu deposit were tested for cleaning samples of oil-contaminated soils and their sorption capacities under dynamic and static conditions were determined. For the sorption of oil, the sorbent based on shungite of shale grade (TS) after mechanochemical activation is recommended, which sorption capacity under dynamic conditions is 2.57-2.85 g/g. Sorption of oil from 10 % of oil contaminated soil samples with the sorbents based on shungite after mechanochemical activation showed sorption capacity of 0.44-0.45 g/g in 60 days under static conditions. The practical significance of the research lies in the prospects of using shungite rocks to clean up oil spills., U radu je proučavan sorpcijski kapacitet šungitnih stijena polja Koksu (Kazahstan) u odnosu na naftu s polja Karazhanbas i Tengiz (Kazahstan). Izlijevanje nafte tijekom proizvodnje, sabiranja, transporta, skladištenja i rafiniranja te remontnih radova na bušotinama predstavlja velik ekološki problem. Postoje učinkovite metode pročišćavanja tla, u okviru kojih je poseban interes usmjeren na proces sorpcije. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja proučavanje sorpcije nafte šungitnim stijenama ležišta Koksu nakon njihove mehanokemijske aktivacije. Mehanokemijska aktivacija uzoraka šungitnih stijena provedena je u planetarnome kugličnom mlincu pri različitim brzinama rotacije i različitim omjerima mase kugle prema uzorku. Razvijeni sorbensi na bazi šungitnih stijena ležišta Koksu ispitani su za čišćenje uzoraka tla zagađenih naftom, pri čemu je utvrđena njihova sorpcijska sposobnost u dinamičkim i statičkim uvjetima. Za sorpciju nafte preporučuje se mehanokemijski aktiviran sorbens na bazi šungita, niskoga stupnja metamorfoze, čiji sorpcijski kapacitet u dinamičkim uvjetima iznosi 2,57 – 2,85 g/g. Sorpcija nafte iz naftom zagađenih uzoraka tla (10 % zagađenje) sorbensima na bazi šungita nakon mehanokemijske aktivacije pokazala je sorpcijski kapacitet od 0,44 – 0,45 g/g u 60 dana u statičkim uvjetima. Praktična važnost provedenoga istraživanja leži u perspektivi korištenja šungitnih stijena za čišćenje naftnih izljeva.

The article gives a review of the literature on the main groups of catalysts for the hydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Thе rеviеw dеscribеs thе mоst аctivеly studiеd hydrоgеnаtiоn cаtаlysts in rеcеnt yеаrs, аmоng which mеtаl-mоdifiеd cаtаlysts оn vаriоus suppоrts оccupy lеаding pоsitiоns. Hydrоgеnаtiоn cаtаlysts such аs nickеl cаtаlysts оn diffеrеnt cаrriеrs, nickеl-chrоmium cаtаlyst, cаtаlysts оn thе bаsis оf nоblе mеtаls, including pаllаdium, plаtinum, rhоdium аnd ruthеnium аnd mеthоds оf thеir prеpаrаtiоn, structurе, cаtаlytic аctivity аnd thе mеchаnism оf аctiоn in prоcеssеs оf hydrоgеnаtiоn оf unsаturаtеd аnd аrоmаtic cоmpоunds аrе cоnsidеrеd. Thе usе оf diffеrеnt cаtаlysts fоr thе prоductiоn оf еnvirоnmеntаlly friеndly mоtоr fuеls is cоnsidеrеd. Spеcifiеd fеаturеs оf thе prоpеrtiеs оf cаtаlysts аrе indicаtеd dеpеnding оn thе mеthоd оf prеpаrаtiоn аnd cоmpоsitiоn. It is shown that the chemical technology and organic synthesis needs in competitive a product with smaller prime cost from local raw materials, the technology of creation of new, effective, ecologically acceptable catalysts for the account by need of the solution of a problem of receiving ecologically pure gasoline, without causing harm to the environmental environment is also demanded on the basis of the analysis of the existing catalysts of hydrogenation of unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Tasks are set for

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a herbaceous annual plant of the Cruciferous family, the Cabbage genus. This oilseed crop is widely used in many areas of industry and agriculture. High-quality oil obtained from rapeseed can be found in many industrial food products. To date, extracts with a high content of biologically active substances are obtained from rapeseed using modern extraction methods. Brassica napus L. seeds contain polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, vitamins, glucosinolates and microelements. The data in this review show that rapeseed biocompounds have therapeutic effects in the treatment of various types of diseases. Some studies indicate that rapeseed can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic and anticancer agent. In the pharmaceutical industry, using rapeseed as an active ingredient may help to develop new forms drugs with wide range of therapeutic effects. This review focuses on aspects of the extraction of biocompounds from rapeseed and the study of its pharmacological properties.

The work is devoted to the activation of metal powder mixtures suitable for use in flameless food heaters. Four activated powders have been manufactured starting from the reference material using a standard technique. Activated powders exhibited a significant increment of the reactivity for the reference mixture. Experimental tests were carried out to characterize the resulting composites in terms of the combustion rate. The oxidation reaction at a low heating rate was monitored using a SEIKO EXTAR II thermal analysis machine and its tests were carried out at open air in temperature range starting from room temperature up to 1150 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/min. Powders activated by mechanical activations and the initial mixture of materials were characterized in terms of apparent density, absorbed surfactant with the mass of sizing, i.e. granulometry, oxidation properties at a low heating rate. With increase the grinding time, the color of the powder switches to dark tones. Powder granulometry was performed on a MALVERN laser granulometer MASTERSIZER 2000 using dry block SCIROCCO. Three measurements for each sample were performed and the results were averaged. The tests were recorded and processed by digital technology to make the combustion rate of the powders, also the experimental setup used for investigations was presented. The sample AlS-AlF_MnO2_SiO-150 is characterized by the lowest metal content, and by the most regular combustion propagation. The powder AlS-AlF_MnO2_SiO-50 features the highest metal content, but the less regular combustion propagation. The use of mechanical activation allows increasing the number of nanoscale materials, which contributes to the synthesis of highly effective flameless food heaters.

The purpose of the work is demetallization and desulfurization of heavy oil residues using adsorbents. Optimal parameters of the demetallization and desulfurization processes of heavy vacuum fracti...

In the paper, obtaining carbon materials from crumb rubber are presented. The process were carried out at 300-400°C by thermal processing (carbonization) method under the inert gas. During carbonization, the percentage of weight loss of samples and their surface area were determined. During the carbonization of rubber crumbs at a temperature of 300 °C from the first 14.82 g of carbon material was obtained and the weight change was 25.9 %. According to increase temperature, the products were decreased. As well as at the temprature 390 °C, the product mass droped to 9.84g and mass changing increased to 51.8%. The result of the electron microscopic analysis of rubber crumb from worn automobile tires, shows that it has heteros tructures with only very small pores. It is established that the spectrum of carbon materials obtained by carbonization with IR spectroscopy has functional groups according to activated carbon's functional groups. The specific surfacearea of the carbon material obtained by carbonization at 300 °C was 2.096 m2/g. At a temperature of 350 °C reaches a maximum value (5,409 m2/g). It shows that the effective carbonization temperature of rubber crumbs is 350 °C.

In this study, we aimed to select the optimal solvents for the removal of asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits. The effectiveness of various solvents was determined based on the asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) of the Zhanaozen (Ozen) crude oil field. These deposits affect the geological, physical, and technological conditions of the oil field, thus influencing its development. According to the results, we found that the most effective composite solvent is a composition comprising a 50% gasoline fraction and a 50% kerosene fraction. This composition showed mass loss of deposits of 97.7% and a dissolving power of 93.5 g/cm3 after 5 h. We confirmed the effectiveness of this composition by the paraffinic type of the deposits, which is explained by the high content of paraffin in the oil from the Zhanaozen field. Aromatic solvents showed a relatively low dissolving power compared with aliphatic solvents, which also confirms the low content of resins and asphaltenes in the ARPD.

This paper considers the effect of aging processes on viscoelastic characteristics of vacuum residue oxidation products modified with crumb rubber. Viscoelastic properties were compared to original bitumen raw material-vacuum residue and vacuum residue oxidation products during short-term and long-term aging. The complex shear modulus of the vacuum residue and its oxidation products decreased with an increase in temperature. Short-term aging resulted in increased shear modulus for all samples.The vacuum residue oxidation product modified with crumb rubber had the maximum values of the rutting parameter and fatigue parameter. There was an expansion of the temperature range of plasticity: for the vacuum residue oxidation product with crumb rubber, its value was 67.2 °C. The curves of the black diagram of the modified vacuum residue oxidation product are shifted towards smaller phase angles with the increase in the shear modulus, which indicates the increase in the stiffness and elasticity of the rubber bitumen binders. The vacuum residue oxidation product modified with crumb rubber corresponded to the rubber bitumen binder of the grade RBB 60/90, according to its physical and mechanical indicators.

The actual problem of the oil refining industry is to improve the process of oxidation of heavy oil residues and the properties of oil bitumen. One way to solve the problem is to add modifiers. The addition of modifiers leads to an intensification of the oxidation process and an increase in the characteristics of the bituminous binders. The work aims to study the effect of adding rubber crumb on the process of vacuum residue oxidation and the properties of the obtained rubber-bitumen binders (RBB). The influence of the size of crumb rubber and its content, the mixing stage and oxidation modes on the properties of rubber-bitumen binders are determined. Vacuum residue from the Omsk oil refinery was used as a raw material, which was modified with crumb rubber with a dispersion of 0.6‒1.0 mm and less than 0.6 mm. The novelty of the research is the addition of crumb rubber to the vacuum residue and the oxidation process to obtain bitumen. The product of vacuum residue oxidation for 2 h at 260 °С with preliminary mixing of 2 wt.% crumb rubber with particle sizes less than 0.6 mm at 180 °С and additional mixing of 8 wt.% crumb rubber after oxidation corresponds to the brand of rubber-bitumen binder RBB 60/90. The rubber-bitumen binder is characterized by high elasticity and low Fraas point. Рrepared аsphalt concrete mixture based on RBB corresponded to type B according to physical and mechanical parameters. The complex shear modulus of the samples decreases with the temperature increase. Short-term aging resulted in increased shear modulus for all samples.

Transformations of high-molecular-weight compounds of oil sand natural bitumen under the heat treatment were studied in this work. For that purpose the natural bitumen isolated from oil sand taken from the Beke field (Kazakhstan) was used as a substrate. Thermal processing of natural bitumen leads to a general change in the chemical composition of components and to an increase in the output of certain fractions. The contents of oil, tar and asphaltenes were determined and the elemental composition of tar-asphaltene compounds was evaluated. Molecular structures of the tar and asphaltene components of natural bitumen before and after cracking have been defined from the data of elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and molecular weight. The high molecular compounds were presented as giant molecules containing small aromatic islands some of which were linked by aliphatic chains, that was proved by infrared spectroscopy.

A study on the effect of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) dispersion in bitumen is herein reported. First, the size of the nanoparticles was finely tuned by controlling the experimental conditions during their synthesis, obtaining spherical SNPs with diameter ranging from 95 up to 900 nm. Subsequently, SNPs were embedded with peripheral amine groups by using APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) as functionalized agent (NH2@SNP), and ultimately long alkyl chains were grafted by reacting the free amine with an alkylated aldehyde (C14N@SNP). All SNPs (ca. 1 wt%.) were dispersed in bitumen to probe their effect on the rheological properties of bitumen. No significant change in the thermorheological properties of bitumen was observed upon varying the size of the SNPs. Slight improvement was observed when using NH2@SNPs, while the best results were obtained by using C14N@SNPs, showing the crucial role that hydrophobic substituents play in bitumen binders which leads to significant improvements.

The heat treatment of the natural bitumens of Kazakhstan was carried out in the presence of a catalyst of power-generating ash microspheres and di-tert-butyl peroxide. Changes in the substantial and fractional compositions of cracking products depending on process conditions were established. Characteristic differences in the composition of liquid cracking products in the presence of the catalyst and the additive from the cracking products of the initial bitumen were found.

In the paper catalytic hydrogenation of natural bitumen (NB) of Kazakhstan oil sands were investigated. The process provided under 350 bar of H2 pressure and a temperature of 430 °C. At the experiment activated carbon supported catalyst was used. It has 699.807 m2/g of surface area and 0.0635 nm of medium pore size. In the processes the yield of hydrogenated natural bitumen was 91%, including 1st fraction is 13.12 wt.%; yield of 2nd fraction increased, that the temperature range from 216 to 316 °С formed in amount of 45.68 wt.%; vacuum residue of the distillation takes the 41.20 wt.% in natural bitumen.

In the paper separation methods of organic part from oil sands were investigated at experimentally. For the determination of organic part (liquid fraction) of oil sands the extraction methods was used in Soxhlet apparatus by solvent. Thermal processing was carried out with a monotonic heating of oil sands from room temperature to 500 ºC. As showing results, organic part of Beke and Munayli-Mola oil sands studied by extraction method were 12.0 wt.% and 16 wt.%. Thermal processing results showed, that the organic part of Beke and Munayli-Mola oil sands were 9.6 wt.% and 13.5 wt.%. Physical and chemical characteristics of liquid fraction are established by standard methods.

The cracking and extraction products for Kazakhstan’s oil sand bitumen were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). By means of this technique, changes in the physical and chemical compositions of natural bitumen occurred during thermal treatment were assessed. The bulk composition was determined and the elemental content of resin-asphaltene compounds evaluated. Microspheres isolated from fly ash after the combustion of coals, were used to catalyze the cracking of natural bitumen. According to elemental analysis, natural bitumen is prone to produce coke formation. Catalytic cracking has a positive effect on the properties of the bitumen obtained from Munaily Mola field. The kinetic reaction orders and activation energies for cracking of natural bitumen were determined fitting the experimental data to an Arrhenius equation. The derived activation energies give insight on the nature of the pyrolysis kinetics of resin-asphaltene.

In the paper separation methods of organic part from oil sands were investigated at experimantally. For the determination of organic part (liquid fraction) of oil sands the extraction methods was used in Soxhlet apparatus by solvent. Thermal processing was carried out with a monotonic heating of oil sands from room temperature to 560 0C. As showing results, organic part of Beke oil sands studied by extraction method were 12.0 wt.%. Thermal processing results showed, that the organic part of Beke oil sands were 9.6 wt.%. Physical and mechanical characteristics of liquid fraction are established by standard methods.

The analysis of diesel fuels hydrocarbon composition before and after biodegradation is carried out by the methods of photocolorimetry. It was determinated, that the hydrocarbon composition of the diesel fuels is changed on influence of microorganisms. It has been shown that changes in composition hydrocarbons of diesel fuels and individual hydrocarbons in soil observe during growth of microorganisms on this soil.

In the paper physical and chemical properties of natural bitumen of oil sands were investigated. For the determination of organic part (natural bitumen) of oil sands the extraction methods was used in Soxhlet apparatus by solvent. Physical and mechanical characteristics of natural bitumen (NB) are established by standard methods: softening temperature was determined by the method Ring and Ball, depth of needle penetration was determined at apparatus Penetrometer, extensibility was determined by apparatus Ductilometer.

In the paper physical and mechanical characteristics of Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC) on based rubber crumb (RC) from worn tires were investigated. At experiment the standard petroleum bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb. The spent engine oil was used as additional modifying agent. Images of Scaning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the RC is very low pores heterogeneous material. Physical and mechanical characteristics of rubber modified bitumen with engine oil (R:O=1:1 and R:O=3:2) corresponds to grade of paving rubber-bitumen compounds RBC 60/90, RBC 90/130 and RBC 130/200.

In this work, we report rice husk ash prepared via a thermal treatment process used as oil sorbents for oil spill cleanup. The oil sorbent with highly porous structures shows a crude oil sorption capacity of 15 g/g. The rice husk ash was studied on the basis of phase composition, microstructure and morphology using X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results of the SEM studies strongly indicate that thermal treatment is a suitable method to improve structure of husk particles regarding porosity compared to virgin samples.

In the paper ways of using rubber crumb from worn tires were investigated. Possibilities of preparing Rubber-Bitumen Compounds (RBC) based rubber crumb (RC) from worn tires were studied experimentally. The physico-mechanical characteristics of paving bitumen BND 60/90 modified with rubber crumb and spent engine oil. The structure of rubber crumb was characterized by optical microscopy. Physico-mechanical characteristics of RBC were detrminated by standard methods. It is established that the quantity of entered binders depending on physical and chemical conditions, which was optimal composition of rubber-oil at a ratio of 1:1 and 3:2 and introduction to bitumen in amount of 15-25 wt.%.

The supercritical solvent extraction of bitumen from oil sand studied with organic solvents. The experiments were performed in autoclave reactor at temperature above 255 °С and pressure 29 atm with stirring for 6 h. The reaction resulted in the formation of coke products with mineral part of oil sands. The remaining products separated into SARA fractions. The properties of the obtained products were studied. The supercritical solvent extraction significantly upgraded extracted natural bitumen.The supercritical solvent extraction of bitumen from oil sand studied with organic solvents. The experiments were performed in autoclave reactor at temperature above 255 °С and pressure 29 atm with stirring for 6 h. The reaction resulted in the formation of coke products with mineral part of oil sands. The remaining products separated into SARA fractions. The properties of the obtained products were studied. The supercritical solvent extraction significantly upgraded extracted natural bitumen.

In the paper microscopic structure and physicochemical characteristics of asphaltenes were investigated. Asphaltene was precipitated from natural bitumen of oil sand of Munaily-Mola deposit using organic solvent of petroleum ether. According to results of our work, we found that the largest yield of asphaltens was reached by using the petroleum ether in 40-fold amount in relation to the initial hitch of bitumen. Chemical composition of precipitated asphaltenes aggregates were studied on FT-Infra red spectrometer Spectrum-65 at 450-4000 cm-1. At the Infrared spectrum, that the broad absorption band of asphaltenes at 3000-3600 cm-1 are characterizing the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic chains in the samples of asphaltens. Elemental composition of the samples of asphaltenes on the installation of X-ray fluorescent spectrometer "Focus-M2". Also found the presence of two crystalline phases. One - quartz content is less than one percent. Another phase is also present in very small quantities and is represented by a single line of diffraction d = 4.158 Å. The microstructures and microanalysis of asphaltenes were investigated with an scanning electron microscopy (Quanta 3D 200i) at an accelerated voltage of 20 kV and a pressure of 0.003 Pa at National Nanotechnological Laboratory of Open Type of Kazakh National University. Microscopic images showed that the asphaltenes have a medium-ordered structure, the main component of the surface is represented by amorphous carbon.

Background: Headache is the most common symptom in different periods of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in all clinical forms, and any degree of brain damage. This article states information about the efficiency and safety of Mydocalm ® (Tolperisone hydrochloride) in treating patients with post-traumatic headache at emergency care. Methods: The main group included 29 patients (15 males and 14 females), mean age (±SD) 23.8 ± 4.2 years old. The control group included 19 (10 males and 9 females), mean age (±SD) 22.9 ± 5.1 years old. Patients of main group took intramuscular injection of Mydocalm® at a dose of 100 mg (1 ml) and patients of control group took a standard therapy with non-narcotic analgesics (Paracetamol, Solpadeine), non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (Indomethacin, Aspirin per os). Results: The results revealed a decrease of pain syndrome in the main group and control group (93.1 ± 3.1% and 78.9 ± 2.8%, respectively), p> 0.05. Patients of the main group, while using Mydocalm ®, was noted a lower rate of repeated calls to emergency medical service (6.9 ± 2.1%), in comparison with the control group, with standard treatment (21.1 ± 3.2 %), p> 0.05. Conclusion: Clinical trial proved an efficiency of intramuscular injection of Mydocalm ® (Tolperisone hydrochloride) to patients with post-traumatic headache at emergency care, which could allow emergency doctors to reserve pain more effectively and reduce the number of repeated calls to emergency medical service.

BACKGROUND This article highlights the problems of bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, which appear with a frequency of 100 - 120 cases per 100,000 population. Overall mortality is 10-14%, postoperative - from 12 to 35% and has no tendency to decrease. The article discusses the results of haemostatic effectiveness of drugs used for the injection method of endoscopic haemostasis, which were conducted on laboratory rats, based on the Clinical Experimental Laboratory (CEL) and the B. Atchabarov’s Institute at S.D. Asfendiyarov KazNMU. METHODS In the experiment were used methods such as simulation of bleeding from the gastric mucosa; a comparative analysis of the haemostasis effectiveness of 3 drugs (aminocaproic acid, Dicynonum, Tramin) used for local administration in the endoscopic haemostasis. Laboratory blood tests to study the effect of these drugs on thrombogenic and fibrinogenic activity of blood. The study was conducted on 37 white laboratory rats and were conducted two series of experiments in each series animals were divided into 3 groups, depending on the used type of haemostatic medication. RESULTS Comparative analysis of haemostatic effect in the experiment demonstrated high effectiveness of Tramin as by time of haemostasis, 3-4 minutes, as well as by quality of formed thrombus. Laboratory studies demonstrated that the introduction of Tramin saves platelet levels within the normal range as well as reduces bleeding time in 1.3 times compared to aminocaproic acid and 1.4 compared to Dicynonum. CONCLUSION The obtained results allow to recommend the Tramin for injection endoscopic haemostasis of gastrointestinal bleeding.

In the paper, structural changing of resin-asphaltene molecules in cracking process of oil sand bitumen are investigated. Cracking process to natural bitumen carried out in an open-to-air reactor, which extracted from oil sand by organic solvent. Reaction temperature was 450 °С and process duration was 60 min. The reactor was heated at a rate of 10 °C/min up to the desired temperature. Di-tert-butyl peroxide was used as radical formation additive. When limiting oxygen, it can be used catalyst molecule supplies as the oxidizer. The thermal destruction processes of heavy hydrocarbons with the catalyst make it possible to increase the yield of low boiling liquid products with the formation of coke and gas as by-products. High temperature leads to increase the oil content, and decrease the total resinasphaltene components in bitumen. Monte Carlo method used for construction the molecular structure of resin-asphaltene components. The calculations data determined the most stable conformation of resins and asphaltenes molecules, that the stability of the molecules affect structural characteristics such as the number of structural blocks, their size and spatial arrangement of atoms with respect to each other. Microscopic images showed that the asphaltenes have around 40‒50 nm of particle size, which large monolithic switching, weakly focused on a major surface, provided with amorphous carbon.

Dünyada yerel yönetimler, hem devlet yönetiminde önemli bir role sahip olup hem de demokratikleşmenin ve halkın yönetime katılımının en iyi şekilde temsil edildiği örgütlerdir. Yerel yönetimler, insanların bir arada yaşamaya başladığından itibaren var olmakla birlikte önemleri gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Demokratik yaşamın bir parçası olan yerel yönetimler, demokrasinin temel unsuru ve gelişimin bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda demokratik yönetim sistemine sahip olan ülkelerde, yerel yönetimler anayasal bir kurum olarak varlılığını devam etmektedir.Günümüzde demokratik yönetim sistemini tutan hemen hemen her ülkede, kamu hizmeti sunumunda etkinliğinin sağlanması ve demokrasinin gelişmesini hedefleyen çeşitli reformlar yapılmaktadır. Bu reformların önemli bir ayağını da yerel yönetimler reformu oluşturmaktadır. 1990'larda SSCB ülkelerinde siyasi, ekonomik ve ideolojik değişiklikler yer almıştır. Sovyet sosyalist sisteminin çöküşü SSCB cumhuriyetlerinde önemli reformların başlanmasına neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle söz konusu ülkelerde demokrasinin gelişmesin sağlamaya yönelik reformlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Kazakistan, bağımsızlığın ilk anlarından itibaren kendisini demokratik bir ülke olarak tanımıştır. Dolayısıyla, devlet mekanizmasında yapılacak olan reformlar sonucunda demokratik düzene uygun yerel yönetim sistemin oluşmasına büyük bir önem verilmiştir. Türkiye ise, yüzyıllarca yapılan yönetim reformları neticesinde zengin bir tecrübeyi elde etmiştir. Söz konusu zenginliğin kültürü, dili, dini ve kökü ortak olan Kazakistan'da yapılacak reformlar için sağlayacak imkânları sınırsızdır.Anahtar kelimeler: Türkiye, Kazakistan, Yerel Yönetimler, Reformlar, Düzenlemeler. Throughout the world, local governance is one of the important key factors in democratization of the country and participation of the population in a control system. Local governance has its origins from the earliest times of communities and every day is becoming an important link in the state system. Regarded as an integral part of a democratic society, local governance is the main indicator of progress. In all democratic countries, local governance has its constitutional status.At the present time, almost in all democratic countries much attention is paid to reforming of systems of rendering public services and further development of democracies. The most important component of these reforms is reforms related to local governance.In the 1990s, in the countries of the former USSR took place political, economic and ideological changes. The collapse of the Soviet regime was the main factor for radical reforms in the post-Soviet countries. In this regard, all of these countries have begun reforms related to the democratization of governance structure and the country in general. Kazakhstan from the first minutes of independence proclaimed itself the democratic country. As a result, the development of local governance based on democratic norms was the main vector in the reform of state management mechanism. Turkey, in turn, has accumulated rich experience in this matter for centuries of reforms at the local level. And I would like to note that this experience would have given a great opportunity for Kazakhstan considering that culture, language, religion, and even the historical roots of these countries are common.Key Words: Turkey, Kazakhstan, Local Governance, Reforms, Amendments. 177

In the paper physicochemical properties of oil sands of Munayli-Mola deposits and efficient ways to use them for preparing asphalt concrete were represented. For determination of organic part of oil sands the extraction methods were used in Soxhlet apparatus by variety of solvents. It has been established 16 wt.% content of natural bitumen in oil sands, which compared with results of ash content determination. According to results of experiment, the natural bitumen is heavy oil and its characteristics close to characteristics of paving bitumen. The optimum content of oil sands in asphalt mix are 28 and 47 mass %, the mixes prepared under these conditions satisfy standard requirements of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the asphalt mixture ST RK 1225-2003.

В статье приведены экспериментальные данные по использованию резиновой крошки отработанных шин для приготовления резинобитумных вяжущих, композиционный материал использован для получения асфальтобетона.

В статье приведены экспериментальные данные по использованию резиновой крошки отработанных шин для приготовления резинобитумных вяжущих, композиционный материал использован для получения асфальтобетона.